THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS eAn account of this Historic Family and its Demesnes; with 'Biographical Sletches, Anecdotes ~ Legends from Saxon Times to the present day; including a frontispiece in colours, thirty-four plates ~ two sheet pedigrees. By CoLONELJOHN ALEXANDER TEMPLE, vfuthor of ''Annals of Two extinct Families," ''Woo/­ stone, a Cotswold Hamlet," assisted 6y HARALD MARKHAM TEMPLE

H. F. ~ G. WITHERBY 3 2 6 High Hol/Jorn, London, 117. C. I 1925 Printed i11 Great Britain THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS

QCARTERINGS OF SIR \\"ILLL\:\l TE.'.\IPLE, 5n1 B.\RO~ET, 1749-1760. 1 TEMPLE 10 WARSTE.\D 19 SCOC.\THE 2 GEDNEY. 11 S>.IITH 20 WAKESTED 3 WALKINGHAM 12 LEE 21 ARDERBOt:GIIE 4 EVERTOS 13 WILCOTTES 22 P.\RSC.\LL 5 SPE:SCER OF EVERTO:S 14 MOLLISS 23 BERWJCKE 6 SPENCER 15 HALL 24 SIJERSH.\LL 7 LEDESPEXCER 16 GREESE 25 PR.\TTEI.L 8 DEVERELL 17 GLANVILLE 9 LINCOLN 18 LYONS

PREFACE

Ta1s little History has been compiled in the belief that the time has now come to put on record a connected account of the fortunes and experiences of this ancient family, as it does not seem to have been hitherto attempted in detail by any writer. Its history is so intimately and closely bound up with that of , politically and generally, during the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, that it is impossible to study the one without becoming acquainted and interested in the other, and now that the break up of their seats at Stowe and The Nash is, unfortunately, more or less complete, it seems a pity that no effort should be made to rescue from oblivion the many noteworthy facts and varied experiences of the distinguished men who have contributed to its history from time to time during past centuries, and to give details of the numerous estates, mansions, heirlooms, literary and artistic possessions that were acquired by them, and have, during the past two years, been scattered and dispersed under the hammer of the auctioneer. All the famous writings of those centuries teem with allusions to, and descriptions of, the doings and happenings of the Temples, but these have as yet never been collected and put together in a readable form. This is what tlie authors have now tried to do, and they hope that their efforts may go some way to provide those of the public who are interested in the traditions and curiosities of family history with an account, to some extent imperfect, of one of the most notable lineages that have :flourished in England in the past.

JOHN ALEXANDER TEMPLE HARALD MARKHAM: TEMPLR November, 1924. 5 INTRODUCTION

TH1s work does not claim to give an exhaustive account of all the infinite ramifications of this ancient family : to do that would be an almost impossible task. Fuller, in his " Worthies of England," writes that Dame Hester Sandys, the widow of Sir , the first Baronet, who died in 1656, aged eighty-five, leaving five sons and nine daughters, twelve of whom married and had issue, lived to see over seven hundred of her descendants at the time· of her death; and though this may be, and probably is, a fairy tale, yet the enormous number of her immediate descendants was a notorious fact at that time. It has, therefore, seemed advisable to describe only the more prominent of the descents, adding short notices of the most notable and distinguished members and their alliances. The observer, who studies the history of this family, cannot fail to notice the unusual number of heiresses that have married into it during the past four hundred years. During that period the rule of primogeniture has been strictly adhered to, and the chief estates and dwelling places have all passed to the elder male of the race, yet most of the younger sons also are recorded as possessing lands of considerable value, seldom, if ever, acquired by their own exertions in commerce or other ways, but always through rich marriages. The Heralds' College have the records of over seven hundred quarterings that have come into the family, nearly all of them those of heiresses who have borne their own arms on shields of pretence on those of their husbands. The magnificent Gothic library (still existing at Stowe) bears in the centre of its vaulted ceiling a huge circular shield containing seven hundred and nineteen quarterings pertaining to the Temple, Grenville, Nugent and Chan dos families, all in Heraldic tinctures. The frontispiece of this work gives twenty-five of these quarterings to which Sir William Temple, the fifth Baronet, was certified by the 6 INTRODUCTION 7 Heralds' College to be entitled. Many more could no doubt have been discovered, bad it been worth while to have made a prolonged search among the College records. The information contained in this work has been gathered from Public Records and Wills : from original documents and books collected by the fifth, sixth and seventh Baronets of The Nash, and afterwards sorted and arranged, with many additions by John Temple of The Nash, their descendant and representative (my grandfather), whose methodical habits and keen interest in family history greatly facilitated my task. Also, above all, I am indebted to the late Mr. Temple Prime, an American, who, with infinite care and labour, searched all available public records bearing on the family, and embodied his discoveries in four lengthy pamphlets and an Appendix of Wills, privately printed between the years 1887 and 1900. These works were presented to me by his sister, Miss Cornelia Pr.ime of Huntington, New York, in 1905, and copies can be seen in the British Museum. Mr. H. Markham Temple (my nephew) of the Manor House, , has also during the past twenty-five years collected a great number of books, family papers and engravings, including lately many pictures, books, manuscripts and documents purchased by him at the final break up and sales at Stowe in 1921, and at The Nash in 1922, to which I have had access. My own collections during a long life have been considerable. Sir Richard Carnac Temple of The Nash (second Baronet of the second creation in 1876) wrote in 1898 some valuable memoranda on the pedigrees of families bearing the name of Temple : these have been of great assistance in compiling this work. Care has been taken as far as possible to record only authentic information, which can be verified by authoritative books and docu­ ments, public and private. Some legends and traditions that have accumulated in family records have been noticed, but not treated as history. The work has been divided into five parts :

Pari I. The family descents from Saxon times till the death (in 17 49) of Lord Cobham, the fourth and last of the Baronets who occupied Stowe. 8 INTRODUCTION Part II. The Temples of The Nash, fifth, sixth, seventh Baronets from 17 49, with their descendants to present day. Part III. The Grenville Temples and their descendants, Earls Temple, Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos, etc., to present day. Part IV. Some account of the estates and houses occupied by different members of the family. Part V. Shields of arms as borne by different Temples. Appendix-Containing details of the claim of the Chandos family and their descendants to a Royal descent from King Henry VII.

JOHN ALBX:ANDER TEKPLB CONTENTS

PART I

FAMILY DESCENTS FROM SAXON TIHES TILL 1749

CHAPTER I PAGJI Problematical claim of the Temples to a descent from the Saxon Earls of Mercia-Macaulay's summary of the status of · the family­ Account of Leofric and Godiva-Origin of the name of Temple- The claim discussed with quotations from the authorities on the subject-Description of the monastery built by Leofric and Godiva -Origin of the legend of Godiva's '' ride ''-Hereward '' the Wake " and the claim of other families to a descent from Leofric . 21

CHAPTER II Henry, otherwise Edwine del Temple and his descendants-Joan de Shepey a~ Shepey Magna-Tomb of Nicholas Temple in the church of that place, and window portrait of " Ricardus de Temple " -A later successor, Peter Temple of Temple Hall-His career in the Parliamentary Forces during the Rebellion and death in the Tower as a Regicide-Sir William Temple's advice to his son about his proposed purchase of Temple Hall-Description of that house­ Robert Temple and his son Thomas of Witney, the ancestor of all the future Temples of eminence-Alice Heritage of Burton Dassett -The family of Witney and its end-Peter Temple of Burton Dassett and Stowe-Grant to him of messuages in Buckingham (1554)-His death and burial-His sons John and Anthony . 29

CHAPTER III Sir William Temple, son of Anthony-His career in Ireland-Knighted in 1622-Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, and Master in Chancery -His death-His sons John and Rev. Thomas-The latter's career as an "Adventurer" in Ireland-His death and issue-His son Robert's heiress married Gustavus Handcock and inherits the Irish property-Their descendants assume the name and arms of Temple and are eventually merged in the family of Lord Harris of Seringapatam-Description of their arms-Sir William Temple's son John-Knighted in 1633-His career in Ireland-Sits for in the English Parliament-Expelled by Cromwell and 9 IO CON'l'ENTS PAGE: returns to Ireland as Master of the Rolls-His marriage and death­ Publishes a History of the Irish Rebellion-His sons William, John and Henry and daughter Martha-Her marriage and widow­ hood-The second son, John, ·knighted in 1663-Solicitor and Attorney-General in Ireland-Compliment paid him by Archbishop Sheldon-His marriage and issue-His son Henry, wh~e son was created Viscount Palmerston-Account of the second Viscount and notice of his career by Horace Wal pole and Johnson-His marriage and death-Account of his son Henry John, third Viscount-His wonderful rareer as an English statesman-Personal peculiarities and great popularity in England under the nickname of " Pam " - His marriage and death without issue-Second son of Sir John, Attorney-Genera}_:.His marriage-Daughters of Sir John: Dorothy married Sir Basil Dixwe11, whose relation was a Regicide; Jane Martha married (1) Lord Berkeley, (2) Earl of Portland; Frances married another Lord Berkeley ...... 33

CHAPTER IV Sir William Temple the statesman, eldest son of Sir John, Attomey­ General-Birth and education-His adventure in Guernsey­ Engaged to Dorothy Osborne-Her letters-Their subsequent marriage and life in Ireland-He sits in the Irish Parliament-Pro­ ceeds to England-Is sent as Plenipotentiary to Munster in West­ phalia and is successful-Created a Baronet and appointed resident in Brussels-Meets De .Witt and is commissioned by the King to negotiate an alliance with Holland and Sweden-Success of this treaty, known as the Triple Alliance, and Temple's resultant fame as its author-Is sent to Aix-la-Chapelle to perfect it, and then appointed Ambassador at The Hague-The King's vacillation and subsequent break with Holland at instance of his Cabinet-Temple recalled and ordered to denounce De ,vitt-He refuses and retires to his house at Sheen-Dismissed as Ambassador, and writes an account of the United Provinces which is praised by Macaulay­ After losses and defeats of France in war with Holland, Temple is recalled and sent to negotiate a separate peace-He effects this, and discusses with De Witt the proposed marriag-e between Prince William of Orange and Princess Mary of England-His great popularity in England-Is pressed by the King to become Secretary of State, but refuses on two occasions-Suggests a plan to protect the nation from misgovernment and the Crown from the encroach­ ments of Parliament which is accepted by the King, but not carried out by him-Parliament is dissolved and Temple elected for Cambridge-He sits for one session only, resigns and retires finally to Sheen-After the death of Charles II and the dethronement of James II he transfers his services to William and Mary, but refuses to become Secretary of State-His son John becomes Secre- CONTENTS 11

PAGJI tary for War, but commits suicide-The family then retire to Moor Park-Death of Lady Temple-Account of , hie life at Moor Park and connection with " Stella "-Death of Temple, his will and inscription on his tomb-His character, and his sister, Lady Giffard's description of it-Loss of all his nine children-His son John's two daughters, their marriages-Moor Park is inherited by the younger, who married Nicholas Bacon-Their descendants . 38

CHAPTER V Account of John, elder son and heir of Peter of Stowe and Burton Dassett-His birth-Served as High Sheriff of Buckingham­ Inherits Burton Dassett and Stowe-Hi.; sons: Thomas, his heir, William, Peter, John, Alexander. WILLiill, a merchant, his marriage and death-John (of Francton)-His son, a Parliamentary Colonel-Alexander (of Longhouse)-Knighted -His marriages and death-Death of his eldest son-His second son James, a Regicide-Account of his career--His death-His descendants-Sir Alexander's daughter-Her marriage-Daughters of John of Stowe-Their marriages-Thomas, the heir-His birth and marriage-Knighted and created a Baronet-Inherits Stowe and Burton Dassett-His death and burial-His will-His four surviving sons-Peter, his heir-John of Staunton Barry-Rev. Thomas-Miles of Dover-Rev. Thomas-Account of his career­ Nothing known about his death or that of his sons-Miles­ Administers his father's will-Settles in Kent-Joins the Parlia­ mentary Army-His subsequent fate and that of his sons not known -Sir Thomas's nine daughters-Their marriages-John of Staunton Barry-Knighted-His marriage and estates-His death and burial -Epitaph on his tomlr-His second marriage-His sons Peter, Thomas, Edmund, Purbeck, and three daughters-Descent of an American claimant to the Baronetcy from one of the latter-Thomas -Emigrates to -Created a Baronet-Account of his career-His death without heirs-His wills. EDMUND-His career in the Parliamentary Forces-His marriage and estates-His death and burial-His sons and daughters-His later descendant, Edward, who was de jure eighth Baronet of Stowe, but died unmarried. PURBECK-His career in the Parliamentary Forces-Changes his politics at the Restoration, is knighted and obtains preferment-His marriage, which brings him an estate and mansion-His death and will-Will of his widow. SIR PETER-Heir to Sir Thomas and second Baronet of Stowe-Account of his career in the Parliamentary Army-His embarrassments and litigation with his father-His marriage-Dies intestate, leaving one son and daughters, of whom Hester married John Dodington, a great landholder. 12 CONTENTS

PAG■ Sm RICHARD, third Baronet-Shows Royalist leanings-Sits in the Restoration Parliament-Created Knight of the Bath-His marriage -Leaves one son and heir and four daughters-Their marriages­ Builds the great Mansion of Stowe-Extracts regarding him from the "Verney Memoirs "-His death and will-Abstract of the performances of various Temples during the Civil War . 47 CHAPTER VI Sir Richard, fourth Baronet-Succeeds in 1697-0ne of the most eminent members of the family-Enters the Army during his father's lifetime---Becomes member for Bucks and Lord-Lieutenant of the Shire-Greatly distinguishes himself in the War in Flanders under Marlborough-Becomes Lieutenant-General-Is created Baron Cobham, and accredited to Vienna to announce the accession of George I to the Emperor Charles VI-Obtains further preferment and is created a Viscount with remainder to his sisters--Joins the Opposition and is deprived of his Military Commands, after which he makes extensive alterations at Stowe-Caricature of him as foot­ man to the Opposition coach-Regains his Military Commands, is promoted to Field-Marshal and constituted one of the regents during the King's absence-His marriage-The obelisk erected to him in Stowe grounds by his wife, and Pope's lines on it-The cireumstances of his death-His will-Leaves no issue-Description of Stowe at his death . • . 64

PART II TEMPLES OF THE NASH

CHAPTER VII

Sir John Temple, second son of Sir Thomas, first Baronet (see Part I, Chapter V)-His eldest son, Sir Peter-His estates-His marriage -His sons-His daughter Elianor-Her marriage and descendants -Sir Peter's career-Author of " Man's Masterpiece "-Extracts from that work-His death and burial-Description of an alleged portrait of him at Stowe-His widow remarries-His only surviving son and heir William of Lillingston Dayrell-His marriage and children-His estates and legacies left to him-His will-Dies deeply in debt-His burial-Is mentioned by name by Sir Richard, third Baronet, as next in tail to the Stowe estates, failing Sir Richard, fourth Baronet, and his heirs, male-Succeeded by his eldest son, William, a boy of twelve-Account of his treatment by Merwin, an Attorney of Buckingham-Abandons his claim to lands CONTENTS 13

in ·Burton Dassett-Sells his reversion to the Stowe Mansion and estates to Lord Cobham-Settles at Buckingham and marries­ Purchases The Nash estate-Death of his first wife and their son-His second marriage--His daughters and their marriages­ Succeeds as fifth Baronet of Stowe-His death and burial-Succeeded by his brother Peter as sixth Baronet-His birth, marriages and death-His children-Succeeded by his only son Richard as seventh Baronet-His birth--Marries his cousin, Sir William's younger daughter-His death, burial and will-The last recognized Baronet of Stowe ......

CHAPTER VIII Claim of an American connection of the family to be eighth Baronet of Stowe-Letter from the Marquis of Buckingham which gave rise to the claim-The claim discussed-Elucidation of the claimant's pedigree by the Heralds' College showing the claim to be without foundation-The claimant's marriage and death-His successors continlle the claim-Proceedings of a Committee appointed by King Edward VII to prepare a Roll of recognized Baronets-In this Roll the claimant's descendants do not appear-Title of Temple of St-Owe extinct officially ...... 79-

CHAPTER IX Sir William, fifth Baronet-His younger daughter and her husband inherit his property and estates-Husband dies childless and leaves her sole heir-Sir William's eldest daughter-Her marriage and children-Her death-Her sister, Lady Temple, adopts her nephew, John Dicken, who takes the name and arms of Temple-Her death and will-Leaves everything to her nephew-Joh:n Temple-Birth and marriage-Resides in London-Official appointment-Collects records of the history of the family, also a long series of portraits and records of the life and death of Princess Charlotte of Wales­ His death and burial-His children-His will which leaves every­ thing to his only son-Richard Temple his successor-Birth and Education-First marriage-Settles at The Nash, which he restores and remodels-His talent as an amateur artist-His travels and career in Worcestershire as a magistrate and in the Yeomanry­ Children by first marriage-His second marriage and children-His accident and long illness--Death and burial-His work as an artist -His will and marriages of his children . . . 8(

CHAPTER X Richard Temple's eldest son-His birth and education-Joins the East India Company's Civil Service-Long account of his career-His marriages and children-Created a Baronet--Lieutenant-Governor 14. CONTENTS of Bengal-Governor of Bombay-Retires and stands for Parliament -List of his works and description of his paintings-His travels­ Vice-Chairman of London School Board-Elected for Worcestershire and subsequently for Richmond-Resigns in 1895-Appointed Privy Councillor and member of Royal Society-One of the best-known characters in London-His great popularity-Death and burial­ Account of his children-His character described-Succeeded by his eldest son as second Baronet . . . . . 88

PART III THE GRENVILLE TEMPLES CHAPTER XI The Grenville Temples-Sir Richard Temple, fourth Baronet and -His death without issue and settlement of his property on his sisters-Ancestry of the Grenville family-Hester Grenville, heir to Lord Cobham-Becomes Countess Temple-Her children and death-Her son Richard becomes the first Earl Temple -Account of his life, career as a statesman, and death-His only sister marries William Pitt, the "Great Commoner "-Note describ­ ing his ancestry and his grandfather, known as "Diamond Pitt," owing to his possession of the famous gem-The great Dodington estates and Mansion inherited by Earl Temple-Account of Bubb Dodingt,on: his origin, career, death and burial-The end of the great Mansion of Eastbury . . . . 99

CHAPTER XII THE YOUNGER SONS OP COUNTESS HESTER The younger sons of Countess Hester-Account of George, second son­ H~s _birth, education and posts in the Ministry-Becomes Prime .M.1n1Ster and Chancellor of the Exchequer-Incidents of his admini­ stration-His determined character, and Macaulay's opinion regarding it-His war of words with Pitt in the House-The third son, Thomas-His official posts-Leaves his splendid library to the British Museum-The last son, William-Created Baron Grenville-­ Becomes Prime Minister, but resigns-Sheridan's epigram on him.­ Edits Lord Chatham's "Letters to his nephew, Lord Camelford "­ The remaining sons of Countess Hester-JAMEs-His posts in the Ministry-His marriage and death-HENRY-Governor of Barbadoes and Ambassador to Turkey-His marriage and death-THOKAS- ~ecame Cap~ain in the Royal Navy-Killed in action-Obelisk to his memory m the gardens of Stowe . . . . . 108 CONTENTS 15

CHAPTER XIII Successors to the first Earl Temple-His nephew George, second Earl­ His official posts-Created Marquis of Buckingham and K.G., and becomes Lord-Lieutenant" of Ireland-His marriage-Artistic and literary p:N>Clivities-Collects valuable manuscripts and builds the great Gothic library at Stowe, appointing Dr. O'Conor as librarian­ Entertains the French King, Louis XVIII, and settles him at Gosfield -His children and death-His character discussed and criticized­ Succeeded by his eldest son, Richard Temple Nugent, as second Marquis-His official posts-Created Duke of Buckingham and Chandos and Earl Temple of Stowe-His vast expenditure on art and literature-His collections sold by auction-His marriage to the only child and heiress of the third and last Duke of Chandos­ His daughter, Lady Anna-Her marriage and death-Her son succeeds as Earl Temple-Death of the first Duke of Buckingham and Chandos ...... 112

CHAPTER XIV AN ACCOUNT OF THE CHANDOS FAMILY, WHICH HAD BECOIIB MERGED IN THAT OF THE GRENVILLE TEMPLES Account of the Chandos family, their ancestry and titles-James Brydges, ninth Baron, succeeds his father and marries the heiress of Sir Thomas Lake of Canons-Becomes Paymaster-General of the Forces and acquires an enormous fortune-The great perquisites arising from that post as enjoyed by him, and former and subse­ quent holders, discussed--Created Viscount Wilton, Earl of Carnarvon and Duke of Chandos-Builds the great palace of Canons and houses in London-Description of the place, and Pope's metrical account of a visit there-Handel becomes his choir master-His stay at Canons-The Duke loses most of his great fortune in speculation-Marries a second and third wife, the last of whom survived him-His death at Canons-Complete break-up and sale of the place, and dispersion of its contents-Summary of the Duke's character-His great popularity-Description of the Parish Church of Whitchurch, which was rebuilt and decorated by him, and where he was buried-Inscription on his tomb-Extract from his will and circumstances of the death and burial of his widow -Succeeded by his only son Henry as second Duke-His first marriage-Queer romance of his second marriage-Death of the wife and marriage of her only daughter-Death of the second Duke -His only son (by first marriage) James succeeds as third Duke-­ Becomes Baron Kinloss by decision of the House of Lords-His two marriages-Dies leaving one daughter, who inherits his estates, property, and title of Kinloss, all other titles extinct-Death of his widow-Account of the Kinloss ancestry and title . . 116 16 CONTENTS

CHAPTER XV History of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos resumed-The second Duke, his birth, education and posts in the Ministry-His wealth and serious liabilities-Entertains Queen Victoria and Prince Albert on their visit to Stowe-His enormous debts which necessitate the sale of many of his estates and of the contents of Stowe-His marriage and divorce-List of his published works, and the scandals arising from them-Is referred to in contemporary publications­ His death-Succeeded by his only son as third Duke-His birth,. education and posts in the :Ministry-Appointed Governor of Madras, and receives decorations--Summary of his character by Sir Charles Lawson-Establishes his right to the Barony of Kinloss­ His disposition, tastes and politics-His first mar1·iage and children -His second marriage--His death and burial-Leaves no son, and his titles become extinct with the exception of the Earldom of Temple, which passes to his sister, and the Barony of Kinloss to his eldest daughter-Marriages of his daughters and their children­ Account of the tenancy of Stowe by the Comte de Paris-The unrivalled opportunities of the Grenville Temples during the century dating from the death of Lord Cobham . . . . . 127

PART IV SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ESTATES AND HOUSES THAT HAVE BEEN POSSESSED AND OCCUPIED BY MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY CHAPTER XVI Short account of Temple Hall-Burton Dassett-Ancient history of the estate and its former owners, prior to its purchase by Peter Temple and his son John-Description of its Church of All Saints, with its chapel containing the Temple monuments-Tomb of Peter Temple and its inscription-Description of the monument to John Temple and his twelve children-Recovery of three missing escutcheons which in former years stood on the upper slab--Description of the blazonings of the fifteen shields and names of those Temples who were buried in the church-Description of Burton House, sometime the residence of Peter Temple-Extracts from an ancient account book of Burton House and estate, and contemporary papers . . 138

CHAPTER XVII Sheen, the residence of Sir William Temple in the seventeenth century, its situation and history-Sir William's account of its purchase, and his disputes with Lord Brounker-:Mention of the CONTENTS 17 J'AQlt place by Evelyn in his "Diary " (1678)-Sir William abandons Sheen and purchases Moor Park, where he takes up his residence. TEKPLE GROVE, EAST SHEEN-ls acquired by Sir John Temple, Sir William's nephew, and is inherited by his successors, the Viscounts Palmerston, the last of whom disposed of it to a school-Description of the house by Dr. Burney .. lloox PARK-ls purchased from the Clarkes by Sir William Temple­ Description of the estate, the house and the gardens-M. Baral, a Swiss visitor, gives his impressions of the place and describes the health and activities of his host-The pictures and curiosities collected at Moor Park-Stella's cottage-Sir William and his wife proceed to Sheen for a time, but :finally return to Moor Park where both end their days . . . . . 152 CHAPTER XVIII .A.nscoKB OR Ann1sco:uBE-History of the estate-Its purchase by Sir Purbeck Temple, who on his death leaves it to his wife, Sarah Draper-Descriptior_ of the mansion as rebuilt by the Drapers-It is rented by Lord Liverpool, who entertains many of his friends in the Government, notably Pitt (the younger) in the house-Amusing sequels to these festive meetings-The estate and house are eventually sold to the East India Company for their '' Military Seminary"; but after fifty years are again sold by auction to a company for building land . . . . 159 CHAPTER XIX Stowe-Derivation of the name-Mentioned in Domesday-Its subse­ quent history-Roman remains at Foxcott-Remains of Luffield Priory and -The village of Stowe-Removed to by Lord Cobham and the site added to the Park-Stowe Church and it.s monuments described-Family vault constructed by Sir Richard, the third Baronet-The gardens of Stowe and their laying-out by Lord Cobham and his experts-The thirty-seven ornamental buildings and monuments in-the Park and gardens fully described ...... 162 CHAPTER XX The buildings in the Park erected by Lord Cobham's successors-General description of the grounds and the exquisite scenes that they present -The :flower gardens near the house, and their ornaments-The Museum and Orangery ...... 173 CHAPTER XXI The .M~~:;ion of Stowe as built by Peter Temple in 1556, described­ Not altered materially by his successors till Sir Richard, the third Baronet, remodelled it completely-Account of a visit t.o it by Miss Celia Fiennes in 1690-Lord Cobham makes many alterations in the interior, and constructs the cedar panelled chapel, chiefly from materials taken from the Comish Mansion of '' Stow ''-The State B 18 CONTENTS PA.GB Gallery and its tapestries-The State bedroom and grand staircase-- Earl Temple rebuilds the whole South front of the house, and con­ structs the magnificent Marble Saloon at the entrance-Description of the latter-He also alters all the State rooms-The Gothic library as constructed by the Marquis of Buckingham-Magnificent appear­ ance of the State dining-room when set out for the final sale in 1921-List 0£ the reception rooms, bedrooms, domestic offices and out-buildings-The sum bid for the house and demesne at the first auction-A second sale, and they are acquired by a Syndicate to be converted into a Public School-The great avenues leading to the mansion are purchased by Eton, and gifted to the school . . 177

CHAPTER XXII

THE NASH Ancient history of the Parish of Kemsey, where The Nash is situated, traced hack for nearly two thousand years-A Roman camp and many Roman relics-Mention of the village in Domesday-The great Palace of the Bishops of Worcester and its end-Alienation -0£ the great tithes-The Common and The Nash estate and Mansion adjoining it-Derivation of the name-It passes, after many vicissitudes, to the family of Buck or Bucke, and from them to others, finally to William Temple, afterwards fifth Baronet of Stowe -The Mansion, now a modern structure, though parts of it are of great antiquity-Description of it, showing how two smaller houses were probably joined together to form a large one-Alterations carried on in 1830 by Richard Temple-The dining-room and bedroom above, both panelled in oak-Ceilings of Italian stucco, sixteenth century, worked in intricate designs of :flowers and fruit, and elaborate overmantels in oak and moulded stone and stucco­ The hall, its alterations and renovations, and the Jacobean stair­ case-The drawing-room, library and bedrooms-The grounds and out-buildings-Dispersion and sale of the contents 0£ the house­ Quotation from " History of the Holy _WalTe " by Dr. Thos. Fuller, 1647, and remarks on it . 183

P.ART V .SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE FAMILY

APPENDIX Note on the ancestry of Frederick Temple, some time headmaster of Rugby, Bishop of Exeter and Archbishop of Canterbury-Not con­ nected with this family-Details of the claim of the Chandos family and their successors to a Royal descent from King Henry VII . 199 LIST OF PLATES TO FACK PA<.S 1. Frontispiece of Quarterings, in colour.

2. Tomb of Nicholas Temple and wife . . . • 22

3. Sir .William Temple, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin . • 33 4. Sir William Temple, Baronet, Ambassador and Statesman . • 38

5. Dame Dorothy Osborne, wife of Sir William Temple, Baronet • 39 6. Jonathan Swift as a student . . 42 7. Sir Thomas Temple, first Baronet 0£ Stowe . . 48 8. Susanna Temple, daughter of Sir Alexander Temple . 49 9. Sir Richard Temple, fourth Baronet and Lord Viscount Cobham . 64 10. Sir Peter Temple, Knight, and his wife, Dame Elianor 69 11. Sir William Temple, fifth Baronet . 77 12. Dame Elizabeth, wife of Sir William (facing Plate No. 11). 13. Sir Peter Temple, sixth Baronet . . 78 14. Henrietta, elder daughter of Sir William, fifth Baronet 84 15. Dame Anne Sophia, second daughter of Sir William and wife of Sir Richard, seventh Baronet . 85 16. John Temple of The Nash . 87 17. Richard Temple of The Nash (facing Plate No. 16). 18. Sir Richard Temple, first Baronet, second Creation . 88 19. Richard Grenville Temple, first Earl Temple, K.G .. . 101 20. Anne Chambers, Countess Temple (facing Plate No. 19). 21. Third and last Duke of Buckingham and Chandos . . 129 22. Front and back views of Temple Hall . . 133 23. All Saints Church, Burton Dassett . . 136 24. The Temple Chapel, Burton Dassett Church . . 139 25. Peter Temple's Windmill on Burton Dassett Hill . . 142 26. Adscombe, the seat of Sir Purbeck Temple, Knight . . 159 27. Stowe, as built by Peter Temple, 1556 . . 177 19 20 LIST OF PLATES TO PACI£ PAC.a 28. North and South fronts of Stowe as built by Sir Richard, third Baronet ...... 178 29. Stowe, as completed by the first Earl Temple . . . . 180 30. The Nash in 1794 ...... 184 31. The Nash in 1875 . 186 32 Hall of The Nash . 188 3:l. Sheet of Armorial Bearings . . . . . 193 34. Arms borne by the descendants of John Temple of The Nash . 197

PEDIGREES Pedigree of the Family from 1216 to 1749, with con- tinuation to date . . . Placed afte,- I ndu Pedigree of the Grenville Temples from 17 49, with con- tinuation to date . Placed after lnde.r Appendix, with Pedigree of a Royal Descent, as claimed by the Chandos Family . . Pages 199 and 201 PART I

CHAPTER I

A CRITICAL DISCUSSION OP THE LEGBNDARY CLAIMS OF THE FAMILY TO A DESCENT FROM: THE SAXON EARLS OP KBRCIA

THIS family claims descent from the Saxon Earls of Mercia, which included Chester, Leicester and other tracts. Macaulay in his Essay on Sir William Temple (published in 1838) writes as follows : '' This family, though ancient and honourable, had, before the !eventeenth century, been scarcely mentioned in our history, but later on it produced so many eminent men, and formed such distinguished alliances, that it exercised_, in a regular and constitutional manner, an influence in the State scarcely inferior to that which in widely different times, and by widely different arts, the House of Neville attained in England, and that of Douglas in . During the latter years of George II, and through the whole reign of George III, members of that widely spread and powerful connection were almost constantly at the head either of the Government or the Opposition. ' ' There were times when the ' Cousinhood,' as it was once nick­ named, would of itself have furnished almost all the materials necessary for the construction of an efficient Cabinet. Within the space of fifty years, three First Lords of the Treasury, three Secretaries of State, two Keepers of the Privy Seal and four First Lords of the Admiralty were appointed from amongst the sons and grandsons of the Countess Temple. So splendid have been the fortunes of the main stock of the Temple family continued by female succession.'' Leofwine, the fifth Earl of Mercia, about whom some authentic record exists, flourished in the reign of King Canute I, A.D. 716. His descendant was Leofric, Earl of Chester, in the reign of King Ethelred, who married Godiva (otherwise spelt Gudwina or Godgifu), the sister of Thorold, Sheriff of Lincolnshire, and founder of Spalding Abbey. Leofric was instrumental in raising Edward the Confessor to the throne. He died 1057. By Godiva he had three sons: Algar or Alfgar 21 22 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS who succeeded him as Earl of Mercia and died two years later; Mont­ gomery; and Henry, who was living in the time of William the Conqueror. Henry obtained from Robert, Earl of Leicester, a Norman Earl in the time of Henry I, the Manor of Temple in Little Shepey, Co. Leicester, near Sybsden. This Manor had been formerly conferred on the Knights Templar, and like other of their domains it was privileged to be " extra parochial " and bore the name of Temple. So Henry was styled del Temple, and the name has been borne in after years by the entire family, which claims lineal descent from him (see Chapter II). In those times surnames had not been adopted, and persons of any note used their Christian names with the addition of '' de '' or '' del,'' the name of their land, estate or trade or profession. Hence the vast number of families now bearing the name of Smith, as then armour was generally worn, and every town or even village had its armourer or smith. Another descent is recorded in Playfair' s '' Family Antiquities.'' He says that Leofric and Godiva were succeeded in the Earldom by their eldest son, Alfgar, whose son and successor, Edurpi, was attacked and slain by the Normans in 1071 and his estates confiscated. He left a son, Edwine, otherwise Henry, who retired to his Manor of Temple, and whose descendants were the Temples of Temple Hall. Neither of these descents are here claimed to be authentic, they must be considered as more or less legendary. In an old Peerage, date about 1714 (George I), appears the following notice: '' The Family of Temple is said to be descended by a younger son from Leofrick who was Earl of Leicester before the Conquest ; whose son Algar built Coventry Abbey, and married the famous Godiva. That they were denominated from the Maunor of Temple, in the Hundred of Sparkenhoe, standing in Whellesburgh, Mr. Burton affirms in his descrip­ tion of Leicestershire; and saith, the old Earls of Leicester gave it to the Knights Templars, who usually called their lands after that name of Temple, and that they granted it to one whose family was called Temple; and that Henry de Temple was Lord of Temple and Little Shepey temp: King John; and John de Temple his son in the time of Henry ill gave Lands in Shepey to the Abbey of Miravale. Richard Temple Son to that John, is mentioned in 24 Ed. I, but whether it be him, or Richard his grandson, who was living 23 Ed. III, that is commemorated in the TO)IB OF SICHOLAS TE11PLE .\~ WIFE f!C TH2 CHCRCHYAJ OF SHEPE.Y )IAGSA, LEJ~T.ER.

(jrom X icholJ. LeiceJter.shire.)

LEGENDARY DESCENTS 28 North East window of Shepey Church, can't be ascertained: In the said window the Picture of a Man is kneeling, under whom is written RICARDUS DE TEMPLO. And in the Church is a monument whereon is this Inscription, in the characters of the age : Hie jacet Corpus Nicolai Temple Armiger & Elizabethae V:xoris ejus, qui quidem Nicholaus obiit 1506." (See illustration). The claim to a descent from Leofric and Godiva has been totally rejected by Horace Round and Professor Freeman, who are two of the greatest authorities on early English History. But with due deference to thes~ writers, though it must be admitted that no such claim has as yet been established, yet it is by no means devoid of probability. It is admitted by most genealogists that a younger son of Leof ric and Godiva did obtain a grant of one of the Knight Templars' estates, to which he retired after the Norman Conquest; and this estate was almost certainly known afterwards as Temple Hall. But as yet no proof is forthcoming that Robert Temple, who was seated there some two hundred years later, and who is an historical personage, was a lineal descendant of the first grantee. According to some writers, the Temples of Temple Hall seem not to have risen above the rank of yeoman, or small gentry till the fifteenth century. It may have been the policy of Leofric's descendants to efface themselves as much as they could, to avoid further clashings with their Norman tyrants, and so to save \\·hat was left to them of their former great possessions. Burke, in his earlier Peerages seems to have treated legendary lore as undoubted facts, and Freeman, in an article published in the Contemporary Review of 1877, comments on this with great severity and truth. Mr. Charles Waters, the genealogist, observes : '' The legend of the Temples' descent from the Saxon Earls of Mercia annually repeated in that gorgeous repertory of genealogical mythology, ' Burke's Peerage.' " .A.gain, writing in 1887 he pointed out that the foundlings from the Temple in the Strand also received the name of Temple and inquires-'' How many of their descendants in this genealogical age confidently trace their origin from Leofric and Godiva.'' Mr. Horace Round ('' Studies in Peerage and Family History, 1901 ") writes: '' Burke succeeds in stultifying itself-for the arms under Temple 24. THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS of Stowe, Baronet, are given as Quarterly, 1st and 4th Or : an eagle displayed sa : bearing the arms of the Heptarch Kingdom of Mercia, which have been borne by the family since their ancestors were Earls of that country. This statement is actually made at the foot of a pedigree beginning somewhat humbly in the days of Henry ill.'' The '' Mercian Eagles'' have been shown over and over again to be fabulous. Indeed no one must have known better than Burke that Heraldry as a science dates only from the beginning of the twelfth century, when the armies of some twenty nations engaged in the Crusades were obliged to adopt some ensign in order to marshal their troops under the banners of the various leaders. This is the opinion of Camden, Spelman and other high authorities : ....\.llegorical designs were emblazoned on the standards, shields and armour of the Greeks and Romans, and the White Horse of the Saxon, the Raven of the Danes, and the Lion of the Normans may be termed Heraldic devices. But hereditary arms were unknown in those times, and Leofric's immediate descendants in the eleventh century, whoever they may have been, could not have used them as asserted by Burke. The ornaments and regulations of Heraldry were sanctioned by the Sovereigns engaged in the Crusades, and the duty of making and maintaining them was entrusted to the Heralds, whose science subsequently prevailed throughout Europe. The subject of the armorial bearings of the family will be treated more fully in Part V. Leofric and Godiva were two of the most notable and prominent personages in Saxon times, and in view of their connection, be it real or imaginary, with the Temple family, some account of their history and the legend which is associated with them, may not be out of place here. Hollinshead's " Chronicles," Vol. I, p. 750, gives the following account of Leofric of Mercia, husband of Godiva : '' This Leofric was a man of great honour, wise and discreet in all his doings. His high wisdom stood the realm in great stead while he lived. He had a noble lady to wife named Gudwina, at whose earnest suit he made the City of Coventry free of all toll : Moreover partly by his own devotion, and partly by the persuasion of his wife, he builded, or beneficially augmented and repaired many Abbeys and Churches, as COMITESSA GODIVA 25 the said Abbey or Priory of Coventry, the Abbeys of W enlock, Worcester, Stone, Evesam, and Leof beside Hereford. Also he builded two Cities within the City of Chester, also St. John's and St. Westburgh. The value of Jewells and ornaments he bestowed on the Abbey Church of Coventry is inestimable.''

CJomitessa Godiva (so styled in Domesday) was one of the noblest and most charitable women of her own, and indeed any age. Incidentally she was also one of the richest heiresses in England, owning in her own right the manorial lands on which the town of Coventry was afterwards built. With the active co-operation of her husband, whose wealth was also boundless, she built near the present site of Coventry a magnificent Benedictine Abbey for an Abbot and twenty-four monks. Half the Manor of Coventry and twenty-four other Manors situated in seven counties were granted as the endowment. The buildings were completed in 1043, and probably were commenced in about 1023. During the construction many huts and temporary buildings sprung up to accommodate the workers and other employees of the Abbey, and these became the nucleus of what was afterwards the City of Coventry. The church was the most splendid ever raised in England; it contained every ornament that boundless wealth spent with lavish hands could supply. It was so enriched with gold and silver that the very walls seemed too confined to contain all the works of art bestowed on it. Lady Godiva gave towards it all her treasures, and distributed all the gold and silver that she possessed to goldsmiths to make the sacred books, Gospels, crosses, and images of saints and other marvellous church ornaments, and for the love of God and the service of His House she literally denuded herself of all her personal property. (She long survived her husband, dying about 1085, after the Norman Conquest.) · The above particulars are gathered from the writings of the Saxon chronicler, Ingulph of Croyland (a contemporary of Godiva, who describes her as the most beautiful lady then living); Orderic Vitalis, also a contemporary; Simeon of Durham, Florence of Worcester and William of Malmesbury. None of these writers mention the legendary ~' ride '' which they certainly would have done had it ever taken place. 26 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS The legend was first mentioned by Roger of , who lived about 1225--that is two hundred years after the completion of the Abbey. He says the people of Coventry were assembled in the market place to behold Lady Godiva ride through the midst of them naked attended by two soldiers. Her luxuriant hair was unloosened and formed a mantle which completely covered her body, and she was seen by no one. Matthew of Westminster, who wrote about fifty years later, also mentions the story. But his work is a copy with additions of Roger Hovenden who wrote about 1204, and says nothing about the ride, consequently Matthew of Westminster must have taken it from Roger of Wendover. Matthew, however, seems to hint that Lady Godiva was supernaturally shrouded from mortal eyes. They none of them mention " Peeping Tom." Later writers also allude to the fable, on the authority, no doubt, of Roger of Wendover. But the most conclusive evidence against Lady Godiva's ride is the fact that at the time when it was said to have taken place, the town of Coventry had no existence. The Abbey was completed in 1043, and Godiva's husband died in 1057. According to the legend the '' ride '' took place in his lifetime, as he had promised his wife that he would remit the taxes if she would ride naked through the streets. But the present site of Coventry was then occupied only by workmen's huts. And Leofric's well-known character and devotion to his noble wife make it impossible to believe that he would ever have subjected her to such an indecent ordeal. The first charter granted to Coventry as a town was given by a Norman Earl of Mercia in 1153, a hundred years after the completion of the Abbey, sixty-eight years after Godiva's death. This story seems to have originated from the fact just described that she had stripped and denuded lierself of all her treasures and posses­ sions in order to benefit the great Abbey that she and her husband had founded and endowed. The legend, and specially that part of it which refers to " Peeping Tom," is of pure folklore origin and common to many countries, East and West. Thomas is a Norman name, and would hardly have been used by Anglo-Saxons before the Norman Conquest when the '' ride '' is made out to have taken place. In those days priests and monks were the only persons who could GO DIVA'S FABULOUS " RIDE " 27 write at all, and that chiefly in Latin. Traditions passed from mouth to mouth from generation to generation, each relater adding to, and improving on it according to his individual taste, till it was generally accepted as based on fact and was quoted as history by contemporary writers. Freeman in his " Norman Conquest " describes it as a silly story and a disgrace t0 English history, a comment with which most. unprejudiced students of history will agree. But the fame of Godiva's good works has perished beyond recall. The Abbey Church in which she and her husband were buried was broken up, stripped and finally destroyed ·with the other monasteries by Henry VIII; the foundations were dug up in 1670, and the site occupied by a bowling alley. The memory of the peerless Godiva is kept alive by a foolish fable, and by a yearly procession still kept up in the town of Coventry following an actress in tights representing a naked woman on horseback, a reproach to the town and to those who originate the spectacle. The first of these processions took place in 1678. , In the reign of Richard II, towards the end of the fourteenth century, the South window of Trinity Church, Coventry, contained glass pictures of an Earl and his wife, the former holding in his right hand a charter with these words : I Luriche for love of thee Doe make Covent re tol free. This is generally believed to refer to Godiva's ride, but it seems by no means clear that tlie wife in the picture was Godiva1-it might have referred to the wife of a later Norman Earl, possibly the donor of the first charter to Coventry in 1153. Stukeley, in his " Itinerarium Curiosum, '' written in the seventeenth century, gives a drawing of the window portraits, of which now no trace remains. He makes out '' Luriche '' to be '' Leuricus '' for Levricus. It has been claimed, notably by Charles Kingsley, and by Sir Henry Ellis in his " Introduction to Domesday," that Hereward " the Wake," the well-known freebooter at the time of the Norman Conquest, was the younger son of Leofric and Godiva. But this is very doubtful. Here-

1 It has been noticed (see p. 2'2) that some authorities make out that Godiva was the­ wife of Leofric' s son Algar. '28 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS ward was probably a Lincolnshire man, and was nothing more than a common bandit or free-lance, though a man of conspicuous bravery and resource, always bitterly opposed to the Normans. The only facts known about him are a few references in the Chronicles of the time, and an account in Domesday of the possessions of a Hereward, a common Saxon name in those times. He is said to have been banished from England for violence and to have had adventures in Northumberland, Cornwall, Ireland and Flanders, where he married Turfrida, a rich heiress of St. Omer. In 1070 the Danish fleet appeared in force off the East coast of England and roused the country to revolt against the Normans, and the tenants of Peterborough Abbey rose against Torold, the Norman Abbot, who had been set over them. Hereward and his band of outlaws joined them and the Danes, and combined they sailed up to Peter­ borough, burned and plundered the town and monastery and then retreated to Ely, whence the Danes sailed away with their spoil, leaving Hereward and his gang to fight the Normans as best they could. For a year they held out in Ely and made it a famous sanctuary for outlaws and rebels against the Norman invaders. At the end of the year William came in person with his army to Cambridge and attacked Ely, forcing all the besieged to surrender, except Hereward, who escaped through the marshes with a few companions. Later on he seems to have submitted to William, obtained a pardon from him, and accom­ panied him to the war of Maine, but was assassinated by some Norman Knights in 1073. (See Dictionary of National Biography, ·" Hereward. ") It has been also claimed that Hereward was the progenitor of the great house of Howard, one of whom was Shakespeare's '' Jockey of Norfolk.'' This is also probably a fable. Freeman has in his " Norman Conquest," p. 482, and Appendix, p. 826, written at some length about Hereward and his doings. He considers the legend about his birth to be quite unworthy of belief, and to be only one of the many fables that have gathered round his name, no two of which agree with each other. CHAPTER II

HENRY, OTHERWISE ED WINE DEL TEMPLE, AND BIS DESCENDANTS OF TEMPLE IIALL, WITNEY, BURTON DASSETT AND STOWE RESUMING now the account of the family: Henry, otherwise Edwine del Temple had a son Geoffry, whose reputed descendant, Robert Temple, was the first of those mentioned in the Heralds' College Pedigree of 1824. He was seated at Temple Hall in the reign of Henry III (about 1216). His grandson, Henry, married Mawde, grand­ daughter of Sir John Ribbesford, and was of Temple Hall in 1275. An Inquisition post mortem taken in 1279 shows this Manor to have been held about that time by Henry de Temple, and it remained in the family by lineal descent till 1663. The fifth in descent from Henry was Robert of Temple Hall and Barton-under-Needwood, Co. Stafford, 1421, who, married Joan, daughter and heiress of William Shepey of Shepey Magna. 1 This was a Manor in the Hundred of Sparkenhoe, three miles from

1 This description is taken partly from a Genealogical Table prepared by Edmonson of the Heralds' O>llege for Hester, the first Countess Temple but it differs seriously from the parchment pedigree pr~pared by the College for John Temple of Stowe (1574), which will be referred to in Part V, and from the book pedigree, also from the College, prepared for Johll Temple of The Nash in 1824. The first of these gives the descent as follows: Henry, son of Leofric and Godiva (liT"ed about 1080). I Geoffry. I Henry. I John, married Mawde Ribbesford. I Richard, married Catherine Langley. I Nicholas, married Margaret Corbet. I Richard, married Agnes Stanlawe. I Nicholas, married Maud Burguillon. I Robert, married Joan Shepey. (1421) While the third commences with a .Robert Temple of Temple Hall in 1216, and gives hiE­ grandson Henry as the husband of Mawde Ribbesford, followed by Richard-Nicholas­ Nicholas-Thomas, and Robert who married Joan Shepey. From such conflicting evidence of experts it is impossible to connect authentically the· 29 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS Atherston, Co. Leicester, which was owned by Walkelinus de Shepey in the time of Henry II. Joan was the sixth and last descendant and brought the Manor to her husband. They had two sons, Nicholas and Robert. Nicholas succeeded his father at Temple Hall, married Eliza­ beth Burdett, and died without issue in 1506. His tomb (see engraving) stood formerly in the graveyard of Shepey Magna and was figured in Nichol's" Leicestershire " (IV, Part II, p. 929). The church was rebuilt in 1778 and the tomb obliterated. There was also in this church on the North-East window the portrait of a man kneeling, under which was " Ricardus de Temple." This may have been Robert Temple's son and successor, Richard of Temple Hall, who died 1507, much impoverished by siding with Richard III in the wars of that day. Seventh in direct succession from him was Peter Temple, the first of the family who attained to any historical eminence, and that an evil one. He was a strong Puritan, a younger brother of Paul Temple of Temple Hall, and had been apprenticed to a linendraper in Leicester. Succeeding his brother at Temple Hall he became in 1645 Sheriff of Leicestershire. Joined the Parliamentary Army as Captain of a troop of horse and defended Leicester for the Parliament. Became a member of ·the , sat on the Commission for trying the King. Attended all the sittings but two (the twelfth and thirteenth), and signed the warrant of execution. At the Restoration he was excepted out of the Act of Indemnity and brought to trial with his relative, James Temple. He was sentenced to death, but reprieved and kept in confinement in the ·Tower, where he died in 1663. In the '' Loyall Martyrology '' by William Winstanley, 1665, appears the following notice of Peter Temple : " He was at first a linendrapers apprentice in Fryday Street, but his elder brother dying he forsook his trade, and was possest of an estate of some four hundred pounds a year in Leicestershire, and being a person well affected to the Cause was a recruit chosen Burgess for that county town, as colleague to Sir Arthur Hazelrig, that furious first Henry Temple of Temple with Robert Temple of Temple Hall in 1216. But after Robert who married Joan Shepey the pedigree seems clear and authentic. There is in existence an authentic Latin document dated 1684, which Sir William Temple (the statesman) obtained from the Heralds' College for his son John, who was sent abroad on a diplomatic tour. That document, like the pedigree of 1824 (see above) commences with Robert of Temple Ha.II (1216) followed by He~-Richard-Nicholas­ Nicholas-Thomas who married Miss Bradbridge-Robert of Temple Hall (1421). A REBEL AND HIS FATE 81 Northern blast: He was made Captain of a troop of Horse, and besides was a great Committee man ; yet was a person of very weak parts, and easie to be led to act any thing to which the hope of profit called him; yet ( as illgotten goods never prosper) so he thrived not, notwithstanding his gainfull trade, but was fooled by Oliver into the snare, as he afterwards often confessed the same.'' He had three sons, two of whom died young, and the third disappeared, probably to the American colonies, changing his name. His estates and property were confiscated, and granted by the King to the Duke of York, the bete noir of the Puritan party. This was the end of Temple Hall. In 1667 Sir William Temple (the statesman) cautioned his son against buying the place in these words : '' For first, it is so ancient that it has quite lost· the name, as well as the house, which is so ruinous as a great sum of money will not repair: and it is now known by another denomination, which I have forgot. Then the gentleman that bought it not long since, and paid twenty years' purchase for it, I believe will not part with it." In 1696 the place was owned, or occupied, by Obediah French, and in 1709 by Joshua Wallens. Still known as Temple Hall, it is now a modern dwelling. Mr. Harald Temple (a nephew of the writer), residing at the Manor House, Buckingham, visited and carefully inspected the place in 1915. He writes: " The present Temple Hall is on the site of the former one, and is a building of Georgian construction-a red square block of three stories, now used as a farm-house. The farm is on the estate of Earl Howe, a great landowner in those parts. '' There are some mounds in front of the present house, evidently covering the foundations of the older building, which must have been very much larger, and surrounded by a moat. On the :fireplace in the kitchen is a small piece of oak carving, probably from the old Hall. The attics on second story are in places partitioned off by panelling, which is said to have been taken from the ruins of the old chapel." Resuming now the descendants of Robert Temple (first in the pedigree). Robert, the eighth in lineal descent, had a second son, Thomas, who was seated at Witney, Co. Oxon, and from him all the 82 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS Temples, who attained to any eminence, are descended. He married 1 Mary, daughter and co-heir of Thomas Gedney ; their son, William, married Isabel, daughter of Henry Everton, Esq., 2 and his son and heir, Thomas, married Alice, daughter of John Heritage of Burton Dassett, Co. Warwick. This .Manor belonged to the Belknaps from very ancient times. In the time of Henry VII the village, with the exception of the church, which still stands, was pulled down by Sir Edward Belknap, then Lord of the Manor. In 1560, two-thirds of the property was purchased by Peter Temple of Stowe (see later). Thomas Temple had two sons, Robert of Witney and Peter. From Robert descended for a while a family of Witney, which lasted about a hundred years without doing anything of note. Peter married Mylycent, daughter of William Jeckall (or Jekyll) of Newington, Co. , and at his mother's death inherited the remaining third share of Burton Dassett. In 1553 he obtained from the Crown a grant of the Manor of Merston Boteler, Co. Warwick, and in 1554 he leased the Manor of Stowe in from the Bishop of Oxford, and erected on it a Mansion. 3 In the second year of Mary (1554) (Patent Rolls) there appears a '' Grant to Peter Temple of a messuage and Garden in Buckingham, and a messuage called Mean House there belonging to the Trinity Fraternity.'' It would appear, therefore, that the grant of these houses in Buckingham may have influenced him in selecting the Stowe property for his residence, and that he may possibly have lived in one of the houses while the Mansion at Stowe was building. He died in 1577, and was buried with his wife in the North transept of Burton Dassett Church, where the high tomb still remains. It was formerly inlaid with brass figures and shields, and had an inscription, all of which has disappeared.' In 1567 he received a grant of arms, which will be described later on. 5 He left two sons, John and Anthony. From John descended the great family of Stowe, which will be referred to in Chapter V. Anthony married Jane, daughter of -- Bargrave, and left two sons, Peter, who died young; three daughters, and William. He died 1581. 1 Bee frontispiece, Quartenng No. 2. 2 Quartering No. 4. a See Browne Willis' "Buckingham," pp 47, 48. ' For a full description of this church and its monuments see Part IV, Cha.pter XVI. 5 In Part V. SJI.: WlLI.l.\~I TDIPLE, PROVOST OF TRI:-.:ITY COLI.EC,E, Dl"BLI:-.:, .\:-.:I> ~l.\STER 1:-.; CHA=--CERY, 1620.

