Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19Th-Century Germany

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19Th-Century Germany The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19th-Century Germany Weir, T. H. (2013). The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19th-Century Germany. Central European History, 46(4), 815-849. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938913001295 Published in: Central European History Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2014 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:25. Sep. 2021 Central European History 46 (2013), 1–35. © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association, 2013 doi:10.1017/S0008938913001295 1 2 3 The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism 4 and the “Jewish Question” in Late 5 6 Nineteenth-Century Germany 7 8 Todd H. Weir 9 10 11 12 HEN asked to provide his own “solution to the Jewish Question” 13 for a 1907 survey, the journalist and philosopher Fritz Mauthner 14 responded, “I do not know how to give an answer to your question, 15 W because I do not know which Jewish question you mean. The Jewish question is 16 posed differently by every questioner, differently at every time, differently at every 17 location.”1 While untypical for its time, Mauthner’s viewpoint is shared by many 18 scholars who write today—not one but a myriad of “Jewish Questions” prolifer- 19 ated in nineteenth-century Germany and, indeed, across the globe. The dramas 20 they framed could be transposed onto many stages, because talk about the pur- 21 ported virtues and vices of Jews had the remarkable ability to latch onto and 22 thereby produce meaning for a wide range of public debates. By plumbing this 23 excess of meaning, scholars have teased out some of the key dynamics and anti- 24 nomies of modern political thought. No longer focusing solely on conservative 25 antisemitism, they have examined the role of the “Jewish Question” in other 26 political movements, such as liberalism and socialism, and in the conceptual elab- 27 oration of the state, civil society, and the nation.2 Cast in ambivalent roles at once 28 powerful and vulnerable, familiar and foreign, the figure of the Jew acted as a 29 lightning rod for imagining such collectivities. Opposing parties shared 30 31 32 Earlier versions of this essay were presented at the Stroum Jewish Studies Program of the University 33 of Washington, Vanderbilt University, the University of Marburg, and at the conference “Beloved ” 34 Enemy: Philosemitism in History, at the Moses Mendelsohn Center, Potsdam. Thanks are owed to Michael Rosenthal, Helmut Walser Smith, Jochen-Christoph Kaiser and the other participants 35 at these events. I am also grateful to Ari Joskowicz, Uffa Jensen, and the anonymous reader of 36 Central European History for helpful suggestions. The essay is dedicated to the memory of my uncle 37 John McMillan, who read it and applied his skills as a longtime newspaper editor to indicate where I might rephrase overly stuffy sentences in plain English. He will be missed. 38 1Julius Moses, ed., Die Lösung der Judenfrage. Eine Rundfrage (Berlin: C. Wigand, 1907), 144. 39 2Dagmar Herzog, Intimacy and Exclusion: Religious Politics in Pre-Revolutionary Baden (Princeton, NJ: 40 Princeton University Press, 1996); Aamir R. Mufti, Enlightenment in the Colony: The Jewish Question and the Crisis of Postcolonial Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Wendy Brown, 41 Regulating Aversion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Lars Fischer, The Socialist 42 Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 1 2 TODD H. WEIR 43 common assumptions, such as the tacit understanding that integration into the 44 nation, state, or civil society required a self-transformation of Jews, something his- 45 torians have referred to as the “emancipation contract.”3 Generally speaking, it 46 was the terms of this contract rather than its form that divided liberals from 47 conservatives, philo- from antisemites, and Jews from non-Jews in the 48 nineteenth-century. Accordingly, scholars now increasingly approach the 49 “Jewish Question” not merely as an example of prejudice, but rather as a frame- 50 work through which multiple parties elaborated their positions.4 51 This essay concerns the “Jewish Question” of one modern movement— 52 worldview secularism—as it emerged in mid-nineteenth-century Germany. 