HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

PREFACE

The Hawai‘i State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) 2008 Update is prepared in conformance with a basic requirement to qualify for continuous receipt of Federal grants for outdoor recreation projects under the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) Act, Public Law 88-758, as amended. Through this program, the State of Hawaiÿi and the four Counties have received more than $36 million in Federal grants since inception of the program in 1965.

This SCORP has been prepared by the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) with the participation of other State, Federal, and County agencies, and members of the public. Aimed at implementing the goals, objectives, and policies of the Hawaiÿi State Plan, State Recreation Functional Plan, and County General Plans, SCORP represents a balanced program of acquiring, developing, conserving, using, and managing Hawaiÿi’s recreation resources.

The National Park Service, Department of the Interior, under the provisions of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (Public Law 88-578), as amended, provided support in the preparation of this report. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, strictly prohibits unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age or disability. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1201 Eye Street NW, 5th Floor, Washington D.C. 20005

i HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this Hawai‘i State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) 2008 Update was financed in part through a planning grant from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, under the provisions of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (Public Law 88-578, as amended).

The SCORP was formulated through the efforts and cooperation of Federal, State, and County agencies, private organizations, and many interested citizens. For this and the broad range of public participation in the preparation of the SCORP, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources is very grateful.

The Department also wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the work of its staff and the consulting firm of PBR HAWAII in developing this SCORP.

We note that photographs of throughout the document are current, and the LWCF date on some photographs reflect the year that funds were awarded for a project at that given park/facility. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the following individuals that provided us with their photographs to use in this document. • Andrew Barker • John Alford • Abraham Sakamoto • Katherine Smith • Allen Ughoc • Leilani Clark • Betsy Morrigan • Michael Rogers • Chris Chavez • Michael Shibata • Dawn Hegger • Michael Tanabe • Dawn Wooten • Patricia Chaney • Deanna Parrott • Robbie Kane • Deborah Chang • Ryan Kohatsu • Dorian Travers • Tony Lee • Jamie Pardau

ii HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ...... 1 1.1 LAND & WATER CONSERVATION FUND (LWCF) ...... 1 1.1.1 Hawai‘i’s LWCF Allocation ...... 2 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE SCORP ...... 3 1.3 BACKGROUND ...... 4 1.4 INFLUENCES ON OUTDOOR RECREATION ...... 5 1.4.1 Population Growth ...... 5 1.4.2 Public Health ...... 9 1.4.3 Tourism ...... 10 1.4.4 Economic Conditions ...... 13 1.4.5 Special Needs of the Population ...... 14 1.5 THE PLANNING PROCESS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 15 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT...... 17

2 HAWAI‘I'S OUTDOOR RECREATION ENVIRONMENT ...... 19 2.1 OUTDOOR RECREATION PROVIDERS ...... 19 2.1.1 Federal Agencies ...... 19 2.1.2 State Agencies ...... 22 2.1.3 County Agencies ...... 32 2.1.4 Private Agencies and Organizations ...... 38 2.2 FUNDING SOURCES ...... 40 2.2.1 Federal Funding for Recreation ...... 40 2.2.2 State Funding for Recreation ...... 44 2.3 OUTDOOR RECREATION INVENTORY ...... 46 2.3.1 Inventory Database ...... 46 2.3.2 Outdoor Recreation Settings ...... 46 2.3.3 Inventory Evaluation ...... 48 2.4 OUTDOOR RECREATION FACILITIES MAPS ...... 51 2.4.1 List of Definitions for Map Legend Components ...... 51

iii HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

2.4.2 County Planning Areas ...... 52

3 OUTDOOR RECREATION TRENDS AND DEMANDS ...... 61 3.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ...... 61 3.1.1 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Association Recreation (2006) ...... 61 3.1.2 Hawai‘i State Parks Survey (2007) ...... 62 3.1.3 Visitor Satisfaction and Activity Report (2006) ...... 63 3.1.4 Natural Resources Assessment (2003) ...... 65 3.2 AGENCY SURVEY ...... 67 3.2.1 Methodology ...... 67 3.2.2 Results ...... 67 3.3 PUBLIC AND AGENCY MEETINGS ...... 75 3.3.1 Methodology ...... 75 3.3.2 Results ...... 76 3.4 PUBLIC RECREATION USER SURVEY ...... 79 3.4.1 Methodology ...... 79 3.4.2 Results ...... 82 3.5 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...... 92 3.5.1 Motivations for Recreation ...... 92 3.5.2 Recreational Trends and Demands ...... 93 3.5.3 Satisfaction with Outdoor Recreation Facilities ...... 97

4 OUTDOOR RECREATION PRIORITY ISSUES ...... 99 4.1 PROTECTION OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 99 4.1.1 Natural Resources ...... 99 4.1.2 Cultural and Historic Resources ...... 101 4.1.3 Summary Discussion ...... 102 4.2 MANAGEMENT OF RECREATION RESOURCES AND FACILITIES ...... 103 4.2.1 Maintenance ...... 104 4.2.2 Repairs ...... 105 4.2.3 Enforcement ...... 106

iv HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

4.2.4 Summary Discussion ...... 107 4.3 MEETING NEEDS OF RECREATION USERS ...... 108 4.3.1 Ocean and Shoreline Areas ...... 108 4.3.2 Mountain Areas and Trails/Natural Areas ...... 109 4.3.3 Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths ...... 111 4.3.4 Sports Facilities ...... 112 4.3.5 Youth Activities ...... 113 4.3.6 Dog Parks ...... 113 4.3.7 Commercial Operations ...... 114 4.3.8 Summary Discussion ...... 115 4.4 ACCESS TO RECREATION RESOURCES ...... 116 4.4.1 Public Access ...... 116 4.4.2 Limited Access to Fragile Natural and Cultural Areas ...... 118 4.4.3 Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines ...... 118 4.4.4 Other Obstacles to Access ...... 119 4.4.5 Summary Discussion ...... 119 4.5 FUNDING SOURCES ...... 120 4.5.1 Reduction of Revenue and Unstable Funding Sources ...... 120 4.5.2 Added Expenses ...... 121 4.5.3 User Fees ...... 121 4.5.4 Summary Discussion ...... 122

5 STRATEGIC PLAN ...... 125 5.1 RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES ...... 125 5.1.1 Protection of Natural and Cultural Resources ...... 125 5.1.2 Management of Recreation Resources ...... 131 5.1.3 Meeting Needs of Recreation Users ...... 135 5.1.4 Access to Recreation Resources ...... 143 5.1.5 Funding ...... 147 5.2 OPEN PROJECT SELECTION PROCESS ...... 151 5.2.1 General Description ...... 151

v HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

5.2.2 Goals of the Selection Process ...... 151 5.2.3 Steps in the Process ...... 152 5.2.4 Selection Criteria ...... 154

6 WETLANDS ...... 159 6.1 PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER ...... 159 6.2 BACKGROUND ...... 159 6.2.1 Wetland/Recreation Connections ...... 161 6.3 AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS ...... 162 6.3.1 Federal Agencies ...... 162 6.3.2 State Agencies ...... 164 6.3.3 County Agencies ...... 164 6.3.4 Other Organizations ...... 165 6.4 WETLAND RESOURCES ...... 166 6.4.1 National Wildlife Refuges ...... 166 6.4.2 National Park Service ...... 169 6.4.3 State Wetlands ...... 170 6.4.4 County Wetlands ...... 172 6.5 WETLAND INVENTORIES AND MAPPING ...... 173 6.5.1 National Wetlands Inventory ...... 173 6.5.2 Endangered Species Recovery (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) .... 173 6.5.3 Pacific Coast Joint Venture Flyway Recovery ...... 174 6.5.4 State Natural Heritage Program ...... 174 6.6 ISSUES FACING WETLANDS ...... 174 6.6.1 Wetland Losses ...... 174 6.6.2 Judicial Decisions ...... 175 6.6.3 Funding ...... 176 6.7 UPDATE OF ACTIVITIES: 2003-2008 ...... 178 6.7.1 Presidential Wetland Policy 2004 ...... 178 6.7.2 Reissue of Nationwide Permits ...... 178 6.7.3 Research Programs and Plans ...... 178

vi HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

6.7.4 Public Education ...... 180 6.8 CRITERIA FOR WETLAND RECREATION PROJECTS ...... 181 6.8.1 Wetland Types ...... 181 6.8.2 Recreational Use ...... 182

7 REFERENCES ...... 183

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Inventory of Statewide Outdoor Recreation Facilities Appendix B Sample Agency Survey Appendix C Public Participation Process Distribution Materials Appendix D Meeting Notes Appendix E Sample Recreation User Survey Appendix F Recreation User Survey Results Appendix G Sample LWCF Rating Worksheet Appendix H Comments on the Draft SCORP