CHAPTER III

THE TEMPLES WHO SETTLED IN IRELAND, AND THEIR DESCENDANTS

WILLIAM (afterwards knighted}, born about 1553, was educated at King's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. He attracted the notice of Sir Philip Sydney, who took him abroad as his Secretary, and when he died in 1586 left him an annuity, also recom­ mending him to the notice of the Earl of , "·ho employed him as Secretary till his own downfall in 1600. In 1607 he went to Ireland, sat in the Irish Parliament in 1613, and was appointed Provost of Trinity College and a Master in Chancery. He ,vas knighted in Ireland in 1622, died in 1626, and ,vas buried under the Provost's seat in Trinity College Chapel. He married lviartha, daughter of Robert Harrison of Co. Derby, and had t,vo sons: John, his heir, and Rev. Thomas, who was a fellow of Trinity College, Rector of Old Ross in the Diocese of Fernes, and in 1634 of Battersea in Surrey. In 1641 he became a prominent preacher in London and before the Long Parliament. He was an '' Adventurer '' in Ireland, and had seven hundred and fifty acres assigned to him in Westmeath. He died about 1671, leaving a son, Robert Temple, and two daughters. Stephen Handcock, Dean of Kilmaeduogh, had a son, Gustavus, whose son, Robert, married the daughter and heiress of Robert Temple. Their only son and heir, Gustavus, inherited Waterston, the Westmeath grant, and assumed by Royal Licence the name and arms of Temple. His daughter and heiress, Elizabeth, married as her second husband William George, second Baron Harris of Seringapatam, and had issue by him Louisa Matilda (who married the third Baron Castlemaine of Moydrum), Reginald Robert, who died unmarried, and Arthur Ernest. Both the latter assumed by Royal Licence the name and arms of Temple quartered with Harris. The son of Arthur Ernest, Arthur Reginald Harris Temple, is the present owner of Waterston and Mount Temple, though his house was burned by the rebels in the Free State, and he had to escape to En~land with the loss of all his possessions. The present Lord Harris is the grandson of the second Baron by his first 33 C 84 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS wife. The third Baron was Governor of Trinidad 1846-54, and of Madras 1854-59. The fourth and present Baron was Under Secretary for India 1885-86, for War 1886-89, and Governor of Bombay 1890-95, when he received many decorations .. The arms borne by Gustavus Handcock were : Argent, two bars sable each charged with three martlets or, a mullet in chief for differ­ ence. These arms are now used by others of his descendants now living in Canada and elsewhere. John Temple, Sir William's eldest son, born in 1600, was knighted at Anderweek in Scotland 16th July, 1633. He was attached to the Court of Charles I, who made him Master of the Rolls, and a Privy Councillor in ·Ireland, where he enjoyed the particular confidence of Robert Sydney, Earl of Leicester, the Lord-Lieutenant. He opposed the truce which the Duke of Ormond (who succeeded Leicester as Lord­ Lieutenant) was empowered to make with the Irish rebels, and was therefore imprisoned with three others of the Privy Councillors. But in 1644 he was released, went to England and obtained a seat for Chichester in the English Parliament, being much trusted by Cromwell. In 1648 he voted for acceptance of the King's concessions to the Parlia­ ment, and was with many other members expelled the House, after which he lived privately in London till the Restoration, when he returned to Ireland in his former office of Master of the Rolls, obtaining in 1663 a reversionary grant of the same for his eldest son. The post was a sinecure with no duties. Sir William Temple (the statesman) held it during his life. John Temple married in 1627 a sister of the celebrated Divine, Henry Hammond, who zealously took the side of the King during the Civil War, and was in consequence deprived of his preferment by the Parliament. In 1646 he published a '' History of the Irish Rebellion," which was generally accepted as a work of merit. He died November 12th, 1677, and was buried in the Chapel of Trinity College, leaving three sons: William, John and Henry, and one daughter, Martha. :She married, 1661, Sir Thomas Giffard, Bart., of Castle Jordan, Co. Meath, but the marriage ended tragically, for he died suddenly a month later, and she devoted the remainder of her long life (she died 1722) to her brother, William, with whom she lived till his death, having accom­ panied and assisted him throughout his diplomatic career. He left her in- his will a life interest in Moor Park and its contents, and a fourth IRISH TEMPLES AND " PAM " 85 share of: his personal property. She was also residuary legatee to her brother Henry, who died 1699 without issue. The second son, John (knighted in Ireland in 1663), born 1633, was Solicitor-General of Ireland in 1660. Speaker of the in 1663 and Attorney-General in 1684. He was esteemed one of the best lawyers in Ireland, and to him Archbishop Sheldon paid the singular compliment '' That he had the curse of the Gospel, because all men spoke well of him.'' In his later years he settled at Temple Grove, East Sheen,, and died there 1704; buried at Mortlake. Temple Grove passed to his eldest son, Henry. He married Jane, daughter of Sir Abraham Ya.rner, and had two sons, Henry and John, and seven daughters. The eldest son, Henry, born 1673, married 1703 Anne, daughter of Abraham Houblon of London, Esq., and was created in 1722 Baron Temple of llount Temple, Co. Sligo, and Viscount Palmerston of Palmerston, Co. Dublin; all in the peerage of Ireland. His son, Henry, died in his father's lifetime, leaving a son, Henry, who became second Viscount on t!ie death of his grandfather in 1757. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from 1766 to 1777, was mentioned by Horace Walpole and Tickell as a '' patron of art, a writer of verses sometimes good and sometimes bad, who when at the Admiralty ' like Ariel wrecked navies with a song,' a dilettante of rank with brains enough to admire brains, but not enough to be distinguished for them." Johnson, however, seems to have liked him and proposed him for '' The Club'' at Hampstead, to which he was afterwards elected. He married secondly Mary, daughter of Benjamin Mee of Bath, in 1783 (mother of the third Viscount), and died in 1802 aged sixty. His son, Henry John, third Viscount, born 1784, was one of the most prominent statesmen of the nineteenth century, and a typical English patriot, though holding Irish titles. He served in sixteen Parliaments from 1807 to the day of his death, and had been a member of every administration between those dates, except those of Peel and Derby. For fifty-eight years he served his country, and during his long tenure of the Foreign Office, which he ruled autocratically, and subsequently as Prime Minister, caused the name of Englishman to be feared and respected all over the world, as it had not been since Cromwell's time. Bluff and hearty in appearance and speech, he was impatient with the 86 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS excuses of officialdom, and the quibbles of diplomacy, and would go straight to his point in plain. unvarnished words, regardless of the rank of his listener. He was emphatically a '' Temple of the Temples,'' and in the words of a writer in the Corn.hill Magazine of 1865:

'' The kind of strength and sagacity, liveliness of mind, and felicity of temperament which made his success, were really the sources of the success of his ancestry. If he was emphatically English, it was by dint of being in his own person a bit of English History.''

He was always idolized by the populace, and was affectionately spoken of by them as " Pam " or " old Pam." During the later years of his life the issues of Punch seldom appeared without a picture or caricature of '' Pam,'' always with a straw in his mouth, denoting his lifelong love of horses and sport of every description. He had married in 1839 Lord Melbourne's sister, widow of Earl Cowper (she died 1869 without issue by him). His property descended to her second son by her first marriage, William Cowper, who took the additional name of Temple and was created Baron Mount Temple of Sligo. He died at his wife's house, Brocket Hall, Herts, 18th October, 1865, within two days of his eighty-first birthday, having just returned from winning a contested election in the new Parliament, and was buried in close to the grave of his great predecessor (and relation), William Pitt. The second son of Sir John (Attorney-General), also named John, married his cousin Elizabeth, granddaughter of Sir William the states­ man, ana will be referred to hereafter. Of the daughters of Sir John (Attorney-General) the second, Dorothy, married (1) Francis Colvill of Ireland and (2) Sir Basil Dixwell of Broom Park, Kent. This estate was afterwards possessed by the Oxenden family, and was purchased in 1914 by Lord Kitchener. His relation, John Dixwell, Lord of the Manor of Folkestone in the seven­ teenth century, was a Parliamentary Colonel during the Rebellion, who signed the warrant for the execution of the King. He escaped to America after the Restoration, changing his name to John Davies, and died there in 1688. The sixth, Jane Martha, born 1672, was in 1718 ANOTHER REBEL AND HIS ESCAPE 87 appointed governess to the three daughters of George II, and married (1) John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, (2) William Bentinck, Earl of Portland, by whom she had two sons and four daughters, all of whom married illustrious persons. The seventh, Frances, born 167 4, married William, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, brother and heir of John, who married Jane Martha (mentioned above) and; left sons and daughters. CHAPTER IV

ACCOUNT AND MEMOIR OF SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE, AllBASSADOR AND STATESMAN UNDER CHARLES ll THE eldest son of Sir John (the historian), William (born 1628), became one of the most prominent and trusted statesmen of his time. He was educated at Bishop's Stortford and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, whence after two years' residence he departed without a degree. Macaulay describes liim as being '' at that time a lively agreeable young man of fashion, not by any means deeply read, but versed in all the superficial accomplishments of a gentleman, and acceptable in all polite societies. In politics he professed himself a Royalist." Setting out on his travels in the Continent, he met in the Isle of Wight the son and daughter of Sir Peter Osborne, Governor of Guernsey for the King and a red-hot Royalist. At an inn the brother amused himself with inscribing on the window his opinion of the Parliamentary rulers. F-0r this the whole party were arrested and brought before the Governor. The sister, trusting to the chivalry which all parties of the time seldom failed to show where a woman was concerned, took the crime on herself, and the whole party were at once released. Temple was at this time only twenty and Dorothy twenty-one. The incident made a deep impression on him, and the young people developed a mutual liking. But there were serious difficulties in the way. His father was then sitting in the Long Parliament, while her father com­ manded in Guernsey for King Charles. Sir John Temple had another alliance in view for his son, and Dorothy had many suitors, of whom the most distinguished was Henry Cromwell, fourth son of the Lord Protector, whose attentions she felt to be flattering. But love eventually had its way, and the young people became engaged. She seems never to have regretted her decision, though at the time when Cromwell violently dissolved the Long Parliament she reminded her fiance in one of her letters '' how great she might have been if she had been so wise as to have taken hold of the offer of H.C." The courtship dragged on for nearly seven years, during which 38 - - .

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SIR WILLIAM'S LOVE STORY 89 Temple led a rambling life in England,. Ireland and the Continent, and kept up an active correspondence with Dorothy. His letters are lost, but hers have been preserved and most of them published, and reveal a charming character, modest, affectionate, generous and sprightly. When at last the obstacles to their union seem to have been overcome, a serious calamity befeil them. Dorothy fell ill of the smallpox, and though she escaped with her life lost all her beauty. Whether she afterwards recovered it is not clear, 1 anyway the marriage took place in or about the year 1654. They then went to Ireland and resided with his father. The System of Cromwell was then in full operation, and Temple described his years in Ireland as " those of great satisfaction." But he declined to take a part in public affairs till "the way was plain for the King's happy restoration." After this event had happened he sat in the Irish Parlia­ ment for Carlow. In 1663 the Irish Parliament was prorogued, and he went to England with his wife and attached himself to Arlington, whose influence at C,ourt was then rising. England was engaged in war with the United Provinces of Holland, then governed by the Grand Pensionary, John de Witt. Munster, a petty Westphalian province, was then the only ally that England possessed. Its Bishop ruler offered to attack the Dutch, and Arlington decided to send him an English agent. Temple was selected for the post and acquitted himself to the satisfaction of his employers, though the scheme ended in nothing. He was created a Baronet in 1666 and appointed resident at the Viceregal Court of Brussels, a great neutral power between two great powers then at war with England. Here he had the chance of proving himself the most accomplished diplomat of his age. The Government had suffered a succession of humiliating disasters, ending with the Dutch attack on British coasts, their capture of Sheer­ ness and sack of Chatham, where they burned the ships. So the Ministry patched up a peace with France and Holland at Breda. The French king had in the meantime invaded the Spanish provinces on the Eastern frontier and even threatened Brussels. De Witt was unable alone to stop the French progress and was anxious to form a coalition for that purpose. With the consent of the Ministry Temple went on a tour in Holland incognito. He visited De Witt, ascertained from him 1 From the portraits of her that have been preserved it would appear that she had. 40 THE. TEMPLE MEMOIRS his wishes regarding a coalition, and sent a full account of his interview with urgent representations to Arlington, the result being that he was in 1667 instructed to ascertain if the States would enter into an offensive and defensive league with England against France. He hastened to The Hague and ascertained from De Witt that he would agree to a defensive confederacy only. Temple went to London, had an audience of the King, and at a council held on 1st January, 1668, the Dutch terms were fully accepted. On his return the Grand Pensionary expressed his surprise and pleasure at the result of the negotiations, and the two statesmen proceeded to induce a third Government to enter the League. Temple then approached the Swedish Minister, who favoured the scheme. '!'his memorable negotiation, thanks to Temple's dexterity, occupied only five days. Sweden willingly consented to join the League, which is known in history as the Triple Alliance, and after some grumbling by France a general pacification resulted. The fame of this measure was widely spread. It was the single eminently good act performed by our Government between the Restora­ tion and the Revolution which ejected James II, and the fame of Temple both at home and abroad rose to a great height. But the jealousy of Arlington was aroused and Temple was neither ennobled nor enriched. · He was sent to Aix-la-Chapelle to a congress to perfect the work of the Triple Alliance, and at its close was appointed Ambassador at The Hague, where he remained for some years. But unfortunately his wise and beneficent measure never had a fair chance of succeeding per­ manently. The King's sympathies were, and had always been, entirely with France, and he had only assented to the Triple Alliance under pressure from the House and owing to the clamour which had arisen all over the country. His Cabinet was composed of men who were deadly enemies to the liberties and religion of the nation. Temple was recalled from The Hague and ordered by Clifford, who was then the leader, to return and denounce De Witt and the States, and inform them that the King of England would have no further friendly association with them. This Temple flatly refused to do, and he retired to his little estate at Sheen. In 1671 a treaty was ratified with France, and he received his formal dismissal as Ambassador. He devoted his leisure to gardening and literary purs~its, and wrote many treatises, amongst them an SIR WILLIAM'S POPULAR DIPLOMACY 41 "Account of the United Provinces," which Macaulay styles a m.aster­ pieca of its kind. Meanwhile France and England, without even a pretext, declared war on Holland, and the French armies swarmed over the country. But the Dutch, now under the young Prince of Orange, concerted a strenuous and effective defence, and after their first temporary success the French troops were checked, and their opportunity passed away to return no more. All the money that Charles could raise was gone, and no more could be obtained except through Parliament. So Parliament was summoned, and the venal Ministry went to pieces : Clifford retired in dudgeon, Shaftesbury was dismissed and joined the Opposition. The Triple Alliance was praised all over the country, and its originator w~ recalled and ordered by the King to negotiate a separate peace with Holland; this was in 167 4. In three days a treaty was concluded, and he remained at The Hague in his former position. During his stay he discussed with Prince William of Orange the question of the marriage that had been proposed between that Prince and Princess Mary, eldest daughter of the Duke of York and niece to King Charles; and it was mainly through his instrumentality that it was agreed to. The marriage was solemnized in November, 1674. The pair became eventually King and Queen of England after the expulsion of James II. In 1667 he was pressed by the King to become Secretary of State, as he was the one statesman really esteemed by the nation. He, however, refused the office, both then and again in 1678 and 1679, despite the urgency of the King's request. But after many confidential meetings with the monarch he suggested a plan to secure the nation from mis­ government and protect the Crown against the ever recurring encroach­ ments of Parliament. The plan was that the existing Privy Council of fifty members should be dissolved, that a new Council of thirty should be appointed, of which fifteen should be great officers of the State, and fifteen independent noblemen and gentlemen of the greatest weight and importance in the country. That the King should pledge himself to govern by the advice of this Council and suffer all his affairs of every kind to be debated in it, and not to reserve any part of the public business for a secret com­ mittee. This plan was discussed by the King and Temple without a third party, and after a month the King resolved to carry it out. Great 42 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS was the joy all over the country and also in Holland, ·where Temple's influence was looked upon as a certain omen of good for Europe. The Council was organized in 1679, after many disputes regarding the con­ stitution of the members of it. But it had inherent defects, and the King, as had been his custom, failed to keep his promises and acted in opposi­ tion to the Council's advice. Parliament was again dissolved, and Temple obtained a seat for the University of Cambridge. But the Parliament was again prorogued for a year and then dissolved. Temple had only sat during one session and then resigned. He retired to Sheen and said he would be a good subject, but had done with politics. After the death of Charles and the Revolution which ousted James II, he transferred his loyalty to William, who often dined and played bowls with him at Sheen. But in spite of pressing solicitations he refused again to become Secretary of State, but consented that his son should become Secretary of War. The unfortunate young man, however, committed suicide in 1689, within a week after his appointment, finding that his advice had led the King into some improper steps in Ireland. The family then retired to Moor Park, near Farnham, which had been purchased by him in 1680 when it was known as Compton Hall or Moorhous. Here he passed the remainder of his life, and here, in 16~4, Lady Temple died, but Lady Giffard continued to live with her brother till his death in 1699. To Moor Park in 1689 came a young Irishman with a handsome face, uncouth manners, and a witty satirical tongue, with no recom­ mendations except that his mother was a cousin of Lady Temple's. He had lately been sent down from Trinity College, Dublin, for insubordina­ tion and other misdemeanours, and had come to see if his distinguished relative would assist him. Sir William received him with kindness, and a certain patronage, made him his private secretary with twenty pounds per annum and his meals at the second table. This was Jonathan Swift. Here he made friends with Hester .Johnson, known in the family as "Little Hetty," the daughter of Lady Giffard's " gentlewoman," Mrs. Johnson, and taught the child to read and write, thereby gaining her lifelong admiration and love. Hester Johnson has been asserted by some writers, notably Thackeray in his "Humorists of the Eighteenth Century, " 1 to have 1 See note to " :Monograph on Swift," p. 143. JOXXfH.\X SWIFT ,\S A STtrDEST.

JONATHAN SWIFT AT MOOR PARK 48 been the natural daughter of Sir William, and the probabilities are that this was the case. Miss Hetty, as she was called in the family, though later on she occupied the position of maid to Lady Giffard, was always treated practically as an equal. She lived with her mother, the widow of Sir William's steward, in a cottage specially prepared for them in the grounds of Moor Park, and was petted by Sir William, who left her in his will the '' Lease I have of some lands in Morristown in Wickloe, Ireland. '' 1 ' ' Little Hetty '' became famous throughout the world in later years as the " Stella " of Swift. Few love stories have ever appealed more to the imagination than th~se of Dorothy Osborne and Temple, and Stella and Swift, and no two could be more widely different. The one lasted happily throughout their lives, and the other was always unf or­ tunatE:, and ended tragically. Swift was a man of thirty when he taught Stella to read and write, and after Sir .William's death in 1699, when she was nineteen and went to Ireland with Mrs. Dingley to claim her little inheritance, the two lived in a lodging near Swift's vicarage while he was in residence, arid in his vicarage while he was away in England. It is practically certain that Swilt and Stella had been married, but his callous egoism and selfishness prevented him from acknowledging her as his wife, and when she died through neglect and unhappiness in a house close to his, he sat in his room writing about her, pleading sickness as a reason for neither visiting her nor fallowing her to the grave. Yet his letters and journals addressed to her clearly show that she was the one real love of his life. After his death among his treasures was found a packet containing a lock of her hair with an inscription in his hand-'' Only a woman's hair.'' And he wrote a little memoir of her, describing her sweet and engaging personality and her cleverness in repartee. Sir Walter Scott writes of her : '' She purchased by a life of prolonged hopes and disappointed affections an immortality under the name of Stella.'' Swift found his literary genius whi-le at Moor Park and there he wrote the ' ' Battle of the Books '' and '' Tale of a Tub.'' He seems to have owed many obligations to his patron in forming his mind for the

1 Thackeray writes that Sir William left her £1,000, but this is incorrect. The wording of the legacy given here is taken from the original will. 44 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS compositions of the political tracts which made him so famous in future years. Literature was Temple's chief amusement during his declining years, after abjuring politics. He wrote his memoirs, transcribed many of his letters and published several miscellaneous treatises, notably one on gardening. He died a martyr to gout in January, 1699, aged seventy-one, and was buried in Westminster Abbey by the side of his wife, a place being set apart for,: Lady Giffard, who long survived him. His heart was buried in a silver box under a sundial in the garden of Moor Park, opposite his favourite window seat. In his will, besides the legacy to '' Stella,'' he left £ 100 to '' Mr. Jonathan Swift now dwelling with me.'' He directed his executors to bury him in the West aisle of Westminster Abbey-'' near those two dear pledges that lye there already, and that after mine and my Sisters decease a large stone of Black Marble may be sett up against the Wall with this inscription : Sibi, suisque charissimis Dianre1 Temple dilectessimre filire. Dorothem Osborne conjunctissimre conjugi, Et Marthre Giffard optimm sorori, Hoc qualecunque monumentum Poni curavit Gulielmus Temple. Baronettus." This may be translated as follows : William Temple Baronet caused this monument to be erected to (the memory of) Himself and those most dear to him. His beloved daughter Diana Temple. His fondly attached wife Dorothy Osborne. His best of sisters Martha Giffard. After Lady Giffard's death in 1722 the monument was placed as directed in the will. Swift was his literary executor and superintended the publication of his letters and memoirs. Among all the distinguished men who, in later years, shed lustre on the Temple family, Sir William stands out pre-eminently. He lived in an age when honesty and patriotism were almost unknown to the men who took part in the governments, and when profligacy and venality was almost the only road to promotion or preferment. Yet by sheer honesty 1 This was his only surviving daughter, who died 1684, aged fourteen. SIR WILLIAM'S CHARACTER AND DEATH 4'5 of purpose and great diplomatic talents he gained the respect and favour of the King, and also, which was far more difficult, universal popularity among the turbulent people. The highest favours of the State were several times within his reach, but, as has been shown, he always refused them. Macaulay rather " damns him with faint praise," and though he grants him pretensions to the most honourable place among the statesmen of his time, and admits that his private life was decorous, his manners popular, and that he was not to be corrupted by titles or money, yet thinks that he prized his ease and his personal comforts too much, and shrank from responsibility except on occasions when he was almost certain to gain and could not possibly lose. This may be true, though the results of his actions always were beneficial to his country rather than to himself. Sir William's character has been graphically described by his sister, Lady Giffard, in the following words: " I thinke nothing harder than to write any body's character, and that of a friend is yet more difficult; if one tells the truth, 'tis thought being partial, and if one does not, one is sure to be unfair: I will try by saying little to avoy' d both : Sr W. Temples person will be best knowne by his pictures: He was rather tall than low, his shape when he was young very exact, His hair is a dark browne curl'd naturaly, and while that was esteem' d a beauty, nobody had it in more perfection. His eyes were gray out very lively. In his youth lean, but extream active; soe yt nobody acquitted themselves better at all sorts of exercise, and had more spirit and life in his humor than ever I saw in any body, and with soe agreable veins of witt and fancy that no body was welcomer in all company and every one have observ' d that he never had a mind to make any body kind to him that he did not compaSs it. He was an exact observer of worth, thought none yt had failed once ought ever to be trusted agin, of nice points of honnour, great humanity and good nature, takein pleasure in makeing others easy and happy : His passions . . . ' 9 (rest destroyed). 1 On his death his Baronetcy lapsed. He had had nine children, of whom all but the son, John, who has already been mentioned, predeceased him, died in infancy. John had, however, in 1685 married Mary,

1 This is copied from a facsimile of the original in Lady Giffard's handwriting, which is given in the '' Life and Letters of Martha, Lady Giffard," by Miss Julia Longe (1911), page 176. 46 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS only daughter and heiress of M. Duplessis Rambouillet, a great Protestant family in France, and left two daughters, Elizabeth and Dorothy, whom their grandfather made his heiresses. Elizabeth married John, the son of Sir William's brother, John, and they afterwards inherited and occupied Moor Park. They left no children. Dorothy, the younger sister, married Nicholas Bacon of Shrublands, and had many chilaren, most of whom died young. Basil, born in 1722, was chosen by the Temples of Moor Park as their heir, and he possessed also their property in Ireland. He rebuilt Moor Park and his brother and successor, John, completed it. The younger brother, Nicholas, born 1732, outlived all his relations and inherited their property. He died without heirs and left everything to John Longe, husband of his wife's sister and son of the rector of Spixworth in Norfolk. His descendant, Miss Julia Longe of Spixworth Park, assisted Judge Parry in the publication of Dorothy Osborne's letters, and herself in 1910 published the " Life and Correspondence of Martha, Lady Giffard,'' from which some of the particulars mentioned above have been taken. CHAPTER V

PETER TEMPLE OF STOWE AND BURTON DASSETT-HIS HEIR, JOHN TEMPLE, AND THE LATTER'S SONS AND DAUGHTERS AND THEIR DESCENDANTS, INCLUDING SIB THOMAS, THE FIRST BARONET OP STOWE, SIR PETER, SECOND BARONET, AND SIR RICHARD, THIRD BARONET

HA VINO now traced the descendants of Anthony, younger son of Peter Temple of Stowe, those of the elder son, John, will now be noticed. Born in 1542, he married in 1561 Susan, second daughter of Thomas Spencer of Everton, 1 and had six sons and six daughters. He died in 1603, and his wife in 1614. Both were buried in Burton Dassett Church, where their monument is still to be seen, though much defaced. A full account of this church and its monuments will be found in Part IV. He seems to have been an opulent man, for he served as High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire. He had residences on the Burton Dassett and Stowe estates, both of which he inherited from his father, who had held Stowe on a lease only. It had been part of the endowment of the Bishopric of Oxford, and during a vacancy in the See, Queen Elizabeth granted the freehold by Letters Patent to Thomas Crompton, Robert Wright and Gelly Marick, who sold it to John Temple in 1590. He had also lands and leases in Misterton, Lutterworth and Mollington, all of which he disposed of iL his will. A detailed account of Stowe will be found in Part IV, Chapter XIX. His sons were : THOMAS, who succeeded him at Stowe and Burton Dassett, seep. 49. GEORGE, died young. WILLIAM, a merchant in London; married before 1611 daughter of Sir Thomas Beaumont, Knight, of Stoughton, Co. Leicester. Died before 1642, leaving daughters. PETER, died after 1642. JOHN, of Francton in Warwick, who founded the line of Francton, which died out in 1703. One of his sons, John, was a Parliamentary Colonel under Cromwell, but not a Regicide. Nothing remarkable is recorded of the others.

1 See frontispiece, Quartering No. 5. 47 48 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS

ALEXANDER, of Longhouse in the Parish of Chadwell, Essex, who was knighted by James I in 1603-4, and became M.P. for in the days of Charles I. He married (1) Mary, daughter of John Somer of Newland, Clerk to the Privy Signet, and widow of Thomas Peniston, and (2) Mary, daughter of John Beve of St. Edmundsbury, Co. Suffolk,. and widow of John Busbridge of London and Haremare, Parish of Etchingham, Co. Sussex. He died in December, 1629, and was buried with one of his wives (probably the first) in . 1 His eldest son, John (by first wife), was killed at the attack on the Isle of Rhe in 1629 (just before his father's death). The second son of first wife, James, married (1) Mary, daughter of the above mentioned John Busbridge by the lady who afterwards married his (James Temple's) father as second wife, and (2) Joanna, daughter of the great Dutch Admiral Van Tromp, and inherited the Etchingham estates. From the first wife descended the Temples of Etchingham, who did nothing ·worth recording, and from the second, those of Blakeney, about whom the same may be said. James Temple, born (about) 1606, was the eldest surviving son of his father. He took up arms in the Parliamentary Forces, and appears in 1642 as a Captain of Horse in Lord Saye's Regiment of•" Blue Coats,'' in which his name is given as '' Jam : '' Temple. As such he seems to hav_e taken part in the , serving under Russell, Earl of Bedford. Later on he became a Colonel. In 1643 he was appointed Captain of the Fort of West Tilbury, and later on in the same year he defended the Fort of Bramber in Sussex (his paternal county), of which he was Governor, against the Royalists. In 1645 he was elected to the Long Parliament for Bramber, and in 1649 Governor of . He also sat in the restored " Rump " Parliament of 1659. He was named one of the Commissioners to try the King in 1648, sat during the proceedings in the for six days, never missed a day during the proceedings in Westminster Hall, and signed the Warrant of Execution. 1 For an account of the burial of Sir Alexander Temple and his wife see " Arcluoologica Cantiana," Vol. XI, 1877. The connection of Mary Somer, his first wife, with the Temples became doubled when her son by her first h11Sband, Sir Thomas Peniston of Leigh in Sussex, married as his second wife Martha, fourth daughter of Sir Thomas Temple, first Baronet of Stowe, by whom he had no i&1Ue. Sil, TllC.>:'\f\S TE:'\11'1.E, 1ST J: \I-< l'-ET OF STO\\'E.

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(Jfta Cornelius Jansen, 1620.)

ANOTHER REGICIDE AND HIS FATE 49 After the Restoration he surrendered, was tried with the other Regicides and sentenced to death, but was afterwards respited and imprisoned in the rrower. Subsequently he was removed to , where it is believed he died, as nothing is known about him after 1668. 1 His father, Sir Alexander, had an only daughter, Susanna, who was a Maid of Honour to Queen Anne, the wife of James I, afterwards marrying (1) Sir Geoffrey Thornhurst, Knight, (2) Sir , Knight. (See portrait.) There are, it is believed, some of the family still alive at Blakeney. John Temple, son of James, the Regicide, died in 1777, leaving a son, Thomas, whose granddaughter, Mary, married Robert Sherard, Earl of Harborough, and died 1859. Of the daughters of John Temple of Stowe, Susan, eighth child and second daughter, married, after 1582, Sir Thomas Denton of , Co. Bucks. Their youngest son was William Denton, M.D. (born 1605), who is often mentioned in the '' Verney Memoirs '' of the seventeenth century (published 1904). The eldest son of John Temple of Stowe, Thomas, born about 1560, married (about 1590) Hester, daughter of Miles Sandys of Latimer, Co. Bucks, Clerk of the Crown. He was knighted by James I on his accession to the throne in 1603-4, and on September 24th, 1611-12, created a Baronet, one of the first two hundred instituted, at the third sealing of the Patents, thirty-fifth on the Precedency List. On the death of his father in 1603 he inherited Stowe, Burton Dassett, and all his other lands, and was his father's residuary legatee and executor. He died 1637, and was buried with his wife at Burton Dassett. In his will, which was administered by his son, ~files (his widow renouncing), he states that he bas divided his estate among his posterity in his lifetime, and leaves only small legacies of money and valuables. He had five sons (one of whom died in infancy) and nine daughters. All thirteen married and most of them left issue. The enormous number of their immediate descendants was proverbial at the time. He took no part in the struggles between Charles I and his Parliaments, as he died before they materialized, and did nothing worthy of notice. Probably he was too harassed with domestic cares to trouble ,

l There is a Life of James Temple given in the Dictionary of National Biography, from which some of this information is taken. D 50 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS about politics. But four of his sons and some of his descendants began (as will be shown later) as ardent Parliamentarians. His sister, Elizabeth (sixth daughter of his father), married William Fiennes, Viscount Saye and Sele, who was the persistent opponent of all the oppressive measures of James I and Charles I, and was for a. time the mainstay of the and the Parliamentary party. In 1630, in association with Lord Brooke, John Pym, and other Puritan notables, this nobleman established colonies in the Island of New Providence in the Caribbean Sea and in the American colony of Massachusetts, which, however, came to nothing. In the Lords he acts in concert with the popular leaders in the Commons, and was nominated by them Lord-Lieutenant of Oxford, Cheshire and Gloucester­ shire. He raised a regiment for the Parliament, occupied Oxford, and garrisoned his house at Broughton, which surrendered to the King after Edgehill. 1 He was greatly trusted by Cromwell, who made him a ''Lord'' of his Upper House. In the struggle between the Army and the Parliament he took part with the Army, and afterwards did his best to further the acceptance of the King's concessions. He took no part in the execution of the King, and after that event lived at Broughton and Lundy Island, where, as mentioned in one of Dorothy Osborne's letters to her husband, he wrote a '' Romance.'' After\ the Restoration he took his seat in the House of Lords, was trusted by Charles II, appointed Lord Privy Seal, and a member of the Privy Council. He died 1662. The third son (of Sir Thomas)_, Rev. Thom.as, D.C.L., born nt Stowe, 1604, married a daughter of -- Green, D.D. He was, like his brothers, a warm Parliamentarian, also a rigid Puritan, and was voted by an Ordinance of Parliament to be '' put into a P~rsonage.'' This Parsonage was probably Bourton-on-the-Water in Gloucestershire, of which he has been recorded as Vicar between 1622 and 1649. He had three sons: the eldest, Thomas, is mentioned in the will of Sir Thomas Temple, Baronet, of Nova Scotia, dated October 14th, 1671, leaving him £100. Nothing is known of the other two, John and Sandys,Z except that the elder left a son, John, who disappeared after 1683. American writers have assumed that the Rev. Thomas settled in Ireland 1 October 23rd, 1642. 2 Both these mentioned in the will of Hester Sandys, widow of Sir Thomas Temple, 1656. A PURITAN PARSON 51 and left descendants there who were the ancestors of John Temple of , U.S.A., who assumed the Baronetcy in 1786. But this is mere conjecture and has never been proved. Thomas (recipient of the legacy) had a son, Thomas, alive in 1683, and mentioned in the will of Sir Richard (third Baronet); but where he lived, and what became of him, has never transpired. It is possible that the Rev. Thomas, like his nephew,. Sir Peter, had to change his name, and go into hiding at the Restoration. He was alive in 1654, but died before 1683; no will of his has been found. The question of the American descent will be fully discussed in Part II, Chapter VIII. The fourth son of Sir Thomas (first Baronet), Miles, was a Captain in the Parliamentary Army, and eventually settled in Dover. In 1636 he administered his father's will, his mother, the executrix, renouncing. Sir Richard Temple (third Baronet), his nephew, mentions him in his will of 1683 as " deceased, late of Kent." This will also mentions his two grandsons, Griffith and Richard, '' sons of Miles Temple deed : , who was son of Myles Temple of Kent deed:" but nothing further is known about him. Hasted, in his History of Kent, states that the Manor of Temple, alias Boswell Banks and Downe, was bought in the reign of Charles I by one Harvey, who parted with it early in the reign of Charles II. Captain Temple is known to have been alive in 1660. The second (surviving) son of Sir Thomas (first Baronet), John, born in 1593, was knighted by James I in 1612-13. He married (before 1613) Dorothy, daughter and co-heiress of Edmund Lee of Staunton Barry. This Manor is in the Hundred of Newport Pagnell, Co. Bucks, and was originally held by the Barre or Barry family, but was after­ wards granted by the Crown to the Ashfields, from whom it passed to the Lees, and from them, by marriage, to John Temple. In 1662 or 1663 it was sold to Sir John Wittewronge, Baronet, and eventually passed to the Spencers. Sir John Temple also possessed the Manor of Biddlesden, seven miles from Buckingham, which had been formerly granted by Robert, Earl of Leicester to the Cistercian Monks of Gerondon, who in 1147 founded an Abbey there. The old church of St. Peter's, Staunton Barry, now known as Stanton Low, is an unpretentious barn-like building of rubble stone, consisting of nave and chancel, devoid of ornament, 52 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS and standing in fields, close to the new church and workmen's dwellings inhabited by the employees at the L. & N. W. Railway extensive works near Wolverton Station. On the pavement in front of the altar are two stone tablets-the first bears an escutcheon of the Temple arms, Argent two bars sable eacli charged with three martlets or, impaling Lea, Argent, a fesse between three crescents sable, and a crescent for cadency (Sir John being second son of his father), with the following inscription : Here Rest ye bodies of Sr John Temple Knt & of Dame Dorothy His First Wife (one of ye Two Daughters & Heyres of Edmund Lea Esqr Late Lord of this Manor) By Whom He Had Issue Livinge At ye Time of His Death 4 Sonnes and 3 Daughtrs She Dyed ye ... Day of ... 1625 & He Died Ye ... Day of Septembr 1632 Dame Francis His Second Wife Surviving Who Placed Heere This Marble. The second tablet bears an escutcheon with arms as follows : Quarterly, 1st and 4th Or, an eagle displayed sable, 2nd and 4th Argent, two bars sable, each charged with three martlets or, and impaling Tyrrell, Argent, two chevrons azure, a bordure engrailed gules, and the following inscription : Here lyeth the Body of Dame Elianor1 Tempel Relict of Sr Peter Temple Kt She was Eldest Daughter of ST Tymothy Tyrrill of Oakeley in this County Kt by Elianor Daughter of Sr William Kingsmill of Hampshire Kt She Departed this Life May ye 24th 1671 in the 57th year of her Age. A third tablet on the pavement bears the following inscription : Here lyeth the body of Charles Tyrrill fourth and youngest son of Sir Timothy Tyrrell, of Oakeley in the County of Bucks, Knight who died ye 19th of March 1694 in ye 69 year of his age.

1 ~t will be noted that this inscription does not mention her second marriage to Richard Grenville of Wotton. For a further account of these arms, see Part V. A BARONET OF NOVA SCOTIA 58 Sir John Temple resided for a time at Stowe, his house at Staunton having been leased temporarily to Viscount Purbeck. He married (second) Frances, daughter of Simon Bloomfield of Coddenham, Co. Suffolk, and widow of Thomas Alston of Gedding Hall, but by her had no issue. By his first wife he had (1) Peter, his heir;1 (2) Thomas, afterwards a Baronet of Nova Scotia; (3) Edmund, founder of the line of Sulby; ( 4) Purbeck, and three daughters, of whom the youngest, Mary, married Robert Nelson of Gray's Inn, from whom descended John Temple, who assumed the Stowe Baronetcy in 1786. 2 Sir John died at Biddlesden September 23rd, 1632. His second son, Thomas, was a distinguished man: born at Stowe, January, 1614. In 1656 he purchased, in partnership with a Colonel , from Sir Charles St. Etienne all the latter's interest in a grant of land in Nova Scotia, tlie vendor reserving one half of all '' fruits and peltries. '' This grant was confirmed by Cromwell, who appointed Temple Governor of under the name of Colonel 'Ihom

1 His descendants will be described in Part IT-Temples of The Nash. :a For an account of this claim see Part II, Chapter VID. 54 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS one thousand pounds to the Countess of Anglesea and one thousand pounds to John Nelson. As '' the King '' was Charles II it is unlikely that they benefited largely oy these legacies. The third son of Sir John of Staunton Barry, Edmund, was born in 1622. With his brother Purbeck (see later) he seems to have joined the Parliamentary Forces that took part in the battle of Edgehill and in 1644 besieged Banbury Castle. In '' Perfect Occurrences of Parlia­ ment No. 12" is an account of the proceedings of a "Councell of Warre " which ordered " that all the Forces in and about Banbury should march from beleaguering the Castle to Warwick by 5 o'clock in the morning, the enemy being within 4 miles of the Castle.'' This '' -Councell '' consisted of sixteen officers of all ranks, presided over by Colonel John Fiennes (a son of Lord Saye) who commanded one of the regiments. One of these officers was Major Purbeck Temple, and another Captain " Edw: " Temple. This latter was most probably Edmund Temple (the name being occasionally spelt the former way) who was then aged twenty-four, and would naturally wish to serve with his younger brother. Both seem to have belonged to Colonel John Fiennes' regiment. Edmund (alias Edward) became subsequently a Colonel in the Parliamentary Forces, and was employed by Cromwell in Ireland, whence in 1648 he petitioned the Parliament regarding his great losses and sufferings, and the payment of his arrears. 1 The House of Lords recommended his case to the consideration of the Commons, who in May, 1649, appointed a committee to audit his accounts for his services in Ireland. The result is not on record. In 1647 he married Eleanor, daughter and co-heir of Stephen Hervey of Hardingstone, Co. Northampton, Knight, and from her acquired the estates of Sul by Abney in Welford and Sibbertoft, with lands in Moreton Morell, Co. Warwick. He had three sons and seven daughters. Stephen, who died unmarried; John, who had two sons, Richard and Purbeck (to the last of whom his aunt, Sir Purbeck's widow, left leasehold lands in her will, and about whom nothing further is known); and Edmund, mentioned in his uncle, Sir Purbeck's, will as "of Leicester," who had a son, Purbeck, also mentioned in that will 1 See '' Temple Prime,'' 4th ed., p. 47. ONE OF CROMWELL'S COMRADES 55 as the testator's godson, who died 1763, aged seventy-one, leaving an only son, Edward, who died unmarried 1796, having been for the last ten years of his life de jure eighth Baronet of Stowe, 1 though he never claimed it. Colonel Edmund Temple died 1668. From an entry in Pepys' Diary, March 10th, 1667-8, it appears he was 2 killed by one Sir Thomas Halford during a quarrel in a London tavern. He was buried in Welford Church, where there is still an elaborate monument that had been erected by him to his wife and children. The fourth son of Sir John of Staunton Barry, Purbeck, was born about 1623. Like his brother, and the neighbouring magnates of Buckinghamshire, who were influenced by the example of Hampden, he joined the Parliamentary Forces and became a Captain in the '' Lord Generalls ''3 regiment, in which was also a Captain, and gained his first war experience at the battle of Edgehill in 1642. This is mentioned in a letter to his father' from (son of Lord Saye and Sele), who was Captain in Sir William Balfore's regiment, which also took part in the battle. The letter is too long to be quoted here in full, but it shows that Captain Temple and Cromwell fought with their troops " till the last minute," and that the battle, though not decisive, was favourable to the Parliamentary Forces. In 1644 Purbeck Temple was a Major in the regiment commanded by Colonel John Fiennes (another son of Lord Saye), and took part in the siege of Banbury, which after thirteen weeks had to be abandoned, owing to the advance of a strong party of the King's troops from Oxford, and the besiegers had great difficulty in escaping to Warwick. This is described in a letter signed by Majors Lytest and Purbeck Temple, 5 dated October 26th, 164 9.

