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EUFMD ETC1: 1-4Th June 2009 Eastern Anatolia Region, Erzurum

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EUFMD ETC1: 1-4Th June 2009 Eastern Anatolia Region, Erzurum EUFMD ETC1: 1-4th June 2009 Eastern Anatolia Region, Erzurum, Turkey Clinical and Epidemiology Report of Investigations Executive Summary 1. Based on the information given by the Turkish veterinary service, a Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) suspicion was confirmed according to a clinical investigation done by a local official veterinarian in Kevenlik on 29 th of May, 2009. It was reported that altogether 6 affected cattle were found out of 843 (It is uncertain how many of those were examined). 2. A clinical examination was carried out by the EUFMD Training group on the 2 nd of June, 2009. On arrival to the village, which is considered as one epidemiological unit (IP), there were 10 suspected cattle gathered in one group. Another cow and a ewe were kept separated in other places. Altogether 10 cattle out of 11 clinically examined exhibited clinical signs corresponding to FMD symptoms. 3. The age of the oldest lesions observed within the subpopulation of clinically affected animals were at least 14 days. Based on these examinations, the period of entry of FMD virus into the IP is estimated to have been between the 30 th of April and the 11 th of May 2009 considering an incubation period of 3-14d. 4. Samples of blood, loose epithelium from vesicular lesions, and saliva samples collected from the larynx with a probang were taken for laboratory diagnosis of antibodies and virus positive antigen/genome using NSP-ELISA, NFL and PCR. The SVANODIP® FMDV-Ag test was used on four samples from three different animals and two of these where positive. This test is a simple direct LFD-test for the detection of all seven serotypes of the FMDV antigen in swab and tissue samples. 5. A follow-up visit by the EUFMD Training group was undertaken on June 4th to reassess the clinical situation, to continue the epidemiological investigation, and to evaluate the development of the FMD outbreak in the village. One cow was re-observed and 10 sheep were observed for the first time to check for clinical signs. Blood samples were taken from four sheep (all NSP positive, and high SP titres against type O), including one sheep with signs of loosening of the cloves on all four feet. EuFMD ETC1 6. The latest FMD outbreaks in 2009 prior to this were seen in the province of Erzurum in Abdalcik Village (64 km away from the IP) on March 24 th , (still open), in Umudum Village (23 km away from the IP) on February 2nd (closed on May 12 th ), and in Oltu Village (73 km away from the IP) on January 10th . 7. There have not been any officially confirmed outbreaks of FMD in Kevenlik for the last years based on an inquiry in the Turkvet database. There was however two confirmed FMD outbreaks in the Pasinler district in the autumn of 2008 (in TASGIL (14 km away) on the 5th of November and in BÜYÜKTÜY (7 km away) on the 17 th of October). 8. The epidemiological investigation revealed that the most probable disease introduction occurred associated with 180 cattle acquired in the months prior to the outbreak. On the 2 nd or 3 rd of May 30 animals where bought and one or more of these allegedly showed symptoms on the 20 th (17/18 days after introduction). The origin of these was the markets of Erzurum and Pasinler, and a trader (middleman) that came to the village. The villagers are not allowed to take the animals out of their housing until the 15 th of May according to the regional veterinary director. 9. A milk truck collects the daily production of the village and neighbouring villages and this activity has continued up to the present, even though quarantine restrictions have been laid down. It is a bit uncertain what the quarantine restrictions consists of, but there is restrictions on animal movements for a fortnight after the last clinical signs have been observed. It has not been confirmed that there is any kind of restriction on other infectious objects such as vehicles, people, animal products and by-products, etc. 10. During the risk period before FMD was suspected, 2-3 animals were sold and no specific destination has been identified. 