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Antisemitismus Im 19. Jahrhundert Aus Internationaler Perspektive

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Antisemitismus Im 19. Jahrhundert Aus Internationaler Perspektive Nicolas Berg Kulturwirtschaftslehrengegen den Antisemitismus der Zeit: Die jüdischen Nationalökonomen RichardEhrenberg, Hermann Levy und JuliusHirsch 1. Einleitung:Das 19. Jahrhundert –ein „jüdisches Zeitalter“? Der deutschbaltische Kulturhistoriker Viktor Hehn (1813–1890) hat in seinen Werken zur Geistesgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts mehrfach den TodGoethes 1832 zum Beginn des „jüdischen Zeitalters“ erklärt.1 Die so verknüpfte Zäsur grenzte die vergangene Größeder idealistischen Epoche in Deutschland gegen eine vermeintlich nurnochinökonomischen Kategorien denkende Gegenwart ab:Dem reinen Geist vonWeimar,der noch ganz dem Wahren, Guten und Schönen gehuldigthabe, sei mit dem Ableben des Nationaldichters die wich- tigste Instanz seiner Wirksamkeit abhandengekommen;der deutsche Idealis- mussei mehr und mehr voneinem Denken in Zweck- und Nutzen-Kategorien verdrängtworden.2 Dieser Gedankewar es auch, der im Verlauf des Berliner Antisemitismusstreits von1879/80zum Ausgangspunkt des Hauptangriffs gegen die Juden wurde, als Heinrich vonTreitschkeihnen „eine schwere Mit- schuld am schnöden Materialismus unserer Tage“ vorwarfund insgesamt eine „jüdische Haltung der Gegenwart“ ausmachte, „die jede Arbeit nurnochals Geschäft betrachtet und die alte gemütlicheArbeitsfreudigkeit unseres Volkes zu ersticken droht“.3 Die folgenden Ausführungen gehen vondieser nachgerade klassischen Überzeugung des wirtschaftlichen Antisemitismus aus, ohne ihreEntste- 1Etwain: Victor Hehn, Goethe und das Publikum.Eine Literaturgeschichte im Kleinen,in: derselbe, Gedanken über Goethe, Berlin 1887, S. 40;vgl.hierzu die Bemerkung von: Norbert Oellers, Goethe und Schiller in ihrem Verhältnis zum Judentum, in:Otto Horch/Horst Denkler (Hg.), Conditio Judaica, Bd. 1, Judentum, Antisemitismus und deutschsprachige Literatur vom 18. Jahrhundertbis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, Tübingen 1988, S. 108–130, hier S. 112. 2Vgl.die Historisierung dieser Denkfigur beiMoritz Kronenberg,Geschichte des Deutschen Idealismus, 2Bde.,München 1909/1912;hierzu:Matthias Neumann, Der deutscheIdealismus im Spiegel seiner Historiker.Genese und Protagonisten,Würzburg 2008. 3Heinrich vonTreitschke, UnsereAussichten (1879), in:Karsten Krieger (Hg.), Der „Berliner Antisemitismusstreit“. Eine Kontroverse um die Zugehörigkeit der deutschen Juden zur Nation. Kommentierte Quellenedition, Bd. 1, München 2003,S.6–16, hier S. 12. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0 © 2019, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847109778 – ISBN E-Lib: 9783737009775 60 Nicolas Berg hungsgeschichtenachzuzeichnen. Der wissenschaftlicheund intellektuelle Aufwand, der um 1900 ein solches dichotomes Denken verfestigthat, stehtim Weiteren nichtimZentrum. Exemplarisch könnte man hierfüretwa die direkte Anknüpfung an die Formulierung vonHehn 1899 und an dessen Affirmation durch Houston StewartChamberlain in Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts weiterverfolgen, wodurch die Denkfigur noch einmalneu ideolo- gisiertwurde.4 Noch einschlägiger ist die Fortführung der ökonomischen Kritik