1 For particulars of this incident see Pa.rt Il., p. 80. 2 See also '' Verney Memoirs," Vol. II, p. 319. He was knocked on the head with a bottle and died of his injuries. The state of the London streets at that time was notoriously disgraceful and unsafe, robbers and highwaymen abounded. 3 This was the Earl of Essex who commanded at Edgehill. ' See " A most true and Exact Relation of both the Battels fought by His Excy. and Forces against the bloudy at Keynton below Edgehill in Warwick the other at Worcester by Ciolonell Brown Captains Nathaniel and John Fiennes and Colone11 Sands and others.... Written by Captain Nathaniel Fiennes. Printed for Joseph Hunscott November 9th, 1642.'' Quoted by Edwin Walford in his account of the Battle of Edgehill. Banbury, 1928. 5 Addressed to the Ciommittee of the three Counties: Oxon, Buc:ks, and Berks. See " Perfect Occurrences of Parliament No. 12," p. 47. 56 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS They seem to have been surprised by the King's superior force, and after charging them with some success had to retire in confusion, though subsequently their retreat was effected by the gallantry and skill of Colonel John Fiennes. In the following year (1645) it was proposed to make Purbeck Temple Governor of Newport Pagnell, whereupon three Captains in Colonel John Fiennes' regiment, Unite, Hunt and Broens, wrote a letter dated 12th June, 1645, charging Temple with cowardice in deserting his quarters before Banbury, leaving his division to face the enemy without him, and then bringing false intelligence to Colonel Fiennes. This letter is quoted in '' Addenda to History of Banbury '' by Alfred Beesley, pp. 1619-20, who obtained it from a manuscript supplied by W. Reader, the historian of Coventry. The result of these serious charges is not given, nor is it stated that an inquiry was set on foot. " Harleian Miscellany," Vol. VI, p. 29, contains a " Life and Death of Robert, Earl of Essex,'' from which the following is taken : " Captain Temple attacked the King's Forces at Islip in May, 1643. He was sent from New_port Pagnell with some troops of horse to dis­ cover, not charge, the enemy, but beat up the enemy's quarters taking fifty horses, eighteen prisoners, one knight, eight packs of ' Kersey ' 1 and £150 in money, and so alarmed the enemy that they fled from Islip to Oxford, crying out that ' Essex was at thei~ heels.' "

It is a fact that Purbeck Temple was thanked by the Speaker of the House, September 30th, 1644, for this capture of goods at Islip and again August 9th, 1645,2 thanked and appointed Governor of Henley. If then the charge of cowardice, above quoted, made on the 12th of June previous, had been established, the House would hardly have acted as it did. Rather it would appear that there had been an inquiry, and Temple had been exonerated. There is no confirmation in contemporary writers that the charges were either made or investigated. Purbeck, it appears, must have subsequently changed his politics, for he took no part in the trial and execution of the King, and at the Restoration in 1660 he was knighted by Charles II, and in 1662 made a

1 Kersey was a rough woollen cloth used for uniforms, blanketa or horse cloths. 2 See " Temple Prime," 4th ed., p. 50, in which he is mentioned by name. HIS RECANTATION 57 Privy Councillor and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. He married Sarah, daughter of Robert Draper of Remington, Co. Berks (probably an heiress), who survived him. He acquired the Mansion and estate1 of Adgecombe (or Adscombe) Place, near Croydon, Surrey (afterwards the East India Company's Military Seminary of Addiscombe), and died there without issue in 1695. With the exception of small legacies to his relations, he left all his property, real and personal, to his wife, absolutely. He was buried at Islington, where his widow was also buried four years later. Evelyn (the diarist) writes, March 13th, 1699-1700: " I was at the funerall of my Lady Temple, who was buried at Islington, brought from Adscombe neare Croydon. She left my son­ in-law Draper, her nephew, the Mansion house of Adscombe, very nobly and completely furnish' d, with the estate about it, with plate and jewels to the value in all of about 20,000£. She was a very prudent lady, gave many great legacies, with £500 to the poore of Islington, where my husband Sir Purbeck Temple was buried, both dying without issue.'' Her will and codicil, dated 1696 and 1698, do not mention the Adscombe estate, probably she disposed of it in her lifetime. Legacies are left to Purbeck Temple, son of John Temple of Sibbertoft, to '' the three children of Edmund Temple, son of the late Edmund Temple of Leicester, and to the five daughters of John Temple of Sibbertoft. Executors : Sir Thomas Draper, Baronet, and William Draper.'' Having thus traced the history of the younger sons of Sir Thomas Temple, first Baronet, there remains the eldest son, Peter. Born in 1592, he became Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1635 and was knighted by Charles I. Was member for Buckingham in the two last Parliaments of that monarch, and with the other representatives of the county, actively supported John Hampden {who sat for Bucking­ hamshire) in his resistance to the illegal impost of ship money. Like Hampden in 1635-36, he refused to pay the small sum at which he had been assessed, and was the refore kept a prisoner in his own house at Stowe. 2 He succeeded his father in 1637 as second Baronet. Later on, with his brothers, he became an ardent Parliamentarian, and served

1 See Pa.rt IV, Chapter XVIII. 2 See "Bucks Biographies,'' by M. M. Verney, p. 107. 58 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS in their Army as a Colonel. He was also appointed a member of the Commission to try the King, but declined to act on it, or to go further with his party. In 1624, owing to serious embarrassments, he filed a suit in Chancery1 against his father, complaining that the latter had wrong­ fully sold certain leases of lands in Lutterworth, of the yearly value of four hundred pounds, which had been settled on him when he married his first wife. To this his father replied (in 1627) that his son had already received from him an income of eight hundred pounds per annum in cash, also a settlement of nearly all the Manors and lands in Stowe, Dodford 2 and Langport, inherited from his (Sir Thomas's) father, and also lands which ha,d been purchased by Sir Thomas . . . himself for seven thousand pounds, to pass to him after his father's decease, of the clear yearly value of two thousand five hundred pounds. That to his knowledge the Lutterworth leases had not been settled as claimed. That he (Sir Thomas), having settled such great estates on his son, and having him­ self many children, had fallen into serious debt and difficulties, which compelled him to part with the leases as his only means of satisfying his creditors, believing that he had power to do so. That at his son's request he had lately joined with him to effect a sale of lands that had been settled on Sir Peter, by which the latter realized two thousand six hundred and eighty pounds. And therefore '' the premises con­ sidered, and the great, many and manifold court~sies done by this Defendant unto the Complainant, as this Defendant conceiveth doth little deserve such unkind challenge and suit of the Complainant against this Defendant.'' The result of the suit does not appear. Sir Thomas' s will ( dated 1636) contains no mention of his son, Peter. The suit may have dragged on for years, as Chancery litigation usually did, eventually benefiting only the lawyers. Dickens' account of Jarndyce & Jarndyce in '' Bleak House " was no exaggeration. But these pleadings show that Sir Peter1 s disposition was grasping and unfilial, and that he tried to extract more from a fat her who had already almost beggared himself to supply his son's extravagancies. That these extravagancies were serious is 1 See " Temp1e Prime," 3rd ed., p. 89. 2 Now called Dadford and Lamport. A LITIGIOUS SON 59 evident from the facts that he, his wife, and his creditors petitioned the Parliament for relief, and that their claims were referred to a committee. The result has not been obtained. But Sir Peter died intestate in 1653. Administration of his estate was issued to Thomas Smith, principal creditor, and other creditors seized all his personal property. He married first in 1614 Anne, co-heiress of Sir Arthur Throck­ morton, Knight, of Paulersperry, Co. Northampton. She died 1619~ leaving two daughters: Anne, married to Thomas Roper, Viscount Baltinglass (title now extinct), and Martha, married to Weston Ridge­ way, Earl of Londonderry (title also extinct). He married (secondly) 1630, Christian, daughter and co-heir of Sir John Leveson of Walling, Co. Kent, and by her, who survived him, had Richard, his heir and two daughters, Frances and Hester. Christian Leveson was great-grand­ daughter and heir-general of William Brooke, Lord Cobham of Cobham Hall in Kent, whose son and successor, Henry, Lord Cobham, came under an attainder in 1603 when James I came to the throne. His house and estates were forfeited and granted by the King to Ludovic Stuart, Duke of Lenox, in 1612. This appears to be the reason why Christian Temple's grandson, Sir Richard (fourth Baronet), selected the title of Cobham when he was first ennobled by George I in 1 714. Her daughter, Frances, married her cousin (another Lord London­ derry), and her second daughter, Hester, married John Dodington, eldest son of Sir Francis Dodington, the owner of great estates in Somersetshire and Dorset. They had a son, George, the heir, and a daughter who married George Bubb, an apothecary of Carlisle, whose son, George, inherited the estates and property of his maternal uncle, took the name of Dodington and became eventually Baron Melcombe Regis. After his death in 1762 without issue, this vast property passed to the first Earl Temple under the will of Bubb's uncle, George. An account of Bubb Dodington will be found in Part III, pp. 104-107. Sir Peter's only surviving son, Richard, succeeded his father in 1653. He was born in 1634, and unlike his father and his uncles showed Royalist leanings, somewhat lukewarm. He became member for Buckingham town and

1 See Part IV, Chapter XIX. A ROYALIST BARONET'S MARRIAGE 61 Like other members of his family, Sir Richard seems to have been somewhat vacillating in his politics, and inclined to support any party that was likely to favour his own interests. Between the years 1655 and 1690 his name frequently appears in the letters published in '' Memoirs of the Verney Family.'' By that family he was somewhat distrusted, though connected closely with them both by marriage and as the colleague of Sir Ralph Verney, in the represeniation of the borough of Buckingham. Some extracts from the letters are given below. 1655 Sir Ralph Verney writes : '' Sir R. T. hopes for a place in the Protector's Court. ' ' 1656 Dr. Denton 1 writes : " Sir R. T. is in favour with the Protector." 1659 Sir Ralph V. writes : '' Sir R. T. was elected for Buckingham with Francis Ingoldsby. '' 1660 Dr. Denton ,vrites : '' Monke brought in the secluded members. Sir R. T. carries it plum on all sides." Again : " Sir R. T. hopes the gentry will off er him post of Knight of Shire and Militia.'' 1660 Sir Ralph V. writes : '' Sir R. T. is to be among the new Knights (at the Coronation of Charles II)." 1664 Sir Ralph writes : '' Sir R. T. voted desperately in favour of the Triennial Bill.'' 1688 Sir R. T. stays at Claydon. 2 1670 Edmund Verney (son of Sir Ralph) in constant request with Temples of Stowe. 1675 Edmund Verney writes : '' August 26th. '' I dined at Stowe yesterday, Nelly Denton and Jack Stewkeley went wth mee : Wee met Sir Harry Andrewes, & his Lady and daughter, his only child There, as also Cosen Risley3 & his Lady and Jack Dodington' & 3 Sisters of Lndy Temple, & Mr. Stanton, Husband to one of them & Nedd Andrewes5 and Grosve his father-in-law & Thom : Temple' & another old Temple 1 Dr. Denton was the son of Susan, daughter of John Temple of Stowe, who married Sir Thomas Denton of Hillesden, Oo. Bucks, in end of sixteenth century. 2 The ancestral home of the Verneys. 3 He married Dorothy1.-.. daughter of John Temple of Stowe, sister of Mrs. Denton. "Son of Sir Francis vodington of Eastbury, Dorset. He married Hester, da.ughter of Sir Peter Temple, second Baronet. See Part m. Bubb Dodington. 5 Son of Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Temple, who married Sir William Andrewes, Kni~ht. • This was either Thomas Temple, late of Old Street, or Cosin Thomae Temple of Weymouth. Both so described in Sir Richard Temple's will. 62 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS with 3 or 4 Very Drunken Parsons, wd1 made up our Company. Lady Baltinglasse1 was invited, & promised to be there, but ffayled. Wee saw Sir Richard and his ffine Lady Wedded, & flung the stocking, & then left Them to Themselves, and soe in this manner was ended the celebration of his Marriage a Ia mode, after that wee hadd Mu.sic, Feasting, Drinking, Revelling, Dancing and Kissing; it was Two of the Clock this morning Before wee gott Home.'' 1670 Dr. Denton writes: '' Mun (Edmund) Temple in a similar brawl {in a London Tavern) was knocked on the head with a bottle, and died of his injuries.'' 1679 Edmund Verney writes : '' Sir R. Temple disbelieved in Oates from the first, and was called a Jesuit for his pains. The Sessions in London were heavier than had been known for forty years. Twenty men and thirteen women condemned to death.'' 1680 '' The Duke of Monmouth in Bucks. Sir Ralph and Edmund Verney with Sir R. T. at the races with him on Mead.'' 1683 "Sir Ralph Verney and his cousin of Stowe, Sir R. T., were to contest the Buckn Borough again. Sir R. T·. not popular with the Verneys, being a busy schemer. After many delays and incriminations, both were re-elected in 1685. '' 1685 "Petitions against Sir Ralph V. and Sir R. T. election." (Result not stated.) 1684-87 "Sir R. T. 's little daughter Maria2 was christened in the drawing-room of John Stewkeley' s house in London." 1687 "Sir R. T. and his two sons visit Edmund Verney at Claydon." 1688 '' Sir R. T. is horrified that the King has tufned Ch : Justice Harburt's elder brother out of a Company bought for 800 guinyes for refusing to repeat the Test.'' 1689 "Sir Ralph V. and Sir R. T. represent-Buckingham again in the Convention Parliament that sat from 1689 to 1690. Sir R. T. has his ' Custom Hous ' place again.'' 1690 '' Sir Ralph Verney expects to be re-elected for Buckingham, but that inveterate schemer, Sir R. T., had secretly taken measures to secure the two seats for Alexander Denton and him­ self. The family were indignant, but Sir Ralph bore the disappointment with great magnanimity and the friendship between the old colleagues continued till Sir Ralph's death in

1 Wife of Thomas Roper, Viscount Baltinglass. She was Anne Temple, daughter of Sir Peter, second Baronet. 2 She eventually became the wife of Prebendary West. TEMPLES WHO JOINED HAMPDEN 68 1696." Sir Richard died in the following year, 1697, and his widow in 1726. Both were buried at Stowe. . . .

It will be seen that during the Civil Wars and the Commonwealth, all, or nearly all, the Temples of a suitable age took sides with the Parliament, following the example of John Hampden of Great Hampden, himself one of the most &ncient, wealthy and powerful commoners of Buckinghamshire, who was the leader of nearly all the great families in that County, the exceptions being the Dentons of Hillesden, some of the Verneys of Claydon, and the Denhams of . Peter Temple, the last of his race that had held the ancient demesne of Temple Hall, though he was of weak character and deficient ability, followed his party to the bitter end, became a Regicide who signed the warrant to execute the King, and perished in the Tower after the Restoration. His near relative, James, the son of Sir Alexander Temple of Longhouse, Essex, and nephew of Sir Thomas (first Baronet), fought with Cromwell at Edge­ hill, attained rank and honours under the Parliament, and finally became also a Regicide, dying in prison after the Restoration. John Temple of Francton, a nephevl of Sir Alexander (and of Sir Thomas), was a Colonel in the Parliamentary Army. Of the sons of Sir Thomas Temple (first Baronet) the eldest, Sir Peter, was imprisoned in his own house for refusing (with Hampden) to pay ship money. He afterwards became a member of the Long Parliament and a Parliamentary Colonel, and was appointed on the Commission to try the King, but declined. The second, Sir John, took no part in the Civil Wars, but his sons, Peter, Edmund and Purbeck, were all actively engaged, though the latter changed sides before the Restoration and became an ardent Royalist. The third, Rev. Thomas, was a rigid Puritan, and was beneficed by the Parliament, disappearing after the Restoration. The fourth, Miles, was a Captain in the Parliamentary Forces. There may have been others, but historical facts regarding them are meagre and difficult to obtain, as after the Restoration it was naturally the policy of the Parliamentary adherents to efface themselves. CHAPTER VI

SIR RICHARD, FOURTH BARONET OF STOWE, HIS CAREER, ELEVATION TO THE PEERAGE AS BARON AND VISCOUNT COBHAM, AND DEATH \VITHOUT HEIRS OF HIS BODY

SIR RICHARD, the third Baronet, was succeeded in 1697 by his only surviving son, Richard, as fourth Baronet. He had a long and notable career, and was one of the most distinguished and eminent men the family have produced. Born at Stowe about 1661 he entered the Army in his father's lifetime, and rose step by step to the highest grade. On the death of his father in 1697 he became member for the town of Buckingham, and in 1703 was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of the Shire. In the first year of Queen Anne he was appointed Colonel of a regiment of foot and distinguished himself at the sieges of Venlo and Ruremond, in which he took part as a volunteer. He afterwards served with his regiment in Flanders and Germany, and in 1706 was appointed Brigadier-General. He took a prominent part in the Siege of Lisle, and in 1708 was sent by the Duke of Marlborough with despatches to the Queen announcing the surrender of that fortress, being one of the Duke's most trusted Generals. In 1708 he was promoted to Major-General, and next year to Lieutenant­ General. In 1710 he obtained the command of the 4th Dragoons, but was not included in the list of General Officers nominated to serve under the Duke of Ormond in Flanders, and his regiment was given to General Evans in 1713. On the accession of George I in 1714 h& was created Baron Cobham in Kent, and sent as Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor Charles VI at Vienna to announce the accession of George I. In 1715 he was made Colonel of the 1st Dragoons, and next year Constable of Windsor Castle. In 1718 he was created Viscount and Baron Cobham with remainder, in default of heirs of his body, to his sister Mrs. Grenville and her heirs male, and in default of them to his sister Christian, Lady Lyttelton and her heirs. In 1721 he was appointed Colonel of the 1st Dragoon Guards. He was also a Privy Councillor and Governor of Jersey. About this time 64 (. I fter 1·aJ1l<>o, I 720.)

~IR lilCll.\l,t> TE~ll'I.E, 4TII B\l,O\:ET .\\:I) l.<1l,ll \'ISC(ll"'.\:T <."<11\11.UI.

AN HONOURED SOLDIER 65 he joined the opposition against Walpole and voted in Parliament against the Excise Bill in 1731, for which he was deprived of his military commands. This left him leisure for private pursuits, and it was then that he made extensive alterations at Stowe, laying out the gardens from the designs of Brown ('' Capability '') and Bridgman, the popular landscape gardeners o! the day, and erecting in them the numerous buildings, obelisks and bridges which still adorn the park. He did not neglect politics, acted with the Tory Opposition, and in 17 41 voted for the motion to remove Walpole from the King's ·Council for ever. This did not then succeed. In a caricature of the time, representing Lord Chesterfield as postilion of the Opposition coach, driving furiously and overturning it on its way to the Treasury, Cobham appears as footman, holding on to the straps ! In 1742 the Opposition triumphed and Walpole resigned. Cobham then regained his military appointments, was promoted to Field-Marshal 28th March, 17 42, and obtained the Colonelcy of several regiments. In 1745 he was also named one of the regents during the King's absence abroad. He married Anne, daughter and sole heir of Edward Halsey, Esq., a wealthy brewer of Southwark, but left no issue. In 17 4 7, two years before his death, she erected in the grounds of Stowe, '' to preserve the Memory of her husband,'' a splendid obelisk one hundred and fifteen feet high, surmounted by a life-size statue of Sir Richard as a Roman warrior, inscribed :

'' To Richard, Lord Viscount Cobham, Field-Marshal of the British Armies, who served his country as well in the Cabinet as in the Field, and who adorned it by a more elegant system of modern gardening, first illustrated on this spot."

On the pillar are also cut Pope's well-known lines:

And you brave Cobham, to the latest breath, Shall feel your ruling passion strong in death ; Such in those moments as in all the past Oh! save my country, Heaven! shall be your last.

Dad Pope been alive two years later he would probably have E 66 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS wished to cancel these lines. The actual circumstances of Lord Ck>bham's death are related in the '' Memoirs of Hannah More'' :

'' In his last moments, not being able to carry a glass of jelly to his mouth, he was in such a passion that he threw the jelly, glass and all, in the face of his niece, Hester Grenville-fell back and expired! ,,

He died September 12th, 1749, and his wife died March 29th, 1760. Both were buried at Stowe. He left a long will dated 17 48 in which he mentions that on the occasion of the marriage of his nephew, Richard Grenville, he settled upon him and his heirs male all his manors, real estate, etc., and in default of them to Trustees for the use of George Grenville and his heirs male, in default to Henry Grenville and heirs male, in default to George Lyttelton, son of his sister, Christian, in default to Richard and then to William, younger sons of the said Christian; then to the Wests and other sons of her, and then to Richard Berenger, son of his sister, Penelope, after them to his heirs general. Whoever inherits shall take the name of Temple only, and in case of refusal the next heir shall inherit. All to be tenants for life only. Contents of Stowe to pass as heirlooms with the freehold. To his wife he leaves the contents of his house in Hanover Square '' wherein we now dwell '' with horses, carriages, jewels, etc. One of his executors was Richard Dayrell of . On his death his Baronetcy passed to his next of kin, William Temple of The Nash, as fifth Baronet, great-grandson of Sir John Temple of Staunton Barry, who was brother to Sir Peter Temple, second Baronet, who was grandfather to Sir Richard, fourth Baronet, Lord Cobham. (For further account of him see Part II, Temples of The Nash.) In Lord Cobham's time Stowe was the favoured resort of nearly all the eminent people of the century, from Royalty to the politicians, artists, poets and wits of the day. Lord Cobham was a genial and magnificent host, and his gardens were for size and beauty, natural and artificial, such as none of the many stately palaces then existing in England could attempt to equal. Much of their historical celebrity was due to the poetry of Pope, who was a close personal friend of the owner, and spent much of his leisure at Stowe. He dedicated to Lord Cobham HIS WEALTH, PEERAGES AND END 67 his " Moral Essay, No. I," from which the lines cut on the obelisk, quoted in a previous page, are taken. His description of the gardens (in "Moral Essay, No. IV") may be quoted here as a passage of surpassing beauty: '' Consult the genius of the place in all That tells the waters or to rise or fall; Or helps the ambitious hill the heavens to scale, Or scoops in circling theatres the vale; Calls in the country, catches opening glades, Joins willing woods, and varies shades from shades; Now breaks, or now directs, the intending lines; Paints as you plant, and as you work, designs. Still follow sense, of every art the soul, Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole, Spontaneous beauties all around advance, Start e'en from difficulty, strike from chance ; Nature shall join you; Time shall make it grow A work to wonder at-perhaps a Stowe.'' He also wrote (in a letter): " If anything under Paradise could set me beyond all earthly cogitations, Stowe might do it.'' Horace Walpole was a frequent visitor, and wrote many witty notes on the place. Other visitors were Frederick, . Prince of Wales, and his daughter the Princess Amelia. ·Congreve was an especial friend of Lord Cobham, who was one of the pall-bearers at his funeral, and erected to his memory in the grounds of Stowe a somewhat ridiculous monument with a monkey sitting on the top. (A full description of Stowe will be found in Part IV, Chapter XIX.) srn l'ETEI{ Tl-:~11'1.E. ''"'T., .\'\I) IIIS WIFE, ,~\\11•: El.l\:'\01{ TYlrnt-:r., t6::i8.

PART II CHAPTER VII

TEMPLES OF THE NASH-SIR PETER, KNIGHT, SON AND HEIR OF SIR JOHN, THE SECOND SOM OF SIR THOMAS, FIRST BARONET, AND HIS DESCENDANTS : OF THESB WILLIAM, THB GRANDSON OF SIR PETER, BECOMES FIFTH BARONET, FOLLOWED BY HIS BROTHER, SIR PETBR, AS SIXTH, AND THE LATTER'S SON AS .SBVENTH BABOMKT. AFTER HIH THE TITLE BECOMES EXTINCT

SIR JOHN TEMPLE, Knight (see Part I, Chapter V), the second son of Sir. Thomas (first Baronet), possessed the Manor of Staunton Barry through his wife, Dorothy Lee. He died 1632,_ and Staunton Barry descended to his eldest son- PETER, born 1613, became Sheriff of Bucks in 1635 and was knighted by Charles I in 1641. Subsequently he seems, like his relations, to have sided with the Parliament, though there is no record of what action he took. He inherited (under his father's will) Staunton Barry and Great Linford, also the Manor of Morebarne and lands in Lutterworth, Co. Leicester (which had been purchased by his father), subject to the payment of his father's debts therefrom. He also had some claim on Burton Dassett, as his son, William, refers to it in his will as '' having been unjustly detained from him by his kinsman, Sir Richard Temple.'' 1 He married in 1635 Elianor, daughter of Sir Thomas Tyrrell of Oakeley, Co. Bucks, Knight, by whom he had five sons. John, a merchant of Smyrna (who died 1676 s.p.). Timothy, Henry and Thomas, who all died before 1623, and William, his heir, also a daughter, Elianor, who married Richard Grenville of Wotton, whose son, Richard, in 1710 married Hester, daughter of Sir Richard Temple, third Baronet of Stowe, who became eventually Countess Temple. Sir Peter had a chequered career, the details of which are very obscure. He is chiefly known as being the author of a curious work (said to be a translation from the French), which he entitled '' Man's

1 The fourth BaTonet. 69 70 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS Masterpiece '' or '' The Best Improvement of the Worst Condition in the Exercise of a Christian Duty on Six Considerable Actions. " 1 Viz. :

1. The Contempt of the World. 2. The Judgment of God Against the Wicked, etc. 3. Meditations on Repentance. 4. Meditations on the Holy Supper. 6. Meditations on Afflictions and Martyrdom. 6. With a Meditation for One That is Sick.

With the volume are portraits of himself and his wife, beautifully engraved by R. Gaywood in 1658. 2 The contents of the book are very obscure and unintelligible, but the doggerel verses of the author on '' The Effigies of the Most Accomplist Lady Dame Elianor Temple '' are most curious, and may be interesting as specimens of the literature of the time :

Receive this Lovely Lady in the Roome, Of the lost Author, it cann't misbecome Her worth, her Person; Since all must admit Her constant Practise is, the same be writ Different in Nation, Time, sex yet agree, In Vertues of vast Magnitude; Souls Sympathy, Souls ben't confined; our sad defeat at Babel Wants influence on Thou, nor is it able, T'obstruct or Terminate such notions, Blest births, proceeding from the pur'st Motions Of the Bright Dove th' Adore Like sweet Lutes plac'd at distance, touch but this And a Harmonious-murmur Ecchoed is Soone by's Confederate, no virtue being Exempt, From her fair practise of The World's Contempt. P.T.

ANOTHER ON THE EFFIGIES The Grave:r did his part (Ingeniously) Mixing (with curious Art) much Industry; Yet both, fall short, of what is N atura1, Than Infinitely of thats Spiritual ;

1 By P. T., Knight. London, 1658. 12mo, p. 252. 2 See facsimiles of these engravinp. AN UXORIOUS HUSBAND 71 How is't then possible, for my dull pen To trace 'divine lines, not conceived by Men? Her Highborn soul (disdaining sordid clay Illustrates that person) Crowns our day Many her Noble Graces, yet most High; In what surmounts them all: HUMILITY. Flourish then in my lines, as thou are sure To fix on Syon, and shine evermore. P.T.

ANOTHER ON THE EFFIGIES

This etately frame contains a gallant soul, Whose praise, whose fame extends beyond each pole Perfumes the earth, with rich, with fragrant scent In whose bles't birth, a Treasure vast was lent To unworthy Mortals; Who her enjoyes, of Heaven is favoured; Like my best choice, Angels are figured Her mother fed on flowers when she bred One like a Seraphim, accomplished: A blessed Geneus (questionleSse) is she At whose approach, grim Demons quickly flee Since· Spirits have conformity with Her, Haunt me each night; Dear Dear Familiar. PETER TEKPLE

DEDICATION

To the most Perfect Pattern And Patronesse Of Vertue and Piety The Lady ELIANOR TEMPLE The Glorious Consequences Of a gracious Conversation, be multiplied .Madam, My dearest, Passionately enamor' d onely with the title of Your most Affectionate, more oblig'd Husband PETER TEMPLE The real feeling and sentiments latent in the above rude lines will be appreciated by the reader, though the poor author was incapable of putting them into poetical metre. He was in hiding when he wrote 72 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS them at Norwich, separated from his wife, having been so deeply involved with the Revolutionary Party that he feared arrest, though he was not a Regicide. This must have been before 1658-59, in which year he died at Norwich, aged forty-six, and was buried under an assumed name. The register of burials at St. Peter's, Mancroft, in that city runs : " 1659-60. Jan. 14. A gent : stranger, called by the name of John Browne, otherwise afterwards his buryeall by the name of Sir Peter Temple."

He died intestate. In the entrance hall at Stowe there used to hang a portrait of Oliver Cromwell with a page, believed to be the work of Richardson (Senior). On the back appears: "The boy who is represented tying the scarf is Sir Peter Temple of Stanton Barry, county of Bucks, who was his page, and who gave this picture to Sir Richard Temple ·of Stowe in 1685." The date is manifestly wrong, as Sir Peter died in 1660. The painter was probably Walker, not Richardson, as he could not have painted the " Protector" at that age from life. Cromwell was born in 1599, and Sir Peter in 1613, consequently there was only fourteen years difference between their ages. But the picture represents· Cromwell as a man of about fifty, and the page as a boy of fourteen. The endorsement was evidently written by someone unacquainted with the facts, and the picture probably came to Stowe through one of the Grenvilles. It realized fifty-four pounds twelve shillings at the sale of 1848. An engraving (by Cooper) was purchased at the sale of 1921 by Mr. H. ~I. Temple of the Manor House, Buckingham. The lady recipient of her husband's touching tribute, as given above, survived him, and on July 1st, 1661, remarried, her second husband being Richard Grenville of Wotton (as has been already mentioned). She died in 1671, leaving in her will a legacy of five hundred pounds to her daughter, Elianor Grenville, and was buried in Staunton Barry Church where her monument describes her as '' Relict of Sir Peter Temple, Knight,'' no mention being made of her second marriage. 1

1 See Part I, Ch~pter V. HIS VERSES, POLITICS AND END 73 Sir Peter's only surviving son and heir, William, was born in 1646. He married Mary, daughter of -- Green of Co. Kent, who survived him and was alive in 1716. Their children were: (1) Mary, born 1691, married John Baldwin of Co. Bucks, died childless in 1767; (2) William, his heir, of whom later; (3) Peter; ( 4) Anne, born 1696, married Hugh Coffel of Co. Bucks, she went to America. In his will, and in Co11nty Histories, William Temple is described as '' of Lillingston Dayrell, '' a Manor not far from Stowe. But neither Browne Willis nor Lipscomb, 1 both of whom give long accounts of the place and the Dayrells who owned it for many generations, mention William Temple in connection with it, so probably he only had a residence there. He inherited Staunton Barry from his father, but does not allude to it in his will, though he speaks of his real estate at Luffield and Burton Dassett. Staunton Barry was sold to Sir John Wittewronge, Baronet, in 1662 or 1663, 2 so the seller must have been William Temple. His eldest brother, John, a merchant of Smyrna, who died s.p. 1676, left him a legacy of three thousand pounds, and in his own will he leaves considerable sums, in all five thousand pounds, to his son, Peter, and his daughters, Anne and Mary, and his real -estates under conditions to his heir, William. His mother, widow of Sir Peter, in her will left him three hundred pounds with the proviso '· that it shall be paid to him at 25 if the Executors (John Temple of Smyrna and Elianor Grenville, his brother and sister) should find that he is worthy and deserving of it." Also his uncle, Sir Purbeck Temple of Adscombe, who died without issue, specifically mentions him in his will as his heir-at-law, and then leaves him the sum of one shilling. From these two legacies it would seem that the testators-his near relations-had doubts as to his character and capabilities. In the will of Sir Richard Temple, the third Baronet, William Temple, the elder, is mentioned by name as next in tail to the whole of the Stowe estates and property failing Sir Richard Temple, the fourth Baronet, and his heirs male. But he died in Sir Richard's lifetime, and his affairs were found to be in inextricable confusion. None of the legatees mentioned in his will received anything and he was made out 1 In their Histories of Buckingham. 2 See Lipeoomb. 74, THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS to be deeply in debt. He died 1706, aged sixty, and was buried in Stowe Church, described as Armiger. He was succeeded by his eldest son and heir, William, Junior, then a boy of twelve. His father had entrusted all his affairs to Nicholas Merwin, an attorney of Buckingham, who seems to have feathered his own nest at the expense of his unfortunate client, and when the latter died, declared that the estate was bankrupt and in debt to him (Merwin). The heir was therefore penniless and friendless, owing to Merwin's craft and manreuvres; wholly dependent on the little income of his mother, and on what his uncle, Sir Richard, might please to do for him. From original papers and copies of pleadings preserved at The Nash, it has now been possible to extract the facts of this unfortunate episode. In a statement prepared in 1721 for the opinion of the Attorney-General (D. Ryder) it is set forth that:

'' In 1706 there was a dispute between William Temple (the elder) and Sir Richard Temple (afterwards Lord Cobham), concerning a third individual share of lands in Burton Dassett, the title deeds of which were detained by Nicholas Merwin, an attorney of Buckingham whom William had employed." (This Merwin was also Sir Richard's agent.) " William possessed also, with other lands, an estate at Luffield Abbey of considerable value, subject to a mortgage of £1,500. This estate was sold by order of the , and Sir Richard became the purchaser and paid the purchase money to Merwin, who had got himself into possession of all William's Estate, real and personal, under a pretence of paying his debts. But though the Estate was able to pay all creditors twenty shillings in the pound (as will appear by the 1 decree ), yet Merwin only paid eleven shillings in the pound, and took assignments from the creditors of their whole debts to himself. William also possessed the perpetual advowson of , the next Turn whereof Merwin sold to B. Hart, ancl the Advowson itself to Sir Richard and applied the purchase money to his own use.''

Under these distressing circumstances the only possible chance for William Junior was to conciliate his uncle. So when he came of age in 1716 he abandoned finally to Sir Richard his claim to the lands in

1 This decree is not with the other papers. HIS SON AND HIS RUIN 75 Burton Dassett which had been the subject of litigation in his father's time (see the latter's will), for a consideration of two thousand pounds, of which only nine hundred pounds was paid, on the understanding that he should receive an annuity of one hundred pounds for himself and his mother. Whether this was ever paid does not appear. He was also placed as a clerk in Merwin's office, evidently at Sir Richard's instance, and Merwin thereby gained great ascendancy over him and got him to sign a bond for two thousand pounds on the pretext that large sums were due to him (Merwin) from his father's estate (this was Merwin's uncorroborated statement). But subsequently in 1751, when for the first time a claim for five hundred pounds under this bond was put forward by Merwin's widow, he strenuously denied that he had ever signed the bond. The papers from which the above facts are extracted were prepared by William's lawyers in answer to Mrs. Merwin's claim. The result of the suit, if indeed it ever came to trial, is not on record with the other papers. The Attorney-General's opinion on these pleadings is as follows :

'' The great Difficulty will arise from Sir William's long acquies­ cence both in the Bona and the Account of those debts which a Court of Equity will be very unwilling to enter into when the obligee is dead and many vouchers may be lost. However, the imposition stated in the Case is so great, that if it can be proved, I think the Court of Chancery will grant relief against the Bond Upon the terms of paying what (if anything) shall appear to have been due at the time of the Bond, with Interest. Whether the Bill should be brought either now or when an Action shall be brought will depend on the Clearness of the Evidence Sir Wm. has to prove his Case. " (Signed) D. RYDER.'~ 1th Alarch, 1753. 1

In 1717 William Junior was induced by Sir Richard to join with him in docking the entail on the Stowe estates for a consideration of seven thousand pounds, and thereby barred himself and his successors

1 The Bond bears date 14th May, 1716. No attempt was made by Merwin to enforce it during his own lifetime, nor to obtain principal on interest. But after his death in 1751 (35 years after the alleged execution) his widow claims to recover on it. There appears to have been no Statute of Limitation then in force which would bar 8'1Jch a preposterous claim. 76 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS of all claim to the same or any part thereof. So Sir Richard then became owner in fee, and could leave them by will as he pleased. It is impossible to read these papers without coming to the conclusion that William, the younger, had been treated in a way the reverse of honourable by his august relative, though Sir Richard's action may have been quite within the law. He was a man of great wealth, high position in the Councils of the State and vast influence, holding the highest possible rank in the Army. But there was a drawback to his otherwise flawless prosperity. Although long married he had no children, and was no doubt apprehensive that none might come, in which case all his ancestral estates, with the great Mansion of Stowe, would revert to his heir-at-law, and he would have no power to will them to his own nominee. The remedy was not far to seek. The heir was a youth who had been utterly ruined by his father's extravagance and Mervin's craftiness, and was practically friendless; he would the refore probably welcome any offer that would relieve his necessities. Pressure, therefore, seems to have been· put upon him, and he was induced to sell his birthright for what must appear to be inadequate compensation. What he received was hardly a tenth of the actual value of the reversion, as it was almost a certainty that it would. eventually fall to him. There was little, if any, prospect of heirs to Sir Richard (he did actually die childless) and the value of the estates was enormous. Moreover, William had a younger brother, Peter, to succeed him should he himself die without male heirs. From him also Lord Cobham extracted bonds relinquishing any claim that he might subsequently have on the estates. So the deal went through and Sir Richard attained to the summit of his desires. Two years before this transaction he had been created Baron Cobham by King George I, soon after his accession to the throne. William, the dispossessed heir, settled in Buckingham, and made friends with a wealthy physician of that town, Peter Paxton, M.D., whose daughter and heiress, Elizabeth, he married in May, 1718. Paxton seems to have been a man of some position and influence, and probably assisted his son-in-law in recovering his position in his own family and society generally. 1 William's wife died in 1729, leaving a

1 He died in 17

ELIZ.\BETII J>.\XT0'.'1:-L\I>\' TE!\11'1.E, JsT \\"IFE OF SI~ \\"11.1.1.\:\I TDll'I.E.

HIS HEIR RECOVERS HIS POSITION 77 son, Paxton, born 1720, died unmarried 1745, and a daughter, Henrietta, born 1723, of whom more anon. In their marriage settlement (copy preserved at The Nash) Mrs. Paxton (the Doctor's widow) provides one thousand pounds as a marriage portion for her daughter and heirs female, and William Temple puts in five thousand pounds, to be laid out in the purchase of lands and hereditaments to be held by Trustees for the benefit of the eldest son of the marriage, and failing him, for younger children ; and failing them to revert in fee to the father. Mrs. Paxton further settled her own estate after her death to be enjoyed by William Temple for his own use. She died 1720. 'l'he five thousand pounds, or to be exact four thousand nine hundred and twenty-five pounds, was accordingly in 1738 laid out in the purchase of an estate and Mansion in the parish of Kempsey, Worcestershire, known as The Nash,1 which had been held for generations from as early as 1305 by the family of Buck or Bucke. And here William Temple and his wife took up their abode. After the death of his first wife, William married in 1731 Elizabeth, daughter of Hugh Ethersey, Esq., of Leckhampstead, Co. Bucks. In 1740 his only surviving daughter by his first wife, Henrietta, married (against her father's wishes) William Dicken, son of the Rev. William Dicken of Shienton, Co. Salop (of whom later on). In 1734 a daughter, Anne Sophia, was born by the second wife. In 1749, on the death of Lord Cobham, William Temple succeeded him as fifth Baronet. He died at The Nash in 1760, and was buried with his second wife in the nave of Kempsey Church. He left no will, but under various settlements executed in his lifetime, all his property, including The Nash estate, passed to his daughter, Anne Sophia. Sir William was succeeded by his brother, Peter, as sixth Baronet. Born about 1684, he lived for a time at Buckingham, and became a Lieutenant in the Army 8th May, 1729; his commission with the Sign Manual of George II is still extant. But later, as it appears from his will, he was of Wroxton, Co. Oxford. He is described in the administration of that will as of Bodicott, Co. Oxford. He married (1) in 1719 Elizabeth Broughton of Longdon, Co. Oxford, who died in 1726; and (2) in 1729 Elizabeth, daughter of John Mold of Charlton ..

1 An account of this estate will be found in Part IV. 78 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS Co. Oxford, who died 1759. By the first wife he had a son, Peter, who served in the Royal Navy, but died of smallpox in 1748, and a daughter who died young. By the second wife he had a son, Richard, his heir, and two daughters, one of whom died young, the other survived him. He died November 15th, 1761, having held the Baronetcy for only eighteen months, and was buried at Drayton, Co. Oxford. He left all his property to his daughter, Anne, who died unmarried in 1782. He was succeeded by his son, Richard, as seventh Baronet. Born in 1731, in March 1761 he was appointed a Commissioner of the Navy, and in 1766 Comptroller of the cash of the Revenue of Excise, which appointment he held for twenty years. He had further the distinction of being six feet six inches in height. On June 24th, 1758, he married his cousin, Anne Sophia, younger daughter of his uncle, Sir William Temple. They had several children, all of whom died young. He died November 15th, 1786, aged fifty­ five, while on a visit to Bath for his health, and was buried in the Chancel of . A large oval marble monument was erected there to his memory by his widow in 1787. In his will he leaves to his nephew and niece, John and Barbara Dicken, each ~fty pounds, and the residue of his estate, real and personal, to his wife absolutely. He was the last recognized Baronet of Stowe. SIR PETER TE)IPLE, 6™ BART.

Pf:Oll A l\lINIATUKE IX THE PO~SESSJO~ OF HOBERT C. WINTHROP, .JR •• EsQ.

CHAPTER VIII

CLAIM OF AN AMERICAN CONNECTION OF 'fHE FAMILY TO HF! TUK KIUU'rlJ BARONET. CLAIM ELUCIDATED AND SIIOWN TO UAVE IJKKN INCOIUUCCT AND now occurred another unfortunate episode in the hiKtory of the family. On the death of Sir Richard, the Marquis of lluckingh:.un, who was the heir to the titles and estates of Lord Cobharn, and the Li Lular head of the whole family, \\·rote as follows to " Hir ,, .John 'r,!111 pl,!, Consul-General of New York:

'' 8TOWY., " I Jr,,c1~1nbr,r ard, 11 HH. "DEAR SIR, " By the address upon this letter you will hav,~ l

It is most unfortunat~ that th~ writ~r ,Jf thi; J~tt,;r ~h

1 This is clear from his will. p 82 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS male of Robert Temple of Boston in New England '' descended from Ireland,'' by Mehitabel (m. 11th August, 1721), daughter of John Nelson of Boston, which John Nelson was executor of the will of his uncle, Sir Thomas Temple, being son of Robert Nelson of Gray's Inn, by Mary, third daughter of Sir John Temple, Knight {ancestor of the fifth, sixth and seventh Baronets), second son of Sir Thomas, first Baronet. His maternal descent from that Baronet is there£ ore undoubted, and the cousinship thus existing with the Temple Baronets may have given rise to the idea that it was one in the male line through Temple instead of one in the female line through Nelson. His paternal lineage, however, is, even if allowed as far as his grand£ ather, altogether conjectural beyond that period. His father, " Captain Robert Temple," born 1694, emigrated from the North of Ireland to Boston in New England in September, 1717, and died 14th April, 1754, at Charlestown, aged sixty, being probably son of a Thomas Temple (who died in Ireland) by -- daughter of -- White in Ireland, the parentage of the said Thomas Temple (said to have been a ship's carpenter) being improved. He himself, the second son of his parents, was born at Noddles Island (afterwards East Boston) and baptized 16th April, 1732, at Boston. Was Surveyor-General of the Customs in the Northern District of America 17 61-6 7. A Commissioner of Revenue 17 6 7- 7 4. Lieutenant-Governor of New Hampshire 1768-74, and Consul-General for Great Britain in America 1786-98, being the first so appointed after the Declaration of Independence. He married 20th January, 1767, Elizabeth, daughter of James Bowdoin, Governor of the State of Massachusetts, died in New York 17th November, 1798, aged sixty-seven, and was buried in St. Paul's Church. Will proved February, 1799. His son and later descendants, male, claimed and assumed the Baronetcy. In 1901, and again in 1905, the "Committee of the Members of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage '' presented petitions to King Edward VII with a view to provide means for preventing and discrediting the wrongful assumption of Baronetcies, and obtaining measures of relief in respect to certain additional disabilities set forth in the petition. ROLL OF THE BARONETCY 88 In 1903 the Home Secretary of State appointed a committee of six, the Earl of Pembroke being Chairman and Mr. T. E. Bettany Secretary; Sir Richard Temple, Baronet, C.I.E., the second Baronet of the second creation, was one of the members, " To consider and report whether any and what steps should be taken to safeguard the status of the holders of Baronetcies, and to prevent the assumption of the title by persons who have, no right thereto, and fucther to consider and report whether it may not be desirable to advise the King to amend the Royal Warrants of 1783 and 1785 relating to the preparation and registration of the patents of newly created Baronets, and to the registration of their arms and pedigrees.' ' The Committee's report was presented in 1907, and included a Roll containing the names of all Baronets who should for the future be officially recognized and entitled to the dignity. In accordance with this report an Ordinance under Royal Sign Manual was issued on 8th February, 1910, and the official Roll of Baronets appeared in the London Gazette of 23rd February, 1914, and was published separately in 1915. The name of Temple of Stowe does not appear in this Roll, and therefore that ancient title has become officially extinct. CHAPTER IX

ACCOUNT OF THE DESCENDANTS OF SIR WILLIAM,_ FIFTH BARONET, OP THE NASH

RESUMING now the account of the descendants of Sir William Temple, fifth Baronet. His younger daughter, Dame Anne Sophia, inherited, with her husband, all his estates and property, as has been already mentioned, and her husband, in his will, left her absolutely all that he possessed. Sir William's eldest daughter, Henrietta, married, as has been stated, William Dicken, and left a son and heir, John, and two daughters: (I) Anne Temple Dicken, who married William Best, Gentleman, and rented The Nash; (2) Barbara, married -- White (both mentioned in Dame Anne Sophia's will). Their mother died April, 1797, and was buried in Bristol. Dame Anne Sophia adopted as her heir her nephew, John Dicken, as being the only surviving male representative of her father, and obtained a grant from the King under his Signet and Sign Manual dated 23rd September, 1796, that John Dicken, eldest surviving son of her sister, Henrietta, and heir to her late husband and father, should, with his issue, assume and use the surname of Temple only, and also bear the arms of Temple. Dame Anne Sophia resided, with her nephew, first in the Parish of Stonehouse, ·Co. Devon, then in Gower Street, Blooms­ bury, and lastly in Queen's Buildings, Brompton, London, where she died in October, 1805, and was buried in Kensington Church; The Nash having been let to her niece's husband, William Best. In her will dated 23rd September, 1805, she left legacies to her two nieces, to Francis Ethersey of Worcester (a relation of her mother) twenty pounds, and small legacies to her servants and others. The remainder of her estate, freehold, copyhold and leasehold, lands and messuages in Kempsey, Severn Stoke and Claines, and tenements in Gower Street, and all stocks, securities and other personal estate and effects, to John Temple absolutely, and appointed him sole executor. John Temple, born at Madeley, Co. Salop, March, 1756, married Elizabeth, only surviving daughter and heir of Richard Boger, Esq., 84 IIE~RIET"f.\, ELDER lHl:GIITER OF SIR WILI.L\!\I TE~IPI.E, \\"lie> ~u1rn11-:1> \\.ll.LI.Uf DICKE~.