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Percentage Growth by County ...... 5 Figure 1-2. Resident Population by County ...... 6 Figure 1-3. Projected Population Growth by Percentage (2005-2035) ...... 6 Figure 2-1. Hawai‘i Development Plan Districts ...... 49 Figure 3-1. Motivation for Visiting State Parks ...... 63 Figure 3-2. Recreation Activity Participation Rates ...... 82 Figure 3-3. Satisfaction Ratings: Water-Based Facilities ...... 84 Figure 3-4. Satisfaction Ratings: Nature-Based Land Facilities ...... 85 Figure 3-5. Satisfaction Ratings: Sports Facilities ...... 85 Figure 3-6. Satisfaction Ratings: Interpretive Facilities ...... 86 Figure 3-7. Satisfaction Ratings: Developed Land Facilities ...... 86

vii HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1. LWCF Annual Apportionments 2003-2008 ...... 2 Table 1-2. Visitor Arrivals and Average Daily Visitor Census from 2000 to 2007 ...... 8 Table 1-3. Visitor Arrivals, Domestic and International, By Area Visited, 2007 ...... 9 Table 1-4. Physical Activity Recommendations for Adults and Youth ...... 10 Table 1-5. Na Ala Hele Trails with Commercial Uses ...... 12 Table 1-6. Commercial Trail Patrons 2006-07 ...... 13 Table 1-7. SCORP Planning Process and Timeline ...... 16 Table 2-1. Hawai‘i State Park System – Established State ...... 23 Table 2-2. Hawai‘i State Park System – Areas of State Park Interest ...... 24 Table 2-3. County of Kaua‘i Department of Parks & Recreation Facilities Summary ...... 34 Table 2-4. City & County of Honolulu Parks & Recreation Facilities Summary ...... 35 Table 2-5. County of Hawai‘i Department of Parks & Recreation Facilities Summary ...... 38 Table 3-1. Hawai‘i’s Wildlife-Associated Recreation ...... 62 Table 3-2. Outdoor Recreational Activity Participation Statewide (% of visitors/market) .. 64 Table 3-3. Parks and Beaches Satisfaction Ratings by Location and Details (% of Visitors)65 Table 3-4. Planned Recreation Facilities Improvements ...... 68 Table 3-5. Agency Funding Sources ...... 71 Table 3-6. Agencies that Promote Health Benefits of Recreation/Methods of Promotion .. 74 Table 3-7. Summary of Public and Agency Focus Meeting Attendance ...... 75 Table 3-8. Summary of Survey Responses by County ...... 80 Table 3-9. Age Breakdown of Survey Respondents ...... 80 Table 3-10. Number of People Living in Household ...... 81 Table 3-11. Household Income Breakdown of Survey Respondents ...... 81 Table 3-12. Recreation Issues and Priorities ...... 89 Table 3-13. Family Recreational Needs and Issues Results ...... 92 Table 5-1. LWCF Annual Funding Cycle ...... 153

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ACOE Army Corps of Engineers ADA American Disabilities Act ADAAG American Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines AYSO American Youth Soccer Organization BLNR Board of Land and Natural Resources BMI Body mass index BMP Best Management Practice CDC U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention CELCP Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program CIP Capital Improvement Project CLP Coastal Lands Program Corps U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CTTA Commercial Trail Tour Activity

viii HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

CWA Clean Water Act CWRM Commission on Water Resource Management CZM Coastal Zone Management DAR Division of Aquatic Resources DBEDT Department of Business and Economic Development and Tourism DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources DOBOR Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation DOCARE Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Education DOFAW Division of Forestry and Wildlife DOH Department of Health DOT Department of Transportation DP Development Plan DPP Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting DTS Honolulu Department of Transportation Services EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FHWA U.S. DOT Federal Highway Administration FUDS Formerly Used Defense Sites FY Fiscal year GIS Geographic Information Systems HCA Hawai‘i Conservation Alliance HHI Healthy Hawai‘i Initiative HPF Historic Preservation Fund HRS Hawaiÿi Revised Statutes HTA Hawaiÿi Tourism Authority HWJV Hawai‘i Wetland Joint Venture HYSA Hawai‘i Youth Soccer Association ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act LWCF Land and Water Conservation Fund MCBH Marine Corps Base Hawaiÿi MLCD Marine Life Conservation District MOA Memorandum of Agreement MWR Morale, Welfare and Recreation (DOD) NAH Na Ala Hele NAPP Natural Area Partnership Program NARS Natural Area Reserves System NAWCA National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Act NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service NRCS National Resources Conservation Service NWR National Wildlife Refuge O&M Operations and Management OCRM Office of Ocean and Resource Management OHA Office of Hawaiian Affairs

ix HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

OHV Off-highway vehicle ORMP Ocean Resources Management Plan PASH Public Access Shoreline Hawaiÿi PCJV Pacific Coast Joint Venture PCSU Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit PUC Primary Urban Center RTP Recreational Trails Program SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users of 2005 SCORP State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan SCP Sustainable Communities Plan SFT State Fuel Tax SHPD State Historic Preservation Division SLH Session Laws of Hawai‘i SMA Special Management Area SSV Shoreline Setback Variance SWANCC Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County TAT Transient Accommodations Tax TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century TDR Transfer of Development Rights TPL Trust for Public Land UH University of Hawaiÿi UHERO University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS U.S. Geological Survey YCC Youth Conservation Corp YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association YWCA Young Women's Christian Association

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HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Since the inception of the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) program in 1965, preparation of a statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plan (SCORP) has been required for States to be eligible for LWCF assistance with the acquisition and development of public lands for outdoor recreation. The State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), under Act 236 (the Hawai‘i State Planning Act 1984), is delegated the responsibility for preparing and implementing the SCORP.

This 2008 SCORP update meets the Federal requirement, and is the ninth update of the SCORP, which was first prepared by the State in 1966. Hawai‘i’s SCORP serves as a tool for statewide outdoor recreation planning, leadership, and action. As a technical reference, SCORP is intended to guide Federal, State, County, and private agencies in Hawai‘i in the planning, development, and management of Hawai‘i’s outdoor recreation resources.

1.1 LAND & WATER CONSERVATION FUND (LWCF)

The LWCF provides funding for the acquisition and development of public lands to meet the needs of all Americans for outdoor recreation and open space. LWCF funds are derived from offshore oil revenues and gas receipts.

The LWCF program provides matching grants to States and local governments for the acquisition, planning, and development of public outdoor recreation areas and facilities. The program is intended to create and maintain a nationwide legacy of high quality recreation areas and facilities and to stimulate non-federal investments in the protection and maintenance of recreation resources across the United States.

When creating the LWCF program, Congress clearly indicated that the new Federal program should have a lasting effect on the supply of recreation sites and facilities by requiring that sites assisted be added permanently to the national recreation estate. As a result, Section 6(f)(3) of the Act states unequivocally that grant-assisted areas are to remain forever available for “public outdoor recreation use,” or be replaced by lands of equal market value and recreation usefulness.

Administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior through the National Park Service, LWCF funds are available to States and Counties for eligible outdoor recreation

1 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

projects. Applications for funding are processed at the State level by the State Liaison Officer in DLNR.

Since the LWCF program’s inception, the States’ portion of the Fund has provided $3.7 billion that was matched by local participants for a total investment of $7.4 billion. These funds have successfully conserved more than three million acres of recreation land and open space, and helped to create more than 40,400 State and County recreation facilities nationwide.

1.1.1 Hawai‘i’s LWCF Allocation

For Hawai‘i, LWCF funding is administered by the DLNR State Parks Division. Since 1966, the State of Hawai‘i and the four Counties have received more than $36 million in Federal grants for outdoor recreation acquisition and development projects (each State’s apportionment is based on population and need). These funds have been used to benefit over 400 acres of recreation land and open space through the 141 LWCF grants awarded in Hawai‘i.

Unfortunately, as a result of the nation’s economic situation, the total Federal allocation as well as Hawai‘i’s apportionment of LWCF funds has gradually decreased since the last SCORP update in 2003 (Table 1-1).