Treitschkes an den Juden im Werk des Nationalökonomen Werner Sombart (1863–1941), dessen Begriffsprägungen generell in Bezug aufden jüdischen Anteil am modernen Wirtschaftsleben besonders wirkmächtigwaren.5 Sein Buch Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben von1911 und dessen Wirkungsge- schichte können fürdas Thema gar nicht überschätzt werden;die zeitgenössi- sche (und auch die spätere wissenschaftshistorische) Diskussion gehörenohne Zweifel zu den grundlegenden Debatten der deutsch-jüdischen Ideengeschichte. Sombarts Studie erhielt mehrereAuflagen, wurde in andere Sprachen übersetzt und erfuhr eine rasche Rezeption im In- und Ausland;insgesamt waren bis in die 1930er-Jahre hinein Zehntausende vonExemplaren verkauftworden. Der Ber- liner Nationalökonom hatte hier den Anteil vonJuden an wichtigen Entwick- lungsschritten des modernen Kapitalismus aufgezählt, die spezifisch histori- schen Gründe hierfürdargelegt, sowie–amEndedes zweiten und vorallem dann im dritten Teil des Buches, dem er die Überschrift„Wiejüdisches Wesen ent- stand“ gab –gemutmaßte religiöse und völkerpsychologische Ursachen über diesen Zusammenhang vor dem Leser ausgebreitet. Das Werk fand dabei eine auffällig begeisterte Leserschaftimassimilierten jüdischen Bürgertum, die vor allem dem ersten und zweiten Teil galt;der Tenor dieser Rezeption war eine Art vonDankbarkeit darüber, dass hier eine nichtjüdische Stimme und zudem eine anerkannte wissenschaftliche Autoritätden Anteil der Juden an der modernen Welt insZentrum der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit gerückt hatte:„Sombarts Arbeiten zeigen die Bedeutung der Juden“, so drückte es etwa der jüdische Arzt und Demograph Felix Theilhaber 1916 aus; es sei gleichgültig,„ob die Juden 4Houston StewartChamberlain, Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1. Hälfte (Volksausgabe), München 1907 [zuerst:1899],S.381. Das Zitatfindet sich am Beginn des umfangreichen fünftenKapitels „Der Eintritt der Juden in die Abendländische Geschichte“ (ebd.,S.378–546). 5Werner Sombart, Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben, Leipzig 1911;zudiesem Buch:Nicolas Berg, Juden und Kapitalismus in der Nationalökonomie um 1900. Zu Ideologie und Ressen- timentinder Wissenschaft, in:Fritz Backhaus/Liliane Weissberg (Hg.), Juden. Geld. Eine Vorstellung. Katalog zur Ausstellung am Jüdischen Museum in Frankfurta.M.,Frankfurta.M. 2013, S. 284–307;Friedrich Lenger,Werner Sombarts Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben (1911). Inhalt, Kontext und zeitgenössische Rezeption,in: Nicolas Berg (Hg.), Kapitalis- musdebatten um 1900. Überantisemitisierende Semantikendes Jüdischen (Leipziger Beiträge zur jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur,6), Leipzig 2011, S. 239–253. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0 © 2019, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847109778 – ISBN E-Lib: 9783737009775 Die jüdischen Nationalökonomen Ehrenberg, Levy und Hirsch 61 Handel und Wandel in die Orte bringen, wohin sie kommen, oder ob sie ihn mit zur Blüte bringen. Jedenfalls ist dortEntwicklung, wo sie unbedrückt leben können“.6 Aufder anderen Seite konnte das Sombart-Buch als eine besonders ausführlichewissenschaftliche Beweisführung fürdie alte These und die Über- zeugung aller Antisemiten herangezogen werden, nach der die alte, ständische Welt