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THE FIFTH BARONET 85 Captain, R.N., at Stonehouse, Co. Devon, 19th April, 1799 (she died in 1809). He resided chiefly in London where he had a house (10 Brompton Grove) and had pronounced literary tastes. For a considerable period he held an appointment in the Navy Office and was Deputy Record Keeper of State Papers in the R.L. (Royal Library). He collected, arranged and tabulated an extensive series of papers and records bearing on the history of the Temple family which were preserved at The Nash, and from which much of the information in this work has been obtained. Also he formed an unique series of Pamphlets, 1rlemoria!s, cuttings from contemporary magazines and newspapers, etc., portraits, engravings, views in mezzotint and coloured aquatints, etc., relating to the life and untimely death of the late Princess Charlotte, only daughter of George IV and the wife of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, who died in November, 1817. These were subsequently arranged in five volumes, and ·with forty-one pictures were acquired in 1918 by Gregory, the Ba th antiquarian bookseller. John Temple was considered an authority on matters of finance, and wrote many pamphlets on that subject. He died in London, 10th ~lay, 1831, aged seventy-six, and was buried in Kempsey churchyard. He left one son, Richard, his heir, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who married (1823) William Butt, Esq., of Corney Bury, Herts. He had other children who all died young. In his will (29th April, 1823) he leaves small legacies to his daughter and her husband, mentioning that he has already made ample provision for her on her marriage, and the whole of the residue of his estate, real and personal, to his son, Richard, absolutely. His father-in-law, Captain Boger, in his will of 1816 left plate and three thousand pounds bank annuities to granddaughter, Elizabeth Temple, and the rest of his property to grandson, Richard Temple. This Richard Temple, born 1800, was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford. He married 1825 Louisa Anne, daughter of James Rivett-Carnac of the Indian Civil Service. On succeeding his father he took over The Nash from the tenant, and proceeded to restore and remodel the outside of the house, and renovate the interior, which had been much neglected during the incumbency of the Bests. A large sum 86 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS was expended on these repairs, which were not completed till 1835. Before that date he came to reside with his family at The Nash and remained there till his death. From his earliest youth he displayed great artistic talent, which had been carefully cultivated. On his leaving Oxford in 1822 he went for a long tour on the Continent, and brought back a great number of paintings of the different places he visited. He became a Justice of the Peace and Deputy-Lieutenant for Worcestershire, and for many years was one of the most active Magistrates in the County. He was also a Captain in the Queen's Own Worcestershire Yeomanry Cavalry, which was then considered one of the best Yeomanry regiments in England, a good shot and rider to hounds. His first wife died in 1837, leaving two sons and four daughters, and he then made a second extended tour on the Continent, visiting France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Turkey, from all of which countries he brought back a series of graphic paintings. Soon after his return, in 1840, he married (secondly) Penelope, only child of the Rev. Alexander Luders, 1 Rector of Woolstone in Gloucestershire, who was an Hereditary Knight of the Holy Roman Empire. With her he then toured the English Lake Districts and afterwards paid visits to nearly all the historic families in Worcestershire, most of whose residences he painted. Two of his schoolfellows at Eton and lifelong friends were Sir John Pakington of Westwood Park, Droitwich (afterwards Lord Hampton), and Lord Lyttelton of Hagley (the descendant of the last of these has now become Viscount Cobham, being the heir of Christian Temple who was the next heir to that title failing her sister, Hester, Countess Temple, and her heirs). During the long minority of Lord Coventry of Croome in Worcestershire, whose estate marched with that of The Nash, Mr. Temple, his neighbour, acted as his sole trustee, with the management of his estate. But his active life came to a close in 1853. In that year he had gone for an autumn trip to Folkestone with his family, and on returning to halt for the night at his sister's house in Northwick Terrace, St. John's

1 For an account of the Luders family, see " Annals of Two Extinct Families,,, by the same wri~r, published by F. V. White & Co., 1910. I it«.,, J.

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A COUNTRY GENTLEMAN 87 Wood Road, he fell from the top of the omnibus that was conveying the luggage, and injured his head so severely that his life was despaired of for many weeks, and though he eventually recovered, yet he never was able to resume his former activities and was practically an invalid for the remainder of his life. He died at The Nash, 20th December, 1874, within two months of his seventy-fifth birthday, and was buried in Kempsey churchyard. 1 By his second wife he had four sons and two daughters, all of whom with their mother survived him. His talent as an amateur artist in water colours was reallv el exceptional. He painted in the style of David Cox and Peter de Wint, and many of his pictures have been taken to be the work of those masters. His industry was remarkable. Hundreds of his paintings and sketches were preserved at The Nash, and many have been distributed among his children. Five of his sons have inherited some of his talents in painting. His artistic taste and judgment was evidenced by the judicious and careful restoration of his house and gardens, and his selection of much of its furniture, pictures and contents generally, which were little valued in the early Victorian times in which he lived, but have now become almost priceless. But later on misfortune has cast its shadow over his descendants, and The Nash has now shared the fate of the more memorable plaisance of Stowe, and its contents have been scattered under the hammer. By Mr. Temple's will The Nash and the estate passed to his eldest son, Richard, subject to his widow's life interest in the house and grounds, separate provision having been made for his younger children. Of these one son entered the Church, a second became a Colonel in the Indian Army, a third entered the Royal Navy and a fourth took up Law and emigrated to South Africa. Of his daughters one married Captain Tennant, R.N., of Needwood Park, Staffs.; a second married Captain Skipwith, R.N.; and a third married the Rev. J. Walcot of Bitterley Court, Ludlow; a fourth married J. W. Willis-Bund, Esq., of Wick Episcopi, Worcestershire, Chairman of the Worcestershire County Council.

1 The East window of Kempsey Church now consists of three compartments of the finest modern st~ined glass, erected by his children to the memory of their father, and his ~wo wives in 1893. CHAPTER X

MEMOIR OP SIR RICHARD TBKPLE OF THE NASH, THE FIRST BARONET OF A SECOND CREATION

MR. TEMPLE'S eldest son, Richard, had a long, memorable and useful public career. Born in 1826, he was sent to Rugby, whose headmaster was then Dr. Thomas Arnold, the great ''hero-schoolmaster'' of the day, whose character has been so well described by his pupil, Thomas Hughes, in " Tom Brown's Schooldays " (Hughes was in the sixth form when Temple joined). The passage in Temple's " Story of My Life," relating to Arnold and his influence over his pupils (Vol. I, p. 3), is one of the best in the book. Arnold (who died 1842) was followed by Dr. Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and many of the boys educated by those two became historical characters, notably Dean Stanley, Conington, the translator of Virgil, Waddington, afterwards Prime Minister of France, many Bishops and Anglo-Indian a~ministrators, all fellow students of Temple. In 1844 a '' writership '' 1 in the East India Company's Service was offered to Temple's father by his mother's relatives in Leadenhall Street, and the boy, fired by reading the eventful life of Warr en Hastings (a Worcestershire youth like himself), determined to emulate him if he could. He joined the Company's College at Haileybury, and remained there for tvlo years, passing out as head student with many . prizes. He arrived in Calcutta in the beginning of 1847, two of his fellow­ passengers having been Muir {afterwards Sir William) and Frere (afterwards Sir Bartle), two of the most eminent statesmen that have adorned Anglo-Indian administrations; and after a year at the now extinct College of Fort William, where he obtained degrees of high proficiency in Persian and Hindustani, was sent to Muttra in the North­ W est provinces. There he made the acquaintance of James Thomason, the Lieutenant-Governor {whose life he wrote many years afterwards),

1 In other words a nomination to the Indian Civil Service. 88 srn IUCII.\RD TE!\IPLE OF THE !\'.\SIi, 1ST B.\RO!\'ET 2:o-;l) CRE.\TIO!'i .

A PROCONSUL IN INDIA 89 and after gaining his first promotion was offered employment in the Punjab, then a newly conquered province. In 1849 he married at Lahore, Charlotte Martindale, sister-in-law -0f Robert Lowther, a me·mber of the Lonsdale family, and Com.missioner of Allahabad. At Lahore, the Punjab , he became acquainted with Sir Henry Lawrence, who with his brother, John, were then the joint .administrators of the province. The friendship he thus formed with those eminent brothers was a lasting one and when, in 1864, Sir John became Governor-General, Temple was again connected with him officially. In 1855 Mrs. Temple died at Lahore after the birth of a daughter. In the end of 1856 Temple was obliged to take sick leave to England, where he remained for a year, thereby missing the stirring events of the great Sepoy War of 1857, as he was not allowed to return earlier, though anxious to do so. He returned at the end of 1857 and again joined Sir John Lawrence at Delhi as his Secretary. Sir John had then become Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, but he resigned in 1858, and returned to England. Before leaving he advanced his Secretary to a higher position (Commissioner) in Lahore. In December, 1859, Mr. James Wilson, the English financier, who had been sent out as Finance Minister in India, visited Lahore and questioned Temple about the fiscal and economic affairs of the Punjab. Mr. Wilson must have been impressed by his answers, for a year later he offered Temple the post of Special Assistant to the Finance Ministry, with control of the new Paper Currency Department at Calcutta, which Temple accepted and joined his new chief. But after a few months Mr. Wilson was cut •off by dysentery (then the curse of Bengal). He was succeeded by Mr. Samuel Laing, another financier from England, under whom Temple worked till the end of 1861, when he was entrusted by the Government of India with a roving commission to discuss proposed financial reforms with the heads of the various Local Governments. He visited Madras, Burmah, Hyderabad, Mysore, Nagpur, the Nesbudda territories, Sangor, Gwalior and Lucknow, and thus gained a general experience of India which was probably unjque. He submitted many reports on these territories with his own recommendations to the Viceroy, Lord Canning, 90 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS and in 1862 was rewarded with the post of Chief Commissioner (in other words Governor) of the lately constituted groups of districts called the Central provinces. Here his administrative talents and energies had full play. The area of his administration was eighty thousand square miles, largely hills and forests, much of which was then a terra incognita, hardly even surveyed, and inhabited by aboriginal tribes, little better than savages. But he set out at once, on horseback, and wi~h light camp equipage, visited every part of his charge, and went down the River Godavery, where extensive works to improve the river navigation were in progress, during the height of the rainy season­ a difficult and dangerous journey-and on his return to Nagpur, in less than six months after assuming charge of the province, prepared an exhaustive report on the whole of it. Such a report had long been required by the Supreme Government, but never before submitted. This document greatly increased his reputation and was considered a masterpiece. He remained in the province, with a short interval till 1867, inaugurated many useful reforms, constructed roads and public works, and pushed on the opening of the railway between Bombay and Nagpur. In 1867 he was appointed resident at the great Moslem State of Hyderabad, the most important Feudatory in India; with the Government of the Assigned Districts of Berar. At Hyderabad he associated with the Nizam's great minister, Salar Jung, the wisest and most capable statesman that India has as yet produced, and thus gained a deep and valuable insight into the interior economy of that vast state which had hitherto been jealously concealed from the Supreme Power. But after a year at H yd erabad his services were again requisitioned by the Government of India. He was recalled to Calcutta and appointed Foreign Minister to the Government. But before he had held this post for three months, the Secretary of State offered him the arduous post of Finance Minister in India, which had hitherto been always filled by an English statesman. At Calcutta he met again his old master, Sir John Lawrence, who had become Governor-General. Sir John had designated Temple as the next Lieutenant-Governor of tlie Punjab, but the financial appointment was a more important office, and no objections were taken to his accepting it. He was then only forty-two. SERVICES TO COUNTRY AND REW ARDS 91 He assumed charge in 1868, Sir John Lawrence having been succeeded as Governor-General by Lord Mayo. The finances of India were then in a critical position, and, with other measures, it had been decided to impose an Income Tax. Temple had to carry this through, and many were the difficulties he encountered, and great was the odium and unpopularity he had to incur in doing so. But he persevered through it all, and carried the measure through, hoping that public opinion would become more just and reasonable as time went on, and this eventually proved to be the case. In 1871 he married (secondly) Mary, daughter of Mr. Charles Lindsay of the Civil Service, a Judge at Lahore, and a connection of the Crawford branch of the Lindsay family. He was, later on, called upon to reduce to writing Lord Mayo's plans for the reform of provincial finance, which contemplated the grant to the several Provincial Governments of greatly enlarged powers, thus relieving the Supreme Government of much of their existing responsi­ bilities, and decentralizing control generally. The measure was accepted and passed, and has since proved one of the most successful and states- _manlike innovations that have yet been enacted in India. But Lord Mayo, its author, never lived to see its results, as he fell by the hand of an assassin in the Andaman Islands early in 1872. He was succeeded, after an interval, by Lord Northbrook. Temple produced in all five budgets, or rather financial statements -in the last of which in 187 4 the Income Tax was abandoned. In that year the rains failed, and famine in Bengal became a certainty. Lord Northbrook then placed Temple in charge of the relief operations in addition to his duties as Finance Minister, and in 1875 offered him the post of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. For a time he served at Lord Northbrook's request under Sir George Campbell, the retiring Lieutenant-Governor, and after a protracted tour through the famine districts, during which extensive precautions had been taken, and arrangements for feeding the people perfected, he returned to Calcutta and assumed charge of the Government of Bengal. The famine dragged on till the end of 1874, but was then relieved by copious rains. Relief measures had succeeded and the mortality had been greatly minimized. 92 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS In 1876 Lord Salisbury offered Temple the Governorship of the Bombay Presidency from April, 1877, and in that year he was created a Baronet. But now: famine was impending in the Madras Presidency. Again the Governor-General deputed Temple to visit the districts and report on the relief measures to be adopted. This was a delicate and difficult task, requiring the utmost tact in carrying it through as it had the appearance of superseding the authority of the Governor, who was then the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (the last male representative of the Grenville Temples). But Temple betook himself to the work with his accustomed energy and former experience of famine, and carried it out to the entire satis­ faction of both the Governor and the Supreme Government without stint of labour and personal inconvenience. He then proceeded to Bombay and assumed the Government in April, 1877, from Sir Philip Wodehouse, having received the cordial thanks of Lord Lytton, then Governor-General, for his labours and services in Madras. He remained in Bombay till 1880. In 1879 he received a letter from Lord Hampton (formerly Sir John Pakington of Worcestershire, an old friend and schoolfellow of his father) inviting him to become Parliamentary candidate for that county at the General Election in 1880 for the Conservative party, and accepted it. But in the autumn of 1878 war had been declared by the Govern­ ment of India against Shere Allee, the ruler of Afghanistan, and Temple was directed to proceed at once to the North-West frontier to supervise the arrangements for transport and supply, and to push on the construction of a railway between the Indus and Sibi, and thence to Quetta and Pishin, with a possible extension to Kandahar. These instructions were faithfully carried out, though the expedition, which included a trip to Kandahar, encompassed and opposed by the turbulent hill tribes of that region, was one of extreme difficulty, anxiety and danger. He left Bombay in March, 1880, amid scenes of fervent enthusiasm, as he had endeared himself greatly to all his contemporaries. European and native : all hastened to do him honour and express their regret at LITERARY WORK AND POLITICAL CAREER 98 his departure. They subscribed for a statue to his memory, which was executed by Mr. Brock, R.A., and now stands on tlie Esplanade. At the General Election he was defeated by Mr. Herbert Gladstone, the Liberal party being then in the ascendant. He then took up literary work and published at that time, and subsequently, the following volumes: " India in 1880." John Murray, 1881. "Men and Events of My Time in India." John Murray, 1882. " Oriental Experiences." John Murray, 1883. " Journals in Hyderabad, Kashmir, etc." Allen, 1887. '' Palestine,'' with coloured illustrations from his own sketches .. Allen, 1888. " Life of Lord Lawrence." Macmillan, 1889. " Life in Parliament." John Murray, 1893. " Life of James Thomason." Clarendon Press, 1893. " Story of My Life." Cassell, 1896. "Sixty Years of the Queen's Reign." Routledge, 1897. '' A Bird's-eye View of India,'' with reproductions from the Author's sketches. Chatto & Windus, 1898. '' Letters and Character Sketches from the House of Commons,'' edited by his son. John Murray, 1912. Also many pamphlets of lectures and addresses which he used to deliver by request all over the country. Of the numerous illuminated and plain '' addresses '' that he received from various public bodies, thirty-five still remain in the family. Over three hundred of his sketches in water-colour, representing scenes in Central, Northern and Western India, the Himalayas, frontiers of Afghanistan and the Khyber and Bolan Passes, Burmah~ Tennasserim, Siam, Nepaul and Tibet, were preserved at Heath Brow, Hampstead. Also one hundred and twenty oil paintings in Egypt, Turkey, the shores of the Mediterranean, Central Russia, Norway, Spain, the Rocky Mountains, Yosemite Valley and Yellowstone Park. Many of these places are described in his books in vivid and picturesque language. In 1882-83, after his failure in the General Election, he travelled extensively in Canada and America, where he witnessed the election of Cleveland as President, and on his return was elected a member of the THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS London School Board, of which he became Vice-Chairman, with charge of the finances (Mr. Diggle being Chairman). (This post he resigned in 1894.) In 1885 he was returned for the Evesham Division of Worcestershire and again at the General Election in 1886, by a greatly increased majority. The Conservative party then came into power till the General Election of 1892, when he was returned for the Kingston Division of Surrey. In 1895 he resigned from Parliament owing to his health. His career in the House was onerous and eventful, but not altogether a success, though he did much work in committees,_ hardly ever missed a Division, and was always listened to with respect when he spoke of the affairs of India, and on educational topics, which he had carefully studied while in the School Board. He was enrolled as a Privy Councillor in 1895, and elected a member of the Royal Society. During his stay in Parliament he became one of the best-known characters in London. His rugged features and somewhat eccentric appearance were the joy of the caricaturists of the time, and Harry Furnis in Punch was never tired of portraying them in every conceiv­ able attitude. A rather severe caricature by '' Spy '' appeared in l'anity Fair in 15th January, 1881, which accentuated his peculiarities in a ludicrous way. Two stories regarding him used to be current in Anglo-Indian circles. Their authenticity is not vouched for! (1) His second wife was a lady of considerable personal beauty. The same could not be said about her husband, so irreverent persons referred to them as '' Beauty and the Beast.'' When this came to Sir Richard's ears he is said to have observed that he did not mind being call " Beauty," but strongly objected to his wife being called a " Beast." (2) When Sir Richard was Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, his official residence at Calcutta was '' Belvidere.'' Thence he was sent to Bombay where the landing stage is styled '' Apollo Bunder. '' '' Bunder '' in the vernacular means both '' landing place '' and " monkey." Hence certain ribald friends, who awaited his arrival there, whispered. He was the Apollo Belvidere, and is now the Apollo Bunder ! POPULARITY AND ABILITIES 95 As had been always his custom he made hosts of friends of every degree. His social gifts were manifold, and his numerous parties in the House and at The Nash were much sought after and appreciated by his friends, who used to be held spellbound by his talents as a raconteur and his stories of the many interesting places he had seen in his travels, illustrated by his own sketches. His industry and never failing energy through his administrative career, in Parliament, in the School Board and in private life, especially as an artist, were really phenomenal. Every incident of his life was recorded in lengthy journals and diaries, and almost every letter he received was preserved and filed for future reference as might be required. During his later years he resided chiefly at Hampstead, with intervals at The Nash, and amused himself with literary work and painting. But his health was indifferent and he died in Hampstead in March, 1902, at the age of seventy-six, and was buried in the family vault in Kempsey churchyard. By his first wife he left a daughter and two sons, the younger of whom died in April, 1905, after a career in the Indian Political Department, leaving an only daught'er. His eldest son has succeeded him as second Baronet and has a wife, a son and two daughters. By his second wife he had one son, who was Lieutenant-Governor of Northern Nigeria, but retired in 1917. The interest of the reader in Temple's otherwise fascinating and graphic '' Story of my Life '' is much diminished by the persistent note of egotism that runs through almost every page of it. The writer (no doubt unintentionally) makes it perfectly clear that every action he took, and every report he wrote were with a view to his own further advancement. But this never interfered with his determination to use his utmost powers and energies to work for the public good and for the furtherance of any measures that might have been entrusted to him. All the facts of his career were sufficiently praiseworthy and notable to have been allowed to tell their own story, 3nd might well have done so. He entered on that career without a single helper, or any interest in the background. His assets were a good constitution, a sturdy belief 96 THE TEMPLE MEMOms in himself, great activity of mind and body, fine natural abilities, a facile pen, and a steadfast determination to conquer all difficulties that stood in his way. Added to this he possessed the faculty of making himself so useful, and sometimes so necessary to his superiors, that he gained their friendship and in a way forced them to do their utmost to forward his interests. His own ideas and beliefs were never allowed to clash with theirs, and were always subordinated to their policy, whatever that might be. In this way he gathered friends and patrons wherever he went. To his own subordinates he was always kind and tactful, and was much beloved by them; they worked for him with hearty good will, and greatly assisted him on the ladder of promotion, obtaining in return his grateful and often expressed acknowledgments. He never lost a friend, or made an enemy. By the natives of India he was always adored as he had studied their customs, thoroughly understood their language, and was accessible to the meanest as well as the highest. To this day his name is revered, and often mentioned by them in the provinces which he controlled. Had it not been for some unfortunate idiosyncrasies, his name might well have been handed down to posterity as the most eminent and valuable public servant that the Temple family has ever produced, second: only to his illustrious ancestor, Sir William, of the seventeenth century. His widespread popularity all over England is shown by the fact that after the announcement of his death almost every newspaper in the kingdom from The Times downwards, printed long and valedictory notices of his life and career, and not one but had a pleasant word to say for him. Many hundreds of these notices have been preserved, and probably many more escaped the notice of the collector. A younger sister, who accompanied him in many of his later travels abroad, and had continual opportunities of studying his character in private life, writes of him :

'' He cared deeply for the great things in life (what the French call 'le grand simple'), religion, nature, all fine scenery, but especially nature in her grander aspects. He loved to paint a great storm coming up over the mountains, moonlight stealing over a lake, tall fir trees half hidden in mountain mists. There was nothing petty about him, be GENERAL CHARACTER AND DEATH 97 admired the fine traits in the character of others, and disliked hearing depreciatory conversation. He was an ardent patriot, and nothing grieved him more than the iclea that England should not always live up to her great traditions. To the end of his life there was something of the boy in him. He delighted in getting up with the dawn and going off on an expedition to find something new to sketch."

The writer of these pages (his younger brother) had, throughout his brotber' s career, exceptional opportunities of observing his character and public services, having himself served under him in an official capacity during his administration of the Central Provinces, and being executor and trustee under his last will. Of all his many promotions, not one was gained through interest, but all were earned by his own hard and unremitting labours, mental and bodily. The hardships he underwent during his many expeditions and tours under tropical suns and drenching rains, through districts stricken with famine and teeming with cholera and other diseases, to save the lives of the sufferers in Bengal and Madras, though made light of by him at the time, yet sowed the seeds of much suffering in his later years. A man of iron constitution and temperate and active habits could alone have supported the severe strain under which many of his contemporaries and fellow workers succumbed. Kipling, in his story of '' William the Conqueror '' ( a nickname for a young girl), has given a most vivid description of the conditions under which famine relief in those very districts was successfully carried out, and the writer of these lines, from personal experience in a similar district, can testify to its accuracy. Kipling's '' Ode to my Former Schoolmaster'' would seem to be equally applicable to the lifelong work of Sir Richard Temple.

PART III

CHAPTER XI

THB GRENVILLE TEMPLES, HEIRS OF HESTER GRENVILLE, SISTER OF SIR RICHARD (FOURTH BARONET AND VISCOUNT COBHAM). HER SONS AND THEIR DESCENDANTS, INCLUDING THE FIRST EARL TEMPLE, AND HER DAUGHTER HESTER, WHO MARRIED WILLIAM PITT (THE ELDER) AND WAS AFTERWARDS CREATED BARONESS CHATHAM

SIR RICHARD TEMPLE,_ the fourth Baronet and Lord Viscount Cobham, died without issue at Stowe in 17 49. Under his will and settlements made in his lifetime the whole of his property, real and personal, was inherited by his elder sister, Hester, who had married in 1710 Richard Grenville of Wotton-under-Barnwood in Buckinghamshire. This branch of the family of Grenville (which has been spelt also Granville, Greinville, Grenevyle, or Greenville-the last form adopted by Lord Cobham in his will) has been seated at Wotton at least from Henry I's reign, as appears from the Charter of Walter Giffard, Earl of Buckingham, and the Register of the Abbey of Nutley (four miles from Wotton), also from many family deeds which prove the pedigree in every King's reign from King John, and show that the family possessed nine Manors and ten estates in Buckingham, besides Manors and lands in other counties. Prince in his " Worthies of Devonshire," treating of the Granvilles, mentions the Grenvills of Buckingham as a collateral branch; which is also stated by George Granville, Lord Lansdowne, in his account of the family, which traces their Norman descent from Rollo, the first Duke of Normandy. Richard de Granville, who came in with William the Conqueror, married a daughter of Walter Giffard, Earl of Buckingham and Longville, to whom William granted forty-eight lordships called the Honour of Giffard. Crendon Wotton and Chilton were a part of that '' Honour.'' Their descendants have remained in possession of Wotton and the other lands and Manors, with varying fortunes, from that early period 99 100 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS till the present time. They appear to have lived on and managed their estates as wealthy squires and country gentlemen, neither seeking nor acquiring titles, honours or positions in the varying Governments of their country, and contributing little, if anything, to its history. Richard Grenville, who succeeded to his father's estates in 1618, was Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1641, and sat in Parliament for that county in 1654, 1656 and 1658. He married Anne, daughter of Sir William Borlase, by whom he had Richard, his heir, and two daughters who died young. His second wife was Eleanor, daughter of Sir Timothy Tyrrel of Oakeley, and widow of Sir Peter Temple, Knight, of Staunton Barry, by whom he had no issue. He died 1665 and was buried in Wotton Church. His son and heir, Richard, was High Sheriff of Buckingham in 1671, and married Elianor, the daughter of his stepmother and Sir Peter Temple of Staunton Barry. By her he had an only son, Richard, and two daughters, the younger of whom, Penelope, born 1674, married Sir John Conway of Bodryddan in Flint­ shire. Her beauty, learning and rare accomplishments are praised by George Granville, Lord Lansdowne, in one of his poems. Richard, the next heir of Wotton, born 1678, had a seat in Parliament for Wendover, and afterwards for the town of Buckingham. He married in 1710 Hester, elder daughter of Sir Richard Temple (third Baronet of Stowe) and by her had issue : (1) Richard, afterwards the first Earl Temple. ( 2) George, some time Prime Minister. (3) Henry, died in infancy. (4) James, a Lord of the Treasury and Grand Cofferer. (5) Henry (a twin whose brother died an infant), Governor of Barbadoes. (6) Thomas, a Captain, R.N. (7) Hester, wife of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham.

Their father died in 1727, and was buried in Wotton Church. His widow became Baroness and Viscountess Cobham on the death of her brother September 12th, 1749, and on 18th October following she was created Countess Temple, with remainder to her eldest son, Richard. RICJI.\RD CRE!\\'ILLE TEllPLE, 1ST E.\RI. TEllPLE, K.G.

A!\'!\'E CII.UfBERS, COU!'\TESS TEMPLE.

FIRST EARL TEMPLE'S VAST WEALTH 101 She died at Bath 6th October, 1752. Her son, Richara, then became Earl Temple and Baron and Viscount Cobham, and succeeded to the whole of the vast estates and possessions of Stowe and Wotton. He had a long and chequered career. He had married in 1737 Anne, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Chambers of Hanworth in Middlesex by Lady Mary, eldest daughter of Charles, Earl of Berkeley, but by her had no surviving issue. She brought him an enormous fortune, and after his accession to the Stowe and Wotton estates he was considered to be the richest subject in England. Subsequently, in 1762, by the death of Bubb Dodington, first Lord Melcombe, he inherited another vast fortune and estates in Somerset and Dorset (an account of these will be given later on). He was educated at Eton and in 1734 was elected member for Buckingham. The turning point in his political career was the marriage of bis only sister, Hester, in 17 54 to William Pitt, 1 the '' Great Commoner,'' during the reign of George II.

1 William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, was a descendant of John Pitt, clerk of ihe Exchequer to Queen Elizabeth. He had two sons, Sir William, who died 1636, and Thomas, who died 1643. Thomas was father to the Rev. Thomas Pitt, Rector of Blandford, who was father of Thomas Pitt, Governor of Madras 1698-1709. During that period he became possessed of the great " Pitt Diamond," which he sold in 1717 to the Due d'Orleans, Regent of France, for £125,000. During his Governorship he also amassed, as W1a8 usual in those times, .an enormous fortune, with which, on his return to England, he purchased the estates of the Down, near Blandford ; Kynaston, W oodyates and Gusseck in Dorset ; Swallow:field in Berks, and Abbots Ann in Hampshire, all of which passed, at his death in 1726, to his son Robert, who was the father of the future Earl of Chatham, to whom his grandfather had left an annuity of £200. " Diamond Pitt," as be was usually styled, was generally believed to have obtained the gem from the original finder by dishonourable means. But during his voyage to England in 1709, he wrote out a detailed .account of the affair, which, however, was not published till 17 43, seventeen years after his death. In it he declared solemnly that he had purchased the gem in 1701 from Jam Church, a native dealer in diamonds, who had brought it to him for sale, for 48,000 pagodas (about £24,000) and that no threats or indirect preSBure had been employed to make him part with it. That he had many subsequent dealings with the same man, and left considerable sums in his hands when leaving Madras. This dedaration was sent to his son, and was republished in the Gentleman', Magazine in 1776. Pope, always on the look out to expose scandals, wrote in his '' Moral Essay No. 111," m 1732:- Asleep and naked as an Indian lay, An honest factor stole a gem away ; He pledged it to the Knight, the Knight had wit, So robbed the robber, and was rich as P- The last line is quoted from Pope's actual .manll9Cripts. But tha.t usually given is " So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit." The diamond was the largest in existence. When cut it weighed 137 carats, 31 more than the Koh-i-Noor. See " Memories of Madras '' by Sir Charles Lawson, 1905, Chapter XI; and note in Pope's works, Gl.rruthers ed., Vol. IV, page 63. 102 THE TEMPLE MEMOms Although Temple was a man of little ability and indifferent character, Pitt persistently linked his own career with that of his brother-in-law. In 17 56 Temple became First Lord of the Admiralty in the Ministry of Devonshire and P.itt. He was much disliked by George II, who dismissed him and Pitt from office in 1757. But when the Coalition Cabinet of Newcastle and Pitt was formed in June of that year, Temple was made Lord Privy Seal, and he alone in the Cabinet supported Pitt's proposal to declare war on Spain. They resigned together in the following October. From this time Temple became one of the most violent and factious of politicians, and it is difficult to account for the influence, wholly evil, which he exerted over his illustrious relative. He indeed avowed openly of himself " That be loved faction, and had a great deal of money to spare.'' He was at variance with his brother, George, when the latter became Prime Minister in 1763, and had no place in that Ministry, but the brothers were reconciled before 1765, when Temple, who probably aimed at forming a Ministry mainly confined to his own family connections, refused to join the Government, and persuaded Pitt to refuse also. Later the King offered the most liberal terms to Temple to either form or join a Ministry with Pitt, and that would have been beyond all comparison the most beneficial to the country. It had no serious difficulties to encounter, and Pitt was ready to undertake the task. But Temple again prevailed. Without his co-operation Pitt would not proceed, and Temple refused to join even as Prime Minister. Pitt's refusal to join the first Rockingham Ministry was no doubt owing partly to the same influence, though before the end of 1765 the friendship between the brothers-in-law was cooling, and when in 1766 Pitt consented to form a Government, Temple refused to join because, though offered the foremost place, he was not to have an equal share with Pitt in nominating the other officers. Henceforward he began to inspire most virulent libels against Pitt, and in conjunction with his brother, George, brought the whole Grenville connection to oppose the Government. George Grenville died in 1770 and Temple then retired from public life. He received the Garter 4th February, 1760, having been once before refused it by George II. POLITICIAN, CHARACTER AND DEATH 108 After his retirement he amused himself with planning and executing many costly and extensive improvements to the Mansion and gardens at Stowe, and to the interior decorations. The South fac;ade of the house as it appears now was his work, and he remodelled most of the State reception rooms. His death (12th September, 1779) was due to an accident to the pony carriage in which he used to drive about ·the park, being unable to take other exercise owing to gout and other infirmities. His skull was fractured and he died without recovering consciousness. Contemporary historians describe him as quite devoid of statesman­ ship, and with an insatiable appetite for intrigue. He is said to have been the author of several anonymous libels and the inspirer of many more. His worth as a public man was rated very low. Macaulay says of him : 1

'' His talents for administration and debate were of no high order. But his great possessions, his turbulent and unscrupulous character, his restless activity and his skill in the most ignoble tactics of faction, made him one of the most formidable enemies that a Ministry could have. . . . In truth those who knew his habits tracked him as men track a mole. Whenever a heap of dirt was flung up it might well be suspected that he was at work in some foul crooked labyrinth below.''

He openly patronized Wilkes, paid his costs in litigation, subsidized that " Patriot's " scurrilous paper, the North Briton, which contained atrocious libels on the King, the Royal Family, the Ministers and others, and provided him with the freehold qualification which enabled him to stand for Middlesex in the famous election of 1768. For this Temple was dismissed from the Lord-Lieutenancy of Buckinghamshire. Horace Walpole (Geo. II, Vol. I, p. 135) calls him " the absolute creature of Pitt, vehement in whatever faction he was engaged, and as mischievous as liis understanding would let him be, which is not saying he was very bad." Lecky's character of him is "Indifferent to emoluments of office ·and unconscious of any remarkable administrative powers, he delighted in forming intrigues, inciting mobs, and inspiring libels.''

1 :Essay on the Earl of Chatham. 104 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS In private life he was kind and generous to his relations, friends and dependants. He entreated his sister, Pitt's wife, without success to prevail upon her husband, who was careless of money and always in difficulties, to accept from him an allowance of one thousand pounds a year. Wroxall, writing of a visit to Stowe in 17761 says: '' His conversation was animated, brilliant, and full of entertain­ ment, though a disorder in his ribs forced him to use a sort of crutch. He was very tall, thin and infirm, deserving his nickname of ' Squire Gawky,' but having, nevertheless, the air and appearance of a man of high condition when he appeared with the insignia and decorations of the Garter, seated at table.'' It has been suggested by some writers that Earl Temple might have been the author of the political lampoons that appeared in the middle of the eighteenth century over the signature of " Junius." But for this there appear insufficient grounds: Temple did not possess the abilities of that personage, whoever he might have been, though his propensity for writing and inspiring malignant political libels, and virulent attacks on the Government was much the same as that of Junius. Lord Temple's objective was a Dukedom. But that came neitheT to him nor his successor, but to that successor's son eventually. It will not be out of place here to give some account of Bubb Dodington, whose vast fortune and estates passed to Lord Temple in 1762. Sir Francis Dodington, Knight, the representative of an ancient family which possessed large estates in Somerset and Dorset, left a son and heir, John, who married Hester, the daughter of Sir Peter Temple, the third Baronet of Stowe. They had a son, George, and a daughter, who married Jeremias Bubb, an apothecary of Carlisle, and had a son, George, born in 1691. His maternal uncle, heir to the estates, died childless in 1720, and left them to George Bubb on condition that he was to complete the magnificent house at Eastbury, designed by Vanbrugh, which the testator had commenced, and to assume the name of Dodington. Bubb proceeded to do so and spent a hundred and forty

1 " Historical Memoirs " Vol. I, p. 123. BUBB DODINGTON 105 thousand pounds on the house. This suggested Pope,s well-known lines in his epistle to Lord Burlington (" Moral Essay, No. IV "): See! Sportive Fate, to punish awkward pride Bids Bubo build, and sends him such a guide; A standing sermon, at each year's expense, That never coxcomb reached magnificence.

Bubb was a man of some education, and Horace Wal pole says of him that he '' had a great deal of wit, great knowledge of business and was an able speaker in Parliament, though an affected one, and though most of his speeches were premeditated .. " He became member for Bridgwater, and had three '' pocket boroughs '' on his estates which gave him command of seven votes in the House of Commons. This made his support most valuable and Bubb took every advantage of his opportunities. For in those days of venality and bribery, every vote had its price, and as his diary shows he was vain, fickle, ambitious, servile and corrupt. He became Lord­ Lieutenant of Somerset, a Lord of the Treasury, and afterwards Treasurer of the Navy. In addition to the palace at Eastbury he had splendid houses at Hammersmith and in Pall Mall. When Frederick, 1 Prince of Wales, arrived in England, Bubb paid assiduous court to him, lent, or rather gave, him large sums of money (much to that Prince's astonishment), and allowed himself to be made the victim of his childish tricks, being once rolled in a blanket and trundled downstairs. He showed great want of taste and tawdry ostentation in his houses and furniture, but his complacency never forsook him. His good points were his hearty hospitality and patronage of literary men. He loved to have poets about him and showed substantial kindness to Thomson, 2 who was enabled by his bounty to travel in France and Italy. He was a member of the notorious association known as the "Knights of St. Francis of Wycombe," or the Medmenham Club,3 which had been inaugurated by Sir Francis Dashwood and his chosen friends in the ruins of Medmenham Abbey, near Marlow. An account of this club is given in " Chrysa!," a work by Charles Johnston. Sir

1 Son of George II, and father of George m. 2 Author of '' The Seasons.,' 3 This Socie9 has been by some writers confused with another similar institution known as the " Hellfire Club." But the two were quite distinct. 106 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS Francis was the most careless and facetious libertine of the age, noted for his profanity and open profligacy. He refitted the Abbey in mock conventual style and added a chapel with decorations, impenetrable to any but the initiated, including statues of Bacchus and Venus. Here the fraternity practised frankly pagan rites, and held sacrifices to their deities, till a false brother arose who divulged the arcana and exposed the good Prior Francis ! Horace W alpole 1 described the society as a club for which the nominal qualification was having been to Italy, but the real one, being drunk ! Over the entrance to the Abbey was a stone bearing the legend '' FAIS CE QUE VOUS VOUDRAS. '' Dashwood was a man of some ability and had held various posts under the Bute Ministry, including the Chancellorship of the Exchequer. He was summoned to the House of Lords in 17 63 as Baron le Despencer, 2 a title he inherited from his mother, the daughter of the fourth Earl of Westmorland. He died in 1781, leaving no legitimate heirs. 3 Bubb kept a diary which records the most contemptible, mean and selfish transactions on his part, in which apparently he saw nothing wrong. In it he gave everyone away, especially himself! When Lord Bute came to power under George III Bubb managed to ingratiate himself with him, and in 1761 was raised to the peerage with the title of Lord Melcombe Regis. But this was the end of his ambitions, as he died of a dropsy in the following year aged seventy-one, without issue. After his death it was found that a Mrs. Behan, who had always passed as his mistress, was really his wife, though he had never acknowledged her as such, because he had given another woman a bond for ten thousand pounds to be paid to her if he married anyone else! Under his uncle's will Eastbury and the estates devolved on Earl Temple as the heir general to Bubb's mother, who was the testator's sister. Bubb left a legacy to his associate, Lord le Despencer, who erected

1 " Memoirs of the reign of George ID," Vol. m, p. 174. 2 In the "Thatched House Tavern " in St. James's Street (pulled down in 1842) there used to hang a portrait of Lord le Despencer, one of the earliest members of the Society, as a monk at his devotion, cl~ing a brimming goblet for his rosary, and his eyes fixed on a statue of the Venus de Medie1. 1 See '' Complete Peerage,'' by G. E. Ookayne, Vol. IV, p. 285. HIS CAREER AS A POLITICIAN 107 to his memory an hexagonal mausoleum of flints without roof in the Church of West Wycombe, Bucks. His extraordinary diary was published in 1784. Eastbury became an intolerable burden to Earl Temple and his successors. To keep it up for themselves was impossible, and no one would take it. The first Marquis of Buckingham, Lord Temple's immediate successor, pulled it down all but one wing, which be vainly offered, with two hundred pounds a year, to anyone who would inhabit it and keep it up. It has now disappeared altogether. CHAPTER XII

TH.B YOUNGER SONS OF COUNTESS HESTER AND THEIR DESCENDANTS

THB second, George, born 1712, was educated at Eton and Christ Church and called to the Bar in 1735. He entered the House as member for Buckingham, and represented that borough till his death in 1770. In 17 44 he became a Lord of the Admiralty in the Pelham administra­ tion and allied himself with his brother, Earl Temple, and with Pitt. In 17 4 7 he became a Lord of the Treasury, and in 17 54 Treasurer of the Navy and a Privy Councillor. He remained in office in 1761, when Lord Temple and Pitt resigned on the question of the war with Spain, and in Lord Bute's administration was Leader of the House. In 1762 he became Secretary of State and afterwards First Lord of the Admiralty; and in 1763 Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer~ The most prominent measures of his administration were the futile prosecution of Wilkes, and the Stamp Act for the American colonies, which led to their alienation from the mother country, and which he obstinately refused to repeal. He was hated by George III, who did his utmost to induce Pitt to take his place as Prime Minister without success. The Marquis of Rockingham then came into power, and Grenville was dismissed in July, 1765, and never again held office. In 17 49 he had married . Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Wyndham, and had several distinguished sons whose history will be given later on. He died in 1770. In public life Grenville displayed an extraordinary combination of opposite extremes. Bred as a lawyer he had all the industry, accuracy and tediousness that belong to that profession. But he had also ambition, courage, self-confidence, and a temper that could not endure opposition, which merely strengthened his fixed determination to crush it. He was quite devoid of tact in dealing with men and affairs. His 108 GEORGE GRENVILLE, PRIME MINISTER 109· measures were tyrannical, but concealed under constitutional forms. He held that the House of Commons should be despotic over the nation and the Crown, and ignored the far-reaching odium and unpopularity ~hich he incurred. He bored the poor young King with his lengthy and tedious orations to such an extent that the monarch declared '' He would rather see the Devil in his closet than Mr. Grenville.'' Macaulay deliberately states1 that in his opinion : •' The worst administration that has governed England since the revolution was that of George Grenville. His public acts may be classed under two heads, outrages on the liberties of the people, and outrages on the dignity of the Crown.''

