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Critical Activism – Five Conditions for a Beneficial, Effective and Efficient Activism

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Critical Activism – Five Conditions for a Beneficial, Effective and Efficient Activism Linköping University | Department of Culture and Communication Master’s Thesis, 15 ECTS Credits | Applied Ethics Spring Semester 2019 | LIU-CTE-AE-EX--19/10--SE Critical Activism – Five Conditions for a Beneficial, Effective and Efficient Activism Tatiana Oviedo Ramos Supervisor: Lars Lindblom Examiner: Elin Palm Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping +46 13 28 10 00, www.liu.se Acknowledgments To Noemí for trusting on this project, to Lars for showing interest, a tantas personas bellas, to my parents. 1 Abstract The goal of this thesis is to introduce the concept of Critical Activism (CA). Activism is expected to be beneficial and efficient. Therefore, there is a need of guiding conditions. To this end, I analyse a critical Pride movement, which arises as a reaction to the existing Pride movement, in such context. It is concluded that a CA must be political, radical, comprehensive, quotidian and inclusive. These five conditions help an activism to be beneficial and efficient. Keywords: Activism, Critical Activism, Orgullo Crítico, Pride, Madrid Pride, MADO 2 Content Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: STUDY CASE – THE MADRID PRIDE.................................... 6 CHAPTER 3: CONDITIONS FOR CRITICAL ACTIVISM ............................. 9 Condition I: Political ....................................................................................... 9 Condition II: Radical .................................................................................... 13 Condition III: Comprehensive ....................................................................... 16 Condition IV: Quotidian ............................................................................... 20 Condition V: Inclusive .................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 29 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 32 3 Chapter 1: Introduction Activism is performing an action which intervenes in the public affairs with the purpose of making change in society. To get an overview, it is useful to mention different types of activism. The traditional classification divides activism into conventional activism, which is carried out within the system of political parties, and unconventional activism, which includes the rest of political activity – and which has been traditionally considered to be irrational and disrespectful (Saunders, 2013, p. 9). This unconventional activism is divided into: demonstrative such as rallies and marches, confrontational such as blockades and sit-ins, property damage such as squatting, and violence towards a human being (Saunders, 2013, p. 10). Another classification distinguishes between high risk activism, which involves dangers such as personal injury or arrest (e.g., illegalities), high cost activism, which entails commitment of time or resources (e.g., political candidate for the elections), or the opposites low risk and low cost activism (e.g., voting in the elections) (Saunders, 2013, p. 10). Furthermore, recent forms of activism include transnational activism, which works together across countries (e.g., online petitions), cyber-activism, also known as internet activism (e.g., informative podcasts), and prefigurative activism, which entails taking the political personally (e.g., lifestyle changes) (Saunders, 2013, p. 10). Even though the term activism seems to involve a wide range of actions, a common point has been identified. Any project has some characteristics in common with the rest of projects: it has a goal, it has reasons to achieve that goal, and it aims to do it in the most productive way. Since activism can be a project itself, these characteristics common to a project are also common to activism. Therefore, in this thesis I assume that all activisms share three meta-conditions: they aim to be effective, beneficial and efficient. To be effective means that the concrete action is an immediate goal which leads successfully to the ultimate goal of the movement (Conly, 2012, p. 150). This is different from to be efficient, which means that the specific action is the best strategy to reach such ultimate goal (Conly, 2012, p. 151). Since being efficient assumes being effective, both meta-conditions will be tackled together in the following under the tag of ‘efficient’. To be beneficial means that such action promotes the good (Beauchamp, 2019) and benefits society – rather than only the activists and movement themselves. Hence, this meta-condition involves a harms-benefits analysis in order to ensure that the action is ultimately beneficial (Conly, 2012, p. 151). Nonetheless, in case of conflict 4 the worst-off are prioritised – since this sort of approach is considered relevant in an activist context. However, not all activisms consciously aim to be beneficial and efficient. These meta- conditions are sometimes not considered at all. In this thesis I assume that an activism which is harmful, unfeasible or unproductive is undesired. In this sense, there is a need of guiding conditions for activism in order to fulfil the meta-conditions. To have an insight into such conditions is the aim of this thesis. A distinction between two different kinds of activism can be done. On one side, there is an activism which does not consciously intend to be beneficial nor efficient – does not fulfil the meta-conditions of activism. Since this is today also called activism, ‘activism’ in general can be the name of this category. On the other side, there is an activism which consciously aims to be beneficial and efficient. Since this activism refers generally to a more questioned, planned and justified activism, it can be called ‘critical activism’. In this sense, the term ‘critical’ alludes to the exercise of critical thinking and attitude. In summary, the activism which this thesis concerns is Critical Activism (CA). The aim of this thesis is to introduce the concept of CA. To this end, a set of conditions that define a critical activism in a specific context will be formulated. Such context refers to the case study of the Madrid Pride. In chapter one, the activism of the Madrid Pride will be introduced. In chapter two, such case will be analysed in order to formulate and evaluate the conditions. In chapter three, conclusions, limitations and future challenges for the concept of CA will be presented. 5 Chapter 2: Study case – the Madrid Pride In this chapter, I will introduce the study case. It concerns the Pride movement in the Spanish context, specifically the city of Madrid. The Orgullo Crítico (OC) or Critical Pride movement has been chosen for several reasons. First, it was born as a similar reaction to the one that led me to write this thesis. In this sense, the OC could be quite illustrative and have interesting things to say. Second, it is familiar to me to the point that I was part of the assembly last year (2018). This fact could facilitate the access and understanding of the information. Third, it arose as an opposition to an existing activism – the official Pride (MADO). This gives the possibility of comparing the two movements, a ‘critical’ and a ‘non-critical’ one, and making the discussion clearer. Fourth, the OC defends a well-known cause, whose previous knowledge can facilitate the discussion to the reader. Four concepts want to be explained beforehand. ‘Pride’ refers worldwide to the annual demonstration and celebration of the civil rights of the LGBT community. Since ‘LGBT’ only concerns gender and sexual identities (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender), the term ‘queer’ tends to replace it as more representative – it includes bodies, relational and affective identities as well. On these grounds, the term ‘dissidences’ is more general and has a broader scope. In the context of the OC, it refers to those identities that dissent or disagree with the established social norm – nuance that suggests a transgressive character. At last, in this thesis the idea of ‘violence’ is broad and reflects its use by several activisms, e.g., the OC. According to Galtung (1969, p. 169; 1990, p. 294), ‘violence’ refers not just to physical violent actions, but also to other dimensions such as psychological, direct (behavioural), cultural (social constructs) or structural (institutional) violences. On June 28, 1969, the first-known protest against oppression towards the queer community took place. This event is named the Stonewall riots. Around 1:20, the New York police busted in the Stonewall Inn pub, a place frequented by the poorest and most marginalized people in the queer community (Carter, 2004, p. 137). Police raids at gay clubs were common in the 1960s. However, at that time the story was different. People that were there started singing ‘we shall overcome’, and this violent incident culminated in major demonstrations in the streets of New York (Carter, 2004, pp. 147-148). Today, this event is a symbol and the standpoint of the queer movement. Consequently, June 28 is the International Day of LGBT Pride. Regarding this date, many countries hold the already mentioned ‘Pride’. 6 It is not clear which was the first Pride manifestation
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