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Douglas William Howkins Phd Thesis ;4989693B 92 >.8 7.=?58 <@1/4@. 0PUIMCS AKMMKCN 4PWLKOS . ?JGSKS >UDNKTTGF HPR TJG 0GIRGG PH ;J0 CT TJG @OKVGRSKTY PH >T" .OFRGWS %+)& 2UMM NGTCFCTC HPR TJKS KTGN KS CVCKMCDMG KO =GSGCREJ->T.OFRGWS,2UMM?GXT CT, JTTQ,##RGSGCREJ!RGQPSKTPRY"ST!COFRGWS"CE"UL# ;MGCSG USG TJKS KFGOTKHKGR TP EKTG PR MKOL TP TJKS KTGN, JTTQ,##JFM"JCOFMG"OGT#%$$&'#&*+( ?JKS KTGN KS QRPTGETGF DY PRKIKOCM EPQYRKIJT PHONOLOGY OF SAN MARTIN QUECHUA Dougýas Howkins Ph. D. Thesis. St. Andrews, 1972. i FOREWORD Most modern linguistic descriptions of Quechua dialects in circulation at present have concentrated on aspects of morphology Traditional grammars have aimed at rather wider coverage of particular'dialects. Middenforf in his grammar, deals fairly extensively with phonetics, word-formation(roughly, morphology) and sentence-formation(roughly, syntax), in Cuzco Quechua. In phonology(and in syntax, too, though this aspect is not under discussion here), modern linguistic approaches to Quechua have given only very modest descriptions. This is all the more sur- prising given the advancas made all. over the world in the last fifty or so years in phonological theory. It is difficult to specify exactly why phonology has been treated in this rather summary fashion. Partly, this may be a result of particular linguists' interest in morphology(with an $agglutinating' language like Quechua, for many this will be its most fascitating aspect). Partly, it may be a result of a trend of thought which does not believe phonology to be a subject worthy of independent investigation. Phonology, withinthe sphere of reference under discussion here, has been regarded as no more than a subsidiary to grammar. There is only one work in existence (excepting the present one)which concentrates exclusively on 1 Grambica Keshua(1892), transl. E. More, 1970, Lima, Peru. ii Quechua phonology. 1 Cuatro Fonologlas Quechuas is an essay into phonology in its own right, performed by four linguists of Bloomfieldian theoretical bias. Unfortunately, it cannot be said to be an exhaustive treatment, four dialects of Quechua(Picoy, Wanka, Caraz, Yanacocha)being described in its eighty pages of text. The four descriptions which together constitute the book follow 2 inventory a fairly uniform theoretical framework . The phoneme is stated; the phonemes and their allophones are stated; syllabic structure and the distribution of phonemes are described with reference to the sylla. b1c, $model' described in 1V of the present work; no - phonetic nor phonological text, is included apart from one or two forms used to illustrate each. phoneme. The author's descriptions is their lack major criticism of these of of adequate . explanation of descriptive procedures and problems. Other modern, linguistic treatments of Quechua phonology have limited themselves to- providing a preliminary to morphology(or rarely, to syntax). Parker(on Ayacucho Quechua, 1965). gives only eleven pages on phonology; Lastra(oLn Cochabamba Quechua, 1968) gives some fifteen pages; Sol; (on 11u; nuco Quechua, 1967), and 'This work was preparecl under the "Plan do Fomento Lingiiisticol, of, the, University of San Marcos, Lima, in 1967. The contributors are G. J. Parker(Caraz),, R. Cerron(Wanka), A. Ear-obar(Yanacocha), and J. 'Creider(P: Lcoy). 2 This is not a complete coincidence. Sola and Parker(bringing the theory of Hockett from the Un-ited States)have exerted a great deal of influence in the project in question. iii Proulx/Eacribens(on Huaylas Quechua, 1971)follow the same plan, giving only short accounts of phonology as a preliminary to grammar. There is very little literature on Quechua phonology which can assist the linguist who wishes to gain a detailed knowledge of phonology in any d:Lalect of Quechua. The most extreme case of brevity in the treatment of phonology is the work called Bolivian Indian Grammars which gives the phoneme inventory in a 'footnote on the first page of the description. It is fair to say that linguists have only scratched the surface of, Quechua 2 phonology in the dialects which they have studied While the present. work is far from being a Idefinitivet one, it does aim at providing a fairly complete phonology of San MartIn Quechua. The author has tried to give a satisfactory account Of the descriptive problems and their possible solutions for the dialect. The theoretical principles used to solve the problems are explained, the notions of the theory are defined, and their application to the data is outlined in every case, and explained in some detail in many cases as well. This work is unusual among works on Quechua as regards the space it devotes to explaining and solving problems in the des- cription. Existing descriptions of Quechua may be characterised as 1 Summer Institute of Linguistics publication, Riberalta, Bolivia, 1965. 