These are pungent words, but they are justified by historical facts .. When the Stamp Act was at last repealed with the hearty concur­ rence of the whole nation, and Pitt, in the House, declaimed against the man " who had wished to dip the ermine of the British King in the blood of the ,'' Grenville replied : '' If the tax were still to be laid on, I would lay it on. For the evils it may produce my accuser is responsible. I do not envy him the huzzas-I glory in the hiss. If it were to be done again I would do it.'' These words show his real character better than any comments from outside could describe it. He had four sons : Richard, who died in infancy. George, who succeeded his uncle, Richard, as second Earl Temple (more anon). Thomas, educated at Christ Church, Oxford, sometime in the Coldstream Guards, member for Buckingham in 1780, and became a warm supporter of Fox, was deputed by Lord Rockingham to arrange the· terms of the treaty with the new American Republic. Sat for Aldborough 1790 and gave general support to Pitt. Returned for Buckingham again in 1796, and continued to represent that town till he retired from Parliament in 1818. Privy Councillor 1798, and in 1799 Ambassador to Berlin;: was wrecked on his voyage out and lost everything but bis despatches. In 1800 he received the sinecure office of Chief Justice in Eyre, South of Trent, with a salary of two thousand pounds and no duties {this office was abolished in 1817). When Lord Glastonbury, his cousin, son of

1 See his '' Essav. on the Earl of Chatham." 110 THE TEMPLE MEMoms James Grenville, died in 1825, he left all his landed and funded property to Thomas Grenville, who gave up the former to the next in reversion, Dr. Neville, Dean of Windsor, and devoted himself to the formation of a splendid library. He died without issue in 1846 and left his books to the British Museum, adding that as they had been partly acquired from a sinecure office he felt it right to do so. The bequest included twenty thousand volumes valued at more than fifty thousand pounds, and is now known as the Grenville Library. William, the last son of George Grenville, was Secretary to his brother, second E3rl Temple (afterwards Marquis of Buckingham), while that peer was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1782. In 1783 he became Paymaster-General of the Forces under Pitt, and in 1789 was chosen Speaker of the House, but vacated the post on becoming Home Secretary of State. In 1790 he was created a peer as Baron Grenville and resigned his office in 1801. In 1806, after Pitt's death, he became the nominal head of a Coalition Government, and was responsible for the Act that abolished the Slave Trade. But in 1807 his Government resigned, because the King demanded from them a pledge that they would not urge upon him any measures for the relief of Roman Catholics. Sheridan, one of his colleagues, said of him : '' He had known many men knock their heads against a wall, but had never before heard of any man who collected the bricks and built the very wall with an intention to knock out his own brains against it." He married in 1792 Anne, daughter of Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, but left no issue, and his title became extinct. He died 12th J an~ary, 1834. He distinguished himself in literature, and edited Lord Chatham's letters to his nephew, Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford. Of the remaining sons of Hester, Countess Temple, Henry, third son, died in infancy. James, fourth son, born 1715, was elected member for Old Sarum in 1741, for Bridport in 1747, and in 1754 and 1761 for the town of Buckingham. He was sometime Deputy-Paymaster of the Forces, but resigned in 1755, and became in 1756 a Lord of the Treasury, in which post he remained, with a short interval till 17 61, when he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Cofferer of the King's household: this post he resigned after a few months, but retained HIS DESCENDANTS 111

:t smaller office of Receiver of the Crown for the counties of Warwick and Leicester. He married Mary, daughter of James Smith of Harding in Herts, and by her, who died 17 5 7, had two sons, one of whom, James, became member for Thirsk, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Glastonbury. He died 1783. Henry, the fifth son (of Countess Hester), a twin, whose brother died in infancy, born 1717, became Governor of Barbadoes in 1746, and enjoyed universal popularity in that island, where he remained for ten years. He became member for Bishop's Castle in 1759 and for Thirsk in 1761. Was Ambassador to Turkey in 1762, and in 1765 became a Commissioner of Customs, which post he resigned in 1766. He married 1757 Margaret, sister of John Hodgkinson Banks, Esq., and had issue, one daughter. He died 1784. Thomas, the sixth and last son (of Countess Hester), born 1719, was elected for Bridport in 1746. He entered the Royal Navy, in which he rose to the rank of Captain, but was killed in action while commanding his ship, the Defiance, in the memorable def eat of the French Fleet by Admiral Lord Anson, May 3rd, 1747. His uncle, Lord Cobham, erected to his memory a large rostral with suitable Latin inscriptions in the gardens of Stowe. That column is still a conspicuous object. On the top is a statue of Heroic Poetry, holding in her hand a scroll ""ith the words: " Non nisi grandia cano." (Of noble deeds alone I sing.) CHAPTER XIII

SUCCESSORS OF THE FIRST EARL TEMPLE, INCLUDING THE FIRST AND SECOND MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM, THE LATTER CREATED DUKE OP BUCKINGHAM ·AND CHANDOS AFTER HIS MARRIAGE TO THE HEIRESS OP THE LAST DUKE OF CHANDOS THE history of the successors to the first Earl Temple will now be proceeded with : When that nobleman died in 1779, his titles and estates devolved upon his nephew, George, the second and eldest surviving son of his brother, George Grenville. Born in 1753, educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, in 177 4 he became member for Buckinghamshire. He succeeded his uncle in 1779 and obtained Royal Licence to take the arms of Temple and Nugent, and to subscribe the latter name before all titles of honour. In 1782 he became Lord-Lieutenant of Bucks, and in the same year Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1783 he was authorized by the King to oppose Fox's India Bill, and to declare that those who voted for that Bill would be considered 1 the King's enemies. This gave rise to the lines in the '' Rolliad.' '. On the great day when Buckingham by pairs Ascended, Heaven impelled, the k . . . s back stairs, And panting, breathless, strained his lungs to show From Fox's Bill what mighty ills would flow. The Bill was thrown out. In 1784 he was created Marquis of Buckingham, in 1786 a Knight of the Garter, and in 1787 again Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1788, on the death of his father-in-law, he succeeded to the Irish Earldom of Nugent. He was censured by both Houses of the Irish Parliament for refusing to transmit their address to the King, desiring him to empower the Prince of Wales to exercise the royal authority during the King's illness. On the King's recovery he dismissed from office many of those who had opposed him on the Regency question, and resorted to a system of wholesale bribery and corruption. He became very unpopular and resigned in 1789, afterwards taking little 1 .A political epic poem published in 1799, p. 123. 112 FIRST MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM 118 part in politics. He died at Stowe, 11th February, 1813, aged fifty-nine. He married, 1775, Mary Elizabeth, co-heiress of Robert, Viscount Clare, afterwards Earl Nugent, and had two sons, Richard, afterwards first Duke of Buckingham; George Nugent, Baron Nugent, and two daughters. He possessed artistic and literary proclivities, and a propensity to lavish expenditure. In 1803, Mr. Thomas Astle, Keeper of the RecoFds in the Tower, directed in his will that his library of manuscripts should be offered on certain conditions to the Marquis of Buckingham, who accordingly acquired them, and then employed Soane (afterwards Sir John), the great architect, to build for their reception at Stowe the magnificent Gothic library which still exists. Subsequently the Marquis acquired the collection of ancient Irish manuscripts which had belonged to Mr. O'Conor of Belanagare, Co. Roscommon, and appointed the latter's grandson, the Rev. Dr. Charles O'Conor, to be librarian at Stowe. While there he wrote a translation into Latin of the early Irish Annals, which ,vas printed at the Marquis's expense under the title of '' Rerum Hibernicarium Scriptores V eteres,'' in four volumes quarto in 1806. He also completed a descriptive catalogue of the Stowe manuscripts, which was printed at Buckingnam in 1818-19, for private circulation in two volumes quarto. In 1808 the Marquis purchased from the Earl of Essex the State ,papers and valuable works and documents which had belonged to Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, Lord­ Lieutenant of Ireland under Charles II. Many other Irish manuscripts, important State papers, missals, Indian drawings, etc., were added by the Marquis's successors. This collection was not broken up at the Stowe sale in 1848, but sold en bloc by private contract to the Earl of Ashburnam for eight thousand pounds, at a valuation made by William James Smith, and has now found a permanent home in the British Museum. There is in existence a lithograph of the Rev. Dr. O' Conor sitting in the Gothic library, executed by the Marquis himself. A copy of this is inserted as an extra illustration in a catalogue of the manuscript printed by Messrs. Sotheby for the 1849 sale, which is now in the possession of Mr. Harald Temple, of the Manor House, Buckingham. The book also contains other extra illustrations of great interest. H 114. THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS Early in the nineteenth century when the French King, Louis XVIII, Bed to England with his family to escape the Revolution, the Marquis of Buckingham hospitably entertained them and settled them in Hartwell, a Mansion at Gosfield in Essex, one of his estates. There King Louis caused to be erected in 1809 a memorial stone altar, surrounded by trees planted by himself, with a suitable inscription in Latin, testifying his grateful sense of the Marquis's assistance and hospitality. When Gosfield was afterwards sold by the Marquis's successor, the latter removed the memorial to the gardens of Stowe, adding a second inscription commemorating the King's happy return to his own country after the peace. This was in 1825. The letter quoted below was written from Stowe by Pope, August 23rd, 1731, to Mrs. Knight, the then owner of Gosfield. This lady afterwards married Robert Nugent, who was created Earl Nugent, and probably brought Gosfield to him. Their daughter and heiress married the first Marquis of Buckingham. '' The place from which I write to you will be a proof alone how incapable I am of forgetting you and your Gosfield, for if anything under Paradise could set me beyond all earthly cogitations, Stowe might do it. It is much more beautiful this year than when I saw it before, and much enlarged, and with variety. '' Yet I shall not stay in it by a fortnight so long as I did with pleasure, with you. You must tell Mrs. Knight she has been spoken of and her health toasted here; and that Lord Cobham sends his services with a memorandum to perform her promise of seeing this place.'' The Marquis is said to have been a man of some industry and financial ability, but his overbearing manners, excessive pride and proneness to take offence, unfitted him for political life. Horace Walpole describes him as '' having many disgusting qualities, as pride, obstinacy and want of truth, with natural propensity to avarice." This last epithet seems hardly correct, for his expenditure throughout his career was always lavish. His entertainment of the French Royal Family cost him enormous sums, which went far to cripple even his great resources, and was the beginning of the embarrassments which affected his two successors, and culminated in the break up and sale at Stowe in 1848. CHARACTER AND ART COLLECTIONS 115 He was succeeded by his son, Richard Grenville-Temple-Nugent, who took the additional names of Brydges and Chandos. Born 1776, educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, he was elected for Buckingham, and sat till he joined the House of Lords in 1813. During the short Ministry of his cousin, William, Lord Grenville, in 1816, he was Deputy­ President of the Board of Trade and Paymaster-General of the Land Forces, but resigned with his colleagues in the following year. He became Lord-Lieutenant of Bucks, and in 1822 was created Duke of Buckingham and Chandos and Earl Temple of Stowe (second creation). His son, the second Duke, had a son who became third Duke, and a daughter, Lady Anna, who had married William Gore-Langton of Newton Hall, Somerset. On the death of the third Duke without male issue in 1889, Lady Anna's son, William Stephen, became Earl Temple (second creation), his mother having died previously in 1879. Like his father he laid out enormous sums in luxuries of art and literature, thus adding to the embarrassments already existing, and to economize, he went abroad in a yacht for two years, publishing on his return an account of his travels. He then further expended large sums on a, collection of valuable prints. In 1834, five years before his death, most of his art collections were disposed of in a sale lasting thirty days. He married in 1796 Anne Eliza Brydges, only child and heiress of j ames, third and last Duke of Chandos (she was born 1779 and died 1836). He died at Stowe in 1839, aged sixty-three. CHAPTER XIV

AN ACCOUNT OP THE CHANDOS FAMILY, WHICH BAD BECOME MBBGBD IN THAT OP THE GRENVILLE TEMPLES

JOHN BRYDGES in 1554 assisted in suppressing Wyat's rebellion against Queen Mary, and was created by her Baron Chandos and Constable of Sudely Castle in Gloucestershire. His son Edmund, second Baron, was Lord-Lieutenant of that county. Giles, third Baron, held the same post, and in 1573 entertained Queen Elizabeth at Sudeley. William, fourth Baron, was some time member for Cricklade, as was also his son, Grey, fifth Baron, Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He lived sumptuously at Sudeley and kept open house there, being styled '' King of the Cotswolds." He died 1621, succeeded by his son, George (sixth Baron), Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire and a zealous Royalist. In 1642 and 1644 Sudeley Castle was taken by the Parliamentary Forces and reduced to ruins. He killed a Colonel Compton in a duel, was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to be '' burned in the hand.'' He died without heirs male in 1655, and was succeeded by his brother, William (seventh Baron), who also died without heirs; being followed by his cousin, James, eighth Baron, son of Sir John Brydges of Witton Castle, Hereford. He was Ambassador to Con­ stantinople and died 1714, succeeded by his son and heir, James, ninth Baron, who had been member for Hereford till his father's death. He married Mary, heiress of Sir Thomas Lake of '' Canons,'' . She died 1712, and he married two others, the last being Lydia Van Hutten, a great heiress. From 1705 till 1713 he held the post of Paymaster-General of the Forces, in Lord Godolphin's administration. This was the most lucrative situation in the Government's gift, especially so when Chandos ·held it, as that was the period of Marlborough's campaign in Flanders. The post was subsequently held by Pitt in 17 44, 116 PECULATIONS OF A NOBLEMAN 117 when the balances in the Paymaster's hands amounted to over a hundred thousand pounds, the interest on which he was allowed to appropriate ~o his own use. There were also other perquisites, notably percentages on subsidies to foreign Princes in the pay of England. But Pitt refused to accept one farthing more than the legal salary ! Again in 1760 during the administration of Newcastle and Pitt, Henry Fox (afterwards the first Lord Holland), whose pungent oratory in opposition it was considered advisable to silence, had been given this post. He was a poor man, and the prospect of making a noble fortune in a few years and providing for his favourite son, Charles James, was irresistible. He had no scruples, and amassed an enormous fortune which was afterwards expended on the purchase of Holland House in Kensington, in payment of his son's debts, and affording him funds for gambling and general profligacy. But his exactions created great scandal even in those venal times. In a petition from the City of London to the King in 1769, Fox was referred to as the " Public defaulter of unaccounted millions.'' A prosecution was commenced, but stayed by a warrant from the Crown. Fox had meanwhile in 1763 been created Baron Holland of Foxley. It has been asserted that the interest alone on the balances outstanding when he left the office brought him no less than two hundred and fifty thousand pounds ! Chandos appears to have availed himself of his opportunities in a similar way. In 1711 the House of Commons were forced to take action, and appointed a committee of inquiry, when thirty-five millions were found unaccounted for, about half of which was connected with the accounts of Chandos. No action, however, resulted. His explana­ iion was that accounts had been regularly presented, but that the mode of scrutinizing and passing them was tedious and complex owing to the system of the Duke of Newcastle. Smollett, in continuation of Hume's '' History,'' writes :

'' Mr. Brydges accounted for all the money that had passed through his hands excepting three millions. . . . All means had proved ineffectual to deter and punish those individuals who shamefully pillaged their country: the villainy was so complicated, the vice so general, and the delinquent so powerfully screened by artifice and interest, as to elude all inquiry." 118 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS The state of political morality was so low at that time (the reign of Queen Anne) that almost every man holding a public office was charged with peculation. Johnson, in a pamphlet on the Falkland Islands, alludes to "' the compensation :which the nation received at the end of a ten years' war, for the death of multitudes, and the expense of millions, by contemplating the sudden glories of paymasters, agents! contractors and commissaries, whose equipages shine like meteors, and whose palaces rise like exhalations.'' In 1714, after his father's death, three months after the accession of George I, Chandos was created Viscount Wilton and Earl of Carnarvon, and on 29th April, 1719, Marquis of Carnarvon and Duke of Chandos. In 1715 he began to build a magnificent palace on his wife's estate, Canons, near Edgware, eight and a half miles from London, on which he is said to have expended two hundred and fifty thousand pounds. His expenditure, and the magnificence in which he lived, gave rise to much scandal. He also commenced a great house in Cavendish Square, but this was never completed. The two great stone houses on the North side of the Square (now used as a nunnery) were built by him with the idea of making them lodges at the entrance to a private avenue the whole way to Canons. While in residence there he affected a quasi-regal state. In the house was a private chapel with painted windows and an organ, all fitted with great splendour, and when he attended the services at the parish church of Whitchurch (which had been rebuilt by him), he drove there escorted by a military guard of eight old Sergeants of the Army, who occupied Almshouses in his grounds, that had been erected by the Lakes, ancestors of his Duchess. Handel was his choirmaster, and his sacred d:ra.ma of ''Esther,'' (first called'' Haman and Mordecai") was first performed in that church. '' Acis and Galatea '' was also composed by Handel specially for the Duke. Writing of Canons in 1725, Daniel Defoe describes it as follows, in his "Tour through Great Britain": " Here are continually maintained, and that in the dearest part of England as to house expenses, not less than a hundred and twenty HIS PALACE OF " CANONS " 119 in family, and yet a face of plenty appears in every part of it; nothing needful is withheld, nothing pleasant is restrained, every servant in the house is made easy, and his life comfortable."

The great hall was painted by Paolucci, the stucco and gilding by the famous Pargotti. The pillars were of marble; the great staircase was very fine and its steps were also of marble, each one a whole piece, twenty-two feet in length. The avenue was spacious and majestic, the gardens of great variety and well designed, and there was a lake in the grounds, seven acres in extent. Pope, in his epistle to Lord Burlington, gives a striking description of '' Timon's Villa,'' generally believed to be taken from Canons, which is here given in extenso:

At Timon's villa let us pass a day Where all cry out, '' What sums are thrown away! '' So proud, so grand: of that stupendous air, Soft and agreeable comes never there. Greatness with Timon, dwells in such a draught As brings all Brobdinag before your thought. To compass this, his building is a town, His pond an ocean, his parterre a down; Who must but laugh, the master when he sees, A puny insect, shivering at a breeze! Lo, what huge heaps of littleness around! The whole a laboured quarry above ground; Two cupids squirt before : a lake behind Improves the keenness of the Northern wind. His gardens next your admiration call, On every side you look, behold the wall ! No pleasing intricacies intervene, No artful wildness to perplex the scene : Grove nods at grove,, each alley has a brother, And half the platform just reflects the other. The suffering eye inverted Nature sees, Trees cut to statues, statues thick as trees; With here a fountain, never to be played; And there a summerhouse, that knows no shade : Here Amphitrite sails through myrtle bowers; There gladiators fight, or die in :flowers ; Unwatered see the drooping sea-horse mourn, And swallows roost in Nilus' dusty urn. lly lord advances with majestic mien Smit with the mighty pleasure to be seen; 120 THE TEMPLE MEMOms But soft-by regular approach-not yet- First through the length of yon hot terrace sweat; And when up ten steep slopes you've dragged your thighs Just at his study, door he'll bless your eyes. • • • • • And now the chapel's silver bell you hear, That summons you to all the pride of prayer: Light quirks of music, broken and uneven, Make the soul dance upon a jig to Heaven. On painted ceilings you devoutly stare, Where sprawl the saints of Verrio or Laguerre,1 Or gilded clouds in fair expansion lie, And bring all Paradise before your eye. To rest the cushion and' soft dean invite, Who n~ver mentions Hell to ears polite. But hark ! the chiming clocks to dinner calls ; A hundred footsteps scrape the marble hall: The rich buffet well-coloured serpents grace, And gaping Tritons spew to wash your face. Is this a dinner? this a genial room ? No, 'tis a temple, and a hecatomb. A solemn sacrifice, performed in state, You drink by measure, and to minutes eat. So quick retires each :flying course, you'd swear Sancho's dread doctor and his wand were there. Between each act the trembling salvers ring, From soup to sweet wine, and God bless the King. In plenty starving, tantalized in state, And complaisantly help'd to all I hate, Treated, caress'd and tired, I take my leave, Sick of his civil pride from morn to eve; I curse such lavish cost, and little skill And swear no day was ever pass' d so ill. Yet hence the poor are clothed, the hungry fed; Health to himself, and to his infants bread, The labourer bears: what his hard heart denies, His cliaritable vanity supplies.

1 Mr. R. A. Streatfield in a pamphlet on " Oanons " (1916) writes : "As to Verrio and L~erre, Pope in his correspondence with Aaron Hill point.s out that the paintings in the Cha~l (? Church) at Canons were not by Verrio and Laguerre. but by Bellucci and Zeeman-alleging this as a proof that his satire was not directed against Chandos .... " It is quite certain that Verrio had no hand in the adornment of either the Chapel or the Church, since he died in 1707. L_!1iuerre, who was Verrio's assistant, may have worked at Canons. Be is mentioned by Macy, who spells his name Legarr, and he waa probabl_y responsible, with Bellucci, for the decoration of both Church and Chapel. " Pope mentions Zeeman (whom he calls Zamen) as a collaborator of Bellucci. But no other authority mentions him as having been employed at Canons, and he was known as a portrait painter, not a decorative artist." HIS FORTUNE MELTS AWA Y 121 Another age shall see the golden ear Imbrown the slope, and nod on the parterre, Deep harvest bury all his pride has planned, And laughing Ceres reassume the land. These last lines were truly prophetic. Had the poet lived three more years, he would have seen his prophecy fulfilled. During the Duke's later years he lost most of his great fortune in the African Company and the Mississippi and South Sea speculations, and in assisting his friends and others who had suffered in the same way. Referring to ihese losses, Swift wrote the famous line :

Since all he got by fraud he lost by stocks.

But he continued to live in splendour at Canons till his death in 1744. The estate was then found to be heavily encumbered and was vested in trustees, one of whom was the Earl of , the second Duke's father-in-law, who decided to ~ell it. No purchaser, however, could be found for it as a whole, so the house was dismantled and pulled down, and the materials sold in 17 4 7, realizing only eleven thousand pounds. The marble staircase was bought by Lord Chesterfield and re-erected in Chesterfield House, Mayfair, also many of the ornamental pillars, which were termed by the witty purchaser the '' Canonical pillars of his house. '' The of the grand of Tylney House, Wanstead, also came from Canons. The magnificent chapel was dismantled and its painted window purchased by the Parish of Great Malvern. The great iron gates went to Hampstead Church; the -equestrian statue of George I was erected in Leicester Square, another of George II i-ri Golden Square, and the range of iron palisades went to New College, 0xford. Part of the estate, with much of the materials, was purchased in 17 4 7 by William Hallet, a cabinet-maker of Long Acre, who erected a villa on the site of the great house. His grandson ~old this, and the estate, to Dennis O'Kelly, whose great racehorse '' Eclipse '' was buried in the park. The villa has since then changed hands many times, and the place is rapidly becoming a suburb of London. Despite extravagancies and weaknesses, Chandos was one of the most popular peers in England, as he spent great sums in charity and 122 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS good works. When '' Timon's Villa'' was published, Pope incurred such general odium that he denied having referred to Canons, though no one believed him. In his life of Pope, Dr. Johnson wrote:

'' From the reproach which the attack on a character so amiable brought upon him, Pope tried all means of escaping. He attempted an apology, by which no man was satisfied ; and he was at last reduced to shelter his temerity behind dissimulation, and to endeavour to make that disbelieved which he never had confidence openly to deny. He wrote an exculpatory letter to the Duke, which was answered with great magnanimity, as by a man who accepted his excuse without believing his professions.'• In Pope's epistle to Lord Cobham (" Moral Essay, No. IV ") appear these lines :

True, some are open, and to all men known; Others so very close, they're hid from none (So darkness strikes the sense no less than light); Thus gracious Chandos is beloved at sight.

The ancient church of Little or Whitchurch was close to Canons, on the Roman road between Watling Street and St. Alban' s; the body was rebuilt by the first Duke. The organ now stands at the East end in a recess behind the altar, viewed through an arch supported by Corinthian columns, of oak grown on the Canon's estate, and carved by Grinling Gibbons. This instrument is popularly supposed to be the identical organ on which Handel played and composed the oratorio of ''Esther,'' and a brass plate has been inserted in commemoration of this belief, stating that he was organist from 1718 to 1721. There was another organ at Canons which must have been also used by Handel, but this was an inferior instrument, and was removed to Gosport when the house was dismantled. The Whitchurch organ up to about 1830 was probably in the same condition as when Handel used it. Since then it has been several times restored, improved and added to. Of the old organ there now remains, beside the outer case, only some of the ancient pipes, distributed over other registers. The tower of the church is part of the ancient building erected in CHURCH OF LITTLE STANMORE 128· the reign of Henry Vill, and dedicated to St. Lawrence. He was a Spaniard, and Treasurer to the Bishop of Rome A.D. 259, and was martyred by the soldiers of the Emperor Valerian for refusing to _give up the sacred treasures. They roasted him on a gridiron! When the Duke of Chandos rebuilt the church he left standing the old tower with its " silver-toned bell" (as described by Pope in " Timon's Villa "). The nave and chancel are of brick, in that incongruous style which goes by the name '' Debased,'' modelled, it is believed, after a Royal Chapel at Versailles. The decorations are on the whole artistic and pleasing; the entire interior is covered with the work of the French artists Verrio and Laguerre, 1 who were brought over specially by the· Duke. On the ceiling of the West gallery there is a fresco of the '' Transfiguration,'' after Raphael by Bellucci. Over the altar are '' The Adoration '' and '' Glory '' by the same artist. On the side walls are representations of the four Evangelists, and figures emblematical of the Christian virtues. The ceiling of the nave is divided into eight compartments, picturing passages in the life of Christ, namely: "The Marriage at Cana," "Christ Feeding the Five Thousand," " His Walking on the Sea," " The Raising of Lazarus," '' The Incredulity of St. Thomas,'' '' Blind Bartimeus,'' '' The Impotent Man at Bethseda,'' '' The Possessed of the Devils.'' An imposing and costly monument, with white marble statues, of the first Duke as a Roman warrior with long flowing hair, and his two wives, Mary and Cassandra, stands in the Mortuary Chapel. The inscription under the Duke is given below. There are also inscriptions under the statues of the wives, but in them their virtues are described in such bombastic and exaggerated terms that they may be omitted here. They were quoted in a work of about 1849 as an instance of the bad taste in such matters that prevailed in the eighteenth century. In hopes of a Joyful ReSsurection Here lieth Interr'd the Body of the MoSt Noble JAKES BRYDGES Duke of Chandos Marquess and Earl of Carnarvon. Viscount Wilton. Baron Chandos of Su.dley & Baronet; M:ember of Hts MAJESTIES Most Honourable Privy Council Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the County of Radnor : 1 See note on page 120. 124 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS High Steward of Cantremelenith, Chancellor of the University of .St. Andrews in Scotland. Ranger of Enfield Chace and one of the Governors of the Charterhouse. Who was born January the 6th 1673 and departed this Life August the 9th 17 44. Whose Modesty order'd all Enconiums on his Tomb to be avoided. Yet Justice to his Memory, & Truth tells ye Reader that if a Youth spent in Constant Application to Business, which tended more to ye Good of His Country & Friends, than his own, a whole life passed in Acts of ye Greatest Humanity & Charity, forgiving everyone, & giving to ye utmost of his Power, ended in an old A.ge dedicated to Patience, Resignation & Piety, deserves from Mankind Gratitude and Love. They are Most strictly his Due. He married firSt ll-ARY Daughter of Sr THOMAS LAKE of Canons in Middlesex, by whom he left ISsue ye Most Noble HENRY Du·ke of Chan.dos His second Wife was CASSANDRA Daughter of Sr FRANCIS WILLOUGHBY -of Wollaton and SiSter of THOMAS Lord WILLOUGHBY. His third Wife was LYDIA. CATHERINE Daughter of JOHN V ANHATTEN Esqr & :Widow of Sr THOMAS DA.VALL: who was Member of Parliament and Died in the Year 1714 It seems unfortunate that the Duke's successor, who evidently, in all love and gratitude, strove to do honour to his memory, should have ignored his last request to avoid enconiums on his tomb; as the inscription rather invites attention to the least praiseworthy aspects of his career. For, charitable and generous as he undoubtedly was, his application to business did certainly result in his acquiring enormous gains for himself in an illicit way at the expense of his country. In his will he mentions his Duchess, Lydia Catherine, as '' owing her the greatest comfort I have enjoyed in this life since I have been blessed with her,'' and orders that she shall be buried in the same depository as himself, and that a marble figure of her should be set up in the monument room, to cost not more than two hundred pounds. She survived him for six years, but, owing to a family dispute, was buried elsewhere. In the following year, however, her remains were disinterred and laid in the Chandos vaults in the Parish Church of Whitchurch. No monument has been erected to her memory. The mortuary chapel adjoins the body of the church; it is paved with black and white marble, and contains the monument above described. Also another to the wife of the second Duke, daughter of the Earl of Aylesbury, and others. In an ante-chamber are monuments to the Marquis of Carnarvon, 1727, elder son of the first Duke, to the Rev. Henry Brydges and his wife, Frances. Here also is preserved the MARRIAGE OF SECOND DUKE OF CHANDOS 125· hatchment of the first Duke with the coronet and tattered banners of his house. The coffins are in a vault below. 1 The '' Princely Chandos '' was succeeded by his sixth and only surviving son (by first wife), Henry, as second Duke. He was also a K.B., and had held many public offices, chiefly in the household of Frederick, Prince of Wales (father of George III). He married first Mary, daughter of the Earl of Aylesbury (she died 1738). His second wife was the heroine in a queer romance which is given at length in "Notes and Queries," Fourth Series, Vol. VI, p. 179, August 27th, 1870, and is quoted below. E.W. writes: '' Told me by an old lady, a native of Newbury, who was ten years old when it happened. The Duke of Chandos and a companion dined at the ' Pelican,' Newbury, on their way to London. A stir in the Inn yard led to their being told that a man was going to sell his wife, and they are leading her up with a halter round her neck. They went to see. The Duke was smitten with her beauty and patient acquiescence in a process which would (as then supposed) free her from a harsh and ill-conditioned husband. He bought her, and subsequently married her (at Keith's Chapel) Christmas Day, 17 44. 2 His first wife had died in 1738, but whether at the time the Duke was a widower, or whether a considerable time intervened between the date of her purchase and her becoming Duchess of Chandos, does not appear.'' She is called in the pedigree in '' Beltz' s Review of the Chandos Peerage Case," Ann J efferyes, but it would seem that her maiden name was Ann Wells, as given in the peerages of that time. In an old peerage at Queen's College, Cambridge, the antiquary, Shaw, has noted: She was chambermaid of the inn at Newbury. But the conclusive proof is found in her hatchment in Keynsham Church3 (perhaps no longer there) bearing the arms of Brydges, impaling Wells azure, three fountains proper.

1 This description is taken chiefly from a pamphlet describing the __parish and church of Little Stanmore, written in 1849 by the Re.v. B. J. Armstrong, Rector. Also from "London and Its Neighbourhood" by David Hughson, LL.D., 1809, and from Walford's '' ." But some of the information in the latter is quite inaccurate. 2 Keith himself signed the entry, only usual with him in the case of illustrious client& The reJtister has been preserved at St. George's, Hanover Square. 3 The Brydges family possessed for many years an estate at Keynsham near Bristol. 126 THE TEMPLE MEMOms Her good name still lives at Keynsham, though the Abbey-her favourite residence-has long since been levelled, and the property disposed of. Ann Wells, second Duchess of Chandos, died 1759, leaving -0ne daughter, Augusta Ann, who married, 1778, Henry John Kearney, Esq. The Duke died in 1771; he was succeeded by his only son by his first wife, James, third and last Duke. In addition to his father's titles he was (from 1747) de jure Baron Kinloss 1 and a Baronet. He held many public offices, and was Lord-Lieutenant of Hants. He married (1) 1753, Margaret, daughter of John Nicol of Southgate, with a fortune of a hundred and fifty thousand pounds. She died 1768, and he married (2) in 1777, Anne Eliza, daughter of Richard Garnon of Datchworthbury, Herts, and widow of R. H. Elletson. He died 1789, aged fifty-eight, when all his titles, except Kinloss, which devolved on his only daughter and heir, Anne Eliza (by second wife), became extinct. His second wife was a vain and extravagant woman, of great animal spirits, who caused her husband's death by thrusting aside the chair in which he was about to sit down. She was extremely attached to him, and became in consequence insane till her death in 1813. The inception of the Kinloss peerage, now held by the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Buckingham, is given below. Sir Edward Bruce of Blairhall was created Baron Kinloss in 1601. He accompanied King James I to England in 1603, and was granted the Manor of Whorlton and part of the estate of Jervaulx Abbey. In 1608 he was created a Scottish peer as Lord Bruce of Kinloss with remainder to heirs male and failing them to female. The sixth Baron was also fourth Earl of Elgin. On his death, without male issue in 17 4 7, the title of Kinloss devolved on James, third Duke of Chandos, as seventh Baron pursuant to the decision of the House of Lords (quoted above).

1 See decision of the House of Lords, 21st July, 1868, re Kinloss. CHAPTER XV

ACCOUNT OF THE SECOND AND THIRD DUKES OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS -AND THE LAPSE OF THEIR TITLES WITH T\VO EXCEPTIONS, WHICH DESCEND TO FEMALE HEIRS

RESUMING now the history of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos. The second Duke, Richard. Plantagenet-Temple-Nugent-Brydges­ Chandos, only child of the first Duke, was born in 1797, educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, and was M.P. for Buckinghamshire from 1818 to 1839. He introduced the tenant-at-will ~lause (known as the Chandos clause) in the Reform Bill of 1832. Succeeding the first Duke in 1839, he was Lord Privy Seal in Sir Robert Peel's Ministry 1841, but retired in 1842, and did not join any subsequent Ministry. He was created Knight of the Garter in 1842, and was popularly known as the " Farmers' Friend." He had succeeded to a rent roll of a hundred thousand a year. But the estates were heavily mortgaged, and he greatly increased the liabilities by purchasing more land with borrowed money. In 1844, when his eldest son came of age, the entail on some of the estates was cut off, leaving intact the Chandos lands, which were entailed on female heirs. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited the Duke at Stowe in 1845, and stayed from 15th to 18th January. 1 This visit cost a large sum, and helped to precI pitate the impending catastrophe. In August, 184 7, the effects at Stowe and other residences were seized by bailiffs, and the Duke left England with liabilities estimated at over a million sterling. In 1848 estates in Bucks, Oxford and were sold for £262,000. A forty days' sale of the contents of Stowe in 1848 produced £75,562. The Times commented on the Duke " as a man of the highest rank, and proportionate property, who had flung it away by extravagance and folly.'' But other critics took a less serious view of his misfortunes. His two predecessors at Stowe had been recklessly extravagant, and the encumbrances on the estates had begun

1 See Illustrated LoM Cll."llOS, K.t;.

SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS 129 He died at the Great Western Hotel, Paddington, 29th July, 1861,. leaving an only son who became third Duke. This son, Richard Plantagenet-Campbell-Temple-Nugent-Brydges­ Chandos, was born 1823, educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and D.C.L., was member for Buckingham from 1846 to 1857. In Lord. Derby's administration (1867) he was a Junior Lord of the Treasury. In 1853 he became Chairman of the London and North-Western Railway, and in that post displayed business qualities of a high order, but resigned it in 1861 when he succeeded his father as third Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. He became Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Great Exhibition of 1862, and in 1886 was Lord-President of the Council, and from 1867 to 1868 Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord Derby's second administration. In 1875 he was appointed by Mr. Disraeli Governor of Madras, and held that post till 1880. During this period he had to grapple with the terrible famine of 1876 and 1877, being assisted at its commencement by the services of Sir Richard Temple, before joining his appointment of Governor of Bombay, with whom he worked in perfect harmony, and to the satisfaction of the Government of India and Lord Lytton the Viceroy. In 1876 he received the Grand Cross of the Star of India and the C.I.E. Sir Charles Lawson, in his '' Memories of Madras '' 1 (p. 50), writes of him :1 '' Essentially strenuous, unassuming and benevolent, that lamented satrap seemed to be ever animated by a lofty sense of personal responsi­ bility. No climatic or other inconveniences, no sense of the incongruity between his surroundings in India and those which he had left behind in England, deterred him from discharging in a genial and thorough manner what he honestly regarded as his duty. No one of such illustrious ancestry and exalted rank as his had ever before held office in India, a fact that appealed strongly to the imagination of Indians, who have an instinctive reverence for good birth, while he was seen on all sides to be a man of generous impulses and simple tastes, who took an inexhaustible interest in everything and everybody around him. He reigned; and there was no mistake about his governing. '' In short, he lived up to the motto conferred by Queen Victoria upon the Exalted Order of the Star of India, which he received from Her Majesty, of 'Heaven's light our Guide.' " 1 Published by Swan, SonnescheiD & Co., 1905. I 180 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS In 1868 he had established before the House of Lords his right to the Barony of Kinloss, which had been in abeyance. In 1886, after his return from India, he became Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords. Unlike his immediate predecessors he was a man of somewhat frugal disposition and simple tastes, and by economizing was able to settle the majority of the debts that had been left by his father, and to recover many of the family possessions and treasures that had been scattered at the great sale of 1848. His disposition was studious and his attainments in science and history were considerable. In politics he was throughout his life a staunch Conservative, thus departing from the traditions of his family, who were pre-eminently Whigs. He married (1), 1851, Caroline, daughter of Robert Harvey of Langley Park, Bucks, and by her had three daughters: Mary, born 1852; Anne, born 1853; Caroline Jemina, born 1856. His first wife

(1) Richard George Grenville, born 1887. (Killed during the Great War.) (2) Luis Chandos Francis Temple, born 1889. Now Master of Kinloss and in Holv., Orders . (3) Thomas George Breadalbane, born 1891. Rifle Brigade, D.S.0. ( 4) Robert William, born 1892. (5) Harry Nugent, born 1896. Caroline Mary, born 1886. Married, 1909, Thomas Close Smith of Boycott Manor, and has issue. DEATH OF COMTE DE PARIS 181 The Duke's second daughter Anne, born 1853, married 1882 Lieutenant-Colonel George Hadaway, late R.A. of Grenville, Godalming, and died 1890, leaving two daughters. The third daughter, Caroline Jemina, born 1856, is unmarried. . After the Duke's death, his daughter, Lady Kinloss, rented Stowe as a residence to Louis Philippe Albert D'Orleans, Comte de Paris, and heir (de jure) of the ancient Bourbon Royal Family of France. The lease was from 6th April, 1890, for four years, but probably the Comte did not take up his residence there till a somewhat later date. When exiled from France, he first resided at Sheen House, East Sheen, and celebrated his silver wedding there on 3rd June, 1880. In The Times of 23rd April, 1890, is a notice that " He reached London last night and went to Sheen House, where he will remain for a few days.'' While at Stowe he lived in almost regal state and spent much money in the little town of Buckingham. He said that Stowe reminded him of the Palace of Versailles, where he might have reigned as King, had fate been propitious. But he died at Stowe on the 8th September, 1894, aged fifty-six. After a lying-in-state in the Marble Saloon, to which the public were admitted, the body was removed to the Roman Catholic Church at Weybridge, where the funeral ceremonies were conducted. There was also a Memorial Service at the Catholic Church, Portman Square. The Times printed long accounts of the funeral, and gave a detailed biography of his career. Of the Grenville Temples, descendants of Hester, first Countess Temple, whose history has been sketched above, it may with justice be said that no family which has as yet appeared in the history of England ever had such opportunities for distinguishing themselves, both publicly and privately, as they possessed, during the hundred years that elapsed from the death of their ancestress. They sprang from ancient, renowned and honourable ancestors on both sides, attained to the highest rank possible (inferior only to Royalty), enjoyed vast and commanding influence in the nation, with enormous wealth which constantly increased through marriages and legacies, and a palace to live in surrounded by parks and gardens, the like of which had never before been seen in their country, crammed :with 182 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS books, pictures, statues, tapestries, rarities of art and craft, and splendid furniture that their great wealth had enabled them to acquire from all parts of the world, many of them having had marked literary and artistic tastes and proclivities. Countess Hester's only daughter married William Pitt, the '' Great Commoner,'' during the reign of George II, the most eminent, successful, uncorruptible and single-minded statesman that English history has yet produced, and their son, scarcely inferior to his father, was another William Pitt, who was Prime Minister at the age of twenty-four, and continued, with varying fortunes, to preside over the Councils of the Nation during the reign of George III. Whether the Grenville Temples adequately availed themselves of the unique opportunities that had fallen to them, to benefit and improve the conditions of their country, is a question that must be left for future generations to decide. It must not be forgotten that great position, influence and wealth such as theirs must necessarily have been accompanied by many urgent and material temptations, to which it can hardly be surprising that some of them should have succumbed. That they did so is a matter of history. Misfortune is a stern instructor, and its shadow has fallen finally over the splendours of the great house of Stowe, and the noble family which occupied it with honour for many generations. TE!\11'1.E 11.\1.1., 1.EICESTERSIIIRE. FRO:-.T VIEW. 1915.

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PART IV

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ESTATES AND HOUSES THAT HA VE BEEN POSSESSED AND OCCUPIED BY MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY

CHAPTER XVI

TEMPLE HALL, BURTON DASSETT, BURTON HOUSE THE first estate that belonged to the family was Temple Hall, near Bosworth in Leicestershire; very little information is available regarding this ; such meagre items as could be gathered have been already given in Part I. The original building must have been constructed in Saxon or early Norman times, but no trace of that period now remains. The present house, still known as Temple Hall, is of Georgian construction, and used as a farm-house. It has passed through many hands since the death of Peter Temple, the Regicide, in 1663. He was the last Temple owner. Next in order is the estate of Burton Dassett in Warwickshire.

BURTON DASSETT Of all the estates held in the past by the generations of the Temple family, Burton Dassett may be considered as unique. There are few places in this country on which Nature has bestowed more attractions than on the Edge Hills of Warwickshire, 1 where the village is situated. The views are as beautiful as those of the Malvern Hills, and though

1 Near the Edge Hills was fought the first battle between the Roya.I and Parliamentary Troops on October 23rd, 1642, the Dassett Hills being held by the latter. 133 184 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS the place teems with objects of interest from artistic, archreological and historical standpoints, it is now little known and seldom described. In and around this spot, when it was a small thriving market town, many of the Temples held their lands, and '' Burton House,'' as it was called, was their family home prior to the building of Stowe. Edgehill is the chief eminence on one side and Burton Dassett that on the other. The latter comprises the Dassetts, Burton and Avon in the bnguage of to-day. The former was, in past years, looked upon as the mother parish, and included Burton, Great and Little Dassett, the hamlets of Northend and Knightcote, with the chapelry and village of Hardwick. These latter are mentioned here, though lying at the foot of Burton Hill, the nearest a mile away, because the Temples held much of their lands there as part of the Burton House estate. Burton Dassett was once a small market town, but its population has steadily decreased century by century in past years, till all that now remains is its church (practically uninjured by time and decay), the remains of Burton House, at present used as a farm-house, but in sad want of repair, and the Vicarage, which is a modern stone dwelling. There was also a late seventeenth century house known as the Grove Farm, near Burton House orchard, but that was destroyed by fire in January, 1920. Other buildings of the past, houses, shops, market place, all have vanished and left no traces behind. This is the more strange as at the time of the Domesday Survey the size of the parish was remarkable. The Earl of Mellend held ten Hides. Harold, son of Rolf, Earl of Hereford, fifteen Hides, also in each division there was a priest, showing that there were four churches. There were seventy­ nine families : fifty-eight of villeins, fourteen of labourers, three of bondsmen, two of soldiers and two priests. Actual population about three hundred and fifty-eight. The name " Dasset," sometimes spelt Dercett, is derived from '' Deor,'' a wild beast, and '' Etel,'' its lair. The woods then surrounding the hills were the haunts of wolves and other beasts, and the early stone carvings round the capitals of some of the church pillars, depict these animals as prowling round them, some upside down like a fly on the ceiling ! '' Burton '' is derived from " Beran," to produce or bear fruit, from which word also comes " Barn " and " Thun " or " Tun," an enclosed homestead. HISTORY OF BURTON DASSETT 185 Later on the place was known as '' Cheping Dassett.'' In the reign of Henry III a Friday market was established with an annual three days'· fair at the time of the Feast of St. James. The name '' Cheping '' is derived from '' cypan " or " ceap," meaning a price. From this comes also the word '' Chapman.'' At that time Bartholomew Suthley or Sudeley was Lord of the Manor. In 1334, seventh year of Edward III, John de Sudley was Lord of the Manor of Magna Dercett, and is mentioned as having fifty-three servants holding nineteen and a half yards of lands for which they performed various servile duties under him. Also twenty-four freeholders holding an acre each. The Lord of the Manor then enjoyed absolute powers, including that of life and death over bis dependents, whom he could sentence to the gallows, the pillory, or the '' cucking stool.'' To this day a certain spot bears the name " Gallows Hill." At this time the Knights Templars of Balsall, the Precentor of Lichfield Cathedral and· the Canons of Erbury (now known as Arbury), all held lands in the parish. In 1368 (41st Edward III) Sir John Sudeley died, and his nephew, Thomas Boteler, succeeded him. His grandson, Ralf, was created Baron Sudeley in 1459, and at his death the property passed to his two daughters, who married respectively Sir John Norbury and Hamon Belknap, the last couple obtaining the '' Dercett '' estate. Their descendants held it for three generations, occupying the Manor House (later called Burton House) till about 1550. The last of this line, Sir Edward Belknap, pulled down twelve messuages, each of which owned twenty-four acres of land, and thus enclosed three hundred and sixty acres as a sheep farm. _ Wool was largely exported to Holland at that time in order to get back manufactured articles which looms in England could not supply. Meat was also in great demand in the Forest of Arden, which had been cleared and laid down with corn. So Sir Edward appropriated not only the lands in Dercett, but also similar holdings in Whitchurch, near Stratford-on-Avon, where he had property, thereby deriving a largely increased income from his flocks of sheep, quite regardless of the feelings of the unfortunate tenants whom he evicted. His action at Burton Dassett resulted in the depopulation and destruction of the township 186 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS round the parish church, only the Manor House and a few houses being left standing. By order of the King an inquisition was held on Sir Edward's action. It was, however, found that he had restored and renovated the church and its ornaments ( certain carved symbols on the church could only be those of Sir Edward Belknap), also that there were two priests instead of one. That the parish had accommodation for sixty strangers instead of twenty as before, though the number of ploughs and teams was only twenty-one. So apparently no action was taken by the Government. Sir Edward died in 1520, and his property was divided between his four sisters: Alice, wife of Wi1liam Shelley; Anne, wife of Sir Robert Wotton; Elizabeth, wife of John Coke, and Mary, wife of Gerard Danet. Richard Coke and Leonard Danet, grandsons and heirs of the two younger sisters, inherited two-thirds of the Manor and sold it to Peter Temple in 1560. The latter also obtained the Manor of Botelers Marston by grant from Edward VI. Later on he acquired the Manor of Stowe. It has not been possible to ascertain with accuracy how the Burton Dassett estate was eventually divided between the successors of the four sisters. The Shelley portion probably came to Sir Edward Wotton, descendant of Sir Robert, who married Anne Belknap. The remaining third was, up to 1631, in the possession of the Wottons, as it was divided between the four daughters of Thomas, Lord Wotton, one-fourth passing to the Earl of Gainsborough through sale by Sir Richard Temple, the third Baronet; one-fourth sold by Sir John Tunstall to a Mr. Woodward; another fourth to Lord Chesterfield ; and the last fourth remained for several generations in the Hales family, Sir Edward Hales having married Anne Belknap before she became Lady Wotton. The Woodward share, which included a portion of the advowson of the living, passed to a family named Smith, John Smith having presented a George Taylor to the Vicarage in 1695, before his death in 1713. The most interesting feature of the place that still remains is the Church of All Saints, standing on an upper slope of the largest of the Burton Hills, near its summit. This structure remains practically in the condition in which it existed in the fourteenth century. It must have

ALL SAINTS, BURTON DASSETT 187 been built to accommodate a quite considerable parish, but now stands lone and isolated, most of its congregation coming from the hamlet of Northend, a mile away. The building is all in local stone, and comprises a nave with clerestory, chancel, two side aisles and chapels, a square tower with six bells. Vestry curtained off from the South aisle at the chancel end. The chapel on the left, or East of the North aisle, bears the name of Temple, as it contains the family monuments. The archi­ tecture of the whole is either Late Decorated ( up to 13 77) or Early Perpendicular, but there are some aaditions of a later date. The floor, still covered with fourteenth century tiles, rises by slopes .and steps at intervals from the West to the high altar, the chancel being several feet above the nave. This plan was evidently adopted to overcome the difficulty of building on the slope of the hill. A similar floor appears in the Church of Beoley in Worcestershire, also built on the side of a hill. The windows contain no stained or coloured glass, nor are there traces of its existence in former years. The capitals of the pillars between the nave and the " Temple " chapel on the North side, are decorated with carvings in stone (in full relief) of various animals. These have been already mentioned. The altar is of plain Jacobean oak. But in the Temple chapel there is a smaller one of stone, which is interesting, as it is pre-Reformation and no doubt has existed from earliest times. There are no pews in the church, nor traces of the existence of any in former times. Chairs are used everywhere. There are evidences that the walls bore at one time several monuments to the memory of members of the Temple family. But the only ones now in existence will be described below. In the village there is a legend current that in past years some of the Temples of Stowe caused these monuments to be ta.ken down for cleaning and restoration, and that they were never returned. One important monument, however, still graces the Temple chapel; the legend runs that it was claimed with the others, but refused to be sent till the others had been returned. Sir Richard Temple (the third Baronet) in his will left £100 " to be imployed for laying a flat stone on my grandfather1 and grandmother which are interred in the Parish Church of Dassett in memory of them.''