ausden Fugen geraten war,weil –verkürzt gesprochen –der spekulierende ,Geist des Judentums‘ die Börse und das Warenhaus erfunden hatte.7 Dervorliegende BeitragsollzudieserVorgeschichte einenKontrapunkt setzen: Mitden in der heutigen Forschung kaum noch bekannten GelehrtenRichard Ehrenberg(1857–1921),HermannLevy(1881–1949) undJuliusHirsch(1882– 1961)werdenWerkund Wirken von drei zeitgenössischen jüdischenNational- ökonomen vorgestellt,die sich denselben Fragen und Phänomenender modernen Wirtschaft zuwandtenwie SombartoderTreitschke, dieaberalledreigänzlich andere Antwortenfanden. Keiner derGenannten formulierte eine analogeVöl- kerpsychologieoderKapitalismuskritik. Stattdesseninteressiertensie sich fürdie Vorteile dermodernen Wirtschaftsorganisation,fürPhänomene der ökonomi- schenBeschleunigung,fürInternationalisierung,Verflechtungund Arbeitsmi- gration,fürdie Chancendes freien Unternehmertumsund fürdie Zukunftder Weltwirtschaft.Füralledreiwar dieamerikanischeKonsumgesellschaft einVor- bild,keinSchreckensszenario, undalledreilasen dieGrundschriften des schot- tisch-englischen Wirtschaftsliberalismusals eininDeutschland noch nichtein- gelöstes Zivilisationsversprechen. DiesedreiWissenschaftler,someine These, arbeitetenanmehrals nuranfunktionalen Fragen der Ökonomie, sieformulierten ganzeKulturwirtschaftslehren,die von einemanderen Produktivitätsbegriff ausgingen, denn beiihnen wardas vermeintlicheProblem,wer als,produktiv‘ und werals ,unproduktiv‘zugeltenhabe, dasnoch fürSombart undfürdie meisten seiner Lesererkenntnisleitend war, nichtmehrzentralesArgumentationskriteri- um.Ehrenberg, Levy und Hirsch schrieben gegenden Wirtschaftsantisemitismus derZeitan. Sieverband,dassihnen auch praktische unternehmerischeErfahrung 6Felix A. Theilhaber,Die Juden im Weltkriege mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhält- nisse in Deutschland, Berlin 1916, S. 27;zur innerjüdischen Rezeption Sombarts:Thomas Meyer, Zur jüdischen Rezeption vonWerner Sombart–Julius GuttmannsAntwort, in:Berg (Hg.), Kapitalismusdebatten (wie Anm. 4), S. 293–317. 7Zum Gesamtzusammenhang v. a.:Adam Sutcliffe,Anxieties of Distinctiveness. Werner Sombart’s The Jews and ModernCapitalism and the Politics of Jewish Economic History, in: RebeccaKobrin/Adam Teller (Hg.), Purchasing Power.The Economics of ModernJewish History(Jewish Cultureand Contexts), Philadelphia 2015, S. 238–257;Georg Kamphausen, Nationalökonomie –Denkstil und FachgeschichteimFin de Sicle, in:Berg(Hg.), Kapita- lismusdebatten (wie Anm. 5), S. 95–114;Jerry Z. Muller,Capitalism and the Jews, Princeton N. J. 2010;Hartmann Tyrell, Kapitalismus,Zins und Religion beiWerner Sombartund Max Weber, in:Johannes Heil (Hg.), Shylock?Zinsverbotund Geldverleih in jüdischer und christlicherTradition, München 1997, S. 193–217. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0 © 2019, V&R unipress GmbH, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847109778 – ISBN E-Lib: 9783737009775 62 Nicolas Berg zurVerfügung standund vorallem,dasssie in dermodernen Ökonomienicht ausschließlich Bedrohungen undZwänge,sondern viel eherChancen undneue Freiheiten sahen.8 2. Richard Ehrenberg und die Produktivität des tertiären Sektors Richard Ehrenberg war ein scharfer Kritiker des Kathedersozialismus;inwirt- schaftlichen Debatten zu Zeitfragen scheute
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