53 Secularism encompassed the anticlerical movements affiliated with the political 54 left, which sought not merely the separation of church and state, but also the 55 replacement of Christianity by an immanent, natural scientific worldview. In 56 the course of conducting research into the history of German secularism, I 57 found that the “Jewish Question” popped up in the sources in initially surprising, 58 but upon further inspection, quite systematic patterns. Antisemites regularly 59 spoke of “godless Judaism,” while liberal and Jewish secularists wrestled over 60 the issue of Jewish difference in a movement whose naturalistic worldview was 61 generally understood to be unitary and universal. By following these patterns, 62 this essay hopes to cast light on strong and hitherto relatively unexamined 63 dynamics at work within nineteenth-century German secularism, Jewish 64 liberalism, and antisemitism. It also calls into question assumptions found in 65 those theoretical models that have been put forward to describe changes to 66 nineteenth-century church-state relations in Germany and elsewhere. 67 68 Secularism and the Confessional State 69 Historians, literary scholars, and political theorists have recently appropriated the 70 term “secularism” to describe not the belief of the freethinkers who coined it in 71 the 1850s, but rather the modern liberal doctrine and governmental practice of 72 separation of church and state.5 Here the problem posed by the Jewish religious 73 74 75 3On the “emancipation contract,” see David Cesarani, “British Jews,” in The Emancipation of 76 Catholics, Jews, and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-century Europe, ed. Rainer Liedtke and Stephan Wendehorst (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 77 1999), 33–55. 78 4Nadia Valman and Tony Kushner, eds., Philosemitism, Antisemitism and “the Jews”: Perspectives from 79 the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004); Uffa Jensen, Gebildete Doppelgänger. Bürgerliche Juden und Protestanten im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005); 80 Irene Diekmann, Elke-Vera Kotowski, and Julius Hans Schoeps, eds., Geliebter Feind—Gehasster 81 Freund. Antisemitismus und Philosemitismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Berlin: VBB, 2009); Jonathan 82 Karp and Adam Sutcliffe, eds., Philosemitism in History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 5Two texts that have anchored state secularism as a key issue in postcolonial theory are Rajeev 83 Bhargava, ed., Secularism and its Critics (Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); and 84 Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University THE SPECTER OF “GODLESS JEWRY” 3 85 minority in a Christian nation has been highlighted as the paradigmatic case 86 through which this separation was achieved, but one that also reveals a chief anti- 87 nomy of liberal universalism. As scholars such as Dagmar Herzog and Aamir Mufti 88 have shown, liberal commitment to the full emancipation of Jews was the guar- 89 antee of the universality of the state, the nation, humanity, and the public sphere, 90 yet the persistence of Jewish difference posed a challenge to this very universality.6 91 In the resultant tension between assimilation of minority difference and ongoing 92 hostility to it, the modern state and civil society developed the concept of toler- 93 ance. Political philosopher Wendy Brown describes tolerance as a discursive prac- 94 tice that extended rights to Jews while it placed them on notice that these rights 95 could be withdrawn if they did not adhere to majoritarian expectations. A toler- 96 ated minority is thus one subject to regulation and the threat of intolerance.7 In 97 short, the tolerance of religious minorities has been described in this literature as a 98 necessarily contradictory, but ultimately successful means by which the nine- 99 teenth-century European states and liberal society extended their hegemony 100 over the nation. 101 This conclusion sits uneasily with developments in nineteenth-century Prussia 102 and the German Reich, where, at crucial junctures, the state resisted separation 103 from the church and modified rather than abandoned the classification of the 104 population according to religious affiliation.
