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Marie Sophie Hingst,One Phenomenon, Three Perspectives. English Colonial Strategies in Ireland Revisited, 1603-1680.Pdf

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Marie Sophie Hingst,One Phenomenon, Three Perspectives. English Colonial Strategies in Ireland Revisited, 1603-1680.Pdf Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the Library of Trinity College Dublin and to allow the Library to lens or copy the thesis on request. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgment. Marie Sophie Hingst Dublin, September 2017 Summary Recent years have seen renewed scholarly interest in Ireland’s position within the English colonial system during the early modern period. With regard to developments in the seventeenth century, however, the long-established narrative has identified ruptures, changes and political turmoil as the key characteristic of this period. Consequently, the question of continuities within English colonial strategies between 1603 and 1680 has not evoked much interest. This thesis wants to overcome this approach by exploring the way in which colonial policies shaped the nature of English colonialism in Ireland, while at the same time focusing on the development of long-term patterns. The completion of the Tudor conquest of Ireland in 1603 provided new momentum to the English colonial endeavour. In exploring the congruencies of renewed efforts to implement reliable governmental structures, this thesis has chosen three protagonists whose careers in Ireland offer insights into both individual strategies and continuous patterns. Examining the role of John Davies, Thomas Wentworth and William Petty allows for an examination of the distinct nature of colonial government, especially with regard to its practical implementation. Each of the selected individuals determined the practical implication of English rule in Ireland. The role of John Davies as Solicitor General in Ireland in 1608 allows insights into the emergence of colonial rule as part of a ‘legalised political structure’, in contrast to earlier strategies which were based on violent conquest and military suppression. Thomas Wentworth as Lord Deputy profoundly shaped colonial policies during the tumultuous 1630s and considered aiming to institutionalise English rule in Ireland, restructuring all aspects of colonial society in the process. William Petty, on the other hand, represents the emergence of the ‘colonial expert’ in the 1650s, linking scientific elements to economic considerations. Petty’s subsequent concepts, based on social engineering and the radical exploitation of Ireland, saw the beginning of a new and modern colonial vision by the late seventeenth century. This thesis argues that examining colonialism from three distinct but interlinked perspectives helps to uncover the manifold patterns and the specific contexts of colonial rule in Ireland, thus addressing the balance between change and continuity that characterised English colonial strategies during the seventeenth century. Acknowledgments There are many people that I wish to thank for their support and advice over the past four years in researching and writing this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Professor Micheál Ó Siochrú and Dr Mark Hennessy for the countless hours they have spent reading through drafts and providing extensive feedback. Micheál O Siochrú has been invaluable in my academic development, and his advice and input along the way has been very much appreciated. I would also like to thank the School of Histories and Humanities for selecting me to benefit from a desk in the Trinity Long Room Hub, Institute for Arts and Humanities for the academic years 2015/17. The Long Room Hub has been an exceptional environment in which to work, and I would also like to extend my thanks and appreciation to all my colleagues and staff there. Further I would like to thank Colm Lawton, John Meakin, Tim Murtagh, Stefan Noack, Brendan Twomey and Patricia Walker for their support, patience and vivid interest in colonial matters. Contents Introduction 5 John Davies in Ireland 42 Thomas Wentworth in Ireland I: Restructuring colonial rule 83 Thomas Wentworth in Ireland II: The years of turmoil 125 William Petty and the “Down Survey”: The radicalisation of ideas 173 William Petty and the Years of Experimentation 202 Conclusion 247 Bibliography 252 Table of Figures Figure 1 Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Strafford, Studio Sir 122 Anthony van Dyck, 1636 Figure 2 Anthony van Dyck, Sir Thomas Wentworth and Sir Philip 165 Mainwaring, approx. 1639/40 Figure 3 Isaac Fuller, William Petty, unknown date 184 Introduction Topic The course of Irish colonial history during the seventeenth century was punctuated by a variety of events, many of them predominantly violent: the Battle of Kinsale in 1601, the Flight of the Earls in 1607, the 1641 Rebellion and the establishment of the Confederation of Kilkenny, followed by the Cromwellian Invasion in 1649 with its politics of ethnic cleansing. Furthermore, the Restoration period brought war to Ireland. Due to these frequent ruptures, historians have generally been discouraged from truly examining the continuities of English colonial strategies from 1603 to 1680. The rare cases of explicit comparisons have looked for differences rather than for recurring patterns: they have not sought to grasp colonialism as a highly flexible and adaptable model that offered space for long-term continuities. The present thesis takes the opposite position and will focus on the processes and long-standing continuities that characterised English colonial rule in Ireland during the “Long Seventeenth Century.” This is attempted through the prism of three protagonists, each of whom was intimately involved in making colonialism a reality in Ireland: Sir John Davies (1569–1626), Thomas Wentworth, the first earl of Strafford (1593–1641) and William Petty (1623–1687). Each of the chosen protagonists has received significant scholarly attention: John Davies as a typical example of an English common lawyer, Thomas Wentworth as a representative of thorough rule in Ireland, and William Petty as a pioneer combining scientific theories with colonial ambitions. This thesis seeks to challenge these attributions by examining each protagonist’s impact on colonising Ireland before integrating their experiences into a broader narrative. In looking at the roles of John Davies, Thomas Wentworth and William Petty, it is argued that congruities between different, very unalike regimes did indeed exist and became a crucial feature at the level of colonial administration and the formation of colonial rule in Ireland over the course of the seventeenth century. This introduction is followed by a periodisation that is closely linked to the broader historical context of the selected period. The latter section will revisit the debates concerning the nature of colonialism in its Irish context, also touching on discussions regarding the “New British History”. In a short overview, recent developments in Irish colonial historiography will be sketched out. A comprehensive biographical overview of the protagonists will be given in each of the respective chapters, in order to introduce the reader to the historiography concerned with the protagonists before focusing on the similarities and differences that are essential for an 5 understanding of the topic. Since the historiographical debates and methodological concepts are so closely linked with the protagonists chosen for this thesis, the final section aims at explaining why they have been selected, emphasising the fact that their names have been inseparably associated with both the formation of colonial rule and the debates concerning the nature of English colonialism in Ireland. Periodisation The period from 1603 until 1680 was characterised by major shifts and ruptures on a local, regional and national level. All three protagonists and their actions were influenced by specific historical contexts, and their attempted plans to shape Ireland were affected by their position within English, Irish and European frameworks. The death of Elizabeth I ended Tudor rule in Ireland. Her successor James I and VI would inherit an Irish kingdom with a multitude of profound challenges. After the Nine Years War, the renewed attempts of the English at the colonisation of Ireland were strongly connected to English politics and arguably they were linked to the English imperial expansion of the seventeenth century in general. Not only did the accession of James VI and I of Scotland to the throne coincide with enhanced efforts to complete the Tudor conquest and to achieve a distinct, colonial framework for Ireland but starting from the year 1603, a major transformation took place in the discourse and practice of English colonialism in Ireland in relation to administrative, legal, cultural and social structures. Even though this thesis makes 1603 the beginning of its analytical framework, we should not underestimate the underlying conditions and connections that lead back to the politics of the sixteenth and earlier centuries that saw the genesis of many of the topics and themes which would reoccur during the seventeenth century. As with most colonial enterprises, there was no blueprint available but the strong connection between firm colonial rule and state-building attempts to exploit Ireland effectively and to foresee conflicts before they escalated into violent uprisings were constant companions of English attempts
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