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Johann Gustav Droysen 9. KAPITEL Geschichte als Appell: Johann Gustav Droysen Schon das Beispiel Rankes zeigt: Auch die großen preußischen Historiographen des 19. Jahrhunderts hatten zu kämpfen; an Widerständen und an Widerspruch fehlte es nie. Ein Irrtum wäre es, zu meinen, Ranke hätte auch nur in Berlin schlechter- dings dominiert. Zu wenig anpassungsfähig war er für den liberalen und nationalen Zeitgeist, und vielleicht auch zu wenig machtbesessen. Den früh gewonnenen Kon- takt zu Kronprinz und König hat er genutzt, wohl auch genossen. Aber seine Pro- duktivität war nur möglich bei Verzicht etwa auf universitätspolitische Eitelkeiten und Positionen. Schon in seinen mittleren Jahren hatte Ranke den Eindruck gewonnen, daß ihm seine eigene akademische Schule in Berlin durch einen anderen Historiker geradezu „vernichtet“ worden war: durch Johann Gustav Droysen, der über lange Zeit neben ihm in der Residenzstadt tätig war, in einem durchaus nicht von Harmonie bestimm- ten Verhältnis, zumal der Jüngere mit seinem nationalen Grundton in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wohl als der modernere erscheinen mochte.393 Die Ablehnung be- ruhte auf Gegenseitigkeit, von seiten Rankes war sie zumal in seinen späten Jahren dadurch moderiert, daß er, zumindest öffentlich, sich nicht negativ über den Anti- poden äußerte.394 Im engen Kreis wurde Ranke in den 1860er Jahren schon deutli- cher, sprach auch schon einmal, als es um eine Spezialstudie Droysens zu einem preußischen Thema ging, von „Fälschung“.395 Über den ersten Teil von Droysens Preußenwerk hat Ranke scharf gegutachtet, als im Jahre 1858 dessen Auszeichnung mit dem Verdunpreis diskutiert wurde, mit einem bemerkenswerten Schuß Gelehr- tenironie, über den Ranke im Kampf durchaus verfügte, und in Korrespondenzen hat er auch später seine Meinung über Droysens Konkurrenzwerk nicht verschwie- gen.396 393 Vgl. Näheres bei Berg, Ranke, S. 43 f., zu Rankes Klage über seine von Droysen zerstörte Schule S. 45 Anm. 52; Wilfried Nippel, Johann Gustav Droysen. Ein Leben zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik, München 2008, S. 141 f., S. 286; Lenz, Universität Berlin, Bd. 2, 2. Teil, S. 329 ff.; Küntzel, Einleitung, S. XCVIII, S. CVI, S. CXVI, S. CXXIV ff. u. ö., zu den Differenzen auf dem Gebiet der preußischen Geschichte. 394 Vgl. dazu Nippel, Droysen, S. 286, zum Folgenden S. 286 f. 395 Mitgeteilt von seinem Mitarbeiter Wiedemann, Sechzehn Jahre, in: Deutsche Revue 18/4 (1893), S. 261, mit dem Zusatz: „Persönlich mißfällig hat Ranke sich über Droysen niemals geäußert“. 396 Rankes Gutachten zum Verdunpreis, o. D. (1858): F. v. Ranke, Vierzig Briefe, in: Deutsche Revue 29/2 (1904), S. 63; zehn Jahre später Rankes Brief an Sybel, 19. Dezember 1868 (zu Droysens Darstellung Friedrichs I. von Preußen): „Droysens letzter Band genügt in bezug auf die Sache noch weniger als der frühere: er ist einseitig und absprechend, doch wird seine Leistung schon wegen des andau- ernden Fleißes, der im ganzen darauf verwendet worden ist, immer Eindruck machen.