Recommended publications
  • Johannes Ronge (1813-1887)
    Johannes Ronge (1813-1887) Tabellarischer Lebenslauf 1813 Am 16. Oktober in Bischofswalde/Kreis Neiße geboren, aufgewachsen mit 9 Geschwistern in bäuerlicher Familie 1827 Beginn der Gymnasialzeit zu Neiße 1937 Beginn der Studentenzeit an der Universität Breslau, Burschenschaftler 1839 Priesterseminar (Alumnat) in Breslau 1841 Katholische Priesterweihe, Kaplan in Grottkau/Schlesien 1843 Aufgrund der Nichtanerkennung des freisinnigen Bischofs von Breslau durch den Papst kritischer und anonymer Artikel gegen die Amtskirche. Infolge des bloßen Verdachts der Autorenschaft als Kaplan suspendiert, seitdem Privatlehrer für Beamtenkinder im oberschlesischen Industrierevier Laurahütte 1844 Am 1. Oktober Abfassung des Offenen Sendschreibens und Protestbriefs gegen die Ausstellung des Hl. Rocks in Trier, Veröffentlichung in den „Sächsischen Vaterlandsblättern“ am 16.10., zahlreiche Parallel- und Sonderdrucke auch in Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Darmstadt u.a. - Exkommunikation Ronges am 4. Dezember 1845 Am 12. Januar Aufruf zur Gründung einer romfreien Kirche, aufsehenerregende Rundreisen, Empfänge, Predigten vor Massenpublikum 1848 Mitglied des Vorparlaments in Frankfurt am Main 1849 Im Juni d.J. Offener Brief gegen den preußischen König Friedrich Wilhelm IV., Aufruf zum bewaffneten Aufstand gegen den Despoten, daraufhin steckbrieflich gesucht, vor seiner Flucht ins Ausland Aufenthalt in Hamburg 1850 Flucht über Frankreich, Belgien und Holland nach London. Mitverfasser des „Aufrufs an die Deutschen“, politische Arbeit im Exil, Rundreisen in England 1852 Gründung der Humanen Religionsgemeinde in London. Ronge wird Schwager von Carl Schurz, der mit Frau Margarethe geb. Meyer in die USA ausreist. 1855 Handbuch für die Kindergartenerziehung mit Ehefrau Bertha gesch. Traun geb. Meyer (1819-1863), das im Parlament durch englische Schulinspektoren bekannt wird und die Fröbel’sche Pädagogik auch in England popularisiert.
    [Show full text]
  • MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City by Norman Davies (Pp
    communicated his desire to the Bishop, in inimitable fashion: MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City by Norman Davies (pp. 224-266) The Holy Ghost and I are agreed that Prelate Schaffgotsch should be coadjutor of [Bresslau] and that those of your canons who resist him shall be regarded as persons who have surrendered to the Court in Vienna and to the Devil, and, having resisted the Holy Prussia annexed Silesia in the early phase of the Enlightenment. Europe was Ghost, deserve the highest degree of damnation. turning its back on the religious bigotry of the preceding period and was entering the so-called 'Age of Reason'. What is more, Prussia was one of the The Bishop replied in kind: more tolerant of the German states. It did not permit the same degree of religious liberty that had been practised in neighbouring Poland until the late The great understanding between the Holy Ghost and Your Majesty is news to me; I was seventeenth century, but equally it did not profess the same sort of religious unaware that the acquaintance had been made. I hope that He will send the Pope and the partisanship that surrounded the Habsburgs. The Hohenzollerns of Berlin had canons the inspiration appropriate to our wishes. welcomed Huguenot refugees from France and had found a modus vivendi between Lutherans and Calvinists. In this case, the King was unsuccessful. A compromise solution had to be Yet religious life in Prussian Silesia would not lack controversy. The found whereby the papal nuncio in Warsaw was charged with Silesian affairs. annexation of a predominantly Catholic province by a predominantly But, in 1747, the King tried again and Schaffgotsch, aged only thirty-one, was Protestant kingdom was to bring special problems.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title National Socialism Before Nazism: Friedrich Naumann and Theodor Fritsch, 1890-1914 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bt808vx Author Kedar, Asaf Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California National Socialism Before Nazism: Friedrich Naumann and Theodor Fritsch, 1890-1914 By Asaf Kedar A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Mark Bevir, Chair Professor Wendy Brown Professor Martin Jay Spring 2010 National Socialism Before Nazism: Friedrich Naumann and Theodor Fritsch, 1890-1914 Copyright 2010 by Asaf Kedar Abstract National Socialism Before Nazism: Friedrich Naumann and Theodor Fritsch, 1890-1914 by Asaf Kedar Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Mark Bevir, Chair This dissertation is a rethinking and critique of the concept of “national socialism.” I show that this concept not only emerged in Germany years before Nazism, but also arose within the mainstream of German society, alongside and independently of parallel developments in the radical right. Alarmed by the dramatic rise of an internationalist, Marxist socialism in the years following German unification, a succession of prominent public figures gave voice to an alternative, nationalist reading of the social problems accompanying capitalist industrialization. This endeavor involved a wholesale reconceptualization of social life and social reform, and a marginalization of the concern for social justice and emancipation in favor of a preoccupation with national order, homogeneity, and power.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Influence on the Life and Thought of W.E.B. Dubois. Michaela C
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2001 The German influence on the life and thought of W.E.B. DuBois. Michaela C. Orizu University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Orizu, Michaela C., "The German influence on the life and thought of W.E.B. DuBois." (2001). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 2566. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2566 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GERMAN INFLUENCE ON THE LIFE AND THOUGHT OF W. E. B. DU BOIS A Thesis Presented by MICHAELA C. ORIZU Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS February 2001 Political Science THE GERMAN INFLUENCE ON THE LIE AND THOUGHT OF W. E. B. DU BOIS A Master’s Thesis Presented by MICHAELA C. ORIZU Approved as to style and content by; Dean Robinson, Chair t William Strickland, Member / Jerome Mileur, Member ad. Department of Political Science ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I like would to thank my advisors William Strickland and Dean Robinson for their guidance, insight and patient support during this project as well as for the inspiring classes they offered. Many thanks also to Prof. Jerome Mileur for taking interest in my work and joining my thesis committee at such short notice.