2 It is difficult to specify the proportion of dialects which have been studied; Ecuador and Bolivia are largely untouched, while many areas of southern Peru have yet to be investigated. iv supposedly problem-less descriptions. The present work treats Phonology, not as a subsidiary to grammar but as a, universe in its own right, with its own problems and solutions. The tEuropean" background of the work, and the 'axiomatic' approacli of Mulder, have undoubtedly contributed in, great measure to the nature of this description, and to what some might call its 'preoccupation' with problems. Without wishing to tag derogatory labels on Bloomfieldian 1i; Iguistics( enough writers have done so already), I have written the. present, work as a possible answer to what I believe, to be an 'inadmissable Igapt in Quechua linguistic description as it stands , t4e,. lack a rigorous autonomous phonology, which attempts to ýof' ",redognise., 'state and-solve'descriptiie'problems. *It is to be hoped 4hat'the present work provides a beginning for a fully-fledged discipline,. of Quechua phonology. -Thii'is not to say that the phonological statement which follows '' has no relevance for graminar. On. the bontraryo it is vital for. atating the phonological form of allomorphs in San Martin. Quechua. V CONTENTS page xii PRELIKINARY, NOTE ON'THE TERK-10,UECHUAI xv FIELD-41ORK xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii BIBLIOGRAPRY AND REFERENCES xix NOTATION/SYMWLS- xxiv 1. METHODOLOGY 3- Hethodology Of Existing, DescViPtiOns of Quechua. I 2ý", Thq Deductive Method ýOf,, Testin& 3 Theory'and the, Testability of Statements. 6 4. Data. and. Descriptiv-e Adequacy. 5. Consistency and Adequacy. -' 14 6. Protocolized Data. 17 2. ASPECTS OF PHONOLOGYIN AN tAXIOMATICt THEORY 3-.:, AxiOms. iýnd Definitions. -: 19 2ý 'Positionst, and 90rderin& Relations". 22 3. The Definition of the tPhonemel. 27 4. 'Distinctive reaturest. 29 5ý,", Dis tinctive Features in Subsystems. ' 34 6. -ISyntagmatict, IParadigmaticl- and tPositiont. 35 7. Some Definitions. 37 vi page Explanation and Testability. 39 The Problem of 'Spanish' Forms. 40 111. DISTRIBUTIONAL UNIT AND THE SYLLABLE 1ý Preliminary Tests. 44 2., The Distributional Unit and Neutralisation. 57 1V. TIIE BLOOMFIELDIAN 'SYLLABLE' 60 I V. NEUTRALISATION AND THE ARCHIPHONEME INI The Nasal Series in gel. Distributional Unit and Neutralisation. 72 3. The Appeal to a Simplicity Criterion. 84 4. Summary. 88 Spanish Forms. 89 -9 Vl. VARIANCE IN SYSTEM A -FREE AND COMBINATORY 1. Realisations of /p/. 91 1A. A Short'Note on atentative Phoneme /b/. 93 2. Realisations of /t/., 94 /k/. 3. Realisations of ý 95 3A. The Phoneme A/ Before /E/. 3B., The Phoneme /k/ in fit. 98 4. A Phonetic Correlation. 99 5. Realisations of /u/ and /i/. 99 6. Realisations of 100 vii page VII. OF 'VARIANCE' IN NUCLEAR POSITION 101 -TWO -INSTANCES Vill. CLASSIFICATORY CALCULUS FOR SYSTEM A 1. Preliminary. 112 2. Position Classes., 114 3. Strict Paradigms. 116 4. Phonematic Paradigms. 116 Commutation Classes. 117 -5. Connective opposition Classes. 118 7. Functional Equivalence Classes. 124 8. The Impli, cations'of /b/. 129 9. Changes in the Over-all System. 134 10. Ad Hoe Phonemes. 135 1 lx- THE PHONEMESOF SYSTEM A AND THEIR REALISATIONS. The phoneme /a/. 137 1a. Realisaiions /a/. of 137 2. The phoneme /1/. 137 2a. of /1/. 138 _Realisations 3. The phoneme /u/. 140 3a. Realisations of /u/. 141 4. The Vowel System in System A. 142 ý. ', /p/. -The phoneme 143 5a. Realisations of /p/. 144 viii page 6. The phoneme/t/. 144 6a. Realisations of /t/. 145 7. The phoneme /k/. 145 7a. Realisation8 of /k/. 146 8. The phoneme/m/. 147 9. The ph'oneme,/n/. 147 10. The phoneme 148 10a. Real isation, 01 149 11. The phoneme 150 12. The phoneme 151 13. The phoneme 152 13a. Realisation of /Z/1 153 14. The phoneme/r/. 154 15. The phonemeIsI. 155 16., The phoneme/g/. 155 17. The archiphoneme INI. 156 17a. Realisations of INI. 157 18. An Unusual Feature. 158 19. Summary. 158 X. QUECHUA PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 1. Existing Statements, of, Quechua Phonology. 160 2. Some General Differences. 161 3. A Series of Neutralisations in Cuzco Quechua. 168 ix Ztf, e 4. Itapo quechua(Ecuador). 176 5. A Morphophonological Element in the Dialect ofý . San Martfn. 178 6. Prosodic Features. 183 7. General Conclusions. 188 X1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM B ' [b] [d] l. and aft'er a nasal. 190 2., after a nasal. 191 3. Neutralisation, of Occlusives in tit. 194 4. A Short Note on the Archiphoneme INI. 199 5. Synonymous Forms wit, h*o/u and e/i. 201 6. /E/. 203 7. Aspects of the Vowel System. 208 8. Further Instances of Variance. 209 9. Additional Remarks on System B. 210 XII. CLASSIFICATORY CiLCULUS FOR SYSTER B 1. The Distributional Unit. 214 2. position Classes. 216 3. Strict and Phonematia Parddisis. 218 4. Commutation Classes and Connective Opposition ýClasses. 219 5. Functional Equivalence Classes. 225 x page X111. THE PHONEMES OF SYSTEM B AND THEIR REALISATIONS 1. Preliminary. 232 2.
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