Table 1-1. LWCF Annual Apportionments 2003-2008 Hawai‘i Total Federal Fiscal Year Apportionment Allocation 2003 $975,429 $94,383,000 2004 $966,727 $91,360,000 2005 $949,523 $89,735,784 2006 $295,549 $27,994,976 2007 $295,549 $27,994,976 2008 $244,054 $23,133,400

Since 2003, ten (10) projects totaling $3,927,824 have been awarded from Hawai‘i’s annual apportionment:

2003 – Central O‘ahu Regional Aquatic Center, O‘ahu $725,000 2004 – Isaac Hale Beach Park Development – Phase 1, Hawai‘i $520,824 2004 – Vidinha Stadium Rubberized Track Development, Kaua‘i $430,000 2005 – Diamond Head State Monument, O‘ahu $200,000 2005 – Keolonähihi State Historical Park, Hawai‘i $600,000 2005 – Playgrounds at Hanapëpë Heights, Kaua‘i $42,000 2006 – Kekaha Gardens Park, Kaua‘i $200,000 2007 – Geiger Community Park, O‘ahu $660,000 2008 – Isaac Hale Memorial Park – Phase 2, Hawai‘i $350,000 2008 – Lava Tree State Monument, Hawai‘i $200,000

2 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE SCORP

To be eligible for LWCF matching grant funds, every State must prepare and update their SCORP every five years. The scope of the SCORP is designed to meet the specific program responsibilities of the Federal LWCF Act, whose concerns are outdoor recreation, land acquisition, facility development, redevelopment, and rehabilitation.

This SCORP focuses on identifying and addressing the shifting needs and challenges related to outdoor recreation and the importance of preserving and improving outdoor recreation resources for our way of life and the future of our State’s economy. A purpose of the SCORP is to: 1) guide the use of LWCF funds for State and County recreation agencies by identifying public and agency preferences and priorities for the acquisition and development of outdoor recreation facilities; and 2) identify outdoor recreation issues of statewide importance and those issues that can be addressed with LWCF funding.

The SCORP directs LWCF grant funding into facilities that best meet the public’s outdoor recreation needs. The SCORP provides a basis for determining eligibility for LWCF grants

3 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

since all grant applications must be in accordance with the priorities listed in the strategic plan (see Chapter 5).

The SCORP addresses statewide issues in a comprehensive manner, provides an opportunity for public involvement, includes a sufficiently detailed strategy for the obligation of LWCF monies, and identifies types of wetlands with recreational opportunities which need protection.

This SCORP can also be used as a reference guide or information source for those interested in recreational trends, supply, and demand. Data is provided on a State and County level, for the supply of recreation and open space lands in the State.

1.3 BACKGROUND

The smallest of the five Pacific States, the State of Hawai‘i ranks 47th in size among the 50 States. The 137 islands and atolls of Hawai‘i have a total area of over 6,400 square miles and spread out over 1,500 miles. The eight main islands of the Hawaiian group (from largest to smallest) are Hawai‘i, Maui, O‘ahu, Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, Läna‘i, Ni‘ihau, and Kaho‘olawe.

All the islands were formed by volcanoes. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropic, have resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. Hawai‘i has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than anywhere in the United States.

Hawai‘i’s unique environment and mild climate provide an ideal backdrop for a myriad of outdoor recreation activities supported by Hawai‘i’s eight (8) National Parks and Historic Sites, ten (10) National Wildlife Refuges, 55 State Parks, 31 State Harbors and Boating Facilities, and hundreds of County parks and recreation areas.

Hawai‘i’s recreational environment is often divided into mauka (inland) and makai (seaward). Mauka recreation, often in forest and park settings, includes land and nature- based activities such as hiking, wilderness camping, picnicking, and hunting. State recreation agencies most directly connected with mauka recreation include the Division of State Parks and Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). Makai recreation along the shoreline and in the ocean includes surfing, swimming, snorkeling, diving, fishing, boating, beach activities, camping, and picnicking. State recreation agencies most directly connected with makai recreation include the Division of State Parks, Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), and the Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation (DOBOR).

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1.4 INFLUENCES ON OUTDOOR RECREATION

Various factors influence outdoor recreation in Hawai‘i. These factors need to be examined in order to plan for and evaluate the future demands and needs for outdoor recreation facilities.

1.4.1 Population Growth

Population has a direct impact on recreation. As population increases, the demand for recreational facilities increases as well. Population growth often creates greater population densities and urbanization, especially on islands with limited land area.

The State of Hawai‘i’s population has continually increased, with the Counties of Maui and Hawai‘i leading the growth since 1990 (Figure 1-1). For the last 20 years, statewide population growth has been steady at an annual rate of 0.9%. Leading the State’s population growth from 1990 to 2000 was Maui County with a growth rate of 2.4%. From 2000 to 2007, Hawai‘i County had the highest growth rate of 2.2%, followed by Maui County with 1.4%.

Source: The State of Hawaii Data Book 2007, Table 1.07

Although the population has grown at a higher rate in Kaua‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i Counties, Honolulu continues to support the majority of the State’s population. As shown in Figure 1-2, over half of the State population lives in Honolulu County.

5 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Source: The State of Hawaii Data Book 2007, Table 1.06

Population growth is expected to continue, but at a lower rate than seen during the last five (5) years. By 2035, projections show a statewide growth rate of 0.8% (Figure 1-3).

Source: The State of Hawaiÿi Data Book 2007, Table 1.28

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Hawai‘i’s population growth is also affected by various demographics.

1.4.1.1 Aging Population

Following a national trend, the population is aging due to declining birth rates and longer life expectancies. The median age of the resident population in Hawai‘i rose to 37.9 years in 2007 from 36.2 years in 2000. The population of school age children (ages 5-17) is declining, down from 217,604 in 2000 to 199,004 in 2007 (9% decrease). The population of those 65 years and older rose from 160,601 in 2000 to 183,994 in 2007 (12% increase).1

As the population ages, the user preferences for recreation facilities change as well. For example, an aging population is less likely to demand more youth-oriented facilities, such as little league ballfields or skateparks. Rather, they demand facilities that provide for less strenuous activities such as walking, golfing, and fishing. The Hawai‘i Chapter of AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons) has been very active in recent years promoting pedestrian safety.

1.4.1.2 Military

As the gateway to the Pacific, Hawai‘i is home to a variety of military installations, which are all based on O‘ahu, creating a high military personnel population in the islands. The military installations are: Marine Corp Base Hawai‘i (MCBH), Wheeler Army Airfield, Schofield Barracks and Fort Shafter Army Bases, Barbers Point Coast Guard Air Station, MCBH Kaneohe Bay, Hickam Air Force Base and Naval Station Pearl Harbor.

In 2000, 81,486 military personnel and dependents resided in Hawai‘i, or 6.7% of the State’s total population. The amount of military personnel and their dependents rose in 2007 to 94,501, or 7.3% of the State’s total population.

The Department of Defense (DOD) provides a wide variety of outdoor recreational opportunities for active duty and retired military personnel and their dependents through its Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) programs and facilities. The DOD-provided

1 State of Hawai‘i Data Book 2007, Table 1.31

7 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

facilities lessen the burden placed on public facilities and are in varying degrees accessible by the public.

1.4.1.3 Visitors

People visiting Hawai‘i affect the State’s total de facto population and average daily census. As shown in Table 1-2, on any given day in 2007, there were 189,412 people visiting Hawai‘i adding to the total population in addition to residents.

Table 1-2. Visitor Arrivals and Average Daily Visitor Census from 2000 to 2007 Average number of visitors Visitors staying overnight or longer present per day Year Total Domestic International Total Domestic International 2000 6,948,595 4,446,936 2,501,659 168,637 123,441 45,196 2001 6,303,791 4,224,321 2,079,470 158,247 118,106 40,141 2002 6,389,058 4,358,850 2,030,208 160,195 121,030 39,165 2003 6,380,439 4,531,289 1,849,150 161,048 123,389 37,659 2004 6,912,094 4,892,960 2,019,134 171,481 132,355 39,126 2005 7,416,574 5,313,281 2,103,293 185,445 144,396 41,049 2006 7,528,106 5,550,125 1,977,981 189,441 149,545 39,895 2007 7,496,820 5,582,530 1,914,290 189,412 150,960 38,452 Source: State of Hawaiÿi Data Book 2007, Table 7.03

The tragic events of September 11, 2001 had an immediate negative impact on the tourism industry with a significant drop in visitor arrivals. The visitor arrival numbers, however, have steadily increased each year since then as shown in Table 1-2; and in 2005, the number of visitor arrivals surpassed pre-9/11 counts.

As of this writing, however, recent economic events worldwide have led to a dramatic decline in visitor arrivals here and in other visitor destinations around the world (see Section 1.4.4 Economic Conditions).

Visitor arrivals have not been evenly distributed throughout the islands. As shown in Table 1-3, O‘ahu receives the largest number of visitors with 63% of the State’s total.