“ – Droysen (neben Treitschke) unter den Feinden Rankes: Ulrich Muhlack, Leopold von Ranke und die Begrün- dung der quellenkritischen Geschichtsforschung, in: Jürgen Elvert/Susanne Krauß (Hg.), Histori- 218 III. TEIL Es war schon ein recht erstaunlicher Vorgang, daß Johann Gustav Droysen im Jahre 1859, in einer Zeit, in der liberale (Partei-)Einflüsse liberale Universitätsberu- fungen zumindest beförderten,397 als der um eine halbe Generation jüngere Histo- riker gegen den Willen des Ordinarius und Staatshistoriographen Leopold Ranke und neben diesem installiert wurde.398 Droysen ist jedenfalls in spektakulärer Weise gegen den Willen der Fakultät berufen worden,399 und diese war sich der pikanten Situation sehr bewußt. Ihr Bericht an das preußische Kultusministerium datiert vom 18. Juni 1859, und Ranke hat ihn mit unterzeichnet.400 Die Fakultät wies darauf hin, daß nach den Universitätsstatuten „nur eine ordentliche Professur für Geschichte ausgeworfen“ sei, „doch sind seit vielen Jahren zwei Ordinarien für dieses Fach hier thätig“. Neben Ranke und Raumer lehrten auch noch zwei außerordentliche Profes- soren an der Berliner Universität.401 „Ein formelles Bedürfniß für die Berufung von noch einem Ordinarius liegt daher nicht vor.“ Die mittlere und neuere Geschichte werde von Ranke und den Extraordinarien „stets in mannigfachen Vorlesungen ge- lehrt, nur die alte Geschichte ist nicht ganz regelmäßig vorgetragen worden, für diese könnte man daher noch eine Lehrkraft als wünschenswerth erachten“. Und die Fa- kultät unterließ es nicht, auf Rankes Verdienste hinzuweisen, dessen Schüler in Deutschland viele Lehrstühle erobert hätten; auch auf die vielen Promotionen Ran- kes in Berlin ging der Bericht ein. Die Fakultät sei nicht grundsätzlich gegen eine „Vermehrung der Lehrkräfte“, aber das sei eben auch eine Frage des geeigneten Per- sonals. Dazu zählte sie Droysen erst an letzter Stelle. Sie nahm zuerst zum eventu- ellen Avancement der beiden Berliner Extraordinarien Stellung, darunter Professor (Siegfried) Hirsch, der auch „das Verdienst“ habe, „die Vorlesungen über die Preußi- sche Geschichte dauernd an der Universität durchzuführen“. Er wurde an erster Stelle für das neue Ordinariat namhaft gemacht; „seine litterarische Thätigkeit ist indeß bis jetzt nicht von der Art, um eine solche Empfehlung zu rechtfertigen“, sei sche Debatten und Kontroversen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Jubiläumstagung der Ranke-Gesell- schaft in Essen, 2001 (Historische Mitteilungen der Ranke-Gesellschaft, Bd. 46), Stuttgart 2003, S. 23-33, hier S. 24 f. (neben Sybel [?] und Treitschke); vgl. die berühmten Invektiven Treitschkes gegen Ranke zu dessen Arbeiten über die Zeit 1780-1790 in seinem Brief an Droysen vom 24. De- zember 1872: „Leisetreterei, die über das Wichtigste gar nichts sagt […]. Für die preußische Ge- schichte fehlt ihm, worauf Alles ankommt, der Charakter“, gedruckt bei Max Cornicelius (Hg.), Heinrich von Treitschke. Briefe, Bd. 3, Leipzig 1920, S. 361. 397 Vgl. dazu Norbert Andernach, Der Einfluß der Parteien auf das Hochschulwesen in Preußen 1848- 1918 (Studien zum Wandel von Gesellschaft und Bildung im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Bd. 4), Göt- tingen 1972, S. 28 (Droysen, Sybel, Duncker), S. 30; Lenz, Geschichte, Bd. 2, 2. Hälfte, S. 329-331. 398 Otto Hintze, Johann Gustav Droysen, zuerst in: ADB, Bd. 48, Leipzig 1904, S. 82-114, wieder in: ders., Soziologie und Geschichte. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Soziologie, Politik und Theorie der Geschichte, hg. v. Gerhard Oestreich (Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Bd. 2), Göttingen 1964, S. 453- 499, hier S. 484. 399 Nippel, Forschendes Verstehen, S. 372. 400 GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 76 Va, Sekt. 2, Tit. IV, Nr. 47, Bd. 4, auf Befehl eines Schreibens vom 12. Mai 1859; aus dem Bericht der Fakultät die folgenden Zitate. 401 Jener Friedrich von Raumer, von dem schon oben in Kap. 6 bei Anm. 25/26 die Rede war; die Ex- traordinarien Siegfried Hirsch und Ernst Rudolph Anastasius Köpke. .
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