    [Show full text]
  • Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856-1931. INSTITUTION Association for Childhood Education International, Washington,/ D.C
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 094 892 PS 007 449 AUTHOR Snyder, Agnes TITLE Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856-1931. INSTITUTION Association for Childhood Education International, Washington,/ D.C. PUB DATE [72] NOTE 421p. AVAILABLE FROM Association for Childhood Education International, 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 ($9.50, paper) EDRS PRICE NF -$0.75 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Biographical Inventories; *Early Childhood Education; *Educational Change; Educational Development; *Educational History; *Educational Philosophy; *Females; Leadership; Preschool Curriculum; Women Teachers IDENTIFIERS Association for Childhood Education International; *Froebel (Friendrich) ABSTRACT The lives and contributions of nine women educators, all early founders or leaders of the International Kindergarten Union (IKU) or the National Council of Primary Education (NCPE), are profiled in this book. Their biographical sketches are presented in two sections. The Froebelian influences are discussed in Part 1 which includes the chapters on Margarethe Schurz, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, Susan E. Blow, Kate Douglas Wiggins and Elizabeth Harrison. Alice Temple, Patty Smith Hill, Ella Victoria Dobbs, and Lucy Gage are- found in the second part which emphasizes "Changes and Challenges." A concise background of education history describing the movements and influences preceding and involving these leaders is presented in a single chapter before each section. A final chapter summarizes the main contribution of each of the women and also elaborates more fully on such topics as IKU cooperation with other organizations, international aspects of IKU, the writings of its leaders, the standardization of curriculuis through testing, training teachers for a progressive program, and the merger of IKU and NCPE into the Association for Childhood Education.(SDH) r\J CS` 4-CO CI.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: the Problem of Unity Among German Intellectuals During World War I
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2006 Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I Benjamin Taylor Shannon University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Shannon, Benjamin Taylor, "Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4498 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Benjamin Taylor Shannon entitled "Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. Vejas Liulevicius, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: A. Denise Phillips, John Bohstedt Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Benjamin Taylor Shannon entitled "Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I." I have examined the finalpaper copy of this thesis for formand content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History.
    [Show full text]
  • AP World History Heinrich Von Treitschke, Militant Nationalism March 2, 2011
    AP World History Heinrich von Treitschke, Militant Nationalism March 2, 2011 Just as Mazzini best symbolizes the ties between early 19th-century nationalism and liberalism, the German historian Heinrich von Treitschke (1834-1896) represents the later links between nationalism arid conservatism, militarisrn, and authoritarianism. The son of a Prussian general, Treitschke taught history at several universities, including the prestigious University of Berlin, where he concluded his career. He also was a member of the German representative assembly, the Reichstag, from 1871 to 1884. His best-known work is his seven-volume History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century. In this and his numerous other writings, lectures, and speeches, Treitschke acclaimed militarism, authoritar- ianism, and war as the path to German greatness. His views struck a responsive chord among many Germans who feared socialism and democracy and yearned for the day when Germany would be recognized as the world’s most powerful nation. On the German Character All private quarrels must be forgotten when tile state is in danger. Depth of thought, Idealism. cosmopolitan views; transcendent philosophy which boldly oversteps At the moment when the state cries Out that its (or freely looks over) the separating barriers of very life is at stake, social selfishness must cease finite existence; familiarity with every human and party hatred be hushed. The individual must thought and feeling, the desire to traverse the forget his egoism, and feel that lie is it member of world-wide realm of ideas in common with the the whole body. foremost intellects of all nations and all times. All The most important possession of a state, its that has at all times been held to be characteristic be-all and end-all, is power.