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Table 1-3. Visitor Arrivals, Domestic and International, By Area Visited, 2007

Area visited Total Domestic International

State total 7,496,820 5,582,530 1,914,290 O‘ahu 4,694,750 2,950,383 1,744,367 Kaua‘i 1,299,045 1,183,490 115,555 Maui 2,463,594 2,172,682 290,913 Moloka‘i 83,164 65,197 17,966 Lana‘i 100,350 81,160 19,190 Hawai‘i 1,622,359 1,305,218 317,141 One island only 5,695,117 4,206,591 1,488,526 O‘ahu only 3,177,434 1,842,054 1,335,380 Source: State of Hawaiÿi Data Book 2007, Table 7.07

Because visitors are drawn to our State’s natural scenery and outdoor recreational opportunities, an increasing visitor population affects the demand on the outdoor recreation resources. A benefit of the visitor population is that these non-residents help pay for outdoor recreation facilities and programs through their spending and taxes. The influence of the tourism industry on outdoor recreation is further discussed in Section 1.4.3 of this Report.

1.4.2 Public Health

The prevalence of obesity (Body mass index (BMI) >30) continues to be a health concern for adults, children and adolescents in the United States. Physical inactivity and unhealthy eating contribute to obesity and a number of chronic diseases, including some cancers, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes (Leavitt, 2008). Promoting regular physical activity and healthy eating and creating an environment that supports these behaviors are essential to addressing the obesity problem.

In 2005, only 29% of middle school students and 30% of high school students in Hawai‘i met the recommendations for daily physical activity (Table 1-4). On average from 2003- 2005, 49% of adults in Hawai‘i did not meet the recommendations for daily physical activity (Kolodziejski, Hirokawa, Benson & Irvin, 2008).

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Table 1-4. Physical Activity Recommendations for Adults and Youth Age Group Exercise Intensity Exercise Amount Adults (>18 years) Moderate 150 min/week Vigorous 75 min/week Youth Moderate or 60 min/day Vigorous Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has begun to rally support for parks and open space, seeing them as a way to encourage a physically active lifestyle and stem the national tide of obesity. Research shows that when people have access to a park, they are more physically active (Sherer, 2006). In addition, a statewide study found that counties with greater recreation opportunities (e.g., existence of parks, facilities, recreation lands, bikeways, etc.) had higher rates of physical activity, lower health care expenditures, and lower obesity rates (Rosenberger, Sneh, Phipps & Gurvitch, 2005). Outdoor recreation promotes a healthy lifestyle.

The State Department of Health (DOH) also encourages a physically active lifestyle through its Start Living Healthy statewide health promotion campaign. Funded through the Tobacco Settlement funds, this multimedia educational campaign, with partnerships in both the private and public sectors, is designed to provide the people of Hawai‘i with easy to understand information on healthy living (http://www.healthyhawaii.com/index.php). One of the specific media campaigns, Step It Up Hawai‘i, is designed to encourage adults to walk at least 30 minutes, five (5) days a week. Television ads, radio ads, mall ads, posters, news stories, and community events statewide all played a role in promoting the walking message.

Private health insurers, such as Kaiser Permanente and HMSA, also have healthy living campaigns to combat obesity and promote healthy and physically active lifestyles. Kaiser Permanente’s Thrive campaign released a 30-second commercial this year showing the benefits of bicycling (http://xnet.kp.org/newscenter/aboutkp/our-ads.html). HMSA’s Go campaign sponsors an annual Walk@Lunch event in downtown Honolulu to increase public awareness of the importance of engaging in regular, healthy physical activity.

1.4.3 Tourism

The tourism industry continues to play a significant role in Hawai‘i’s economy. In 2007, tourism generated more than $12.8 billion in visitor spending (DBEDT, 2008). In addition, tourism generates State taxes through accommodation taxes, sales taxes, and auto rental taxes. The recent closure of Aloha Airlines and ATA had an immediate negative impact on the tourism industry statewide due to the large decrease in air seats resulting in a decrease in visitor arrivals. However, visitor arrival continues to be motivated by Hawai‘i’s outdoor appeal, as demonstrated by many tourism marketers’ reliance on outdoor images in its advertising and vacation guides.

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There is a direct linkage between recreation and tourism in Hawai‘i. Special interest travel, such as ecotourism and sports tourism, have become niche markets in the Hawai‘i tourism industry. Where tourism and outdoor recreation overlap, the tourism providers and outdoor recreation providers must work with the same resources and attractions and serve the same people. Recreation-based tourism industry businesses depend upon desirable public lands aesthetics and amenities.

1.4.3.1 Ecotourism

Ecotourism, simply defined as “nature-based travel,” typically involves hiking, bicycling, kayaking, or boating to a scenic and/or wilderness destination. It may also include camping, and ocean-based tours and recreational activities, such as windsurfing and snorkeling. Many small commercial businesses are renting equipment or providing tours to this market.

Since ecotourism businesses rely on natural and cultural resources as part of their operations, resource managers have had to carefully consider where they should be permitted to operate and must promulgate rules and controls to ensure protection of fragile areas.

DLNR’s Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) Na Ala Hele program has established a regulatory system that balances the benefits of allowing ecotourism operations on fragile natural resources with the need to protect them. Table 1-5 provides a list of trails that allow commercial uses, such as ecotourism.

Currently, Na Ala Hele has authorized 43 commercial trail tour operators to use certain trails and access roads deemed appropriate for commercial use. Authorized vendors reserve slots for a particular day on a particular trail and pay a per patron fee according to a per unit system based on the impact the mode of transport (i.e. hike, bike and horse, motorcycle, 4WD) has on the trail (Table 1-6). This ensures that activities by multiple vendors do not exceed the established daily capacities for each trail. It also provides a mechanism for screening tour operators. Net revenue (20% of the total gross revenue is allocated to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs) from commercial fees totaled $91,913 for fiscal year 2007 (DLNR 2008).

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Table 1-5. Na Ala Hele Trails with Commercial Uses Activity Code: P = Pedestrian; B = Bicycle; E = Equestrian; M = Motorcycle; F = Four-wheel Drive Island Trail / Access Road Activity Nounnou Complex (Includes Nounou East, West, and Kaua‘i P Kuamoÿo trails) Kuamoÿo P,E,B Kuliau Complex (Includes Kuiliau, and Moalepe trails) P,E,B, Powerline P,E,B,M Wailua Forest Management Road B,M,F Contour Road E,B,M,F Awaÿawapuhi Complex (Includes Awaÿawapuhi, Nuÿalolo P Cliff, and Nualolo trails) O‘ahu Hauÿula Loop P, B Maÿakua Ridge P, B Kaläwahine to Pauoa Flats P Keälia Trail & Access Road P Kuliÿouÿou Valley and Ridge P Maunawili Trail and Access Road P, B Mänoa Falls Trail P Maui Waiheÿe Ridge P Waihou Spring P Boundary P Polipoli Complex (Includes Plum, Tie, Polipoli, Redwood,

and Haleakalä Ridge) P Waiakoa (certain portions only) P Waiohuli P Skyline Access Road P Mämane P Waikamoi Ridge P Hawai‘i Pololü P, E Puÿu Huluhulu P ÿAinapö (1) P ÿAinapö Rd. P, B, E, F Muliwai (2) P Käumana P Puÿu ÿÖ ÿÖ P, E Humuÿula P Puÿu Läÿau Road P, B, E, F Mauna Kea Access Road P, B, E, F Mauna Loa Observatory Road P, B, F Source: DLNR, 2008

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Table 1-6. Commercial Trail Patrons 2006-07 Patron Type Fee O‘ahu Kaua‘i Hawai‘i Maui Total

Hikers $5 7,984 347 1,678 205 10,214 4 Wheel Drive Passengers $25-100 0 6,695 663 0 7,358 Equestrian Riders $7 0 298 0 0 298 Motorcycle Riders $10 0 0 0 0 0

Mountain Bike Riders $7 0 0 0 0 0

Total 7,984 7,340 2,341 205 17,870 Source: DLNR, 2008

Although ecotourism has a positive effect on the economy, it also presents additional challenges to maintain and protect our already strained natural resources.

1.4.3.2 Sports Tourism

Sports tourism is another growing market that both affects and depends on the quality of outdoor recreation resources statewide. High profile recreation and sports events draw large resident and visitor attendance annually, as well as attract spectators, participants, sponsors, and often include national and international media coverage. Some of these sports events include the Honolulu Marathon, Pro Bowl (football), Ironman Triathlon, Sony Open (golf), Moloka‘i Hoe (canoe racing), Vans Triple Crown of Surfing, Maui Invitational (basketball), and the Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament.

Developing and maintaining world-class recreational facilities is a major factor in continuing to attract international sports events. Facilities, such as the Waipi‘o Soccer Complex, have potential benefits as both valuable economic and community resources. Sports events, ranging from participant-based tournaments, like the AYSO National Championship, to spectator-based events, like the Pro Bowl, represent an area for potential growth of the recreation-based tourism market that will have great economic benefits without overtaxing our State’s natural resources. The Aquatic Center at the Patsy T. Mink Central O‘ahu Regional Park meets a similar need for swimming events.