1 This was Sir Thomas Temple, the first Baronet. 138 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS But this injunction seems to have been disregarded by the testator's successors. The chief tomb, from a family standpoint, is that of Peter Temple, the first of the Temples who held the Burton Dassett estate and Burton House. It stand~ on the North side of the stone altar on the floor of the Temple chapel, and is formed of stone slabs (such as might enclose a coffin), the flat top raised two feet six inches above the pavement. On the upper slab are two large sunk indentures formerly filled with brasses for man and woman, and four smaller ones which probably held brass escutcheons. Running round the slab is another indenture which contained a strip of brass on which was engraved the following inscription1 in Gothic lettering. The brasses were fixed with pins, which still remain, the originals may have been removed to Stowe, or torn off in the Civil Wars :

Here under this stone lyeth the body of Peter Temple Esquier who departed out of this world at Stow in the County of Buckingham the XXVIIIth day of May anno . . . 2 whose soule God ha.th in his blessed keeping.

From the parish register it appears that Peter Temple's widow, Myllycent, was buried here 7th December, 1582. 3 The name of Peter Temple does not appear in the register. But many of the earlier entries are illegible owing to the lapse of time and bad treatment. It has now been ascertained that the burials of Peter Temple and his wife, Millicent, were registered in the parish church of Stowe, the former 21st May, 1577, and the latter 9th November, 1602; this date is that of the registering only, her death was registered at Burton Dassett as mentioned above. The second oldest monument now existing in the church is to the memory of John Temple, son and heir to Peter. It is of marble, finely carved and ornamented with fifteen escutcheons in Heraldic tinctures, now somewhat faded, and is fixed high up on the East wall of the Temple chapel to the right of the stone altar, above a piscina. It is oblong in shape with carved and coloured cornices supported by two Corinthian . In the centre slightly sunk is a marble tablet bearing the following inscription in Roman characters.

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MONUMENT TO JOHN TEMPLE 189 Here under lyeth the bodies of John Temple of Stowe in ye county of Buck: Esquire one of the Lord of this manor and of Susan his Wife who was the daughter and coheir of Thomas Spencer of Everton in the County of North : Esquier who had Issue sixe sonnes and sixe daughters as here may appeare. The said JO Temple Deceased ye ix day of llay 1603 Beinge of LXI yeres and the said Susan Deceased1 the ... Day of ... beinge of the age of ... yeres.

CVR LIBEROS lIIC PLURIKOS CUR HIC AMICOS PLURIM'.OS ET PLURIKAS PECU?-."JAS VIS SCIRE CUR RELIQUERIT TEMPELLUS .AD PLURES ABIT. 2

This is a somewhat quaint conceit. It may be paraphrased ai follows: But how oould TEMPLE leave behind Warm friends, great weal th, the children of his love? You wish to know-He goes to find All this, and more, above. This monument, though a magnificent example of sixteenth century work, has, owing to its isolated situation in a fourteenth century church which once served a thriving village now non-existent, received little care or attention during the last two hundred years, and it was believed that the escutcheons of the deceased and his wife, which Dugdale saw in situ in the beginning of the eighteenth century, had disappeared. But on a visit to the church in 1924, the author examined the monument with the aid of a ladder, and found that what appeared from below to be a heap of broken stones on the top of the upper slab, was really the missing escutcheons which had been broken or fallen off and then got hidden by the dust of ages. They were in excellent preservation, colours and details quite fresh, and have now been restored to their original positions. (See illustration.) They are urn-shaped, of cut stone, with carved tracery on the tops and sides, centre one about twelve inches in height, others smaller. Each bears an escutcheon in Heraldic tinctures. That on the left contains the eagle displayed (deceased's arms); in the centre the same impaled

1 She died 1614. 2 Should be ABIIT. 14.0 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS with the arms of his wife-Spencer of Everton-viz. : Quarterly, 1st and 4th Argent; 2nd and 3rd gules, two laths interlaced with mascle or, ,over all a bend sable charged with two escalops. And on the right the arms of Spencer alone. Above the inscription, reading from left, are: (1) George Temple (died young). Arms of his father. (2) Sir Thomas Temple and Sands. Or a fesse indented between three crosses crosslet fitche gules. (3) Saunders and Temple. Party per chevron argent and sable three elephants' heads counter-charged. ( 4) Risley and Temple. Argent a fesse azure between three crescents gules. (To the right of the inscription.) (5) Sir N. Parker and Temple. Azure a frette or on a fesse argent. (6) Sir Thos. Denton and Temple. Argent two bars gules, in chief three cinquefoils sable. (Below on the right.) (7) Farmer and Temple. Bendy of six pieces or and gules in chief and fesse point two fesses argent the former charged with . . . {illegible). (8) Fiennes and Temple. Azure 3 lions rampant or. (9) Temple and Kendal. Argent a bend vert with a label of 3 points gules. (10) Temple and Beaumont. Azure a lion rampant sable. (II) Sir Al. Temple and Somers. Vert, a fesse dancette ermine. (12) John Temple and Tomlins. Ar. a chevron gules between three vine leaves vert. 1 Of the persons mentioned on these shields-John Temple, the elder, .'lnd his wife were buried in the church. The former is registered at Stowe Parish Church, 8th of May, 1603; no register of the latter can be found, but she directs in her will that she shall be buried near her husband. Sir Thomas Temple and his wife were also buried in the church. Of the former no register can be found; the death of the latter appears in the Burton Dassett register 10th July, 1656. Surrounding the church on the North, South and East sides is the

1 (I) Eldest son, died younsz:; (2) eldest !,;Urviving son and heir; (3) daughter Millicent; {4) daughter Dorothie; (5) daughter Katherine; (6) daughter Susan; (7) daughter Mary; (8) daughter Elizabeth ; (9) son Peter ; (10) son William ; (11) son Sir Alexander; (12) son John of Francton. SIMPLE HOUSE ON GLORIOUS SITE 141 ancient churchyard containing some very finely carved headstones on its oldest graves. On the West side is a rough stone wall about four feet high, South of which is the homestead enclosure, with barns and stabling of Burton House. On the North side of the wall is open grass land, where probably stood the ancient market place of the village. Whoever approaches this spot with earnestness and enthusiasm will pay homage to the dead past, not as the mere sightseer. The church must appeal to those of the families whose ancestors rest there as an emblem of the aspirations, hopes, joys and fears of long-forgotten lives. How many of their kith and kin have knelt at its altars? Can we recall to-day the bygone whispered confessions of love and hate, joy and sorrow? All is for gotten, washed by the tides of time on the shores of eternity. Priest and penitent, capitalist and labourer, lover and maid, and , all sunk in oblivion. Time has done its work-the curtain is down, the drama ended. But this beautiful old church still graces the lonely spot, once the centre of mediaeval English life, and as such it will attract all who are in any way connected with its history. 1

BURTON HOUSE

This was '' a simple house on a glorious site,'' which sheltered the progenitors of the great house of Stowe four centuries ago, both before and subsequent to their removal to the latter Mansion. It has not been possible to obtain a plan or print of the house as it appeared in the time of Peter Temple, but a curious account book, and documents of that period, which were sold in 1921 during the final break-up of Stowe, have been acquired by the authors, and from them, supplemented by careful inquiries on the spot, it has been possible to present a fairly accurate indication of the demesne as it was in the sixteenth century. The remains of the house are now occupied by a farm bailiff, and

1 Some of this information is taken from "Rambles round the :Edge Hills," by the Rev. George Miller (EJJiot Stock, 1900), and the rest from personal observation and inquiry on the spot by the authors. THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS appear from the exterior to be the abode of a prosperous farmer. The original building must have been in the form of an L, though the foot of this L has long since disappeared. It must also have been of great antiquity, judging from one or two doorways, fireplaces and small stone mullioned windows yet remaining, the last mentioned date back to about 1400, perhaps earlier. But there are no signs that it was one of the early fortified Manor houses, and it could never have been a Mansion. The plan given below shows the house, out-buildings and private grounds as they probably stood in the sixteenth century.

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PETER TEMPLE'S HOUSE 148 West of the churchyard was a square enclosure or stable-yard, with stabling, coach-house and granary on three sides, and on the fourth, or West side, the house, with an entrance approached by three or four steps. This may have been the back entrance. The front door was probably on the North side of the destroyed wing, facing the ancient orchard, but as the house was then probably larger, this can only be surmised. The present front door faces West, over the garden. The boundary walls of the grounds on the North and part of the West sides still exist in parts. Of the South wall, only signs of foundations remain in places, with traces of a ditch on the outside. These walls were all built of ruoble stone from the Burton Hills, without mortar, labour and materials being plentiful and cheap, as will be shown later. Across the fields there must have been a carriage drive to the house, if not two, as there are frequent allusions to repairs on it and the coach itself, in the Burton accounts. The principal approach ran across the fields from the main Banbury-Warwick road, branching from the turning leading to the village of Northend, then again to the right just before the steep incline to the Windmill 1 and Beacon tower. Part of the track still remains across the fields. In Part I, page 32, it has been shown how Peter Temple obtained from Queen Mary in 1554 certain lands and a house in Buckingham. From this fact it may be inferred that he was a Roman Catholic, as this Queen would hardly have bestowed such favours on a " heretic." Burton church was also probably at that time Roman Catholic, with its ancient stone altar in the " Temple " chapel. This grant may have led to the genesis of Stowe. When Peter Temple went to take possession he must have found Buckingham a thriving town, comparing favourably with his own smaller hamlet of Burton Dassett, which v:as then on the decline, and hence decided to build near Buckingham a new Mansion suitable to his position and means. But the old house still remained in the possession of himself and his descendants for many years after the removal to Stowe, and the fact that he, his wife, his sons and daughters, his grandson, wife and others of his family, were buried at Burton Passett, makes it clear that they all cherished an attachment for the older house and the church on the

1 See illustratiGn. 14'4 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS hill, though none of the grandeur or luxury of the new Mansion of Stowe was to be found there. In the time of Sii: Peter Temple (the second Baronet and great­ grandson of Peter of Burton Dassett), it is on record that the l~nds there were shared between him and his sister-in-law, Mary, Lady Wotton, widow of Sir Thomas, Lord Wotton of Marley, who had inherited his share from a descendant of the Belknaps (see Chapter XVI, pages 135-6). Sir Peter frequently visited Burton, and is even said to have resided there for a time. He and Lady Wotton held the advowson of the living, and there were Chancery proceedings between them and the Vicar in 1637. 1 Lady Wotton lived at the Northend Manor House. The W ottons were special friends and allies of Peter Temple and his son, John, who mentions Sir Ed. Wotton in terms of the greatest affection and gratitude in his will of 1587, leaving him his best horse. The Wottons were Roman Catholics, and seem to have suffered accordingly in Elizabeth's reign, though they recovered their confiscated lands in the first year of James I. A curious clause in John Temple's will leaves to his eldest son, Thomas, '' my chaine of fine gold wayinge three score and twelve pounde." This chain must have been worth some £4,000. (Probably the custom at that time was to invest savings in gold bullion, when there were no banks or safe investments.) His widow, Susan Spencer, also leaves to her grandson, Sir Peter, '' my best chaine of Gold.'' Following are given extracts from the Burton account book mentioned above. These relate to a period subsequent to that of Peter Temple, but give an idea of the cost of keeping up a house and grounds in a fairly munificent style in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The prices of cattle, poultry, provisions, labour, etc., are startling when compared with those of the present day. Labour from about ls. to 6d. per day. A man with his team (and probably cart also) 4s. per day. A messenger with letters to Stowe (approximately fifty-six miles return) 9d. Wages of a shepherd £20 per year. One year's wages of a clerk 3s. 2d. ! Board for a servant or helper 4s. per week. One meal for same 4d. Oxen average £5 10s. each. A cow and calf £4 10s. Coach horses from £16 to £19 each (somewhat costly according to the

1 Sir Peter seems to have been fond of the Law. See Chapter V, page 57. HOUSEKEEPER'S BILLS, 16TH CENTURY 14'5 times). A pig 4s. 6d. No mention of sheep, but a joint of mutton 9d.; a '' piece '' of beef lld.; a turkey ls. 8d. Goose ls. 5d.; fowls 5d. to S½d. each; chicken 3d.; duck S!d. Milk Id. per quart; cream 4d. per quart. Bread ls. a dozen (probably rolls); butter 5d. per lb; candles (dips) 5½d. per lb. Rabbits 2d. each. Coal not mentioned (probably wood or turf was used). Keep of a horse 2s. 6d. per week.

E~traets from the Burton Aceount Book. 1661. £ I. d. April 17 Henry Pettifer for mending wall in the Diall (sundial) yard ...... 0 18 4 (A plot of land near tM Aowe still lJear, tAe name of Dial yara) 18 2 cupell of hennes 2/10. Appels 4d egges 2d, a pint of erea me 2d . . . . . 0 3 6 18 Mary Tustian for one chese . . . . 0 1 0 18 Thomas Gibes for 14 dayes with his teame for carriing stones to Oarchard wall, and wood and fures to the house ...... 2 14 8 Oct. 15 12 dusen of bread that was spent at three times my Mr. being at Burton . . . . 0 12 0 Ann W eson for one pound of buter 5d, for 18 quart.es of milke l / 6, for 3 quartes and a pint of creame l / 2 and for ½ a grene chese (Stilton) 4d . 0 3 5 15 3 pounde of candells . . . . • 0 1 5 15 2 pounde of shuger and 2 pounde resinges (raisins) 0 3 0 16 16 pounde of buter @ 5d. a pounde . . . 0 6 8 23 Paid Mr. :Mansell (the Vicar) for 12 strike of oates @ 2/- per strike . . . . . 1 4 0 Paid more to them for 2 chickens 9d. and for a gallon of appelles 4d. and for grease ld., for one weekes diet for Thomas Staples 4 /- . . . 0 5 2 24 Henry Hasley for 6 dayes cuting wood and biding fures 1 for the house and grinding malt 4/- for 200 of nailles 1 / 2 . . . . . 0 5 2 26 Henry Hasley for 5 meales for George the grume and Peter Fakour . . . . . 1 8 John Ostlere's diet (John, the ostler) from 4th to 22nd Oct...... 4 0 Nov. 4: William Worall for 29 quarries of new glase @ ld. a quarrie 2 / o, and for a new banding (lead wo,,.k) 5d. 2 10 A dusen of beesumes (brooms) . . . . 0 8 A rabidg (rabbit) ...... 2 1662. Oct. 11 Henry Pettyfer for 2 joyntes of muten . . 1 6 13 2 pound of soape and halfe a pound of shugar . 1 2

i Probably making faggot.. 146 THE TEMPLE MEMOms 1662. £ I. d. Oct. 14 John Base and his man one day mending the bruhouse chimney . . • . . 2 0 14 Edward Waring for 7 journeys to Stow @ 9d. a time 5 3 15 N ailles iio mend the bruhouse chimney . . . 1 0 16 3 dayes theching (thatching) the bruhouse . . 2 8 To muapes (tu,o 1n0p1) to sweape the house . . 0. 6 16 ;willia.m Whithead for six dayes and a half cleveing wood and making loders ( load) @ 1 / 2 a daye 7 / 7 and for his man for (4) dayes@ 1/- a daye 4/- . 11 7 1663. Feb. 3 8 pounds of chese . . . . 2 0 4 quartes of creame . . . . 1 4 2 q uartes of milke . . . . 2 George Grime for 5 hennea @ 10d. a piece . 4 2 A peck of apelles ...... 10 March 19 A shoulder and a brest of muten bought at Warrwike 3 4 A pecke of salte 9d. beesumes 6d. . . . 1 3 To (t1Do) meales for a messenger from Stow 8 Roger Hanson for a jorney to Stow . . 1 6 (The distance there and back about 56 mil~) 26 3 pound of resinges (raisins) and one pound of curanes (C'U,rrants) and to pounds of hoopes (hops) and to __ pound of soape • . . . . 4 11 27 William Norman for to peces of beefe . . 3 6 27 Jonathan Alleyhon for 2 jorneys to Stow with leters 3 0 (This means 112 miles for 3/-) 1664. Sep. 27 4 pound of grease for the coach when it went down into Shropshire and when it came back again . . 1 2 Oct. 25. Henry Hasley £or bread that he bought when my Mr. was at burten severall times and the men that brought the .Mill timber . . . . 8 6 (This means the windmill, the 'remains of wh-ich still stand on Beacon Hill, see illust,,-ation) Paid to him for a coupell of pulletes . . . 10 And for 4 dayes mounding the hay in the Oarchard and carrying in wood to woodhouse and carrying the dung hill from stable door . . . . 2 8 Nov. 21 William Whithead for 31 dayes falling timber and sawing and pailling the garden and boarding the stable at burten . . . . . 111 0 21 4 turkeys 8/-, 12 pullets 8/6, 24 chickens 6/-, a wild goose 6d...... I 3 0 (Here foll01JJ1 a strange agrument. There is nothing to show if it was e:ver can-ied O'Ut) 22 Paid to William Medes to 'keep Burten and N orthend house in repair for twenty years from March 1665 6 0 0 (This ent711 often recurs. The agreement wa, yrobably for an annual pa'Jlment) NECESSARIES, 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 147 1661. £ s. d. Nov. 30 One ell of linen cloth to make money bagges . . 0 1 4 John Basse 18 dayes mending the lodg and well and the ball wall at Burton House l /- a day . . 0 18 0 30 Paid his man 17 days same work . . . 17 0 His boy for 21 dayes @ 6d. a day . . . 10 6 Dec. 20 Paid to J efes boy for carriing a leter to Stowe • . 1 0 (Here folU)1J}s some la,,.ger pa,yme:nt,, some of £100 and 011er, t1JAieA prOtJe tM size of the Burton, E,tate omitted) 1662. lan. 13 A cow and ealfe that went to Stoa . . . 4 10 0 A hings (hinge) for the lodg dore . 1 6 Paid for a loocke for mill dare . . . . 1 6 Thomas Bass for shueing of Stowe teame and other work as apeares by a seacond bill . . . 5 10 Hay 12 :William Whithead for 13 dayes seting up the barne that the winde brake downe 15 / 2. His man for 8 dayes 6/3 . . . . 1 1 5 And for 6 dayes laying up the mill timber . 6 9 (The windmill) lo William Whithead and man for to dayes mending a chimney at Burton 3/10. Nailles 8d. . . 4 6 28 John Basse, 11 dayes mending the Washbruckes 11 6 (This was the b1'ook used f 01' sheep washing) 30 Thomas Gives-4 dayes with his teame carrying stones and mortar and timber to the wash bruckes . 16 0 (This shows that the1'e. we're mas011,1'1/ tanks or 1'eservoir, for dipping sheep) 30 Richard Grant 3 days serveing thecher (thatcAer) at Burton ...... 2 0 (This shows that Bu,,.ton House was th£n thatchea) June 14 William Bull-18 days stone carting and packing in route. (Repairs to the carriage drives) . . 12 0 14 Paid Gefes (Jeffs) for carrying to whelpes (2 puppies) to Stow . . . . . 1 0 (Ha'fdl11 earned money indeed!) 1662. June 24 Carier of Molenton for bringing of 22 leteree at 4d. a leter in the year past . . . . 0 7 4 llr. Mansell for one weeks diet for the h unces man (huntsman) when he was last at Burton . . 4 0 29 Clouting of the cart . . . . . 4 July 29 6 meales £or the foot boyes bringing leters to go to War: and Coventry . . . . 2 0 Aug. 28 Paid to J!lY Mr. at Burton . . . 5 0 0 Oct. 2 Paid to Mrs. Martha Temple . . . . 110 0 (This was the 4th daughter of Sir Thomas Temple, who 1narried Sir Thomas Pennistoun. Over the tomb of thei1' infant dau: in St01.ee Church is the touc'h,£ng inscription quoted in Part IV, p. 164.) }j8 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS

1662. £ I. d. Sept. 5 2 geese-2 turkeys, 2 ducks, 8 chickens • • 10 6 5 3 ounces of turpentine sent to Stow . . • 9 Oci. 8 Bay gellding bought at Harborowe (Jla,.'J:et Ha,.bo,,ougA) 19 10 0 One gray gellding • . • • . . 16 0 0 Given to the men that sold them which was conditioned b:y___bargen . . . . • . 4 0 30 John W eson halfe yeares sheapheardes waiges . . 10 0 0 Nov. 22 Mrs. Holbeck for rent charge ishuing forth of burten hilles . . . • . . . 90 0 0 ( Thu and otlter payments 8MJUJ that, the Bu,.ton, H ill6 11:ere rented to tenants, with other land, and houses. Mr. Holbeck ma11 have been the "lleeve," whose salarv in the Rent book is £90 per annum) Nov. 22 Duck et for a spring tree for the coach . . .

1663. Jan. 7 Thomas Chandler for 13 strike of lime @ 8d. a strike 8 8 Paid more to him for 7 dayes work mending the poarch and Woll house (wool house) at 1/2 a day . . 8 0 (.At regular intervals occurs tM folluwing payment-) Richard Bayles for 14 chimneys at l /- a chimney . 14 0 (This appears to have bum, the Chimney T~) Feb. 16 Paid to the Connstable a levee for one months tax at 2/8 the twenty pound for the rent charge of the h1lles . . . . . • · 1 4 0 (A curwus charge, difficult to uplain) March 9 John Basse 13 dayes and halfe mending the mound wall at Burten . . . . . 0 13 6 ( This u:as probably the South boundary wall lntilt on a bank icith a ditch-see plan) March 27 Paid Counsta.ble a levee for married soldeires at 9d. farthing a yard land for 39 yard land and a halfe ·110 5 27 Henry Hasley 10 dayes hedging to save the springes in Knightcote side and helping the plumer mend the water at burten . . . . 6 8 May 6 Thomas Bass 17 pound of new ironwork don in the gates of the nether grounds . . . . 5 8 June 19 Ed: Gibes 10 dayes rakeing up hay and spreading cow dung in Cumton (Fenny Compton) side . . 3 4 July 16 John Base for to dayes workes mending the church yard wall ...... 2 2 (TM East boundary wall) Oct. 21 Tenn oxen bought at Coventry @ £6 3 4 a beast . 61 16 8 28 3 oxen bought at Warwick @ £5 12 8 a beast . . 16 18 0 Nov. 6 22 oxen @ .£5 8 a beast . . . . . 110 14 8 2 William Whithead scouering the pistilles . 1 0 Paid to the muster Mr. 1/4. Powder 7d. . . 1 11 ( This was tAe N. C. offe,eer in eharge of J7 olunteer tf'Cl01)1) MORE HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES 14,9 1663. £ s. d. Dec. 8 Paid Robert Ladhruke a levie mad for a roberry charged upon the hundred @ 1/2 the yard land for 39 yard land and a halfe • • 2 5 3 (Hence the neeesnt11 f

1 Also called " hunts '' in Warwickshire. ' The house must have been smaller then-possibly through fire. 150 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS

1664. £ I. d. Sep. 29 2000 tilles £116--4 dusen of guter tilles 4/- 18 bunches of laithes 18 /- 7000 laith nailles 10 / 6 3 strike of haire 2 /3 (hai'I' f 0'1' the m01'ta1') • • • 3 11 1 Thomas Gibes for three dayes jorneys to Warwick with his teame for tilles and laithes .£1 4 and for three dayes workes with his teame for mortar, sand and lime 12 /...... 116 C> William .M.edes 32 dayes tiering the house at Burton, @ l /4 a day . . · . . . . 2 2 8 (So tM hotue tDO,$ tiled f 0'1' £7· 9 9-a cheap job!) Paid also for 1486 foote of tilling the wool house at Burton @ 3 / 4 a hundred . . . . 2 9 4 Oct. 15 William LeabOrne for strawe to thech the old barne at Great Dassett . . . . . 7 4 19 Paid to the want catcher (rat-catcAer) for killing 24 at three halfe penes a want . . . . 3 0 Sep. 29 Thomas Yardley a levie of 2 / 8 a yard land and a halfe for the militia .£5 5 4. Also for the farme (NO'l'thend) B/ 2 . • . . . 5 13 S (These ever 1"ll'Umng' '' Letnes '' mwt Aa-ve been i'l'ksome to landholde,.,) Oci. 19 Jlrs. Martha Temple .£11 10 0 and again Dec. 17th £5 0 0. (8~ note abo'Oe) (.A long lilt of payments f oll01JJ f O'I' the f anne at N o-rthend. It 'U)as eoidentl11 rvn as a M'fM f a'l'm)

At Christmas there were purchases of turkeys 3 / 4 a coopell, geise at 1/5 apiece, pidgs (pigs) @ 4/6 a pidg, a henne and chickens 1/6, 7 dookes 5/-. (No lack of good cheer at Burton or Stowe during the festive season!) There is a quaint ill-spelt bill from a '' farryer '' for Sir Richard Temple of Stowe (the third Baronet) dated June 12th, 1663. Drenches for different " nags " 1/6 each. Dressings and small operations 1/6 each. Cure of a coach hors that had a greate leg 15/-. Two purges and a pot of electuary 8/-. A fortnight's keeping of a grey nag 5/-, etc. (The farrier was also the veterinary surgeon, and his charges were fairly stiff for that time.)

There is an indescribable fascination about Burton Dassett and its owners, now long since passed away. The place itself, its past history, its present lonesomeness seem to make it the home of the spirits of the ancient possessors who loved it, rather than for modern habitation. CHARM OF BURTON HILLS 151 The old houses, even to their ruins, the ancient market-place and roads leading to it, all are gone. But the grand old church, its tombs within, and God's Acre without, still remain, as if to teach us that One Thing can never pass away. May the family of whom this book is written still hope that the great name they acquired in the past, will likewise survive through the ages ! CHAPTER XVII

SHEEN, TEMPLE GROVE AND MOOB, PARK

THE term " Sheen " seems to have been hitherto always used to designate Sir William 'l'emple's (the statesman's) first English residence. In his writings he often mentions his '' little corner of Sheen.'' When he refused King Charles's offer to make him Secretary of State, the King replied :· '' Get ye gone to Sheen, we shall get no good of you till you have been there.'' Evelyn, the diarist, visited him at Sheen more than once, so did King William III. The Duchess of Somerset was another visitor there. Swift lived there with the family. None of the many writers about the Temples have alluded to the fact that the ancient name of Richmond-on-Thames was " Shene " or '' Sheene, '' a Saxon word meaning '' shining '' or '' beautiful.'' Miss Strickland notices a tradition that Edward the Confessor first called .it by that name. The later name was bestowed upon it by Henry VII, to commemorate his own title of Earl of Rychemonde in Yorkshire, when he rebuilt the magnificent Royal Palace of Richmond-on-Thames in 1501. The poet, Thomson, who lived and died at Richmond, wrote the following eulogy of Sheen in his '' Seasons '' : Say: shall we ascend Thy hill, delightful Sheen? Here let us sweep The boundless landscape; now the raptured eye Exulting, swift to huge Augusta send; Now ro the sister hills that skirt her plain ; To lofty Harrow now; and now to where Majestic Windsor lifts its princely brow. Mr. Beresford Chancellor, in his history of Richmond (Hiscoke, 1894), has now, after careful investigation, located the site of Sir William's house. It stood on what is now Richmond Green, near the 152 THE ABBEY OF SHEENE 158 site of the Observatory (built by George III). Here, formerly, stood the ancient Priory, an enormous pile of buildings, in fact, according to Aubrey, one of the most splendid establishments of the age. It was founded for forty Carthusian monks by Henry V in 1414. A notice in Domesday mentions '' the hous of the Monks called Sheene uppon the other side of the Ryvr opposite to Syon.'' So there must have been a religious house there in Saxon times. The Priory surrendered to, or was suppressed by Henry VIII, and 1''8S granted by him to various persons; restored for a short period by Queen Mary, and again suppressed by Elizabeth, who granted it to Sir Edward Gorges. After countless further vicissitudes it was sold as Crown land in 1650. On the Restoration, 1660, the lease of a part of the site, then known as Crowne Courte, with the houses that had been erected thereon, was sold by Lord Leycester to Lord Bellasys, and a wall built to divide the two properties. From Lord Leycester Sir William Temple purchased in 1670 and 1675 two houses, and expended six thousand pounds in purchase and improvements. In 1683 he purchased a third house and two tenements on each side of the gates of the Courte. The Courte was an enclosure surrounded on three sides by high walls, which were probably survivals of the old Priory buildings, the fourth side being open to the Thames. Here Sir William laid out his beloved gardens, for which vines, oranges and choice fruit trees were imported from Holland. Evelyn (August 27th, 1678) writes :

'' I dined at Mr. Hen: Brounker's at ye Abbey of Sheene, formerly a monastery of Carthusians, there yet remaining one of their solitary cells with a crosse. Within this ample enclosure are several pretty villas and fine gardens of the most excellent fruits, especially Sir William Temple's and the Lord Lisle. " 1

Lord Brounker, who was a rival to Pepys, described by him as a

1 Lord Lisle is called Lord Leycester by Sir William. The two were identical, see Burton's " Leicestershire," p. 157. Robert Sidney, Viscount Lisle and Baron Sidney of Penshurst, son of Sir Henry Sidney, K.G., and Mary, sister of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was created Earl of Leicester by King James and is living 1652. 154 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS " dangerous fell ow," a " pestilent rogue," an " atheist," etc., had purchased from Lord Bellasys the houses on the other side of the dividing wall mentioned above. There is in existence (quoted in '' Lady Giffard's Correspondence '' by Miss Julia Longe) a " Petition to ye Court" in Sir William's hand­ writing describing his purchase of the houses (which has been mentioned above) and adding that '' two houses which remained to Lord Leycester after the sale to Sir William were purchased by Robert Rossington1 by agreement with Sir Wm: That Lord Brounker, owing to a quarrel with Sir Wm. combined with Rossington to do him what prejudice they could. They broke down part of the ancient wall of the Crowne Courte, sett up great gates, and opened a way out of his grounds where no way had ever· been.'' The dispute was taken into Court, but the result is not on record. Brounker was the richer man, covetous and unscrupulous, and venality was not unknown in the Courts of Justice of those years. But he died in 1687 and was buried in Richmond Church, where a monument to his memory still exists. His Crowne Court property was bequeathed to a stranger, about whom Evelyn (March 24th, 1688) writes:

'' I went with Sir Charles Littleton to Sheene, an house and estate given him by Lord Brounker: one who was ever noted for a hard, covetous, vicious man, but for his worldly craft and skill in gaming few exceeded him. Coming to die, he bequeath'd all his land, house~ furniture, etc., to Sir Charles, to whom be had no manner of relation, but an ancient friendship contracted at the famous , forty years before. '' It is a pretty place with fine gardens, and well planted, and given to one worthy of them, Sir Charles being an honest gentleman and souldier. " He is brother to Sir Henry Littleton of Worcestershire, whose greate estate he is likely to inherit, his brother being without children. Tliey are descendants of the great lawyer of that name, and give the same arms and motto. He is married to one Mrs. Temple,~ who was formerly maide of honour to the late Queene, a beautiful lady, and he

1 Robert Rossington is mentioned in '' ChancelJor's History," p. 96, as a. very able surveyor and architect at Richmond in 1624. ' This was Cliristian Temple, younger sister of Viscount Cobham of Stowe. Her descendant inherited the Cobham titles. TEMPLE GROVE 155 ha! many fine children, so that none envy his good fortune. After dinner we went to see Sir William Temple's neere to it; the most remarkable things are his orangerie and gardens, where the wall fruit trees are most exquisitely nail'd and train'd, far better than I ever noted elsewhere. " There are many good pictures, especially of Vandyke's, in both these houses, and some few statues and small busts in the latter.''

But Sir William, in the year following this visit (1689), after the tragic death of his only son, quitted Crowne Court for ever, and secluded himself at Moor Park. His houses were probably sold, but of this there is no record. So ended his connection with Sheen. Many writers, notably Walford in '' Greater London,'' have made out that the Sheen of Sir William was Temple Grove, a Mansion and estates situated in East Sheen, a hamlet of Mortlake. But this is incorrect. The Temple Grove property was acquired by Sir John Temple, Speaker of the Irish House, and son of Sir William's brother. He died there and was buried in Mortlake Church. Under settlements, Temple Grove passed to his son, Henry, who was, after his father's death, created Viscount Palmerston, and resided there. His grandson, Henry, the second Viscount, made Temple Grove his favourite resort, and there he and his second wife, who was a Miss Mee, entertained largely, and had many fashionable and distinguished visitors. They had another residence, Broadlands, near Romsey, Rants (where both were buried in 1802), and a house in Hanover Square, where their assemblies were famous. Temple Grove seems to have been inherited by their son, Henry John, third and last Viscount, and some time Prime Minister, but was probably sold by him, as he never lived there. It became the property of a Dr. Pinckney, who opened it as a fashionable preparatory school for Eton, which was continued by Mr. 0. Waterfield and successors, and lasted for nearly a hundred years, till early in the twentieth century it was advertised for sale as building land. The house was described in Dr. Burney's "Memoirs " as a '' prodigious, great, magnificent, old-fashioned mansion with pleasure grounds of 70 acres, pieces of water, artificial mounds, etc." 156 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS The school was alluded to by Disraeli in the first chapter of 1 ' ' Coningsby. , This was the end of Temple Grove. Sir William Temple was never connected with it except as a possible visitor to his nephew, lying as it did not far from his own house at Sheen.

MooR PARK In 1685 Sir William Temple purchased this estate from the Clarke family,. as an alternative or country residence to his house at Richmond. It comprised about sixty acres, and was situated in the wildest and most secluded part of Surrey, in the parish of Farnham, three miles from Aldershot, which was then an almost untrodden moor. Two miles to the South was the '' Hog's Back '' line of hills, and seven miles North lay the " Long Valley " and " Laffans Plain," names which are now household words in the British Army. In the park are curious natural caves, on the incline of Crooksbury Hill. The house was known as '' Compton Hall '' or the old '' Moorhous,,' but Sir William renamed it'' Moor Park'' after the Duchess of Bedford's Place near Rickmansworth, of which he had many happy memor~es. ·The price paid was two thousand pounds, as appears from a memorandum in his own handwriting, and he expended much more on the Louse, garden and grounds. The house was the red brick Elizabethan Mansion of the average country squire of those days. It has not been found possible to obtain a contemporary illustration of it, and the present Moor Park is a large pretentious building, almost wholly modern. The newer part was added late in the eighteenth century by Basil and John Bacon, the sons of Sir William's granddaughter, Dorothy, who inherited it. Later on subse­ quent owners have· further enlarged it, and it has passed through many vicissitudes, having been even a hydropathic sanatorium. In 1912 the estate was again sold by auction, and is now a private residence. The old part still remains but is mostly utilized for offices and servants' quarters. Sir William refashioned the garden on Dutch lines that he might think himself once more in his beloved Holland. The River Wey (there SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE'S RETREAT 157 a mere brook) meanders through the garden, and on an island formed by it, and on other sites he planted many rare conifers, the soil being light and peaty, in which such trees flourish luxuriantly. Some of these are believed to be still growing there. He also constructed an artificial canal which waters the lower garden. Under the South wall of the kitchen garden was the bowling green where tradition says King William played at bowls with his host. Against the Western wall still stands a green-house that was orice the famous orangery, containing a little tank guarded by two stone dogs, '' Talbots, '' the Temple crest. (In the house at Sheen the brass door handles were talbots' heads.) As at Sheen Sir William specialized in fruits of all kinds, including grapes, four new kinds of which he introduced into England. Medicinal herbs he also grew largely, and wrote much about their value in many diseases. In his " Garden Essay " the place is graphically described. A Swiss gentleman, M. Baral, during travels in England, visited Sir William here, and later on described Moor Park in his book as follows:

'' It was in his house that I saw the model of an agreeable retreat : far enough from the town to relieve it from visits, the air wholesome, the land good, the view confined, but pretty, a small rivulet which runs near the house makes the only noise that is heard there. The h_ouse is small, but convenient, and neatly furnished, the garden proportioned to the house, and cultivated by the master himself, who is without business, without projects, and a few reasonable people to keep him company­ one of the greatest pleasures of the country to him who is fortunate enough to possess it. I saw the effect of all this, I saw Sir William Temple healthy and gay, who although gouty and of an advanced age, tired me with walking, and but for the rain would, I suspect, have obliged me to ask for quarter. . . . '' The rooms contained a variety of curiosities and treasures, china and books collected by Sir William during his long and active career. Also pictures and portraits by Vandyke, Titian, Lely, Van der Moulem, Holbein, Jansens, Momperts, Le Brun, Netscher and others. Netscher painted Sir William and his wife, their son, Jack, Sir John (senior) and Lady Giffard and Diana (all on the same canvas). Most of these were inherited by the Bacons and have been dispersed. 158 THE TEMPLE MEMoms In a cottage outside the park gates lived Sir William's steward, Johnson (a distant relative of Lady Temple) and his wife with her daughter, the '' Stella '' of Swift, Johnson being her reputed father. 1 The house is still standing and has always been styled '' Stella's Cottage.'' After the settling at Moor Park the Temples remained there for about a year, till the Revolution of 1688 brought William of Orange and his wife, Mary, to England as King and Queen. The place then became unsafe, as it lay in the way of the contending armies of that year, a.nd they came once more for a time to Sheen, to return finally to Moor Park in 1689, after the tragic death of their son, Jack. There Lady Temple died, and her husband followed her in 1699. 2

1 See Part I, page 43. s These particulars are taken chiefly from " Lady Giffard's Correspondence," by Miss Julia Longe; from Macaulay's Essay on Sir William Temple, newspaper notices, and records in the British Museum. .\DSCO~IBE, on ,\l)f)JSCO~IUE, TIIE SE.\T OF sm l'l 'IWECJ.. TE~ll 1 I.E.

CHAPTER xvm

ADSCOMB OR ADDISCOMBB

THIS estate, formerly known as Adgecombe, 1 Edgcomb, 2 or Adscomb, ~ and later Addiscombe, is situated about a mile East of Croydon on the Shirley Road. In the reign of Henry VIII it belonged to the Heron family. William, a distinguished J.P. for Surrey, died in 1562, &nd his brother and heir, Sir Nicholas, in 1568, and were interred in the Heron chapel in the parish church of Croydon. It afterwards passed to Sir John Tunstall, whose son, Henry, lived in the Mansion, and in 1647 was appointed on a committee of inquiry concerning the conduct of the clergy in Surrey. From him (probably) the estate was purchased by Sir Purbeck Temple, who, after a somewhat strenuous career in the Parliamentary Armies, changed his politics at, or before, the Restoration,' married a great heiress, Sarah Draper, and settled down at Adscombe, obtaining honours and employment under Charles II. He died childless in 1695, and in his will left his Adscomb estate and all other property to his wife absolutely. She died in 1700, and left Adscombe to her nephew, William Draper, who had married the daughter of John Evelyn, the diarist. (See his account of Adscomb, Part I, page 57 .) . Draper pulled down the old house in 1702-3, and rebuilt it as it appeared in subsequent years, the architect being probably Sir John Vanbrugh. It had a basement and cellarage and three main stories of red brick faced with Portland stone, with ornamental pillars, pilasters and copings. The entrance was on the East side, by a flight of steps above the basement leading into the great hall. Over the central

1 In Sir Purbeck Temp].e's will. 2 In the will of his widow, Sarah Draper. 3 Dial"!' of John Evelyn. ' See Part I, page 56. 159 160 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS windows on the third story was a stone tablet bearing in Roman characters the legend: "Non faciam vitio culpave minorem," which may be translated-'' I will not degrade myself by vice or fault.'' This was not the Drapers' Heraldic motto, but probably a fancy device. The entrance hall contained the grand staircase which led to the saloon on the first floor : walls and ceilings of both were decorated with mythological paintings by Sir James Thornhill. On the staircase ceiling the subject was the marriage of Peleus and Thetis in presence of the gods and goddesses assembled in Olympus, when the goddess of Discord threw the apple to be given to the fairest. Mercury was pictured descending from the ceiling with this apple, and on the side wall he presents it to Paris, who awards it to Venus. The last two subjects in chiaroscuro. The circular compartment of the saloon ceiling represented the Feast of Bacchus, and over the five doors leading from that room were allegorical pictures in chiaroscuro, also taken from the Greek and Roman mythology. Other wall paintings by inferior artists were added in later years. On the West, or garden side, of the house was a ]of ty portico or loggia on pillars supporting its roof which was on the level of the third story. The grounds on this side were beautifully laid out with extensive woods and plantations (known later as the Wilderness), and on the· East, or park side, were many ancient trees. The grounds extended to about sixty acres. The Drapers and their successors seem to have retained the free­ hold, but rented the estate to Lord-Chancellor Talbot, who died there in 1736, after him to Lord Grantham, and subsequently · to Charles Jenkinson, the first Earl of Liverpool, who obtained a lease for life and was living there in 1784. Here he entertained profusely his friends Pitt (the younger), Dundas, the Edens, Vansittarts, Wilberforces, Percivals and Addington. Amusing sequels to these festive meetings are described by Sir N. Wraxall in "Memoirs of my own Times." On one occasion, after a late carouse, Pitt, with Lord Thurlow and Dundas were returning to Wimbledon on horseback by night, and galloped through the toll-gate between Tooting and Streatham without stopping to pay the toll. The irritated pikekeeper, mistaking them for highwaymen, fired his PITT'S ADVENTURES AT ADSCOMBE 161 blunderbuss after them. Again, after another carouse, Pitt, returning to London on horseback, lost his way, and passing noisily near a farm was again mistaken for a highwayman and fired at by the farmer. This incident is alluded to in the '' Rolliad '' as follows :

Ah! think what danger on debauch attends! Let Pitt, once drunk, preach temperance to his friends: How as he wandered 'darkly o'er the plain, His reason drown'd in Jenkinson's champa.gne, A rustic hand, but righteous fate withstood Had shed a Premier's, for a robber's blood. After Lord Liverpool's death the property reverted to the freeholders, the Clarkes, who had inherited it from an heir of the Drapers. Charles, the last of that house, left it to his sister, Anne Millicent, the wife of Emilius Henry Delme, who assumed the name of Radcliffe. He was Master of the Stud to George IV. In 1809 he sold Adscomb to the East India Company for their liilitary Seminary, the price paid being £16,605. They retained the old Mansion intact, but whitewashed the exterior, and erected many hideous but necessary buildings in the grounds to accommodate the Cadets and carry on their training. For the next fifty years Addiscombe became an unrivalled nursery of military Captains and famous leaders of men, till, in 1858 the Government of India was taken over by the Home Government from the grand old company, and the Royal and Indian Military Services were amalgamated in 1861. In that year the buildings and grounds were sold by auction and purchased by the British Land Company for £33,600. They pulled down the old Mansion and all the subsidiary buildings and covered the whole estate with villa residences. This was the end of Addiscombe and its great traditions. 1

1 Information taken from '' Addiscombe and its Heroes/' J!y Colonel Vibart (1894); from Blailwood' s Magazine, May, 1893 ; " Greater London " Dy Walford, and '' Records of the India Office." CHAP.TER XIX

DRSCBIPTION OP STOWE, ITS GAB.DJINS AND PARK:

THE name is derived from a Saxon word meaning '' An Eminence.'' The entry in Domesday (1086) regarding it runs as follows :

'' Terra Episcopi Bajocensis in Stodford Hundred Robert Oilgi or D'Oyley and Roger Ivery hold Stow of the Bishop of Baieux. It is rated at five Hides. 1 The arable is four Carucates :2 one is in Demesne, and two more may be made out. There are three Cottagers holding half a Carucate, and one half more may be made. There is meadow sufficient for six carucates: Mast for one hundred Hogs. It is worth 40 shillings and was valued at 60 shillings in King Edward's time. Turgisus, tenant to Baldwin, held this Manor, and could sell it." In 1088 (Dugdale's " Monasticon," Vol.. II, p. 138) Odo, Bishop of Baieux, was dispossessed of his lands, the Manor of Stowe being granted to Robert D'Oyley, and that of Dodford to Roger de Ivery. D'Oyley founded a Collegiate Church to St. George within his castle at Oxford and endowed it with lands there and at Stowe. In the twenty-ninth year of Henry I (1129) that foundation was transferred to the Abbot and Canons of the great Abbey of Oseney, 3 in Oxford, and Robert D'Oyley confirmed to them his lands at Stowe, Moreton, etc. Richard de Govdino of Dodford4, also gave them lands in that village, and in Stowe. In the fifty-second year of the reign of Henry III (1268) there was a fine between Richard de Apeltre, Abbot of Oseney, and Andrew Moriz, who granted to the convent his capital, Mansion, lands, Court, garden

1 A " Hide " or Hyde was about a hundred and twenty acres. 2 A " Oarucate '' or plough about forty acres. 3 The great Abbey of Oseney, one of the most magnificent of the religious houses of the Middle ·Ages, was at the Dissolution so completely levelled with the earth that not a trace of it now remains above ground. The Great Western Railway buildings now occupy the site over its buried foundations. The only relic of its former glories that now remains is " Great Tom," the huge bell _that used to swing in its majestic steeple, and is now hung in Wren's beautiful tower which dominates the entrance to "Tom Quad" in Cardin-al Wolsey's College of Christ Church, and rings out a hundred and one strokes every evening at closing time. 'He was probably descendant or represeni;a.tive of Roger de Ivery. 162 HISTORY OF STOWE 168 and wood, with lands in Langport and Stowe, in return for which the .~bbot received him into the monastery for life, allowing him yearly two marks of silver, a convenient apartment, a servant, a groom, two loaves, two flagons of best ale, one of the second sort,. and one of the last degree. From their kitchen the mess of two Canons; and also provide for his servant and groom what is necessary from the Abbot's Hall. In addition, yearly six loads of wood, six quarters of coal, two loads of straw, four loads of hay, besides soap and cheeses. The estate was held by the Abbey till the Dissolution when Oxford became a Bishopric, with Stowe as a part of the endowment. Queen Elizabeth alienated it and granted it by Letters Patent of January 27th, 1590, to Thomas Crompton, Robert Wright and Gelly Marick, who shortly afterwards sold the freehold to J6hn Temple, who had inherited a lease of it from his father, Peter. It would seem that there was already a Mansion there when Peter obtained this lease, so his house was probably an extension, or reconstruction of the former one. In the parish itself there was no trace of Roman occupation. But at Foxcott, near the Stony Stratford Road, there had been an extensive Roman villa, including baths supplied with water laid on through large leaden pipes, a walled tank with oak piled foot-bridge across it, and a tessellated pavement which was laid bare in 1837-38, but destroyed during attempts at removal. Two years later a smaller pavement was found which was removed and laid down in the Queen's Temple, Stowe grounds .. Some of the tiled flues used for heating the rooms, fragments of pottery, stone pillars and a roofing tile were also unearthed and preserved in the Stowe Museum. In the immediate neighbourhood of Stowe were found (in the nineteenth century) traces of Luffield Priory and Biddlesden Abbey. '' His real estate at Luffield '' is mentioned by William Temple in his will of 1706 ; and Sir Joh~ Temple, second son of first Baronet, in his will of 1632, is described as " of Biddlesden, Bucks." The tliird Duke of Buckingham and Chandos in Iiis archreological lecture of 1885, mentions that a considerable fragment of the crumbling wall of Luffield Priory existed within his own memory, but had almost entirely disappeared. The remains as they stood in the nineteenth century were shown in a sketcli in Lord Grenville's illustrated copy of 164, THE TEMPLE MEMOms '' Lyson' s History,'' as also was the then existing Crypt of Biddlesden., now lost. In " Temple Prime's'' Appendix, page 82, Biddlesden, seven miles from Buckingham, is stated to have had, in 1841, a population of a hundred and sixty-nine souls. Robert, Earl of Leicester, conferred the Manor on the Cistercian Monks of Gerondon, who in 1147 founded the Abbey. Eventually it passed to the Crown, and was granted to Thomas Wriothesley in 1540. The village of Stowe formerly extended North and South of the church, which, :with its surrounding churchyard (now disused), still exists. But the village was entirely removed by Lord Cobham during the laying-out of his gardens, and the hamlet of Dodford correspondingly increased. The church, though ancient, has little antiquarian interest. In the chancel is an ancient brass surmounted by the figure of a small boy in gown and ruff with the following inscription : Here lyeth buryed the Bodie of John Temple the seconde Sonne of Thomas Temple Esquier and of Hester his wife. The daye of his berth was the XXXl daye of October Anno Dini 1592 & he died the first daye of Januarij in the same year A Dini 1592. 1 Also near the chancel door is the tomb of William Temple of Lillingston Dayrell, with the following inscription : . Willi: Temple2 Armiger obiit viceSsimo die Augusti Anno llilleSsimo SeptingenteSsimo Sexto Anno oetatis ejus Sexaginto. Also on the floor of the Temple pew is a stone slab, black margin with shields, figure of a child, and this inscription: Hie jacet sepulta Hester Peniston filire primogenitre Thomre Peniston Baronetti et Marthre uxoris ejus 4th fi.lire Thomre Temple militis et Baronetti quo nata fuit 9th diee IVNI an° Doi 1612 circa 18th August sequentis. Primitias Deo consecramus In parvu cujus filire memoriam moestissima mater hoe parvulum monumentum possvisse Institvit. Sir Richard Temple, third Baronet, built a family vault under the aisle on the North side of the church, in which be and many others of the family lie buried. 1 This wou]d be really 1593 as the year then began and ended in March. 2 He was the ancestor of the Temples of The Nash. STOWE PARK 165 The park and pleasure grounds surrounding the Mansion do not appear to have received much attention from the earlier Baronets. Sir Peter (the second Baronet) added two hundred acres to the former, and Sir Richard (the third) enlarged the gardens. But the gardens which afterwards became so famous were wholly the work of the fourth (Lord Cobham), who was the first to make manifest what the landscape gardener could effect in the English climate when supported by art, opulence and perseverance. The laying-out was mainly arranged by Lancelot Brown, 1 known in after years as " Capability Brown," as he was always dilating on the capabilities of the places in his charge. He managed the Stowe gardens for twelve or fourteen years, and after him they were completed by one Woodward. Some authorities, however, give Bridgman as the designer. 1 It was between the years 1720-40 that Lord Cobham had the works carried out. Many changes, mostly minor ones, were effected by his successors, as the trees and shrubs grew up, but up to the present time the principal walks and vistas remain as originally designed. The buildings and monuments in the gardens and park as they stood at Lord Cobham's death in 1749 were:

(1) Two Pavilions at the entrance. (2) The Obelisk. (3) The Cold Bath. (4) The Hermitage. (5) Artificial Rockwork. (6) Venus's Temple. (7) Egyptian Pyramid. (8) The Belvidere. (9) Two '' Boycott '' Pavilions at tlie entrance to park. (IO) St. Augustine's Cave. (11) Temple of Bacchus. (12) Coucher's Obelisk. (13) Nelson's Seat. (14) Dido's Cave. 1 '11iis is taken from the third Duke's lecture of 1885. Bridgman's name is given in the article in 001l~try Life 1914, which prints a facsimile copy of his original plan. Both experts probably had a share in the work. Brown's fa.me as a landscape gardener was gained after Lord Cobham's death. · 166 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS (15) The Rotunda. (16) Obelisk to King George II. (17) Queen Catherine's Pillar. (18) The Sleeping Parlour. (19) The Witch House. (20) Temple of Modern Virtue. (21) Temple of Ancient Virtue. (22) The Shell Bridge. (23) Temple of British Worthies. (24) Chinese House. (25) Temple of Contemplation. (26) The Grotto. (27) The Gothic Temple. (28) The Palladian Bridge. (29) Temple of Friendship. ( 30) Imperial Closet. (31) Pebble Alcove. (32) Congreve's Monument. (33) Obelisk to Lord Cobham. (34) Grecian Temple. (35) Captain Grenville's O1.ielisk. '(36) The Lady's (afterwards Que~n's) Temple. ( 3 7) Keeper's Lodge.