    [Show full text]
  • Heinrich Von Treitschke “The Jews Are Our Misfortune”
    Volume 4. Forging an Empire: Bismarckian Germany, 1866-1890 Heinrich von Treitschke Pronounces ―The Jews are Our Misfortune‖ (November 15, 1879) Heinrich von Treitschke (1834-1896) was one of the most prominent historians of nineteenth- century Germany and also the most politically engaged. In 1866, he was appointed editor of the Preußische Jahrbücher [Prussian Yearbooks], which provided monthly reviews of politics. In 1874, he was appointed Professor of History at the University of Berlin. He also served as a Reichstag deputy in the 1870s, representing the National Liberal Party. In his university lectures, journal articles, political essays, and even in his multi-volume History of Germany, Treitschke expressed his disdain for the governments of non-Prussian states, women, socialists, Catholics, Poles, and – as we read here – Jews. The ostensible impetus for this essay was Treitschke’s review of the eleventh volume of Heinrich Graetz’s History of the Jews [Geschichte der Juden]. Only the last third of the article – the part excerpted here – deals directly with the ―Jewish Question.‖ It was published in January 1880, along with two later articles, as a separate pamphlet entitled A Word about Our Jews [Ein Wort über unser Judenthum]. This pamphlet reached a far wider audience than the initial essay: by the end of 1880, it had been printed in three editions, with a fourth following in 1881. Treitschke’s polemic sparked the ―Berlin Antisemitism Conflict‖ [Berliner Antisemitismusstreit], which raged for the next two years and produced violent scenes like the one depicted in another document in this collection. Just as Stoecker’s social and political prominence had allowed him to state his ―demands‖ on the Jews two months earlier, Treitschke’s reputation as a university faculty member lent great weight to his pronouncements, particularly among members of student fraternities [Burschenschaften].
    [Show full text]
  • 1 „Vertraut Nicht, Sondern Denkt!“
    1 „Vertraut nicht, sondern denkt!“ Zum 175. Geburtstag von Carl Schurz und zur Wirksamkeit seiner Frau Margarethe Erg. u. ill. Vortrag der Feierstunde vom 21.März 2004 Von Pfarrer Martin Buchner Freireligiöse Gemeinde Idar-Oberstein Ideale sind wie Sterne: man wird sie niemals mit den Händen greifen können. Aber wenn man sie sich – wie der Seemann auf den Weiten der Meere – zur Führung wählt und Ihnen folgt, wird man sein Ziel erreichen. Worte von Carl Schurz. Am 2. März vor 175 Jahren ist Carl Schurz geboren worden. Ein Mann, der hier in Germany viel weniger bekannt ist als in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Kein Wunder, denn hier in deutschen Landen hat er nur seine Kindheit, Jugend und Studentenzeit verbracht, rund 20 Jahre seines Lebens. In den USA jedoch ist es ihm gelungen, sich einen steilen Aufstieg zu erarbeiten, durch besondere Leistungen über Jahrzehnte hinweg. Die USA galten damals, vor und nach 1848/49, als Inbegriff der Freiheit und als Traumziel aller derjenigen Menschen, die hier bei uns vergeblich für Einigkeit, Recht und Freiheit gegen die Willkürherrschaft der Fürsten und ihrer Militärgewalten gekämpft hatten. Ein Mann, der mit der Waffe für neue gesellschaftliche Grundlagen und Werte gekämpft hat, ist in unserem Land nicht automatisch ein Held oder hoch verehrt. Und wenn doch, dann zumeist erst, wenn er eine Grundbedingung erfüllt. Er muss tot sein, und das möglichst lange…Und doch taucht dieser Carl Schurz auch hier immer wieder auf, einige Schulen sind nach ihm benannt und Straßen, und es gibt eine Carl-Schurz-Gesellschaft in Freiburg, allerdings eine ursprünglich amerikanische Nachkriegseinrichtung für Bildungsarbeit.