1.4.4 Economic Conditions

This year, three economic events stalled the Hawai‘i economy: 1) higher oil prices; 2) falling tourism; and 3) lower residential investment (Brewbaker, 2008).

Oil prices fueled inflation earlier this year. The higher cost of gasoline and electricity, as well as fuel surcharges on airfares and shipping, were easily seen effects of rising oil prices. Higher oil prices also affect processing costs for food and other manufactured

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items that are produced elsewhere, but that we then import. Therefore, higher oil prices have an impact on many aspects of our cost of living.

Operations of recreational facilities are directly affected by the higher price for electricity. Recreation users are also paying more for fuel on their transportation to recreation areas, and on their motorized recreation vehicles such as ATVs, jet skis, and motorized boats.

The decrease in Hawai‘i’s tourism arose from a slowdown of U.S. spending, and was exacerbated by flight reductions to the State partly caused by the rapid shutdowns of Aloha Airlines and ATA. The previous section (1.4.3) discussed the influence of tourism on recreation.

A housing downturn continued as well, which has an impact on recreation through a reduction in tax revenues. With less taxes collected, less funding is available for recreation. As a result, recreation agencies and managers will need to look for other means of funding the management and upkeep of recreation facilities.

Oil prices are beginning to come down as the end of 2008 nears, which will begin to take the heat off inflation. Inflation is expected to be 4.8% for 2008 as a whole. With softening oil prices, inflation is expected to come down markedly to 2.9% in 2009 (UHERO, 2008).

A significant recovery of the local economy will not begin until 2010, making this a relatively shallow but lengthy Hawai‘i economic contraction. A deeper slowdown could occur if oil prices go up again or if the national housing slump worsens more than expected.

Visitor arrivals declined by 9% in 2008, the biggest annual decline since 2001. Because of deteriorating conditions for the U.S., Japanese, and global economies, the visitor industry recovery is not expected to begin until 2010 (UHERO, 2008).

1.4.5 Special Needs of the Population

Less mobile people often concentrate in urban areas, including those with disabilities, the elderly, single-parent families, new immigrants, and others who cannot easily leave their neighborhoods. Improved access, including physical access for individuals with disabilities, safety, and additional transportation may be required. Other demands may include organized play and social recreation programs.

The Disability and Communication Access Board advises that more beach access is required. In September 2002, the Access Board published new guidelines that supplement the Board’s Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) by adding a new chapter specific to recreation facilities. Chapter 15 of the new guidelines include specific provision for boating facilities, fishing piers and platforms, golf facilities, play areas, exercise equipment, shooting facilities, and swimming pools. State and

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County Departments of Parks and Recreation have been working to bring facilities at parks, beaches, campsites, and other recreation areas, as well as recreation programs, up to the compliance standards of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This has resulted in prioritizing capital improvements funds towards compliance with ADA standards, and lowering the priority for funding of other recreational facilities.

1.5 THE PLANNING PROCESS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

Public participation is an essential element of the SCORP planning process. It is through public participation that community demands for recreation facilities are assessed, outdoor recreation issues and needs are identified, and potential projects to address these issues and demands are recognized.

The SCORP planning process involves the following specific opportunities for public and agency participation: • Consultation with agencies; agency survey; review of recreation resource inventory • Public recreation user survey • Agency focus group and public meetings on Hawai‘i (Kona and Hilo), Kaua‘i, Läna‘i, Maui, Moloka‘i, and O‘ahu to identify areas of need and priority issues • Review of the findings of various task forces, surveys, and planning efforts relating to recreation, many of which also involved extensive public participation • Public review of the draft SCORP 2008 report and maps

Chapter 3 provides the full discussion of the methodology and results from the public participation process. A planning process and timeline is summarized in Table 1-7.

The information received from the surveys and meetings during the public participation process formed an important basis for determining critical recreation issues (Chapter 4) and developing strategies for addressing those issues (Chapter 5).

The approach being taken for this SCORP update is to identify key issues related to the demand and quality of outdoor recreation, identify priority needs in response to these issues, and develop strategies to accomplish these priorities. Coordination with other agencies is an integral part of this approach. The SCORP report has been reviewed by

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government agencies (Federal, State, and County), and private organizations responsible for outdoor recreation programs.

An additional objective of the SCORP is to establish a review and selection process for projects to receive LWCF grants. In general, projects are given a priority rating based on how closely they meet the objectives identified in the SCORP Strategic Plan (see Chapter 5), whether they are in accordance with the purposes of the LWCF program, length of timeframe for completion, and accessibility for all segments of the population. Chapter 5 includes a detailed description of the Open Project Selection Process and selection criteria.

Table 1-7. SCORP Planning Process and Timeline SCORP Planning Process Start End Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Supply • Consultation with recreation managers • Agency survey April 2008 August 2008 • Review of agencies’ annual report, plans, documents • Inventory recreational resources and facilities Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand • Focus meetings with recreation agencies • Recreation user survey • Public meetings on Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i, Läna‘i, Maui, Moloka‘i, and O‘ahu August 2008 October 2008 • Review demographic and economic trends • Review of published report, plans, documents • Identify recreation trends and demands for next 5 years Develop Draft SCORP Report • Identify outdoor recreation trends, demands, and issues • Update Strategic Plan for 2008-2013 • Update Implementation Plan for 2008-2013 October 2008 December 2008 • Propose demonstration projects • Update funding sources information • Update Open Project Selection Process • Inter-agency review Draft SCORP Report Public Review December 2008 January 2009 • Available online for review Finalize SCORP Document • Incorporate comments into SCORP February 2009 March 2009 • Acceptance by Governor • Acceptance by National Park Service

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1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1 presents an introduction and overview of the SCORP document, including the purpose, background on outdoor recreation influences and planning process.

Chapter 2 describes existing outdoor recreation resources, programs, and opportunities. Included are descriptions of the major recreation providers and the recreation planning areas covered by this report, a comprehensive recreation inventory, and related maps.

Chapter 3 is a discussion of outdoor recreation trends, needs, and demands, including findings from focus groups and public meetings, surveys, and information derived from previous studies and consultation with recreation managers.

Chapter 4 identifies the key issues in outdoor recreation that need to be addressed.

Chapter 5 establishes recreation priorities and presents the strategies proposed to address the issues identified in Chapter 4.

Chapter 6 discusses the State’s wetlands resources.

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HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

2 HAWAI‘I'S OUTDOOR RECREATION ENVIRONMENT

This chapter provides an overview of Hawai‘i’s outdoor recreation providers and funding sources, as well as an inventory and maps of outdoor recreation facilities statewide.

2.1 OUTDOOR RECREATION PROVIDERS

Many different Federal, State, and County governmental agencies and commercial, private, and non-profit entities provide recreation opportunities in Hawai‘i. The following is a description of these major outdoor recreation providers. Also included in this section are organizations that do not necessarily provide recreational opportunities, but play a significant role in recreation, for example, through advocacy or land use regulation. Agencies and organizations involved in wetlands management are also described.

In general, Federal and State agencies provide passive recreation in areas with high resource values which requires a resource management orientation. County recreation agencies emphasize active recreation, facilities, and programs for activities at the regional, district, community, and neighborhood levels. Private recreation agencies and organizations support and add to recreation opportunities provided by public agencies, and play a primary role in meeting recreation needs for special audiences. In total, approximately one-third of the State’s land is set aside as parks and nature preserves, forest reserves, and recreation areas (DLNR, 2005).

2.1.1 Federal Agencies

2.1.1.1 Department of the Interior

Congress created the Department of the Interior in 1849. The Department’s recreation responsibilities include administration of the nation’s scenic and historic areas, the multiple uses of public lands, recreational use of federal reservoirs, the conservation and management of fish and wildlife resources, and the coordination of Federal and State recreation programs. The following agencies within the Department of the Interior provide the public outdoor recreation resources and programs in Hawai‘i.

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National Park Service. The mission of the National Park Service is to preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The National Park Service works with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.

The National Park Service is responsible for managing 378,744 acres of land on the islands of Maui, Moloka‘i, O‘ahu, and Hawai‘i. Natural, historic, and cultural areas of national significance are maintained by the National Park Service for public enjoyment and education. National Park Service areas include: • Haleakalä National Park, Maui (33,222 acres) • Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Hawai‘i (333,086 acres), the largest NPS area in the State • Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, Hawai‘i (will be open to the public in the future) • The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor, O‘ahu (17 acres), one of the most popular attractions in Hawai‘i • Pu‘uhonua o Hönaunau National Historical Park, Hawai‘i (418 acres) • Pu‘ukoholä Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai‘i (61 acres) • Kaloko-Honoköhau National Historical Park, Hawai‘i (1,161 acres) • Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Moloka‘i (10,779 acres)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The mission of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is “working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.”

