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MA Ritgerð the Evolution of Urban Gay Space MA ritgerð Global Studies The Evolution of Urban Gay Space Utility Change and the Role of Gentrification John Boyce Leiðbeinandi Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir Útskriftarmán/Graduation október 2020 The Evolution of Urban Gay Space Utility Change and the Role of Gentrification John Boyce Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í Global Studies Leiðbeinandi: Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir 60 einingar Félagsfræði–, mannfræði– og þjóðfræðideild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands October 2020 The Evolution of Urban Gay Space Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA Global Studies og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © John Boyce, 2020 Prentun: Prentsmiðja haskolaprent Reykjavík, Ísland, 2019 Acknowledgements This work is the final thesis for the Global Studies Masters programme, and accounts for sixty of the one hundred and twenty credits required to complete the programme. My thesis co-ordinator is Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir, whom I would like to thank for her invaluable input and guidance through both the research and writing-up phases of this work. In addition, I would like to extend a heartfelt thanks to all those who gave of their time, be it as survey respondents or interview subjects. Without their willing and enthusiastic participation this work would not have been possible. 3 Abstract The last four decades of neo-liberal inspired development across western society has wrought major changes to its biggest and most powerful urban centres. Notable among these changes has been the proliferation of urban gay neighbourhoods that have mushroomed in almost all the major cities of Europe and the USA. In the context of the increasing liberalisation of society, and the growing economic clout of urban gay communities, urban gay neighbourhoods rapidly evolved from isolation and impoverishment to become some of the most desirable and expensive zones in their respective cities, from Greenwich Village in New York, to Chueca in the heart of downtown Madrid. This thesis has been concerned with analysing two change related aspects of this urban phenomenon. Through a case study of the gay neighbourhood of Chueca, data was generated regarding changes experienced by urban gay zones in terms of how the space is utilised, and by whom. Having identified specific examples of so-called utility change, such as increasing heterosexualisation, overt commercialisation, and class based exclusion, the role played by processes of gentrification in such changes was then examined with a view to establishing a holistic understanding of the contemporary evolution of urban gay space, and of the future trajectory of urban gay zones. Key words: Urban Space, Gay Identity, Utility Change, Gentrification, Demography 4 Table of contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 7 1 Urban gay space in historical, political and theoretical context ............................................... 10 1.1 The origins and evolution of urban gay space: historical perspectives. ............................... 10 1.2 Sexuality, gay identity and urbanism: theoretical and political perspectives ...................... 16 1.2.1 Constructivism, essentialism and the politicisation of theory ................................... 16 1.2.2 Constructivist perspectives on the creation of gay identity ....................................... 21 1.2.3 Gay identity and culture as a distinctly urban phenomenon ..................................... 22 2 Methodologies ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Data collection: choosing a suitable research environment ................................................ 26 2.2 Participant observation ........................................................................................................ 27 2.3 The survey questionnaire: Chueca y yo (Chueca and me) ................................................... 28 2.4 Focus groups and one on one interviews ............................................................................. 30 3 Chueca: A case study ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1 Defining contemporary gay neighbourhoods ....................................................................... 33 3.2 From pariah to playground: a brief history of the Chueca district ....................................... 34 4 Data Analysis: identifying utility changes in Chueca ............................................................... 36 4.1 A stroll through contemporary Chueca: mapping structural change ................................... 37 4.2 The decline of street based activism .................................................................................... 39 4.3 Demographic change: “heterosexualisation” and class exclusion ....................................... 44 4.4. The institutionalisation of social, cultural and political activity .......................................... 51 5 Gentrification and urban gay space: theoretical and political perspectives ............................. 63 5.1 Towards a definition of gentrification .................................................................................. 63 5.2 Gentrification as a neo-liberal construct .............................................................................. 65 5.3 Gentrification and the modern gay rights movement .......................................................... 67 6 Gentrification and utility change in urban gay neighbourhoods .............................................. 72 6.1 Gentrification and the development of gay space: a causal or coincidental relationship? . 72 6.2 The decline of street based activism .................................................................................... 78 6.3 The commodification and privatisation of urban gay space ................................................ 83 6.4 Demographic change, class exclusion and the myth of representativeness ........................ 88 7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 97 7.1 A summary of data findings .................................................................................................. 97 7.2 The future of urban gay space ............................................................................................ 100 References ............................................................................................................................. 105 5 Index of tables Table 1 The most popular reasons for visiting the Chueca district. The results are based on the responses of 95 survey participants, and who were invited to choose more than one option. .................................................................................................................................... 55 Table 2 Rate of attendance at gay organisations broken down by age. The results are based on the responses of 44 survey participants. ............................................................................... 56 Table 3 Evaluating the future trajectory of the Chueca district. The results are based on the responses of 95 survey participants. ...................................................................................... 59 Table 4 The growth/decline of commercial establishments in the Chueca district. The results are based on the responses of 94 survey participants. ................................................................ 61 Index of charts Chart 1. Reasons for spending time in Chueca. The results are based on the responses of 97 survey participants, and who were invited to choose more than one option. ...................... 40 Chart 2 Using adjectives to describe Chueca. The results are based on the responses of 94 survey participants, and who were invited to choose more than one option. ...................... 41 Chart 3 Evaluating demographic changes in the district of Chueca. The results are based on the responses of 95 survey participants. ...................................................................................... 45 Chart 4 Evaluating the reasons for the increasing heterosexualisation of the Chueca district. The results are based on the responses of 86 survey participants. ....................................... 46 Chart 5 Evaluating the diversity, in terms of race and class, of the LGBT community in Chueca. The results are based on the responses of 94 survey participants. ....................................... 48 Chart 6 Evaluating which sector of the LGBT community the Chueca district best serves. The results are based on the responses of 92 survey participants. .............................................. 50 Chart 7 Evaluating the commercialisation of the Chueca district. The results are based on the responses of 97 survey participants. ...................................................................................... 58 Chart 8 The growth/decline
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