Excellent engravings of all these, with descriptive notices, appear in '' Seeley's Handbook '' of 17 50, too long to insert here. It is difficult to form even an approximate estimate of the enormous sums that were laid out on these magnificent buildings (many of them built with cut stone) with their elaborate carved ornamentation, meant seemingly to endure through the ages. They were designed chiefly by the greatest masters of architecture then living, merely as ornaments to the park, were never inhabited (with some exceptions) and in fact were uninhabitable. But fashion and usage of the time prescribed such ornaments, and no great plaisance was considered complete without them. Similar structures (on a smaller scale) were still io be seen at Wilton, Lord Pembroke's estate near Salisbury; in Prior Park, Bath; THE BUILDINGS, STOWE PARK 167 at Hagley in Worcestershire (Lord Lyttelton's); in Lord Coventry's park at Croome, and many other eighteenth century estates. But no other family had either the funds, the taste or the inclination to construct them on such a magnificent scale. Some of them have been removed in later years, others have succumbed to neglect and the weather. But most of them are still in excellent condition.

No. 1 The two Pavilions were designed by Kent and altered by Signor Borra, architect to the King of Sardinia. Nos. 2 and 3 Obelisk and Cold Bath: Unimportant, no description available. No. 4 The Hermitage: Designed by Kent, carried out in rough unhewn stone. No. 5 Artificial Rockwork : Probably disappeared. No. 6 Temple of Venus: Designed and executed by Kent. A square building connected by circular Arcades with a Pavilion at each end. The centre building has a large circular recess at the entrance decorated with Ionic columns, over the entrance the inscription VENERI HoRTENSI, and other inscriptions inside. In the centre room stands a marble statue of Venus brought from Rome (in a later year) by the Marquis of Chandos. This room was once adorned with paintings of much merit, out of immodest tendency, all of which have now faded away, leaving little cause for regret. No. 7 Pyramid sixty feet high, was situated amongst ancient oaks with a Latin inscription on the outside, stating that Lord Cobham erected it to the memory of Sir John Vanbrugb, who designed many of the buildings in these gardens. Inside was a quotation from Horace. This edifice is not mentioned in lists after 1773, and seems to have disappeared. No. 8 The Belvidere: A square building with pyramidal roof and buttresses at the corners. It covered an icehouse, but seems to have disappeared in later years. No. 9 Two " Boycott " Pavilions with pyramidal roofs, designed by Vanbrugh, altered by Borra. One of them has been converted into a dwelling-house and was for some time occupied 168 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS by the late Duke's eldest daughter; the other is on the edge of the gardens. Between them is a palisade and gate forming the entrance to the Mansion from Buckingham. No. 10 St. Augustine's Cave: Originally constructed as a cell with walls of moss and roots of trees, it contained several inscriptions in "dog" Latin of such an indecent nature, that the worthy author of the handbook, describing them, did not venture on a translation, though he appended one to each of the other Latin inscriptions on the various buildings. The hut has now completely disappeared, leaving no regrets behind! No. 11 Temple of Bacchus: A square stuccoed building, designed by Vanbrugh, stands on high ground commanding a view over the lake and gardens beyond. The inside was adorned with paintings by Nollekens, representing the revels of Bacchus, and were of much merit, but questionable taste; all of them have now faded away. No. 12 An obelisk named "Couchers." No description available. No. 13 Nelson's Seat: Built by Sir J. Vanbrugh. A small square building flanked by square pillars surmounted with urns, four Ionic pillars supporting the entrance. It contained three classical paintings of the glories of Rome, with Latin inscrip­ tions, and on the front a dedication to the memory of the builder by Lord Cobham. How the name of Nelson arose is not clear, it could have had no connection with the great Admiral. It does not appear in later lists and seems to have disappeared. No. 14 Dido's Cave: Built of ·hewn stone, with ornaments and an urn. Circular entrance and the quotation from Virgil : '' Speluncam Dido, dux et Trojanus eandem-Deveniunt." Not in later lists. No. 15 The Rotunda: Designed by Sir J. Vanorugh, altered by Borra; on an eminence in the centre of the gardens. A globular roof and decorated cornice, raised on eight Ionic pillars from a platform. In the centre was a gilt statue of the Venus de Medici. From it lovely views all round are available. Nos. 16 and 17 A lofty pillar surmounted with a statue of George II BUILDINGS DESCRIBED 169 in Royal robes with orb, sceptre and crown; and a pyramidal pedestal supported by four Ionic pillars on a base with steps, surmounted by a statue of Queen Caroline in Royal robes with sceptre. No. 18 Sleeping Parlour: A square building with ornamental portico, flat roof, and urns at each corner. Deep buried in a wood, with solemn gloom all round. Now disappeared. No. 19 Witch House: A hut with penthouse roof and sloping walls, painted inside in fresco with dances of witches and hags, the work of an ingenious butler of Stowe. Now disappeared. No. 20 Temple of Modern Virtue: Built as a sham ruin intended apparently as a grim satire. Disappeared. No. 21 Temple of Ancient Virtue: A Rotunda of the , globular roof and cornice supported by pillars on a base with steps. On the outside, over each of four doors, is the motto: " Priscre Virtuti," and in four niches within are statues of Lycurgus, Socrates, Homer and Epaminondas, by Scheemakers, with a Latin inscription under each. Now embedded in trees, but from one door appears Queen Caroline's statue, and beyond it a vista in the park, three miles long, terminating in a castellated farm-house, known as Stowe Castle. From another, the Temple of British Worthies, the Palladian Bridge and Captain Grenville's Obelisk appear. No. 22 The Shell Bridge: Large centre arch through which a cascade falls, and two smaller arches on eacli side. Built by Kent over the Serpentine River. Was adorned with shells embedded in the walls, but these have all fallen away and the bridge is ruinous. No. 23 Temple of British Worthies: Built by Kent. A semi­ circular decorated wall on the banks of the stream. In the centre a pyramidal building with a bust of Mercury in a niche, and the inscription '' Campos ducit ad Elysios.'' On each side are seven niches with busts of King Alfred, Edward the Black Prince, Queen Elizabeth, Shakespeare, Locke, Newton, Bacon, Hampden, King William ill and others, including a bust of Pope, with the following inscription: '' ALEXANDER 170 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS PoPE, who uniting the correctness of judgment to the fire of genius, by the melody of his numbers, gave sweetness to sense and grace to philosophy. He employed the pointed brilliancy of wit to chastise the vices, and the eloquence of poetry to exalt the virtues of human nature ; and being without a rival in his own age, imitated and translated with a spirit equal to the originals, the best Poets of Antiquity.'' All these are perfectly reflected in the calm water below. Across the stream is the Temple of Ancient Virtue. No. 24 Chinese House: A trumpery wooden structure, now disappeared. No. 25 Temple of Contemplation: A plain square building with steps leading to three arched entrances, in a thick grove on the banks of the stream. Now disappeared. No. 26 The Grotto: A plain building of rough stone, embedded in great trees which almost hide it. Flat roof, with three pyramidal ornaments. The inside is adorned with shells, spars, petrifactions and stalactites. A circular recess encloses two marble cisterns, the upper one containing a statue of Venus rising from her bath, from which the water falls into the lower one, and passes under the floor to the entrance, then falling into the stream. A tablet of white marble contains Milton's invocation to Venus. No. 27 Gothic Temple: One of the earliest structures erected in the park. It stands on an eminence, and was built in the style of Moorish Gothic of yellow iron sandstone, from the designs of Vanbrugh, altered by Borra. The main building is circular with three long wings (or abutments) connected with it at equal distances, each ended by a square tower, one lofty, with battlements and four pinnacles, the other two smaller, with conical roofs tapering to a point. The entrance leads to a circular room, the dome and arches of which are ornamented with the descents and intermarriages of the Grenville and Temple families, and a number of armorial bearings on copper. The windows are fitted with panels of rolled glass, some with armorial bearings in coloured glass, and in three of them are GROTTOES, BRIDGES AND TEMPLES 171 fragments of ancient stained glass brought by Lord Cobham from Flanders, during the Marlborough Campaigns. A circular staircase in the larger tower leads to a second story with gallery and other rooms decorated with the imaginary arms of the Saxon Heptarchy. Originally inscribed by Lord Cobham '' Libertate majorum, '' the stone was removed within :fifteen years of the dedication and thrown away, but eventually recovered by the third Duke. The building has been, in later years, remodelled as a dwelling-house, but is not now occupied as such. In a circular recess hard by, embedded in trees, are placed seven statues in stone, by Rysbrack, of the seven Saxon deities who gave names to the days of the week. No. 28 Palladian Bridge : Built after the bridge at Wilton, designed by after Palladio, over a stream leading out of the lake. The roof is supported by Ionic pillars, ceiling ornamented with octagonal designs in full relief. In Lord Cobham's time the support of the roof on one side was a wall on which was a design in bas relief by Scheemaker, showing the four quarters of the world bringing their products to Britannia. This wall was removed by Earl Temple and the design set up in the Temple of Concord, pillars being substituted for it. No. 29 Temple of Friendship: A large ugly building of the Doric or Tuscan order. Inside were busts of Lord Cobham and his political friends, with an ornamental painted ceiling. This has now fallen in, and the building is ruinous. No. 30 Imperial Closet: A plain building like an exaggerated sentry­ box. Disappeared. No. 31 Pebble Alcove: A little grotto adorned with pebbles. Lord Cobham's arms were worked on the back with similar materials. Disappeared. No. 32 Monument to Congreve: Designed by Kent to express the poet's dramatic genius. His effigy appears in a careless posture on one side, and on the other is a Latin epitaph. On the apex is a monkey viewing himself in a mirror. 172 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS No. 33 Obelisk to Lord Cobham: Erected by his wife in 1747, two years before his death. Described in Part I, page 65. No. 34 Grecian Temple : One of the largest ornaments of the gardens. It was originally designed by Kent from the measure­ ments of the Maison Carree at Nismes, but left unfinished till 1763, when Earl Temple employed Borra to complete it, and dedicated it to Concord and Victory, as a monument of the glories of the war which was terminated by the peace of Fontainebleau. On the roof are six statues, and on the front pediment is the bas-relief by Scheemakers removed from the Palladian Bridge ( q. v. ). On the portico is the inscrip­ tion CoNCORDI~ ET VICTORLE, and on walls CONCORDIA F~DERATORUM. CONCORDIA C1v1uM, and a quotation from Valerius Maximus. In a niche is a statue of Liberty with an inscription PLACIDAM SuB LIBERTATE Qu1ETEM. On the walls are fourteen medallions with the names of as many victories. No. 35 Captain Grenville's Obelisk: Described in Part ID, page 111. No. 36 The Lady's (afterwards the Queen's) Temple: An elaborate Georgian building of two stories. Designed by Kent. It contained a gay apartment with pictures of ladies gossiping and working. A handsome flight of steps leading to an Ionic portico over the entrance was afterwards added, and the Marquis of Buckingham dedicated it to Queen Charlotte on the recovery of George III from his illness in 1790, naming it the Queen's Temple, and placing in it a life-size figure of Britannia supporting a medallion of the Queen with a Latin inscription. Other symbolical medallions appear on the walls of the centre room. On the floor is a Roman tessellated pavement removed from Foxcott in 1840 liy the last Duke. No. 37 Keeper's Lodge: A round tower of brick with three rows of windows and sugar loaf roof, resembling a lightliouse. Most of these buildings seem to have been left open and accessible to mischievous visitors and marauders, and have suffered much from their depredations from time to time. CHAPTER XX

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBSIDIARY BUILDINGS IN STOWE PARK

AFTER the death of Sir Richard Temple, Lord Cobham in 1749, several other buildings were added by his successors. The great Corinthian arch at the entrance to the grounds was built by Earl Temple from a design by Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford. 1 It is sixty feet high and the same width. Doric pillars support the ornamental cornice. Flat roof surrounded with ornamental enclosure and stone balustrades; opening of arch and width of road through it is twenty feet. In it there are dwelling-rooms for the keeper. On passing under the arch a magnificent view of the house, encompassed by the gardens and park unfolds itself. Obelisk to General Wolfe.-Erected on an eminence in the park on the approach from Northamptonshire in 1759. Hence a gravel walk leads by statues to Hercules and Antreus to '' The Fane of Pastoral Poetry,'' a valley with a forest scene of ancient oaks, terminated by the Temple of Concord. Monument to Captain Cook.-An ancient sarcophagus on a pedestal with a marble medallion of Cook, and a tablet JACOBO CooK MDCCLXXVIII. On a small island in the Grotto river. Doric A rch.-Erected by Earl Temple to commemorate the visit of Princess Amelia to Stowe in 1767. On it is an inscription-Amelire Sopbire. Aug: MDCCLXVII. It leads to the " Elysian Fields," one of the most lovely spots in the gardens, finely wooded and watered by a sparkling stream with statues on its banks. In the distance the Palladian Bridge stands out, and farther on in the distance a castle on the opposite hill. Hard by is the Grecian Valley, its declivities covered with light woods and groves, and on the open space single trees of great size. The

1 Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, was the son of Thomas Pitt, Lord Warden of the Stannaries, who married Christian Lyttleton, daughter of Christian Temple, who was sister to Lord Cobham. He was a clever amateur architect. and designed ma.ny additions to his own house, obelisks, eto. He also assisted Earl Teanple in his improvements and additions to the Mansion of Stowe. His uncle, Lord Chatham (father's elder brother), wrote him many letters in his youth, which were edited and published by his son-in-law William, Baron Grenvil1e. He was created Baron Camelford in 1784 and died in 1793. His onlv eon and successor was the noted duellist who was killed in a duel with Mr. Best, and the title became extinct. 173 174 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS general effect,_ the number of objects in these different scenes, the variety of foliage, the water and the landscapes presented to view evince the highest artistic skill. In the park, to the :westward, stands the '' Bourbon Tower.'' Height sixty-five feet, circumference one hundred and ten. A circular building of hewn stone. Within are apartments, inhabited, and a winding staircase leading to the top. The clumps of oaks which surround it were planted by Louis XVIII, King of France and Navarre, and the Princes of his house, to commemorate their visit to Stowe in 1808. Over the door is an inscription on a marble slab, recording the event which gave rise to the name, and another slab placed by the Marquis of Buckingham in 1816, to celebrate the restoration of the French Royal Family. Rustic bridges over the Grotto river lead to an ornamental Urn erected in 1814 by the first Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, to the memory of his father George,. Marquis of Buckingham, with a suitable inscription and quotation from Cicero, both in Latin. Also a quotation from Rogers'· '' Human Life,'' and a Latin extract from the '' Life of Agricola '' by Tacitus. On an island near the rustic bridges is a stone altar tliat had been erected in 1809 at Gosfield, a Mansion belonging to the Marquis of Buckingham, which he lent to the French Royal Family when exiled by the Revolution, by Louis XVIIl, with a Latin inscription describing liis grateful sense of the hospitality and assistance which he had received. When Gosfield was sold by the first Duke, he removed the memorial to its present site, and added in 1825 another Latin inscription marking the King's happy restoration. On another island is a white marble Urn, originally erected at Burton Pynsent by Hester Grenville, Countess of Chatham, to the memory of her husband, the '' Great Commoner.'' When Burton Pynsent was sold by her son, John, Earl of Chatham, he presented the Urn to tlie Duke of "Buckingham and Chandos, wlio placed it in its present position in 1831, with an inscription. The ornamental grounds occupy from four to five hundred acres, ·and the scenes that they present are almost unimaginable, and impossible to describe adequately. LANDSCAPES IN STOWE PARK 175 The whole area, secluded as it is from the busy world, seems steeped in luxury. A huge verdant amphitheatre, bounded with masses of foliage. Here a light and airy scene, and there dark groves and thickets. A lake (of ten acres) and a river falling into it with the graceful Palladian Bridge thrown over it. Through the foliage shine temples, columns and statues dotted about at intervals. Variety and contrast everywhere apparent, the whole invested with rich magnificence. The history of these gardens is the history of landscape gardening in England; natural beauties were elaborated into grandeur and formed into pictures such as Claude or Turner might have designed, they seem the outcome of a dream rather than reality. Tlie upkeep of these grounds must have entailed a colossal expendi­ ture. It is said that when at their prime, four hundred gardeners were regularly employed on them. Opposite the South front of the house is tlie Parterre, and beyond the offices; West of the house is the orangery and fl.owe~ gardens (upper and lower). In the centre of the latter was a fountain and figure of Narcissus in white marble. Near it, a circular building and two semi­ circular built as a, museum by the first Duke. It contained the mineralogical collection of the late Abbe Haiiy, arranged by himself, and a collection of Natural History objects by the same Duke. All these were dispersed before and in the sale of 192f. In the upper flower garden is another marble fountain. Here, close to the house, used to stand, among other sculptures, a beautiful little statue of a piper and his dog, the work of Gabriel Cibber, representing the piper described by Defoe in his " History of the Plague," who had been thrown into the dead cart with other bodies for burial, but awakening from his trance as lie was about to be cast into the pit, alarmed his bearers by sitting up and playing on his pipes, and who afterwards recovered and did well. This statue once belonged to the Duke of Argyll, and was bought at the great sale at Stowe in 1848 by a Mr. Philips. Hard by, West of the Mansion stands the orangery, a hundred and thirty-eight feet in length. In the centre is a domed Pavilion with painted ceiling and many statues cast from the antique placed near the walls. The wings were filled with orange trees, a fountain in each wing in a stone basin. 176 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS The gardens, apart from the park, contained twenty-eight acres,. but owing to the skill in laying out the walks, seemed to be three times that area. The wanderer over the once glorious glades and gardens of Stowe, even though he only saw them in their mournful decadence, may call to mind Dr. Johnson's exclamation to his friend Garrick, on leaving the temple built by him at Hampton-on-Thames, to house the statue of Shakespeare by Roubillac, and the chair carved from Shakespeare's mulberry tree-'' Ah, David ! It is the leaving of such places as this that makes a death-bed so terrible.'' . Such a thought may well have saddened the latter days of those who laid out and perfected the memor­ able plaisance of Stowe, which is even now sublime and beautiful in its decav.,, . ( From 011 t•11grnving )

STO\\'E, AS Jlt'II.T B\' PETER TF.~tru:, 1556-60.

CHAPTER XXI

THE MANSION OF STOWE

WnEN Peter Temple obtained the first lease of the Stowe estate in 1554, a Mansion already existed. Of this, beyond the fact, there is no record. It was probably pulled down to make way for the new house. (See illustration.) This was a centre block with two detached wings, East and West, in a straight line, the former having a high-pitched, tiled roof ending in a flat platform covered with copper and enclosed by iron railings. There were three gables, one in the centre and one on each side; the entrance, on the first floor, was reached by a circular flight of stone steps. On the South side was a formal garden with paved walks and a pond, all in the Dutch style, said to have been copied from the famous Dutch garden of Sir William Temple at Moor Park. The whole was a good specimen of those Elizabethan tenements in which the wealthy country squires of those days were wont to settle themselves and their families. The three buildings formed the nucleus of the present house, and the greater part of the walls remain enclosed in it, despite all the changes tliat have been from time to time in later years. Alterations and additions probably commenced in the latter half of the seventeenth century, when Sir Richard Temple, the third Baronet, was the owner, for there is no record of work done by John Temple, the son of the original builder, or by his son, Sir Thomas, first Baronet, or by the second Baronet, Sir Peter, though he added two hundred acres to the park. Sir Richara, the third Baronet (who succeeded in i653 and died 1697), states in his will '' . . . such of my sonnes or such other person 177 K 178 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS after them as shall inherit the Capitall Mannor and Mansion house in Stowe, lately erected by me, Sir Richard Temple, to be held as heir Loomes with the said Capitan Mansion house." 1 Miss Celia }t"iennes, :writing about 1690, says, page 22 :

" Thence " (Thorndon-Sir Thomas Tyrrell) " we went 4 miles to Stow. Sr Richd Temple's new house that stands pretty high. You enter into a hall very lofty with a gallery round the top, thence through to a great parlour that opens on a Bellcony to the garden, and is a visto through the whole house, so that on the one side you view the gardens which are one below another with low breast walls and Tarese walk.es, and is replenished with all ye curiosityes or Requisites for ornament, pleasure and ease; beyond it are orchards and woods with rows of trees ; on the other side you see ye parke rowes of trees ; the roomes are all lofty and good, the hall is not large, but suitable to its height-a great many chambers and roomes of state. Some of the ground floores are inlaid-ffine Pictures and good staircase and gallery wch leads to the Ledds through a large Cupelow wch gives ye prospect of the whole )) count rv.., . ..

The first step in Sir Richard's alterations seems to have been to unite the West wing with the centre by the structure known in later years as the State dining-room, and the East wing by that now known as the library. The circular steps of the main South entrance were formed into two flights parallel with the building, one above the other. The low screen walls which on the North side then surrounded the stable and farm on the East, and the brew-house, laundry and wood-yard on the West, were raised first into walls with arched angles, and afterwards used as the basis of the now existing colonnades. The two wings were then raised to nearly their present height and flattened at the top, and the main building raised on the old walls to include the attic windows, t1ius making a third story with open parapets on North and South sides. New buildings and offices were also added at both ends, making the whole length of the front upwards of nine hundred feet, as it stands now. (See illustration.) The exterior remained in this state till Lord Cobham' s death ; but

1 '' Through England on a side saddle in the time of Wil1iam and Mary " by Celia Fiennes, with an introduction by the Hon. Mrs. Griffiths, London, 1888. ' SWS§I.- .. ·.... --:-:.~.~•·~~--- .._:. . - --;.~~::~_-, '. . ..:~~-~·-· ·~ -: .. .,.·r··- - ...... • I

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REBUILDING OF STOWE 179 he made many alterations in the interior and added tlie cedar panelled chapel to the East wing. The wood used was taken from the Cornish '' Stow,'' near Kilhampton, built by John Granville, Earl of Bath, who had purchased materials out of a Spanish prize ship which had been brought into Padstow. This house was broken up in 1720, and sold. It is said that almost every Cornish gentleman's seat was enriched with the spoils of Stowe. The carved cedar pulpit bears the date 1707. The carvings on it and in other places were the work of Michael Clarke of the school of Grinling Gibbons, and are little inferior to that of the Master. There are columns, pilasters, reredos with the Royal Arms, two angels, and a panel ,vith the Ten Commandments. Over the altar stood a painting of the Resurrection by Tintoretto. Others, sacred subjects, hung on the walls. The ceiling was copied from that of the Chapel Royal, St. James's. Lord Cobham also completed the State gallery (now the dining-room) with two elaborate chimney pieces of carved Sienna marble by Lovell, a painted and gilt ceiling by Sclater and five large framed tapestries, specially commissioned from Leynier of Brussels, representing the Triumphs of Ceres, Bacchus, Venus, Mars and Diana. Adjoining the gallery on the West side was the State dressing-room which contained blue damask hangings, a carved and gilt ceiling in relief, a marble chimney-piece by Lovell, and many paintings. Farther West was the State bedchamber, bed and ceiling by Borra, the latter ornamented with the Insignia of the Garter. A grand staircase led to the upper bedrooms ; on its walls were paintings of the four seasons, and on the ceiling Phrebus in his car as the rising sun. All these arrangements of the rooms were altered by Earl Temple (Lord Cobham's successor) and his successor the Marquis. The former rebuilt the whole of the South front and constructed the magnificent marble saloon as it now stands, replacing an oblong gallery of stucco which dated from the time of Sir Richard, the third Baronet. 1 The expense of this fine elliptical room must have been enormous, it had sixteen Ionic scagliola columns, imitating Sicilian jasper, with white

1 See quotation from Celia Fienne~ supra. 180 THE TEMPLE MEMoms marble bases and capitals, supporting an elaborate cornice, above which was a processional bas-relief of a Roman triumph and sacrifice, filling the whole circle, and consisting of more than three hundred figures, designed and executed by Valdre; above this the vaulted ceiling was ornamented with angular panels in full relief, each containing a con­ ventional flower of various patterns, and on the apex a glass sunlight. The pavement is of white marble in four feet squares which were brought from "Eastbury," Dorset,1 Bubb Dodington's seat, when that Mansion was broken up. To the West of the saloon Lord Temple placed the State drawing­ room, fifty by thirty feet, with an elaborate painted ceiling and other decorations, and Lord Cobham's great " gallery" next to it became the State dining-room, seventy by twenty-five feet. Farther West the State dressing-room became the tapestry dining-room, hung with Brussels tapestry presented to Lord Cobham representing the operations at the siege of Lisle; and the adjoining State bedroom became the Duchess's drawing-room. On the East of the saloon the music-room (identical with the State drawing-room) was fashioned out of two smaller rooms. The painted arabesques on walls and ceiling are by Valdre, and are in the lightest manner of the Italian . Opening out of it, farther East, was placed the great library, identical in size with the State dining-room on the West side, and next to it the print-room. Both of these were completed and filled with books (twenty thousand volumes) and prints, by the Marquis. Next to them on the East were the State dressing-room and bedroom. Adjoining the chapel and print-room is the Gothic or Manuscript library. 2 This was constructed for the Marquis of Buckingham by Sir John Soane, who modelled it from Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey. It contained the valuable ancient Irish and other manuscripts that the Marquis had acquired. The shelves are enclosed by panelled glazed doors with bronze grilles. Over the mantelpiece and doors are Gothic canopies all elaborately carved and ornamented. The ceiling is composed of panelling in wood and stucco, all in high relief, springing

1 See Part TII, Chapt-Pr XI. 2 :Mentioned in Part ill, Chapter XITI. 1_,.-ro111 ti ( ·,,, ll/l/(/-l,·11, ngrap,.)I

STI 1\\'E, .\S CO~IJ•I.ETEII II\' TIIE Frns·1 E \IH. Tnll'I E.

CO~lPLETION BY EARL TEMPLE 181 from a circular centre containing seven hundred and nineteen of the family quarterings in Heraldic tinctures. The great State dining-room when set out for the final sale in 1921 presented a spectacle of eighteenth century magnificence that could not have been equalled by any other of the private, or even Royal, palaces that have as yet adorned England, not even Windsor Castle, and the impression of its glories can never fade from the minds of those who had the privilege of gazing on it for the last time. Its ceilings glowed with gilded panelling and paintings in colours after Angelica Kaufmann. Its two chimney-pieces of carved and coloured marbles surmounted with carved panels in. relief by Grinling Gibbons, and hanging nets on each side fashioned out of wood by the same master, walls on three sides covered with huge tapestries specially woven for the room two hundred years ago ; and occupying the centre of the room a noble mahogany table sixty-five feet in length which reflected in its gleaming surface a collection of gold, silver and ormulu plate that could hardly be surpassed. Vases, cups, candelabra, salvers, statuettes, plaques-all of matchless workman­ ship with a wealth of ornament. Over the lofty South windows brocaded hangings of silk; chairs and other furniture by Chippendale and Hepple­ white. Only taste of the highest order sustained by almost unlimited wealth could have produced such a spectacle. And what must have been the feelings of those who were abandoning it all! The ground floor contained in all : Two entrance halls, the marble saloon, nine State rooms, including the State library, two smaller libraries, two small reception-rooms, billiard-room, chapel and chaplain's room, armoury and gun-room. Above were ten suites of guest chambers, including five sitting-rooms and forty-six bed and dressing-rooms, a dormitory for maid servants, nine servants' rooms, thirty additional bedrooms, a swimming bath, servants' hall, and rooms for steward and housekeepers, complete domestic offices, laundries and cellars-but not a single bathroom! Outside were many outbuildings: gardeners' and bailiffs' cottages, workshops, brewery and store-houses. Water was supplied by a ram which filled storage tanks on the top of the Mansion. At ihe auction in 1921 a bid of fifty thousand pounds was accepted for the Mansion and demesne, a paltry sum, considering that the sums 182 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS laid out on the place could not have been less than a million sterling, and this at a period when the sovereign was worth far more than it is now. Even this sum was not realized, and further negotiations and a second sale took place. Finally a syndicate acquired the Mansion and grounds for conversion into a public school to be run on the lines of Harrow. or Winchester. This school has now started under favourable auspices. The miles of magnificent avenues leading to the Mansion were, however, bought up by a speculator for the timber. But, fortunately, the authorities of Eton intervened, purchased the avenues and gifted ihem to the new school. So they will now remain as a permanent memorial io the enterprise and skill of those who laid out the drives and planted the trees nearly two hundred years before. 1

1 This description is compiled partly from Pope's Works, Carruther's Edition, 1853; from a lecture delivered by the third Duke of Buckingham and Chandos in 1888 ; from Seeley's Handbooks of 1750, 1773 and 1832 and one anonymous 1838; from a long and elaborate article on Stowe which appeared in Country Life in 1914; from the catalogue of the first great sale at Stowe in 1848, and from the illustrated catalogue of the great final sale at Stowe in 1921. Also from personal observation and inquiries. CHAPTER XXII DESCRIPTION OF THE NASH: AND A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH OF KEMSEY, IN WHICH IT IS SITUATED THIS estate is situated in the parish of Kemsey (in later years spelt Kempsey, but always pronounced without the " p "), on the Severn, four miles East of the City of Worcester. The parish is in area one of the largest in England, and certainly one of the most interesting, as its history can be traced back, with slight interruptions, over a period of nearly two thousand years. The Roman legionary, Ostorius Scapula, in A.D. 50, established a chain of Forts along the Severn, to protect conquered territory, at Twyning, Ripple and Worcester, on to Uriconium in Shropshire. Kemsey was probably one of the sites, on account of its important ford, and there are many traces of Roman roads in or near the place. Also there was a great Roman Camp on the high ground between the river and the village, enclosing fifteen acres in which the church, Vicarage and several houses now stand. The highest point is the Vicarage site, and on this are indications of an inner square, probably a Citadel or Prretorium. Many Roman relics such as urns, cups, bronze fibulre, a coin of Nero, Samian ware, and a stone bearing an inscription to Constantine, have been unearthed here from time to time. The Romans also seem to have constructed a kind of wooden bridge over the river, as in 1844 dredging revealed oaken piles and planking half-way across. In 799 there was a monastery here under Abbot Balthun, to who Kenwulf, King of Mercia, granted lands in Kemsey in return for lands in Hereford (see Dugdale's '' Monasticon ''). Before the Conquest the Bishops of Worcester had a stately palace situated on the higher land formerly occupied by the Roman Camp. In Domesday there is a short entry giving the name of the village as Chemsege, and mentioning "a priest," which shows probably that a parish church then existed. 183 184 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS In 1033 the saintly Leofsy, Bishop of Worcester, died in the '' Episcopal VIII of Kemsey.'' In 1186 Henry II held a Court in this palace, and delivered his " Inkberrow Charter." Here, too, Simon de Montfort lodged with his prisoner, Henry III. Edward I and his Queen visited here in 1301, when the great Bishop Giffard was fortifying his palaces at Hartlebury1 and Wydinton, and built himself Mansions at Wick (on the Teme) and Kemsey. But later on, after the Wars of the Roses, the great palace of Kemsey seems to have fallen into disuse, and had probably become ruinous in the time of the Tudors. It was completely demolished before 1695, when Prebendary Hopkins of Worcester, in his additions to Camden's " Britannia," writes: '' Below Powick on the Eastern bank of the Severn stands Kemsey, an ancient Manour of the Bishops of Worcester, where before the Conquest and many ages after they had a noble Palace which hath been since demolished so that the ruins are not discernible." The site, now an open field, must always be regarded with peculiar interest and veneration : for here the Roman Legions kept watch over the passage of the river; here stately and autocratic Bishops held their Courts with pageantry and splendour, and dispensed bountiful hospitality. All this has passed away long ago, and nought but the memory and traditions remain. In 1473 Bishop Carpenter appropriated the Rectory and the great tithes, with the Chapelries of Norton and Stoulton, to the College of Westbury, by license of Edward IV. At the Dissolution these were granted by the Crown to the Dean and Chapter of Worcester, who have since leased them to various persons, unconnected with Kemsey. In 1859 they sold the Manor (reserving the advowson) to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. This great parish has been for many years served spiritually by Vicars with a very meagre income wholly insufficient for its needs. North of tlie village is a wild sterile common of three hundred acres,

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KEMSEY AND ITS HISTORY 185 now controlled by the Parish Council. South of this common is situated the Nash estate and Mansion. The name was originally " The Ash," as trees of that name grow luxuriously and to a great size in the vicinity. To " Ash " was added the prefix " atte," which is the Saxon correlative of the Norman " de," '' del," or " de la." In 1275 there appears "Ralph de Fraxino, " 1 Ralph of The Ash; in 1302 R2.lph del Ashe; 1306 John atte Asse; 1343 William atte Nasche. From this or a later family the estate seems to have passed to the Buckes or Bucks, and they held it for centuries. There was once a painted window in the church to the memory of John Buck and Isabel, his wife. In a deed of 1389 John Buck and Richard, his brother, confirm the estate to Sy bell (Isabel), wife of John Buck of Nash. A descendant, Sir John Buck of The Nash and Hamby Grange, Co. Lincoln, entered the 1586, sat in Parliament for Droitwich 1601, and was knighted 1603. Habingdon, writing in 1640, says: '' The Gentleman of longest continuance who freely held his lands of the Bishop here, was Bucke, who, descending from John Buck and Isabel, his wife, remained here till our age, his family being graced with matches, especially with Ellen, daughter and co-heir of Thos : Nevill, brother of the Lord Latimer, as appeareth from a pedigree proved before Clarencieux in the Visitation of our County 1562. The heir of this house is Sir John Buck, now living, but not at ' The Nashe.' "

This Sir John seems, as a Royalist, to have spent his fortune in the Civil Wars. He sold the Nash estate to Humphrey Baker of Worcester, and migrated to Claines. Before 16 77 the estate passed to Charles Bentley of Kineton, Co. Warwick; Edmund Bentley was Feoffee for Kernsey parish lands in 1679. In 1713 John Meadowcourt is assessed for The Nash, and in 1725 Mrs. Meadowcourt. In 1738 the estate was purchased by William Temple, Esq., of Buckingham ( afterwards fifth Baronet of Stowe). (See Part II, page 77 .) The house itself is now almost wholly a modern structure, though parts of it, as revealed during the many additions and reconstructions that have been carried out from time to time in later years, are undoubtedly of great, in fact unknown, antiquity.

1 A.sh, Latin-Fraxinus. 186 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS It now seems probable that the original building was a comparatively small homestead, which occupied part of the space now covered by the buildings West of the hall, and contained the now existing dining-room and bedroom above, with a small cottage staircase connecting the last two, now concealed by the panelling. On the East of the present hall there was probably another house of similar date at a distance of eighteen feet, either a separate cottage or a farm building. Some former possessor conceived the plan of uniting the two houses by a large central hall, thus making of them a complete single Mansion with a second story over the whole. North of the hall he added an imposing staircase of carved oak (Queen Anne or early Georgian). rfhere is nothing to show who did this, or when the change was effected,. it was probably the work of one of the Bucke family who owned the property till about 1670. In the time of Sir Richard Temple (the seventh and last Baronet of Stowe) the house was a plain rather glorified farm­ house, and used as such by tenants, as neither the sixth nor seventh Baronets, nor the widow of the latter, appear to have resided there. Nor did John Temple, her nephew and heir (see illustration of the house as it stood in 1793). . But wlien John Temple died, and his son and heir, Richard, succeeded to the property in 1831, he came to reside in a house on the property in Kemsey, took over The Nash from the tenants, and remodelled the whole house. He took down the South and West fa~ades and rebuilt them on the existing foundations, adding on the South side four, and on the West side three, large corbel-stepped gables, with a similar but smaller one over the front porch. All the existing square and insignificant windows on the ground and first floors were removed, and replaced by new ones of late perpendicular or Tudor style, with cut stone mullions finished with weather mouldings over the top transome. Each window with four divisions or uprights divided into lights by iron bars. The two ground floor windows on each side of the porch were thrown out four feet to the height of the first .floor, with battlemented transomes on the top and leaded roofs, forming small balconies. On the West side the new windows were of similar elevation, but built out four feet from the

THE NASH AND ITS ALTERATIONS 187 ground to the ceiling of the first floor, forming angular bows which gave extra space to four rooms. Six lofty stacks of chimneys, the shafts heavily corniced, were also added in the same style, and the roofs remodelled over the ancient oak timbering, which is characteristic of an early period, probably Tudor. The attic windows were also rebuilt with stone mouldings. Front porch added with a pointed Tudor a.rch of stone and vaulted roof; over it a three-light window of the same pattern as the larger ones. Entering the house through the modern porch and an oak-studded door on the South side, appears the great hall, thirty-six by eighteen feet, paved with large angular slabs of Portland stone, ceiling supported by massive oak beams. Walls panelled to a height of seven feet with carved oak linen pattern, partly ancient, but supplemented by modern work copied from it. On the North side, after mounting two steps of polished oak, is the carved oak staircase of original Queen Anne or early Georgian work, leading to the first floor. Face of beam supporting the balcony of this floor is elaborately carved with Tudor roses, a shield of arms of the City of Worcester and others of City Companies. This is probably of later date. During these restorations it was found that the pitches of the hall and adjacent dining-room were inconveniently low. So to give further altitude the floors of both were excavated to a depth of eighteen inches from the level of the highest of the two steps in the hall. The steps were then put in, the hall paved at the lower level and a new floor of polished oak laid down in the dining-room at the same level, thus giving the required extra height. The dining-room, reached by an oak door on the West of the hall, is panelled from floor to ceiling with oak of two or three separate periods. The frieze is modern, of plaster coloured to resemble oak, with Tudor roses and Prince of Wales' feathers in relief. In 1831 this panelling was covered with oil paint of a light blue colour, put on by some former owner devoid of taste, to give more light in the room. To remove this would have been at that time difficult and expensive, so Richard Temple had it repainted; as a makeshift, in imitation grained oak. His son {first Baronet of second creation) had the whole panelling 188 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS taken down, the several coats of paint chemically removed, and the room restored to its original condition, as it now appears. The ceiling of this room is of fine Italian stucco (date about 1600) with an elaborate design in relief of bunches of grapes, oak leaves and thistles, all in perfect original condition. Such ceilings are extremely rare, and seldom so well preserved. There is a similar one in Madresfield Court, near Malvern (across the river), the seat of Lord Beauchamp, which was probably executed by the same craftsmen. The open fireplace is Italian surrounded with old Dutch tiles, and an arched mantel of stone ; above is an ancient overmantel of oak with carved · figures in relief (half life-size), representing the Madonna supported by Caryatides in the form of angels. This was not a part of the original house. Above this room, formerly connected with it by the small staircase .already mentioned, now concealed, is a bedroom somewhat smaller, panelled with ancient oak and a modern oak frieze. The ceiling is .similar to that of the dining-room, and in equally good preservation. The open fireplace, surrounded with old Dutch tiles, is surmounted by a modern stone mantelpiece supported by Ionic pilasters; above it is a massive Italian overmantel in moulded stucco with grotesque figures and skulls, in full relief, coloured in red, black and gold. In the centre an oval coloured slab bears the legend: 1598 PULCHERRIMUM GENUS VICTORILE SEIPSUM VINCERE.

This may be translated " The best kind of Victory is over yourself." The real age of this work is uncertain, the colouring has been probably renewed during the last hundred years. Resuming the description of the hall: On the East side, in Richard Temple's time, there was an open fireplace with Dutch tiling and carved oak overmantel. It was found to be dangerous to light fires in it as beams in the chimney had twice caused outbreaks, endangering the house, so the hall was heated by a stove, burning coke; and in 1851 the kitchen on the other side of the wall was converted into a servants' hall, u--,(111/ a p,,i11/i11_,; )

IIAI.L OF TIIE N.\SII, 1905.

RESTORATIONS AT THE NASH 189 and a new kitchen built, apart from the main building, on the East of the house. In 1905-6, during later restorations, the old fireplace, and the plaster covering of the wall above the panelling East of the hall, were removed and the ancient half-timbered wall with traces of an inglenook behind and around the fireplace exposed. The spaces between the timbering were found to have been filled with sun-dried clay. The timbers were rotten and decayed, so in restoring the wall they were covered with strips of oak. The inglenook and fireplace were entirely rebuilt, as far as possible after the presumed original pattern, with a fireplace of Tudor design, surmounted by the original overmantel. Proceeding up the stairs, the wall on the left is panelled to a height of five feet with oak, partly ancient, of the same pattern as in the hall, as is also the corridor or balcony. Over the staircase on the North side is a lofty modern window with stone mullions and transomes (Tudor style) partly filled with coloured glass and family Heraldic shields. Above is a vaulted fan dome of modern plaster put up in 1905. The drawing-room, thirty-six by twenty-one feet, looks West with a splendid view of the Malvern Hills, distant two miles as the crow flies. It was fashioned, as it now is, by Richard Temple in 1834, has a deep bay on the West side and a carved marble mantel and fireplace of Adam design. On the North side are folding doors leading to the library. This room is twenty-five feet square with a deep bay and window-seats on the West side. The ceiling, between great oak beams, is moulded in a design of Tudor roses, alleged to be the work of Sheraton. The open fireplace has a marble mantel on which are seven enamelled plaques by Angelica Kaufmann ; and on three sides are oak book-shelves with ornamental frieze from floor to ceiling. Other rooms. on the ground floor are wholly modern. The last owner added on the North of the house a lofty billiard or ballroom, with gallery communi­ cating with the bedrooms, and a large additional library, forty by eighteen feet. There is also a detached modern building with domed roof and skyliglits, twenty-five by twelve feet, on the North side, used, as a museum. The bedrooms and attics are partly ancient, adapted for modern use, and some wholly modern. The West room has a modern vaulted ceiling in plaster, and deep bay and window-seats, similar to 190 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS those in the drawing-room below. East of the hall are the offices and modern detached kitchen, the latter with a stepped gable like those of the main building. Farther East is the stable yard with arched entry, stables and coach houses, and beyond it a large farm-yard and buildings. One of these was a spacious barn of very ancient date containing a large stone cider mill and screw press, which was used year by year till 1892, the locality being always famous for its cider. This barn was burned down a few years ago and has not been replaced. Farther on is a large gardener's cottage built in 1895-6. The grounds are extensive and tastefully laid out, studded with many fine forest trees of great size, though many of the ancient elms have been destroyed by gales in later years. West and North of the house are flower gardens and greenhouse, bounded on the East by a " wilderness " of shrubs; Scotch firs, limes, and other trees, and beyond that a walled kitchen garden of one acre with forcing houses and pits. Farther North, separated from the house by grass land, are some ten acres of woods, chiefly of conifers and ashes, known locally as The Oris, or Arles, and several coppices. There are also about eight acres of orchards, and sixty-eight of park and pasture lands. . The outlying estate has been sold piecemeal before 1923, and in December of that year all the contents of the house we re dispersed in a four days' sale. The house itself has not, as yet, found a purchaser. So ends the connection of the family with this ancient home, following the break-up of the greater estate and palace of Stowe, which came under the hammer in the previous year. Crushing taxation, ruinous rates, and diminished income from all sources made a catastrophe inevitable in both cases. The dispersion of such domains means not merely a change of tenancy but the passing of great traditions. 1

1 The earlier hi.story of the village is taken from an elaborate work entitled '' Collections for a History of Kemsey," written in manuscript in 1899 by the Rev. R. C. Purton, some time curate there, and an inhabitant of the village. The Mansion is described from family papers and personal knowledge and observation extending over many years. In "Hi.story of the Holy Warre," by Thomas Fuller, B.D., Prebendurie of Sarum, late of Sidney College in Cambridge, 3rd Edn., 1647, the following remarks appear in a letter to the Hon. Ed. Montague John, Lord Pawlet of Boughton a.nd Hutton St. George. FULLER ON GREAT FAMILIES 191 " When I observe the severall alterations in Nobilitie, I find foure principall actours on the Theatres of great Families; as; The Beginner, Advancer, Continuer, and Ruiner. The Beginner is be who by His vertues refinith himself from the drosse of the Vulgar, and layeth the foundations of his house : An excellent Workman indeed, as who not onely brin~th his tools, but maketh his materials. The Advancer, who improveth t.he patnmonie of Honour be reoeiveth; and what his Father found glasse and made crysta.ll, he findeth crystal! and maketh it pearl. The Oontinuer, who keepeth his Nobilitie alive, and passeth it along, neither marring it nor mending it; but sendeth it to his son as he received it from his father-The R'uiner, who basely degenerateth from his Ancestors; so that in him N obilitie hath runne so farre from its first starting, that it is tired ; and whilst he liveth be is no better than his Grandfathers tombe; without, carved over with honour­ able titles; within full of emptiness, or what is worse, Corruption. " Tuo : FuLLEB." BaoAD WINDSOa. March 6th., 1639. These remarks, though penned nearly three hundred years ago, seem to apply to the conditions now obtaining all over Britain. Every day do we read of the break-up and extinction of ancient families, due partly to circumstances beyond the control of their representatives, hut in a measure to the improvidence of those who neglected to provide for the future of their descendants in the mistaken belief that the conditions which prevailed in their time would be permanent.