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages ten (10) National Wildlife Refuges in the State of Hawai‘i including two within Papahähanaumokuäkea Marine National Monument for the purpose of restoring and maintaining habitats for wildlife. These refuges protect atolls to coastal marshes to tropical rainforests high in the mountains. Some of these refuges were set aside primarily to benefit Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds, while others provide habitat for Hawai‘i’s rare and unique forest bird species, as well as threatened and endangered plants, and still others protect a coastal home for migratory seabirds. National Wildlife Refuges also provide the public with interpretive and educational opportunities where such activities do not endanger its primary mission.

In addition, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service also administers the Endangered Species Act through its Endangered Species and Habitat Conservation Programs. These programs are dedicated to conserving, endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. This Division review permits, environmental assessments, general plans and land use amendments on private and public lands; administers grant programs for conservation activities; and provides technical assistance for partners.

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2.1.1.2 U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration. The Federal Highway Administration Hawai‘i Division is responsible for the development and preservation of efficient and safe transportation facilities, including: freeways, highways, bridges, scenic byways, intermodal centers, roadside rests, and traveler information.

The Division is responsible for passing through approximately $168 million in annual federal aid, through a variety of formula, grant, and earmark programs, to the Hawai‘i State Department of Transportation and the O‘ahu Metropolitan Planning Organization, as well as performs oversight and monitors their programs and projects and ensures compliance of federal laws and regulations.

2.1.1.3 Environmental Protection Agency

The Clean Water Act Section 404 establishes a permit program to regulate discharges of dredged or fill material into waters, including wetlands, of the United States. Section 404 outlines specific and coordinated responsibilities for both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). The EPA is required, in conjunction with the Corps, to establish environmental standards for reviewing Section 404 permit applications for activities that would fill wetlands for residential development, roads, levees, and other projects. The Corps is charged with administering the Section 404 permit program, processing applications in accordance with EPA’s standards, and issuing permits, where appropriate, after notice and an opportunity for public comment.

The EPA administers the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act.

2.1.1.4 Department of Defense

Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) Facilities and Programs. Through its MWR services, the Department of Defense (DOD) provides a wide variety of outdoor recreational opportunities for active duty and retired military personnel and their dependents. The DOD considers outdoor recreation (at golf courses, beaches, cabins, recreation centers) to be a key element in Hawai‘i military personnel's quality of life and morale.

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DOD-provided facilities lessen the burden placed on public facilities and are in varying degrees accessible by the public. Most of the DOD recreation facilities are located on O‘ahu, and include golf courses, camps, recreation centers, marinas, playing fields and courts, and beach parks. A number of these facilities and areas are open to the general public, including golf courses at Fort Shafter and Schofield Barracks, and the beaches at Fort DeRussy, Bellows Air Force Station, the Wai‘anae Recreation Center on O‘ahu, Kïlauea Military Camp on Hawai‘i, and, subject to certain controls, the beaches at Barking Sands on Kaua‘i.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) affects recreational opportunities through its regulatory powers and harbor construction program. Department of the Army permits are required for dredge and fill activities in U.S. waters, including offshore waters, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Department of Army permits are also required for excavation. Hence, proposals for small boat harbors, moorings, and boat launch facilities in marine waters, as well as proposed developments in stream and wetland areas, such as pilings and boardwalks, require Corps review.

The Corps coordinates ecosystem management activities with other agencies (including the EPA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resource Conservation Service) to improve the protection of wetlands and to support fair and flexible wetlands programs for landowners. Other relevant environmental services include the Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) clean-up project and historic preservation.

2.1.1.5 Department of Commerce

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM). OCRM administers the National Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program, an office within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The CZM program provides grants to coastal states that identify and evaluate coastal resources requiring management or protection. Federal planning and program grants are available from OCRM for recreation. The State’s current lead agency for CZM is the Office of Planning in the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), which also reviews federal actions for consistency with the State CZM program.

2.1.2 State Agencies

2.1.2.1 Department of Land and Natural Resources

The various divisions of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) manage and protect the State’s public lands, waters, and coastal areas. DLNR is the State agency most directly involved with carrying out Hawai‘i’s land use policies as they relate to outdoor recreation and resource management. DLNR oversees parks, historic sites and monuments, and coastal and offshore recreation areas. It also manages the State’s Marine

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Life Conservation Districts (MLCDs), island sea bird sanctuaries, forest reserves, and Natural Area Reserves (NARs).

Board of Land and Natural Resources. The Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR), made up of six (6) members, including the executive head of the department and representatives of each of the four (4) counties, meets twice a month to review and take action on departmental submittals, including land leases, Conservation District Use Applications, and LWCF project proposals.

Conservation District Use permits are required for activities on lands and waters in the Conservation District, as designated by the State Land Use Commission. This regulatory function has a significant effect on recreational opportunities since many recreation areas are located within the Conservation District, e.g., parks, hiking trails, hunting and fishing areas, offshore islands, artificial reefs, and lands and territorial waters seaward of the certified shoreline.

In addition, the Board hears public testimony on other DLNR program actions, development plans, establishment of rules, and permit applications. The Chairperson of BLNR serves as the State Liaison Officer for the LWCF program.

Division of State Parks. The Division of State Parks administers the State park system and the State’s recreation planning program. The State park system encompasses 55 state parks and 16 managed areas of state park interest, which cover 33,000 acres on five (5) islands (see Tables 2-1 and 2-2). The State Parks Interpretive Program educates visitors about the State’s natural and cultural resources and recreation areas through guided tours, signage, and brochures.

Table 2-1. Hawai‘i State Park System – Established State Parks PARK DISTRICT NO. OF PARKS TOTAL ACREAGE DEVELOPED ACREAGE Hawai‘i 15 3,162.2 257 Kaua‘i 9 13,675.1 130.6 Maui 8 332.1 37.9 Moloka‘i 1 233.7 10.0 O‘ahu 22 9,952.5 259.8 TOTAL 55 27,355.6 695.3

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Table 2-2. Hawai‘i State Park System – Areas of State Park Interest PARK DISTRICT NO. OF PARK TOTAL ACREAGE DEVELOPED AREAS* ACREAGE Hawai‘i 3 4,373.8 1.3 Kaua‘i 1 52.3 - Maui 1 0.7 - Moloka‘i 1 3.0 - O‘ahu 10 1,370.7 46.1 TOTAL 16 5,800.5 47.4 *Includes State Park Reserves, such as Kiholo on Hawai‘i and Püpükea-Paumalü and Kawainui Marsh on O‘ahu, and other properties managed by State Parks.

State Parks is responsible for the development and management of sites that have outdoor recreation and heritage value. The objective of this program is “...to provide opportunities and facilities for unorganized outdoor park recreation activities to preserve and make available for appreciation and study places of historical, scenic and natural significance.” Activities carried out in this program include the acquisition of parklands, and planning, development, and management of parks with heritage and outdoor recreation value.

Other program activities include formulating overall policies and plans, contract administration, reviewing projects for their impact on outdoor recreation resources and opportunities, administration of the LWCF Program, and the preparation of the SCORP.

State Historic Preservation Division. This Division’s purpose is to promote the use and conservation of historic properties for education, inspiration, pleasure, and enhancement, and to protect places of historic, cultural, and archaeological significance in the State. Although it is not recreation-oriented, the Division has been involved in the planning and development of state parks that contain historic/archaeological resources and review of interpretive programs for historical parks and sites.

Division of Aquatic Resources. The Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) administers the State’s programs for marine and freshwater resources, including commercial fishery and resource enhancement, aquatic resources and environmental protection, and recreational fishery.

The objective of the recreational fishery program is to sustain recreationally-important aquatic life and their habitats for the enjoyment of Hawai‘i’s residents and visitors by providing opportunities in managed areas for fishing, diving, photography, or nature study, and by the implementation of effective management strategies. This program includes research on individual fish species, surveys of sports fishers, operation of checking stations to monitor fishing activities, artificial reef development, and public education and outreach on DAR projects and fishing regulations. DAR also manages fishery management areas, marine life conservation districts, fish aggregating devices, and freshwater public fishing areas.

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Division of Forestry and Wildlife. The Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) is responsible for the management of forestry, wildlife, natural areas, and a variety of recreational activity on mostly State Forest Reserve lands. DOFAW is responsible for managing the approximately 900,000-acre system of forest and natural reserves, plant and wildlife sanctuaries, and wilderness and game management and public hunting areas, which represents the nation’s 11th largest area of State-managed forestland.

Activities relating to resource protection and enhancement include watershed and wildlife habitat protection, timber inventory, fire prevention, erosion control, invasive species and forest pest removal, and the protection and preservation of unique native plant and animal species.