    [Show full text]
  • Antisemitismus Im 19. Jahrhundert Aus Internationaler Perspektive
    Nicolas Berg Kulturwirtschaftslehrengegen den Antisemitismus der Zeit: Die jüdischen Nationalökonomen RichardEhrenberg, Hermann Levy und JuliusHirsch 1. Einleitung:Das 19. Jahrhundert –ein „jüdisches Zeitalter“? Der deutschbaltische Kulturhistoriker Viktor Hehn (1813–1890) hat in seinen Werken zur Geistesgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts mehrfach den TodGoethes 1832 zum Beginn des „jüdischen Zeitalters“ erklärt.1 Die so verknüpfte Zäsur grenzte die vergangene Größeder idealistischen Epoche in Deutschland gegen eine vermeintlich nurnochinökonomischen Kategorien denkende Gegenwart ab:Dem reinen Geist vonWeimar,der noch ganz dem Wahren, Guten und Schönen gehuldigthabe, sei mit dem Ableben des Nationaldichters die wich- tigste Instanz seiner Wirksamkeit abhandengekommen;der deutsche Idealis- mussei mehr und mehr voneinem Denken in Zweck- und Nutzen-Kategorien verdrängtworden.2 Dieser Gedankewar es auch, der im Verlauf des Berliner Antisemitismusstreits von1879/80zum Ausgangspunkt des Hauptangriffs gegen die Juden wurde, als Heinrich vonTreitschkeihnen „eine schwere Mit- schuld am schnöden Materialismus unserer Tage“ vorwarfund insgesamt eine „jüdische Haltung der Gegenwart“ ausmachte, „die jede Arbeit nurnochals Geschäft betrachtet und die alte gemütlicheArbeitsfreudigkeit unseres Volkes zu ersticken droht“.3 Die folgenden Ausführungen gehen vondieser nachgerade klassischen Überzeugung des wirtschaftlichen Antisemitismus aus, ohne ihreEntste- 1Etwain: Victor Hehn, Goethe und das Publikum.Eine Literaturgeschichte im Kleinen,in: derselbe, Gedanken
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Relations: a Brief Introduction and Specialization in English-Speaking Universities
    LABOUR RELATIONS: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION AND SPECIALIZATION IN ENGLISH-SPEAKING UNIVERSITIES María del Carmen AMAYA GALVÁN * Para citar este artículo puede utilizarse el siguiente formato: María del Carmen Amaya Galván (2010): “Labour Relations: a brief introduction and specialization in English-speaking universities”, en Revista Crítica de Historia de las Relaciones Laborales y de la Política Social , n. os 1-2 (diciembre 2010/enero 2011), pp. 82-98. En línea: www.eumed.net/rev/historia/01/mcag3.htm. ABSTRACT : The aim of this article is to share with readers from French, German and Spanish speaking countries, as well as other intellectuals from such countries as Italy and Brazil, the importance of universities in English-speaking countries (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States) for the study and research in Labour Relations, and that of Germany regarding Social Policy. Nevertheless, we have detected a scarce number of experts in the History of Labour Relations and the History of Social Policy in both English-speaking countries and Germany. It is precisely this doctrinal gap what has led to the publication of this journal, the Revista Crítica de Historia de las Relaciones Laborales y de la Política Social , from which we intend to promote research on the historical dimension (our aim, somewhat flexible, is to publish research which focuses on studies and analysis completed by 1999) of both areas of expertise, Labour Relations and Social Policy. This is not only the objective of the founders of this periodical but also, particularly, mine as its Associate Editor. Significant characters from the origins of both subject areas in Europe and the so-called seven founding fathers of Labour Relations in Spain will appear in the pages below.
    [Show full text]
  • Church Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883
    That All May be One? Church Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Landry, Stan Michael Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 16:04:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193760 THAT ALL MAY BE ONE? CHURCH UNITY, LUTHER MEMORY, AND IDEAS OF THE GERMAN NATION, 1817-1883 by STAN MICHAEL LANDRY _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2010 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we Certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Stan Michael Landry entitled: "That All May be One? ChurCh Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883" and reCommend that it be aCCepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________________________________________________________ Date: 8 Feb. 2010 Susan A. Crane _________________________________________________________________________________ Date: 8 Feb. 2010 Susan Karant-Nunn _________________________________________________________________________________ Date: 8 Feb. 2010 Peter W. Foley Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final Copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby Certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direCtion and reCommend that it be aCCepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]