11. On the 3 rd of June the EUFMD-training team evaluated the risk factors of the Erzurum animal market, including individual identification, control of animal movement and bio security. A short awareness session with focus on FMD recognition and prevention of transmission where held on the balcony of the local “teahouse” for some of the traders and village leaders that where present. This was followed up by a short round of discussions and questioning about possible cases. Several of the participants obviously recognised the symptoms from the pictures we showed, indicating that the disease is quite common in the region. Introduction The suspicion of Foot and Mouth disease in the village of Kevenlik was reported on Thursday, the 28 th of May 2009. The official veterinarian, Bahaddian Livaneli, evaluated clinically the herd and collected samples for laboratory confirmation on the following day, Friday the 29 th of May. The EUFMD-training team was split into two groups to carry out the clinical examination and the epidemiological investigation and made 2 visits to the outbreak: on June 2 nd and on June 4 th . • The location 2 Kevenlik is a small village in a rural area surrounded by seven other villages, as illustrated on fig 1. This is a village with mixed production. The farmhouses are in the village intermingled with the villagers housing facilities. The fattening animals are moved to pastures up in the mountains and the milk herd grazes around the village on local pastures. • Population at risk According to the initial data given by the Turkish veterinary authority, the Kevenlik ruminant livestock comprises 843 cattle and 1325 small ruminants. There are no pigs. A group of 530 cattle were grazing at pastures at the highlands, 10km away from the village. A group of 320 cattle, including the entire dairy herd, were kept in the village and were grazing on the surrounding pastures. • FMD history It was reported that six cattle were affected, aged between one and three years, and there were a further 20 suspected cases in the village. There was no previous history of FMD in Kevenlik and neighbouring villages (fig. 1), although this is debatable as local producers reported that they could recall having seen FMD suspected animals in the previous 1 - 3 years. The veterinarian reported that the clinical signs displayed by the cases were pyrexia, lameness, salivation, oral vesicular lesions, weight loss, and nasal discharge. The suspected cases were reported to have oral lesions. The clinical cases belong to the same owner, while the suspected cases are owned by three other owners. Vaccination was performed in this group of animals, and it was reported by the local veterinarian that all the cattle and small ruminants were vaccinated on March 10 th , with a batch of trivalent vaccine that expired on March 18 th . The cattle that are presently suspected of FMD were amongst those vaccinated. Fig. 1 Circle with 1 km radius around Kevenlik 3 Fig 2: Grazing area in the mountains above Kevenlik 4 Clinical examination and sampling Based on the information given by the villagers the first clinical signs were observed on the cattle grazing in the mountains. 11 of these were taken down from the mountain pasture to the village after presenting clinical signs so that they could be inspected by the veterinarian. Therefore, most of the herd is still kept on the mountain pasture. Only some of the sick cattle, identified by the producers, were taken from the pastures and was kept in quarantine in the village. The rest of the herd has not been examined by a veterinarian and it was not possible to get a good estimate of the number of sick animals in this group. The results of the clinical examination are gathered in table 1. Table 1: Results of the clinical investigations Animal ID Lameness Excessive Vesicular Age of Samples Salivation lesions lesions taken TR 2514/58327 Y Y Y 7d Epithelium TR 2515/14745 Y Y++ Y 7-8d Epithelium TR 2514/78945 N Y+ Y 10-14d N TR 2516/05832 Y Y++ Y 10d N TR 2516/05825 Y Y+ Y >14d N TR 2516/05874 N Y Y 6-7d Probang TR 2516/05850 Y Y Y 12d N Nasal and 8d+ and TR 2516/05822 Y Y Y foot 3d on foot epithelium TR 2516/05849 Y N Y 10d N TR 2515/84181 Y N Y 10-14d N Lameness was observed in 8 of 10 animals, Details on the clinical signs are recorded as pictures (see Annex 1) The age of lesions were considered in accordance with the table below to estimate the most likely time for disease introduction (Oien Ryan, 2009). 5 Virus excretion: range and highest excretion periods relative to appearance of first lesions Day of -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 first lesions Cattle Sheep The age of the oldest lesions observed within the subpopulation of clinically affected animals was approximately 14 days. Based on these examinations, the period of incursion of FMD virus into the herd can therefore be estimated to have been between the 30 th of April and the 11 th of May, 2009 considering an incubation period of 3-14d. Sampling Blood samples were taken from 9 cattle and tissue samples from some of these.
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