Natural Area Reserves and Watershed Management

The objective of the Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) and Watershed Management Section of DOFAW is to protect and enhance Hawai‘i’s native ecosystems, unique native plant and animal species, and geological features for their value to watersheds, science, education, industry, and the cultural enrichment for present and future generations. This objective is met by: control of non-native species within the protected areas; protection from feral ungulates; monitor threats; administering Natural Area Partnership Program (NAPP) contracts; support of watershed partnerships throughout the State with funding and technical expertise; protection and enhancement of threatened and endangered species; administering the Youth Conservation Corp (YCC) students and interns program; implementation of outreach and volunteer programs to engage the general public in resource management projects; support of research and environmental education by issuing permits and providing access and interpretation; and acquisition of conservation lands through the Legacy Land Conservation Program.

Forest and Outdoor Recreation Section

Although DOFAW’s priority is resource protection and management, it is also responsible for managing and developing outdoor recreation resources and programs in State forest areas and on private land. The objectives of DOFAW’s Forest and Outdoor Recreation Section are to: 1) provide managed opportunities and facilities for the public to engage in multiple-use outdoor recreation activities (hiking, biking, equestrian riding, off-highway vehicle use, hunting, and camping) while also providing access for resource management; 2) maintain, and enhance a public hunting program to provide a source of food and outdoor recreation for the public and as a means to control introduced game animals in watershed areas; and 3) inventory, protect and restore specific historic trails and non- vehicular old government roads for public use where it is culturally appropriate.

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Na Ala Hele

DOFAW’s primary recreational program is Na Ala Hele (NAH), the Hawai‘i Statewide Trails and Access Program, established in 1988. The NAH program has constructed new trails, continues to maintain and improve existing trails, negotiates and conducts research on access issues for existing trails that have been restricted from public use and historic and ancient Hawaiian trails that may be suitable for public use currently or in the future, and disseminates trail information to agencies and the public.

Trails and unpaved access road are critical resource management and recreational features that serve multiple access functions: • Rapid response for county search and rescue efforts • Restoring native flora and fauna and watersheds • Monitoring and removal of invasive plant and animal species • Combating and controlling wildland fire as firebreaks and firefighter access routes • Experiencing and protecting Hawaiian culture through ancient and historic trails • Recreating: hunting, hiking, bicycling, equestrian riding, off-highway vehicle (OHV) riding • Diversifying Hawaii’s economy via commercial trail and access road tours

Activities associated with NAH Program administration and management and implementation are comprised of essentially four (4) distinct, divergent, and potentially conflicting subject areas of responsibility: • Recreational trail and access road management and maintenance for recreation and resource management • Ancient and historic trails abstracting, coordinating with other DLNR Divisions on planning and restoring managed public use • Commercial trail tour activity management, billing and monitoring. See Section 1.4.3 (Tourism) for further discussion of commercial tourism on trails • Environmental risk assessment, management and establishing methods to improve public safety

Recreational trail and access road development and management activities include: • Physically maintaining the condition of appropriate trails and access roads under DOFAW jurisdiction to specific management standards and specifications. • Responding to adjacent natural and cultural resource management issues associated with trail and access road corridors. • Managing multiple public and commercial recreational activities. • Assisting in the resolution of specific public access disputes and initiate planning and development for trails or access routes to trails that may be suitable for inclusion into NAH. • Commenting on projects that may affect trails and access. • Providing NAH technical or developmental support to other organizations or agencies developing or managing trails and access.

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Over the past few years these multiple mandates have become particularly challenging for DOFAW's Hawai‘i Branch due to increased development affecting ancient and historic trails, and increased demand for developing recreational trail opportunities, such as managing the new OHV riding areas in the upper Waiäkea Forest Reserve and access roads on Mauna Kea.

Hunting Program

DOFAW's public hunting program supports and facilitates hunting on public and private lands by providing a structured program that is accessible to all and promotes and encourages participation. Public hunting is an essential tool in controlling game mammals on public and private lands where control is needed. The program also focuses on hunting efforts and provides hunter access to more remote/pristine sites, thereby helping to control game mammal populations in those areas. There is a need to continue to manage public hunting areas and wildlife habitat, and to provide habitat improvements and facilities to meet the demand for wildlife-oriented recreational activities throughout the State.

The hunting program includes: activities to organize and run public hunting seasons; setting seasons and establishing hunting rules; monitoring hunter harvest; inventory and surveys of game birds and mammals; land leases to provide additional areas available for public hunting; game habitat improvement by planting food items and weed control in public hunting areas; game population enhancement by control of alien predators; translocating or releasing pen-reared birds; research on game animals and habitat; and facility and infrastructure development and operation that will improve hunter recreational opportunities.

Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement. The Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) is a consolidation of all enforcement functions within DLNR. DOCARE operates seven days a week, with primary focus on weekends and holidays. It enforces the rules and regulations related to fishing, hunting, boating, and ocean recreation, as well as those covering activities on Forest Reserve lands, parks, lands and waters within the Conservation District (as designated by the State Land Use Commission), wildlife sanctuaries, Marine Life Conservation Districts, State shores, Na Ala Hele trails, and Natural Area Reserves. It also administers the Hawai‘i Hunter Education Program and assisted in establishing administrative rules for the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Area. In the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001, DOCARE has also become another agency involved in national security.

Land Division. The Land Division is responsible for managing State-owned lands in ways that will promote the social, environmental, and economic well-being of Hawaiÿi’s people and for insuring that these lands are used in accordance with the goals, policies, and plans of the State. Where acquisitions of privately-owned lands or lands owned by other government entities are required by the State for public purposes, such as development of

27 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

State parks or protection of natural and cultural resources, the division is responsible for acquiring these lands through negotiations, condemnations, or land exchanges.

In 1997, the BLNR established the Coastal Lands Program (CLP) within the Land Division. The purpose of the CLP is to establish a strategic and comprehensive framework to protect and conserve the State’s beaches. This framework is set out in the Coastal Erosion Management Plan, a joint effort of DLNR and the University of Hawai‘i, Department of Geology and Geophysics.

Engineering Division. Reestablished as a separate division in 2002, the Engineering Division provides comprehensive and professional engineering services for developing water supplies for State-sponsored projects and State lands, and implementing capital improvement and repair projects for other divisions in DLNR and State agencies. This division also implements flood plain management and dam safety activities to minimize the loss of life and property damage.

Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation. The Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation (DOBOR) provides facilities for recreational boating and support opportunities for ocean-based recreation activities. It is also concerned with ensuring public access to State waters. Its main responsibilities include the development, management, operation, regulation, and repair of 2,122 moorings/berths, 50 boat ramps, 21 boat harbors, and 19 piers throughout the State’s four (4) boating districts. The Division has spent $35 million on 122 small boat harbor construction projects and has budgeted $45 million for 67 additional projects in its future construction schedule. DOBOR also manages recreation use in marine life conservation districts.

The Division also develops and implements rules to promote boating safety and reduce conflicts between various recreational user groups, handles vessel registration, and investigates boating accidents. It administers the licensing of commercial operators, regulates commercial vessel use of public boating facilities, and issues marine event permits (e.g., canoe races, boat races, etc.). Although the Division is wholly self- supported from user and registration fees, marine fuel taxes, and boating property rental income, it has made use of federal matching funds to support construction projects in recent years.

2.1.2.2 Department of Transportation

Highways Division. The Department of Transportation (DOT) Highways Division is responsible for planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining State highway facilities throughout the islands. The DOT Highways Division administers federal funds from the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) of 2005 (see Section 2.2.1.8), which is a bill authorizing reimbursements to agencies for transportation related projects, including trails, bikeways, and other facilities with recreation potential.

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As part of its duties, the division provides recreational opportunities by planning and developing bikeways on State highways, by beautifying major highways and by providing scenic roadside lookouts along State highways. Bikeway development is based on Bike Plan Hawaii, first issued by the division in 1977 and revised in 1994 and 2003. The 2003 Bike Plan Hawaiÿi gives prominence to non-construction objectives: education, enforcement, economics, and encouragement. It recommends the addition of approximately 1,722 miles of new bikeways to the statewide network (compared to 1,309 new miles in the 1994 plan). The 2003 Plan improves connectivity between existing and proposed facilities, particularly within communities, and there is a significant increase in proposed off-road paths (http://www.state.hi.us/dot/highways/bike/bikeplan/index.htm).

Harbors Division. The DOT Harbors Division administers the statewide commercial harbor system, which consists of 10 commercial harbors. The ports serving the State are Honolulu Harbor, Kalaeloa Barbers Point Harbor, and Kewalo Basin on O‘ahu; Port Allen and Näwiliwili Harbors on Kauai; Kahului Harbor on Maui; Hilo Harbor and Kawaihae Harbor on Hawai‘i; Kaunakakai Harbor on Moloka‘i; and Kaumalapau Harbor on Läna‘i.