~ ..... N• JV

. i i I .. ..

N'VI--

PART V SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE FAMILY

THE distinctive bearing or badge of the Temples has always, from the thirteenth century, been the martlet, a fabulous bird without legs. This appears in various blazonings on all the escutcheons, with exceptions (which will be described) till the present day. The first shield of which there is any authentic record is Sable, a chevron ermine between three martlets, or. This appears on an illumined pedigree1 on parchment prepared in the Heralds' College for '' Master John Temple of Stowe in the Co ii tie of Buckingham Esquier by Robert Cooke Esquyre late Clarencieux Kinge of Arms . . . and entered in the viSsitacion of Buckinghamsheere made in the yeare of owre Lord God 1574.'' The pedigree commences : '' Thys Robert Temple of Temple Hall in the Countie of Leicester lyued in the Reigne of King Henry III.'' . His name is the first in the pedigree, and below it is the shield of arms above described. See also Escutcheon No. I (without the " Talbot " crest, which was adopted later on by the Irish Temples). These arms were used, sometimes with modifications, by all the lineal descendants of Robert Temple of Temple Hall. They appear on the seal affixed by Peter Temple, the last of that house, to his signature on the warrant to execute King Charles I, and on the seal of James Temple (another Regicide). They were not used by John Temple of Stowe, but by his brother, Anthony of Coughton and his descendants, including Sir William, the statesman, who adopted the "Talbot" as his crest. They appear on the funeral certificate of Sir John of Staunton Barry, on the tomb of Sir John of Francton, and on the Certificate of

1 The original is now in the possession of Mr. H. Markham Temple of the :Manor­ Bouse, Buckingham. 193 N 194. THE TEMPLE MEMOms Nobility issued in 1684 by the to John Temple, the only son of the statesman. As Robert Temple was certified to bear these arms in the reign of Henry III, it may be inf erred that his family was one of the earliest that ever enjoyed the honour of hereditary arms. For the ancient writers on Heraldry, Guillim, Camden, Spelman and other high authorities were of opinion that such arms were first inaugurated early in the twelfth century. It would therefore seem incorrect to hold, as some writers do, that the family were ranked only as yeomen, or small gentry, in the time of Henry III. For Heraldic honours were then only granted under rigid rules to persons of gentle birth and good status, and this makes the traditional descent of the Temples from Leofric more probable. The next shield of which there is any record is Argent, two bars sable, each charged with three martlets or, which appears on the tomb of Nicholas Temple (who died 1506) of Temple Hall and Shepey Magna, in the churchyard of the latter place, impaled with the arms of his wife, Elizabeth Burdett, viz. : Azure, two bars or, a mullet in chief. See illustration of the tomb Part I, page 23, and Shield No. II. The church and tomb were figured in Nichols' '' Leicestershire '' as it appeared in 1630, but the tomb has disappeared since 1778. There is no other record of how these arms were granted or adopted. · The next shield is Ermine, a chevron sable, charged with five martlets argent. This appears on the tomb of Richard Temple of Temple, alias Wliellesbury (who died 1567), and Elizabeth George, his wife, in the church of Sibbesdon, Co. Leicester. His arms were quartered with those of his mother, viz. : Argent, three wolves passant in pale, sable (Lovett), and impaled with those of his wife, Argent, on a fesse engrailed gules, between three falcons rising, azure, as many plates each charged with a lion's head erased. No other instance of these arms is known. (See Escutcheon No. ill.) The next shield (Escutcheon No. IV) shows the arms granted by the Heralds' College in 1567 to Peter Temple of Stowe, viz. : Argent, a chevron sable, charged with five martlets of the field between three crescents gules. In the fourteenth century church of All Saints', Burton Dassett, is THE MERCIAN(?) EAGLE 195 the elaborate and beautiful monument to the memory of John Temple of Stowe, which has been described in Part IV, Chapter XVI. On it the fifteen escutcheons in colour depict his arms and those of his wife and twelve children: in all these the Temple arms appear as Or, an eagle displayed sable. How or why John Temple assumed these arms it has been found impossible to determine authentically. He was certainly entitled to bear the arms of his father, Peter, as granted by the Heralds' College in 1567 (see illustration, Shield No. IV), but these have not been used by him or any of his successors. The eagle displayed appears on this monument for the first time in the annals of the family, and it would seem to have been adopted without due warrant. Its next appearance is in the shield of Sir Peter Temple1 of Staunton Barry (1658). See illustration of the engraving of himself and his wife-Part II, Chapter VII, page 69, viz.: Quarterly, 1st and 4th Or, an eagle displayed sable; 2nd and 3rd argent, a fesse gules between three crescents sable, the arms of his mother, Lee of Staunton Barry, and impaled those of his wife, Tyrrell, viz. : Argent, two chevrons gules with a bordure azure. Sir Peter may have taken the eagle from the monument to his great-grandfather, John Temple, or possibly from the shield of another ancestor, Hugh Gedney, whose daughter and heiress married Thomas Temple of Witney, the ancestor of all the Temples of Ireland, Stowe and The Nash. Her arms were Or, three eagles displayed sable, and these are pictured in the Heralds' College pedigree of 157 4 (above described) and in the frontispiece as Quartering No. II. Be this as it may, the eagles were exemplified by the Earl Marshal, 9th March, 1687-8, to Sir Richard Temple, the third Baronet, and his

1 Also on the shield of his widow in the Church of Staunton Barry. See Part I, Chapter V. She died 1671. Grants and Certificates of arms contributed by Arthur J. Jewers. TEKPLE, JoHN, of Stowe, Bucks, Pat. 1593. The same arms and crest as in Harl. manuscripts 1,359, f. 3'J. Stowe manuscripts 670. TEMPLE, •sm RIOBARD, K.B. and Bart. Exemplification by order of the Earl Marshal dated March 9th, 1687..S, to the said Sir Richard and his descendants lawfully begotten, by Sir H. St. George, Clar., July 25th, 1688, 1 and 4, Or, an eagle displ. sa., 2 and 3, arg., tw-o bars sa.., each charged with three martlets or. Srowe manuscripts 714 and 716. -" Genealogist," Vol. XXVIl, Part m, page 179. • This was the third Baronet. 196 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS descendants (see note, page 195), and have been borne by the Palmerstons, the Temples of Stowe and of The Nash to the present day. (See Escutcheon No. VI in the illustration.) The legend connected with this eagle seems to have been first suggested by Burke in his earlier peerages, which give the lineage of the Temple Baronets of Stowe. He makes out that the eagle was the Saxon device on the arms of the Earls of Mercia, and that since their time it has always been borne by the Temples (giving, however, no authority for the statement). It has, however, been shown above that the first appearance of this eagle on a Temple escutcheon was in 1604, or thereabouts. Burton, in his " History of Leicestershire " (written in seventeenth century, but published in eighteenth), gives (Plate ii, No. I) Or, an eagle displayed sable, surmounted by an Earl's coronet, as the arms of an "Old Earl of Leicester" (see page 192). In pages 153-6 he shows that Edwin, grandson of Leofric and Godiva, and the last of the Saxon Earls of Leicester, was slain by the Conqueror in 1071, his Earldom confiscated and granted to Humphrey de Vetulis, Lord of PONTAUDOMARE, a Norman, whose descendant, Robert Fitzparnell, a follower of Richard Creur de Lion, died 1206 without issue. His sister, Amiee, married Simon de Montfort, to whom she brought the Earldom. It is clear, therefore, that the "Old Earl of Leicester," who bore ·the eagle on his shield, was of Norman lineage. For hereditary arms, such as his, were not in existence till the twelfth century. Burke appears to have jumped to the conclusion that Burton's " Old Earl of Leicester" was the Saxon Earl. It must also have been a Norman Earl who granted the first charter to the town of Coventry in 1153. (See Part I, page 26.) To restrain unauthorized persons from using armorial bearings, the system of visitations was inaugurated in very early times. The Kings of arms, or their deputies, visited from time to time all the counties and recorded the arms of those who were entitled to bear them. All those who can trace their descent from an ancestor whose arms were entered in any of these visitations, are entitled to carry them by right of inheritance . .. A..lso at a somewhat earlier period was commenced the system of ...... =-• -'­ I -••.. . •

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.\IUfS EXE~fl'I.IFIEI> BY TIIE JU.IULDS COJ.l.E(;E T<> TIIE l>ESCE\"[).\\"TS c >F JOII~ TE-'11'1.E OF TIIE ~.\Sil, J9J5.

CRESTS AND MOTTOES 197 '' Inquisitions post mortem.'' On the death of a landholder, or person of consequence, a special inquiry was made as to the estate left by him and his heirs (if any). For all estates, real and personal, passed to the reigning sovereign as a perquisite, unless the natural heirs, if such existed, could prove their claims to it. The records of these two measures contain most valuable and authentic information on Heraldry and Genealogy. No crests appear on the parchment pedigree above quoted; such insignia have always been considered of minor importance compared with arms, and have often been assumed at pleasure. This also applies to mottoes. The rigid rules under which arms were granted did not apply to either crests or mottoes. The Talbot sejant seems to have been the first crest on record ( see Escutcheon No. I). It was used by Sir William Temple (the statesman) and probably by his father, Sir John, and his grandfather, Sir William. It was afterwards adopted and used by the Viscounts Palmerston till that title became extinct in 1865. Since then it appears to have fallen into disuse. The next crest appears on the shield of Sir Peter Temple of Staunton Barry (described above), viz. : On a ducal coronet or, an eagle displayed sable. This is the only instance of this crest. The crest adopted by the Herald~' College, and which appears on all later escutcheons of the Temples of Stowe and of The Nash, is On a ducal coronet or, a martlet statant or (Escutcheon No. VI and Frontispiece). The motto used by the family generally is TEMPLA QUAM DILECTA (" How beloved are the Temples "), taken from the Latin version of the eighty-fourth Psalm. There is nothing to show who first adopted it, or how it came into the family. The Palmerston motto was FLECTI NON FRANGI (" Bent, not broken "). Escutcheon No. VII shows the arms borne by the descendants of John Temple of The Nash (1755-1831), and of Penelope Luders (1812- 1892), wife of Richard Temple of The Nash (1800-1874), who was John Temple's only son and heir. Quarterly, 1 and 4 arms of Temple (Heralds' College, 1796); 2, arms of Dicken (Heralds' College 22nd December, 1904), viz. : Ermine, a leopard's face jessant de lis, or, surmounted by a cross flory, sable; 3, arms of Luders (grant of Holy Roman Empire 30th September, 1763), 198 THE TEMPLE MEMOIRS viz.: Per pale gules and argent, on the dexter side an eagle displayed, dimidiated, and issuing from the palar line of the second, and on the sinister a tower, and issuant therefrom an oak. Penelope Luders was the only child and heiress of the Rev. Alexander Luders, an Hereditary Knight of the Holy Roman Empire (the last of his race). APPENDIX

(a) THERE are some families in existence, bearing the name of Temple, whose descent cannot be traced back to any ancestor of the original family. One of the most distinguished of these was Frederick Temple, Headmaster of Rugby in 1858, and subsequently Bishop of Exeter and Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the son of Major Octavius Temple, and was born in Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands. His father became Lieutenant­ Governor of Sierra Leone, and on retirement settled in Devon, where his famous son was educated in Blundel's School, Tiverton. (b) The Dukes of Chandos claimed Royal descent from Henry VII, and this claim has passed down to their present representative and heir, Baroness Kinloss. The grounds for it are set forth below. Henry VIII obtained from his Parliament an ordinance empowering him to appoint by will the successor to his throne. During his many matrimonial squabbles he also got an Act passed declaring his daughters Mary an.d Elizabeth to be illegitimate, and before his death he made a will which ignored the claims of his elder sister, Margaret, Queen of Scots, and her heirs, to the throne of England, failing issue from his only son, Edward VI, and limited the succession to the descendants of his younger sister, Mary. Mary Tudor had been married to Louis XII, King of France, but he died within three months of the marriage, and she then married in secret Charles Brandon, a young officer, one of tne handsomest men of his time, who had been an especial favourite of her father, created by him Duke of Suffolk and given various posts of emolument. He had accompanied her to France as a member of her escort, and her second marriage took place there, it is said, with the connivance of her first husband's successor on the throne. Her brother, Henry, was furious with the pair at first, but eventually forgave them and recognized the marriage. Their descendants, and those of Margaret Tudor, are set forth in the pedigree herewith. 199

PEDIGREE showing the descendants of Margaret and Mary Tudor, daughters of King Henry VII King Henry VII, Duke of Lancaster=Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV, Heiress of the House of York. This marriage united the warring factions of York and Lancaster. Her portrait (attribated to Holbein) was for years at The Nash, and is now in the possessioa of H. M. Temple, of the Manor House, Buckingham. -,------~--, Margaret Tudor=James IV, Mary Tudor=(I) Louis XII, King of France. I King of Scots. ·___ =(2)l Charles Brandon, who had been created Duke of Suffolk. James V, King of Scots. I I Lady Frances Brandon=Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk and Marquis of Dorset. Mary, Queen of Scots. I

James I, Kin~of England. Lady Ane Grey, Lady Jatherine Grey=Edward Seymour, Earl of I who was proclaimed I Hertford. Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. Queen of England I hie, Electrlss of Hanover. under the will of Edward Seymour, =Honora, daughter of Sir R. Sop I Henry Vlll, butexe- Earl of Hertford. I Rogers. . d ~uted by Queen Mary I Geo I K O f E 1 rge • ing ng an · in 1554, ,etm t6. William Seymour, = Frances, sister and co-heir of George 11, KiJg of England. Duke of Somerset. R. Devereux, Earl of Essex. I I Frederick, Prince of Wales. Henry Seymour. = Mary, daughter of Arthur, Lord I Lord Beauchamp. Capel. r..--.e I II, King of England. This nobleman is said to I -QU&s I ban: waived his claim to the throne. Edward, Duke of Kent. ------Elizabeth Seymour =Thomas Bruce, Earl of Ayles­ Queen iictoria. I bury and Baron Kinloss. :-,----- . EdwJd VII. Charles Bruce, Earl of= Lady A. Savile, daughter and I Aylesbury. I co-heir of \Villiam, Marquis of . Halifax. I Lady Mary Bruce = Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos, whose father had I been created 1st Duke. =--,--- James Bryd_ges, 3rd=(1717) Anne Eliza, daughter of and last Duke of R. Gamon of Datchworths­ Chandos. l bury, Hants, widow of R. H. Nom.-In the possession of Sidney Nelson, Esq., of Green Ellitson, Co11rt, Goring-on-Thames, are three excellent engravings as I follows:- Lady Anne Eliza=Richard Temple Grenville, 2nd 1. Mary, Queen of France. and her husband, Charles Brydges, sole heir of Marquis of B u ck in g ham. Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. From an original in the last Duke. created Duke of Buckingham possession of John, Lord Cartaret. Engraved by and Chandos and Marquis of G. Vertue (about 174,8). Chandos, 1822. 2. Frances, Duchess of Suffolk,

INDEX Addiscombe, 159-161 Edurpi (son of Alfgar), 22 Alfgar (son of Leofric), 21, 22 Edwine (son of Edurpi), 22, 29 Appendix, 199 Ethersey, Elizabeth, 77 Everton, Isabel, 32 Bacon, Basil, 46 Bacon, Dorothy, 46 Fiennes, Elizabeth, 50 Bacon, Nicholas, 46 Baldwin, Mary, 73 Hargrave, Jane, 32 Gedney, Mary, 32 Berenger, Penelope, 60, 66 Giffard, Lady, 34, 42, 44, 45, 46,. Boger, Elizabeth, 84 154 Borlase, Anne, 100 Godfrey (son of Edwine), 29 Bowdoin, Elizabeth, 82 Godiva (wife of Leofric), 21, 22, 23, Broughton, Elizabeth, 77 24, 25, 26, 27 Brydges, Anne, 115 Green, Mary, 73 Burton Dassett, 32, 47, 49, 69, 75, Grenville, Elianor, 69, 72, 73, 100 133-151 Grenville, George (b. 1712), 100, Burton House, 141, 142 102, 108-111 Busbridge, :Mary, 48 Grenville, George (second Earl Butt, Elizabeth, 85 Temple), 109 Grenville, George (b. 1753; Marquis of Buckingham), 112-115 Campbell, Lady :Mary, 128 Grenville, Harry Nugent (b. 1896), Castlemaine, Louisa, Baroness, 33 130 Chambers, Anne, 101 Grenville, Henry, 66 Chandos family, 8, 116-126 Grenville, Henry (Governor of Bar­ Clare, llary Elizabeth, 113 badoes), 100, 111 Coffel, Anne, 73 Grenville, Hester (Countess Temple), Conway, Penelope, 100 60, 64, 66, 99, 100, 110, 131 Cowper, Lady, 36 Grenville, Hester (m. William Pitt),. 100, 101 Denton, Susan, 49 Grenville, James (b. 1715), 100, 110 Dicken, Henrietta, 84 Grenville, Captain L. Morgan (d. Dodington, Sir Francis, 104, 105 1896), 130 Dodington, George Bubb, 59, 101, Grenville, Luis (Master of Kinloss), 104, 105, 106, 107 130 Dodington, Hester, 59, 104 Grenville, Richard (ci.rca 1618), 100· Draper, Sarah, 159 Grenville, Richard (circa 1671), 100 203 204 INDEX

Grenville, Richard (b. 1678), 100 Martindale, Charlotte, 89 Grenville, Richard (first Earl Mee, Mary, 35 Temple), 100-106, 173, 179, 180 Mercia, Saxon Earls of, 21, 23, 24, Grenville, Richard (b. eirca 1750), 196 109 .M.erston Boteler, Manor of, 32 Grenville, Richard (b. 1887), 130 Mold, Elizabeth, 77 Grenville, Robert William (b. 1892), Montgomery (son of Leofric), 22 130 Montgomery, Alice, 130 Grenville, Captain Thomas, 100, 111 Moor Park, 34, 42, 43, 44, 46, 156, Grenville, Thomas (cif"ca 1780), 109 157, 158, 177 Grenville, Thomas (b. 1891), 130 Grenville, William (circa 1783), 110 Nash, The, 5, 7, 85, 87, 183-lQl Grenville-Temple-Nugent, Richard Nelson, John, 53, 54, 82 (b. 1776), 115 Nelson, Mary, 53, 82 Nelson, Mehitabel, 82 Hadaway, Anne (b. 1853), 131 Halsey, Anne, 65 Osborne, Dorothy, 38, 39, 44, 46 Handcock, Gustavus, 33, 34 Handcock, Robert, 33 Paxton, Elizabeth, 76 Harris, Lord, 33 Pedigree of daughters of Henry VII, Harris, Elizabeth, Baroness, 33 201 Harrison, Martha, 33 Pitt, Anne, 110 Harvey, Caroline, 130 Plantagenet - Campbell - Temple - Henry (son of Leofric), 22 Nugent-Brydges-Chandos, Richard Hereward the Wake, 27, 28 (b. 1823), 129, 130 Hervey, Eleanor, 54 P 1 an tagenet-Temple-N ugen t­ Houblon, Anne, 35 Brydges - Chandos, Richard (b. 1797), 127-129 Prime, Miss Cornelia, 7 J eckall, Mylycent, 32 Prime, Mr. Temple, 7

Kinloss, Lady, 131 Reve, Mary, 48 Knapp, Mary, 60 Ridgeway, Martha, 59 Rivett-Carnac, Louisa Anne, 85 Langton, Stephen Gore (Earl Roper, Anne, 59, 62 Temple), 130 Lee, Dorothy, 51 Sandys, Dame Hester, 6 Leofric, Earl of Chester, 21, 23, 24, Sheen, 152-155, 157 25, 26, 27 Shepey, Joan, 29, 30 Leofwine, fifth Earl of Mercia, 21 Smith, Caroline Close (b. 1886), 130 Leveson, Christian, 59 Somer, Mary, 48 Lindsay, Mary, 91 Sparkenhoe, 22, 29 Londonderry, Frances, Lady, 59 Spencer, Susan, 47 Longe, John, 46 Staunton Barry, 51, 69, 72, 73 Longe, Miss Julia, 46, 154 Stowe, 5, 6, 7, 24, 32, 49, 53, 57, Lyttelton, Christian, 60, 64 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 75, 76, INDEX 205

78, 81, 99, 101, 111, 113, 114, Temple, Sir John (b. 1593; son of 127, 128, 131, 132, 141, 143, 162- Sir Thomas Temple, first Baronet), 182 51, 52, 53, 63, 69, 80, 81, 82 Swift, Jonathan, 42, 43, 44 Temple, Sir John (the historian; b. 1600), 7, 33, 34, 194 Temple, John (son of Alexander Temple Family, Armorial Bearings Temple; d. 1629), 48 of, 193-198 Temple Grove, 35, 155, 156 Temple, John (son of Sir John Temple, llanor of, 22, 23, 29, 133 Temple; b. 1633), 34, 35, 36 Temple, Alexander (d. 1629), 48, 63 Temple, John (b. 1640; son of Temple, Anne, 78, 84 Edmund Temple), 80 Temple, Anthony (circa 1567; son of Temple, John (son of Sir John Peter Temple), 32, 193 Temple; circa 1670), 46 Temple, Arthur Ernest, 33 Temple, John (d. 1676), 69, 73 Temple, Arthur Reginald Harris, 33 Temple, John (son of Sir William Temple, Dorothy, 36 Temple; d. 1689), 42, 45, 46 Temple, Edmund (of Sulby), 53, 54, Temple, John (son of James Temple; 55, 63, 80, 81 d. 1777), 49 Temple, Edward (d. 1763; son of Temple, John (of Boston ; circa Purbeck Temple), 80 1786), 51, 53 Temple, Frances, 37 Temple, John (of New York), 79, Temple, George (circa 1565 ; son of 80, 81 John Temple), 47 Temple, John (Dicken), 84, 85, 186 Temple, Henrietta (b. 1723) 77 Temple, Miles (son of Sir Thomas, Temple, Henry de (1275), 29 first Baronet), 51, 63 Temple, Henry (son of Peter Temple, Nicholas (d. 1506), 30, 194 Temple), 69 Templ~, Paul (d. 1G63), 30 Temple, Henry (b. 1673), 35 Temple, Paxton (b. 1720), 77 Temple, Henry (son of Sir John Temple, Peter (son of Anthony Temple; d. 1699), 34 Temple), 32, 138, 141, 143, 144, Temple, Henry, second Viscount (b. 177, 194, 197 1740), 35 Temple, Peter (d. 1581; son of Temple, Henry John, third Viscount, Thomas Temple), 32, 60 35 Temple, Sir Peter (b. 1592), 57, 58, Temple, Mr. H. Markham, 7, 31, 72 59, 60, 61, 63, 81, 100 Temple, Hester, 69 Temple, Sir Peter (son of Sir John Temple, James (b. ci'rca 1606), 48, Temple; b. 1613), 53, 69, 70, 71, 63 72, 73 Temple, Jane Martha, 36 Temple, Peter (d. circa 1642; son of Temple, John de (son of Henry), 22 John Temple), 47 Temple, John (0£ Francton; son of Temple, Peter (circa 1645), 30, 31, 32 John Temple), 47, 63, 193 Temple, Sir Peter (sixth Baronet; Temple, John (son of John Temple circa 1684), 76, 77, 195 of Francton), 47, 193 Temple, Peter (son of Sir Peter Temple, John (b. 1542; son of Peter Temple; circa 1694), 73 Temple), 32, 47, 138, 193, 195 Temple, Peter (d. 1748), 78 206 INDEX

Temple, Sir Purbeck, 53, 54:, 55, Temple, Thomas (b. circa 1560), 49 56, 57, 63, 73, 80, 81, 159 Temple, Thomas (circa 1562; son of Temple, Reginald Robert, 33 John Temple), 47 Temple, Richard (son of John de Temple, Sir Thomas (of Nova Temple), 22, 23 Scotia), 53 Temple, Richard (son of Robert Thomas, Rev. Thomas (b. 1604), 50, Temple; d. 1507), 30 63, 81 Temple, Richard (d. 1567), 194 Temple, Sir Thomas (son of Sir Temple, Sir Richard (b. 1634; son Peter Temple), 69, 140, 144: of Sir Peter Temple), 59, 60, 61, Temple, Thoma8 (son of Sir John 62 Temple; circa 1616), 53 Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (second Temple, Rev. Thomas (d. circa 1671; Baronet), 7 son of Sir William Temple), 33 Temple, Sir Richard (third Baronet), Temple, Thomas (circa 1671 ; son of 51, 64, 65,137,164,177,178,179, Rev. Thomas Temple), 50 195 Temple, Timothy (son of Peter Temple, Richard (fourth Baronet, Temple), 69 Lord C·obham; b. 1661), 7, 64, 65, Temple, William (of The Nash), 66, 66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 99, 111, 69, 73, 164 173, 178, 179 Temple, William (son of Thomas Temple, Sir Richard (seventh Temple of Witney), 32 Baronet), 78, 79, 186 Temple, Sir William (b. circa 1553), Temple, Richard (b. 1800), 85, 86, 33, 34, 36, 152-158, 177, 193, 197 87, 186, 187, 188 Temple, Sir William (b. 1628; fifth Temple, Richard (b. 1826), 87, 88- Baronet), 6, 21, 31, 38-46, 84: 97, 187 Temple, William (son of. Sir John Temple, Sir Richard (circa 1903), 83 Temple; circa 1630), 34 Temple, Robert (1421), 23, 29, 30, Temple, William (d. circa 1640; son 31 of John Temple), 47 Temple, Robert (of Witney; son of Temple, William (fifth Baronet; b. 'rhomas Temple), 32 1695 ), 74, 75, 76, 77, 185 Temple, Captain Robert (b. 1694), Temple, William Cowper (Baron 82 Mount Temple; d. 1865), 36 Temple, Robert (son of Rev. Thomas Throckmorton, Anne, 59 Temple), 33 Tyrrell, Elianor, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 Temple, Robert (of Boston), 81, 82 • Temple, Stephen, 53 Van Tromp, Joanna, 48 Temple, Susanna, 49 Temple, Thomas (of Witney; son of Waterston, 33 Robert Temple), 31, 32, 195 West, Maria, 60, 62, 66 Temple, Thomas (son of William Wotton, 99-107, 130 Temple of Witney), 32 Wyndham, Elizabeth, 108 Temple, Sir Thomas (first Baronet), 6, 50, 63, 82 Yarner, Jane, 35

Fri,ctld /w Me11n. H. F. l!Ja G. Witl,wl,, II,? t/11 Nortlu,,,,61rui11d Pr~1s, Ltd., Nn11t:1Utk-011-T,,u ~ IZ/6 · & 1924. ROBfRT TEMPLE. ol '""'-'V~ut f:,mv_ ---· %mpl_e Jiall ,·11 the Fansh CY SYB SDENf fi) .l!!vm1na!ed .Fediyree oTl vellum made 6y CLARENGIEUX KtNG oF ARMS -neaT WELL.fS80ROVGH 0 Car,,: L•ic in th'!­ /or JoH N TEMPLE ol &owe,? aad enlered in the V?st!alzo11 o/ BUGln andJleir of. Heir ;,,r WILLIIIM. Slotesmcrn. Crealed S.P. 172,.z. C-ascle hrdo--n. .Buronel 1666. ":J;rnp/e.lfalt in_y• SHEP!:Y o/ Shef!y 1661. died 1699. 7Ttle «zed Pis"/z tfSy6:den wlzo b17:?.iqh? e.:x:!C:ncl. in Com-- Le,c >: 8heµ,J.'. ~yna 8 J{v, 6. 2,. ln lo '/he /l,,,ndv -=.Ma7.- @· cy/ 0 JOHN TEMPLI:. =.JvJorf/ .lsa-helta k HENRY ::k Anne, do-,,,, ol hll. .- l<1rcrr. Rcrm1Joue·ttet da-u-- ol t~ff.:scount = fro-nces = .llbruham JoHrl .J.',s1r Slr Moor .Jb;lc du.-or Sir.Bdsi"l .Lora BERKLEY ol 16J6. W1Lt1<\1'1 I I .Ot"ed tbB9· .Eh:rnis.t G'erron:I Palmerslorz Houhlon. dr:ed 1755. TEMPLE" Sec>' .ll~xwelt. Slml'l'o,z o-nd ol ffo-r.-ow: Lord _J?erlcley r,,,/' NICHOLAS TEMPLE. RoBERTTEMPLE = G"mce cla ol d,.Bd. '7Jl· a:t 7¾7r. (Z) i,.l,LL1Ar1 Earl Slrr;,!lon he,·r to .J3urlcr;f ,nSlu;:ey ,,/" ffrn,Pfe I-la!! WILL, J:JRN'rofher Maqna Church, vnd .Bvrfon • ;? so113_ ,t ,t do-,,.· St;,llJ Or?d cc'r/stn. .7-facl BACOl'I. Hoa } .Dled SP. 15ot>. under Me.d»t?: Furlc. Tt-!OMASltMPt:E.=J\1011' d,r cmd o/ Jr€lney Cohee:-,. or ,n Jc11ie,. da. 1-IENRiTtMPLE=Elzxooellz co,n.- Oxon: l-s9• THOMAS G~oNEY. = of Sir :loH« di.ed 1719 in dau, o/ Co[, Br--.------.------, JOHNDICKEN. 011ltt =.Efizo&!J.. .13ernt:.t7•d_ Lor-d his latherJ i,ee, she, IJnneDzc!&en=WM,BEsT. .JJcrhora..ll,dcerz.=.. h'HtTE Esq~ Mvyor clt"ed S.P. Son ,:;1ndJ£el r. .1/eir c/l?ICHA'UJ ROGER TEMPLE WILLIAM ,'sabel dau.- of" or lifetime. .Died 1azr .Died 15~. menf,orzecl en ..l/a,ne /lnnc = t.ondon. ~,tth6 nqm6 cm· son and..ftel"r. JOHN HERITAGE =.Marv.only dqu.- perlv.km lus I .hetr o/.Bl/rlon 1 ol Eerz_jom~·n· Mee. ,;,rnf't.lJRl'!E ,4;,,,.,~ [OM UNO IEMPL E ..ZJassel, l'.. °hb;z,,,r/C &,lv/,9 7i'l'f.q'£_ 8on vnd J-/4,·r I '6}9 I I I .Pr.ed I I. HE.NRY JoHrf E=ll"ll' .Zan-z.b d=- frc,nces SirWrLLrAM Elz:za:6elh PAUL Tt:MPLE = = = PETER TEMPLE. RoGERTT&1Pr.£= ••• clau-.·or... PETE: RTE.MP LE -.JV-qZXtce-n C, )"" ¼scoun{ of" Usc-t .M"e/.6ovme,_. --A.df Str TEMPLE:. -.R:"/wN l-1wRPVl:E RICHAf?DIEM PL£=' ,love"so-4nne d,;,r.,.- died 1.S'j-1 s.r: 8f/CC'ceded his .:JOI? o11Y,1,;,_r: I ...... cl' .B'f'rloll c.lo-'u.· {:/'7>~7ekvlt fl, me Ntnis/1:r: rlidow o/ZC/,t 7>:,f{zo-rn dzea 1356 6"V£uv;;tv_ ern« o/Jlieffa.sh. On!, orJAMESRr,·err: .hrolhe; al7emp{e-_ o-ncl Jui,,. .nas-sell. ofJ>'earinylo"'fz. Jlzea 1£365. C,;,wper. ..Bowles s.P. hus ,ssue .:Jon crnd ./uir. CARNAG. B.So. .l/c,,[l_ Y\"ClS Cf fleqt­ :H;z,,-,ded kne .------+r-r-r-r------, Tille ex/incl .!Jc eel 131+. 11-as Aed 1857- ctde wlro Slqned of"r,;fnev r,:hz"olz I I J.P.½ at. tor '/Yor«s z i'he l",Grro-nif Ct> d1,e,;/ o,/t af'ter- JOHN T£.MPLE=Susan_ Cahe~·r Jdaieql,le,,-s. ANTHONY/f"M/7/.£ Jone, I 1 I I I I ~ -l~rshz"n.ZJ,,,ried =ftnelo.J!e. dt7'.- ~ .Tlrz:ol>eth W1LLIAM RICHARD. F"ltANCISRoefRT. Anne.So;:,lzia, PHILLIP execule the.Ktn;1- 16,io. or8loweinCom, o/7ks.•$_pencer ✓ of" dau.-or o'l J{e,nsey .luir di;Rev.~ die,:/,,,,,. Son ~.Keir. So/ic:-•lor: &1>9a! /lrt,l/. rnt:1rriet:(.... CuNr£ CcrilSn,v,a .lltedr:n lhe 7otver Bucfcs,.Fs9-' of£;;,el'"!on /l'l Com.- Cov9hlon ... l!cllyrt.ne .At..ExANOfRlvofRS "'arroed. O,~a /eoll",-,,j' .£,niyrak,£ lo rry. .Oei,a! in. Sec, to..lJa,,.4: o.f rnarrc"ecl, 1667. Jli hud d, Son t;f.Heir. ./Yorllzon!s. .ff,r-" Es. r A aXniyhro/ tl,e° &,,s,f.DtrV97'/rr.$. /lvsln,l,a. /,.,..,,,. 5.1". .$'n.9fand. .H"aswsve. snn Whn dist:p,/"'OT" ed &ly ~mortEm;,ir, I ZJred l(jJZ. StRUIOMASTENPLE-Jlesk,: tkrv·K Gf:ORGE. WILLIAM .,CHl'f 11/Jr071c/011. ;=A12,ze, .Sir ALFXl'INDfR = Nary 1'.e;;·,,- Suson ~irTlt?M-•.s Elizobc/h-lhscovnf , cfS!ow6. 1{1' Cr- l"l1LfS &rd.E'l,ja6elh 1911. ,.,,,,,.,,,,,.r,eol. ·B.lt>10,.I:sf ol 71f"ek l!N. TnQl,,,;,d l'lnliJJ,tr :,m,t/r. -,y.,,t- ,Burton .Dqs:s,t c;,.,,_,,_ Sh,, t/.:«:l 16'6· dav9lzltl'".s. J'fctlh,.qs onia P.p,sco,r,i. .Dcef:/11395- Sclu,n:nsm .,,f,,,dfrd la S. llrr•aa. hos !woJon.s a,,d ~~i-,,'7 on,son. l9Z'I- .M, ,ssut>. one ol,nu;lrler. ond Fwu dou.f',k1'S. 'lwt1-""'S61)-ne dor,:, JOHN, .Svsonnl'J ~ ,,,.,, ..,,,,, ,.,, M .Krlltd Ha~do/ 6erlru1.vrro(;d w,Pt~ Clerk ,·.,,_.ltol'f mf'rr•cd 7?ev" .I. .Zlz ed ,,.,,,,,qr,'i ud. i{S-Ct>ll 71 ! .Tl"aest .,.,,.,, o/ .13oro,ut 1876 ..tketl £It ea 1855: lfi,,t,1AN-r R r-,. CHEY Sk~w•Ch. Orders. .De ea 7J'a! cot al.8,"/lcrl_y a,.,;,: ~TER. 5:RThOMASIEMf'Lc .lialt,nyl" &fl Knt.- .Elianor. d ..-.,_. eo ...... n fotWND=Ele.,-nor C,l,eir o/ 1902. M.P. anr.l P.O. 2 .1Jr,",;o/. R.N . .JJeed leo-vin!f one C11vr! ...ll,ut s P. Solt 5heor olS",r7lfos7il'"Tell 2/an,r,e~ d' /'l,,va ol $.,-(1,_y s,r.Sr,,,;~,. Mf RVE"< some ftme fr&,.,-:- ~(11'"yAuyv.sfamlio- icd 19a+. 5tRR,ci!ARDTEMPLE-An12e. du,:;· esfer=li'1eH!' Ghrtslzon=S,,­ .llt:ed!J"Z .Z3vrvo ,t'Sto,:,,e 'l'~.Ba,ro,.cf t'7ul .lteir cf CP.EriVI W.E of"/'{ollort. TH,..,AslvnE•ToN a! /2eTT1f'So/ EDl'IVf"IO HA LSfl' c,Unovn/C.--.!..,J1«m. Succudttd her 13.;•ronet .Died JCJl1N Jsons W!ll.lAM of= ./fory. t£ae,.- Et6.mor= - 5TEPHffi JoHN of FIVE. EnM~/'10 Ellenllil,ze,. CHARI.ES L1ND8A.,.­ Peed SY 17 4 7. ~­ ti&r.lhwurle eroth,,,. «sl/.,c,,..,,fe.u 1718· Zliul SP. .Died ltl/,12plt>rt al. ... c,,,u,. RICH~ ~EHVtt.Lf .llied SP. Sii,kr!o/"t. do-wy/,/.,,s. .,rh=s!er. 1 so,ne limt Z/. Go~r last .2Jarcnct uc~o Lhed 1-,(,o. Co-Munt 9" was ~r, yarnzy- .:tlapel(. G3f" ofXmf. o/l'hffon .JJ,ed ,,oz. RICHARD CARl'IAG HENl?i AITTINDALE ..Cdeth_ l n H~gr,"•17. OCCl/jJlCcf .5f<•w-e, Co.INT£: SS T ll""!Pt.~ S011 fh,i,; ZJ,,rned tJlt &'e, .llvn:"ed of Stowe Ve,. D,eo' 11o6. 1116. b«lmU 1!' {-1i.d1gr,e 2,) .,,,,,, a,s- I c.a,c;.1.E . .Svcceeae-d .l{arslo/ce,. ..Z3oth .Jrnc!eod. C'ounlrss7lm,ofe. ,:,p;,e,nea. EDWARD TEMPLE. 19oz. ./'f()',n·oet dilJd lear.r~ny un 1Yo e.ssue . .Ped '7.96. s P. Fcm11y Jecrr!e only d..-,.,..-£bn,thea. I 2 . I Z He wo-s °de .Jvre • who ,nc,rrp.Son ✓ .Zlied' 1797. 17'!6. ~"' DICKEN. A-nne&.z,hza=&RIOawfmtlffl.E. Anne. on?.: ,:n,-/d. cr'A~. ..Zlze,d V17· .Zhea ,e,,5- · $=aaed as 7"' m<:rTTl0M . ..lJc,ronel 1761 .ll,i,Jd 178',. 71.tre e.r/.ncl B L______.:.::..:..______JB

······••··--• -----···• ..

/71~

R1(iHARO GRENVIUf = HESffR. ftdest clou· ofv,btCQrz .Bue-ks ci S11'{R1cHAR.D TEMPLE 1narrted 1710 3 ,.i.&l'MOf of Sl'Ok' C:, Die({ 1727. P,11r;ed, Oti thedcoth ofi,cr l>l"o!·hcr ,n"h'otl'on CJzurc h. thc~.Bmonef1n 17tt<) she, succeeded h1.,m as :Boi-oness onJ. 1;5cou11re-s.sCobhom and· i,zOclober d Owt.,eoY was CYtotcd C,ounte,.iTelTi.pli -rnth ltmdati.ons. lo the bet1'5 mole of het body She dted. a.1 .Both ;s!Jt oct. 1152 S,t, Pmireo fi O f

i:E.ORG!: G~EtfV1LLE == ELI ZAG1:Ti1 a.cn,; of JAMES GRENVILlr = MARY. dau & HENRY GRf:riVILL E = MARGARET dott.d' THOMAS GRENVILLE Hf:STER = WILLIAM PITT .Beoomc. S«.t· of Strlr."'tt';11dhr.,m !ry Hdd -vari.ous oHkes Llames.Smitb. cl u Cwtn.whoso J~ph ..801'1-ks Coptai n R.N. Created,' Thc."Great $tcte., i..,.Lord .IA.it~,, Colhcrt,1t Mv- J Cho-rt,s u11cfer the Crown J{a.rchn.9. Died broth.e-r died, in. 1(1.Ued. nzAcli.011. .Bcnr,n e ss. Common t 1"" Fh meM1.nislcr and St,Jmo,.'f Duke. oF Sorn,p•st:. Died. 178;. 17-''1 intoncy. 174-'T. Clulthom.. oFtc:rwards Eort Chonce:Uc,. J Euhequc,-; .Dted 5~ .llec..17~(!. of Chothom. Di ed. J~.. .riov! 1"170.­ .Bu'fud. ot iVolton. 'J'hei,- SQ1'2 wu3 lfilliom .:s~ned oC 'WoU,o,a. JAMf5 GRENVILLE " R1 CHARObRfl'IVILL E. LOI/ISA .n tl; ,H1., r11e .Mc n1:.'.rler s.P. crealtd. BoYon Gtosccnbu1, M:a.J0Y•Gene10L. Pli, HpSt ~nhop& und,e r Ceorye. ,;;· Died 11a5. 1781, "'1ULe e)(hnct

GEORGE RENVILLE Nuc.ENTTEMPLe == MARY ELIZABETH ciou­ THOMA9GRENV1 LLE :air: ANNE., a.Q1,1, of +dauqhte1s,- b.1'7j:) S1.1cceedih,, uncle a, .,ecand oFBobert.EarlJ'{ugwl:. obto..T2e.d. the einiture Thoma-, RU . .Boron <:ttARL0TTE - Si;r-"Wc,tlti.11 "M.Uiom,Wynne. &rt, Eor-1Ttm_ple. Crt.ated.1'1anJui5 of who was er. 1'1sco1.11'11 orfice ti Cm.cf Jl&Slc.eo c.n. Comtlford,. E'LIZASETH .:Buckin9h011117 Bt· Died 181~- Cl.ott,§-~Ton ~I;a1' t 'E'f""· lnhcnted..Eslol.t.s . HeBTfR = J{u9h mteseu& Nu~en t wi.th l,,1mL:ilimis OT&d. p,-~:rty cl his unc4 CATHf:RrNE ... RichOTd Nc-vi.Uo tom, .son-1.12-l.ow. the. l..ol"d.Gl.ostonbu.,y. . Morqui.s J.&cki.Y1!fhan1 :Formed. a -',,Undi.d.Li.brar~ 'r }zt, \88Vf>. wh'-Ch he I.Grt to Br,Huseu-m.. Died l 5i6. s.P.

RICHARD GRert't'I LLE: NvGENTTf:Ml'Lf: = Lady ANNfELt%A BitYOQfS. b. I'7 '16 Succet..d.ed os .2~ Ma rq,.n.a onllf chi.t

RI CHARD PlANTACf.l'ff TTEMPLE:· NVGeN-r•BPYOC!:S ·CI-IANOOS ==Lady MARY CAMPBell (1819 0T2t~ ch.i.td aT2d bei-r. SucGeoded o.s Z.. Duke~.Buck1,n1ham t:!av, of Jff MaTqlltS or ond.Chondos 16'3' .Dc.r,ci 1861. Leovi..n, an ontJ son. Breodolbonc.. .:She ~m n.d a p,,,.t1rco ci, ,,so

1 RICHAR0PLANTAGfNfTCAMP8ELL:reMPLc·Nu1:1:::Nr-8RYOGf'5·CHANOOS ~ CAROLINE d.,.11,, oF .Robert Lodi! ANNE (LIZA J"JARY, = W!LLIAM00RE LANGTON or onL-!t' cht ki. and ht1.,. Succeeded, as~~ Duke 1661.Estob1i.sh.ed ctoun. J-lorve ~ o( l.,an9le l( Fbr~ JJi.ed 1879 I :r{ewton Hat L, Somer.,d. to tn.eBaron~ ~K-i.nl.oss 18&6. CcvernorJ.1'1od'ras I.s1.5·Ieso. .Bucks, .D~ed 1674. G.C.S I., c.1 E. .Died 1ea,. 11.ttes wi.ch the e.xcepti.on of the 2 Earldom ofTernptc. wh"ch paS-'ed to his sisleT.s. on.d the Boron~ of = ALICEANNA cl.au, oF WILLIAM .5TEPHE:N Ki.nlo:1s lo hi, dovqhter. fie,come e;r.ci.J'!ct St,r Groho~J1ont9omer)'- .Be.come Eol' LJet72pl& 1io usue, on the de.0th or hts vn.cle the 3~! Duke, of .Buck~ ~ Chondos in , 689 }{as 'is~ue.

Lady MAR'( = Capto,n LUIS F.H.C Loc;l'f ANN~ = ,sa.i :UC.01: GEORGE. Lad."{ CAROLINE JEMIMA b.18~~ Sucoeeded. MORGAN. 'fo,.ks,6 br ,a:,,. I HAOAWA'f lale/lA. J:,. Ia 58. V n rn c:n-ree" . h.er Focher as Lancs,Re.qunent Died 1690. ~ .lxt-rone:;s Xinloss £Ldest son of G~9C.Nonners 1'1or9cm. of .Bidcilesclen F'crrk, ..Buck:s, Two cloughtc.YS. Assinned U:.e. name of Gl"cnvi,lte.. Died. 1e9&.

RICHARD GEORGE GRcNvlLL.f LUIS CHANDOS tRANCI.STEMP'LE- = l{ATHERINEJACKMAN THOMAS GEORGE BRfADALBAl'IE HARRY NUGENT CAROLINE: MARY - 1909 Thomas b. 18137 b 1869 Mosle.r oF J

Two dau~h.ttl"S Has 15s1.1~