Although DOT Harbors are usually associated more with its commercial cargo operations, some of the DOT State harbors focus on tourism and commercial fishing operations. In the Oahu Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan, plans for Kewalo Basin reflect a gradual transition to ocean- based tourist activities with commercial fishing being relocated to Honolulu Harbor and Ke‘ehi Lagoon (http://www6.hawaii.gov/dot/harbors/o ahu/2020.htm).

2.1.2.3 Department of Education

The Department of Education (DOE) provides physical education and interscholastic athletic programs within the public school system. It offers a variety of cultural and recreational activities during and after regular school hours. In addition, DOE administers an adult education program to promote not only scholastic achievement but also to broaden people's cultural, recreational, and social horizons and interests. Playing courts, fields, gymnasiums, swimming pools, and other facilities located on school grounds are actual and potential resources for public recreation. DOE students have priority over the general public for use of these facilities.

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2.1.2.4 Department of Health

Environmental Planning Office. As the primary agency responsible for environmental and land use plans and public environmental education, the Environmental Planning Office also monitors and protects Hawai‘i’s surface and groundwater.

Healthy Hawai‘i Initiative. The Healthy Hawai‘i Initiative (HHI) is the DOH program responsible for running the Start Living Healthy campaign, the statewide health promotion campaign. Funded through the Tobacco Settlement funds, this multimedia educational campaign, with partnerships in both the private and public sectors, is designed to provide the people of Hawai‘i with easy to understand information on healthy living (http://www.healthyhawaii.com/index.php).

HHI’s structure is based on the social-ecological model to affect behavior change at multiple levels of society (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and societal). The HHI Goals are to: • Educate on leading causes of preventative deaths • Encourage the public to incorporate healthy choices into their lifestyles • Reduce the burden of chronic disease

2.1.2.5 Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism

The Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) works to support business, create jobs, and improve Hawai‘i’s standard of living through diversifying the economy, expanding existing business, and attracting new economic activity, including commercial recreation operations.

Office of Planning. The Office of Planning is a land use policy agency within the DBEDT. As the Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program lead agency, it evaluates public and private proposals for consistency with the objectives of the CZM program’s ten policy areas. The CZM implements its objectives relating to recreation through the funding of coastal recreation activities, as well as beach clean-up programs, advisory groups, workshops, conferences, and public outreach.

A priority of the CZM Program for Marine and Coastal Affairs is to: review and periodically update the Ocean Resources Management Plan (ORMP); coordinate overall implementation of the ORMP, giving special consideration to the plan's priority recommendations; and coordinate the development of state agency work plans to implement the ORMP.

The update, implementation and further development of the ORMP have been an ongoing, multi-year effort. An updated ORMP was completed in December 2006. Since the update, the CZM Program has established a multi-stakeholder Policy Group and a Working Group to ensure plan implementation, and have just finished an ORMP

30 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

implementation work plan for the years 2007-2009 (http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/czm/ormp/ormp.php).

Hawai‘i Tourism Authority (HTA). One of HTA’s goals is: “To respect, enhance, and perpetuate Hawai‘i’s natural resources to ensure a high level of satisfaction for residents and visitors.” To accomplish this goal, in 2002, the HTA established the Natural Resources Advisory Group to assist and advise the HTA in its Natural Resources Program.

Through the Natural Resources Program, the HTA commissioned a State parks surveys and natural resource assessment. Along with the members of its Natural Resources Advisory Group, HTA addresses priority sites and projects (identified in its natural resources assessment), utilizing, and implementing the information and recommendations from the completed 2007 State Parks Survey (Section 3.1.2) and 2003 Natural Resources Assessment (Section 3.1.4). The HTA has also offered support to community-based natural resource efforts through its annual public request for proposals.

2.1.2.6 The University of Hawai‘i

Sea Grant College Program. Established in 1968, the Sea Grant College Program funds and administers research, education, and advisory activities in the development and management of marine resources in Hawai‘i and the Pacific. Sea Grant’s Extension Service has been particularly involved in recreation and tourism, coastal resource management and hazards mitigation, education and public outreach, and capacity building and training. It has worked with various State agencies, including DBEDT, DLNR, Office of Planning, and communities throughout Hawai‘i and the Pacific.

Sea Grant Extension staff has been instrumental in the City and County of Honolulu’s Hanauma Bay Education Program, which introduces visitors to the cultural history, geology, marine life, and ecological concerns of the Hanauma Bay preserve through a 12- minute orientation video. Other recent Sea Grant projects include Project Kahea Loko, which restored a Käne‘ohe Bay fishpond as an educational opportunity; organization of beach clean-ups including the international “Get the Drift and Bag It” program; publication of disaster preparedness materials for Hawai‘i boaters in collaboration with DOBOR; publication of ocean recreation economic studies in cooperation with DBEDT’s Ocean Resources branch; and development of the SeaSquirts educational website targeted for fourth through ninth graders.

Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit. The Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (PCSU) is the result of a cooperative effort between the University of Hawai‘i, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the National Park Service. Working in collaboration with Federal, State, County, and private organizations, including the Nature Conservancy and Kamehameha Schools, PCSU projects protect Hawai‘i’s biodiversity while encouraging a sustainable economy. The organization’s over 100 projects employ more than 180 people, many of whom are from rural and economically depressed areas of the State.

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2.1.3 County Agencies

The following are county ordinances related to the provision and protection of parks and open spaces.

Park Dedication Ordinances. All of the counties have park dedication ordinances, which require residential developments to dedicate land in perpetuity to the counties for the development of public parks. The counties also have the discretion to accept fees in lieu of land.

Open Space Provisions. County zoning codes contain provisions for open areas in terms of setback and maximum lot coverage. Incentives are provided through the development plan process which allows higher densities in exchange for the provision of more recreation and open space.

Public Access Requirements. Requirements to provide public access are contained in separate county ordinances or within zoning code provisions. These regulations require developments adjacent to public recreation resources to dedicate public access to those resources. Enforcement of these requirements continues to be an issue.

2.1.3.1 County of Kaua‘i

Department of Parks and Recreation. Since the last SCORP update, the Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Public Works, County of Kaua‘i has undergone several transitions. In the latter half of 2003, the Division of Parks and Recreation was reorganized. The Recreation Section of the Division of Parks and Recreation, Department of Public Works, was moved to the newly created office of Community Assistance. The goal was to administratively house all County programs and related services (senior, transportation, housing, and recreational programs) under the Office of Community Assistance. Park Planning/Development, park Maintenance, and the municipal Golf Course remained under the Department of Public Works (respectively Division of Parks and Division of Golf Course). In the 2006 General Election, the Kaua‘i County Charter commission proposed a charter amendment creating a Department of Parks and Recreation. This charter amendment was unanimously approved by the voters of Kaua‘i. The Division of Park Maintenance and Division of Golf Course from the Department of Public Works and Recreational Agency of the Office of Community Assistance, officially merged

32 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

on July 1, 2007, thereby creating the new County of Kaua‘i, Department of Parks and Recreation. This department is responsible for: 1) planning, development, maintenance, and operation of all County parks, golf courses, and recreation facilities; 2) cultural, recreational, and other leisure-time activities and programs; and 3) beautification of County parks and roads.

The Department of Parks and Recreation is comprised of the following divisions: Division of Fiscal Management, Division of Planning and Development, Division of Recreation, Division of Park Maintenance, Division of Convention Hall, and the Division of Golf Course. All divisions are under the oversight of the Administration consisting of the Department of Parks and Recreation Director and Deputy Director.

Consisting of 133 employees, the Department of Parks and Recreation oversees approximately 400 acres of parks, stadiums, beautification sites, golf courses, and bike/pedestrian paths (Table 2-3). Department of Parks and Recreation’s recent accomplishments are: 1) Lydgate park 2.5 miles Bike/Pedestrian path; 2) Waipouli (Lihi Park) to Keälia (Kuna Bay) 3.3 miles Bike/Pedestrian path; and 3) Vidinha Stadium All Weather Synthetic Track (LWCF grant project). In conjunction with SCORP 2008 Update, the Kaua‘i Department of Parks and Recreation will also be updating its 1978 Park Master Plan.

To meet recreational needs at the County level, the Department of Parks and Recreation: 1) establishes policies, rules, and regulations; 2) coordinates use of county facilities; 3) operates and maintains county tennis courts, swimming pools, golf course, athletic fields, parks and playgrounds, pavilions, neighborhood centers, public cemeteries, and beautification areas; 4) provides public recreation programs; 5) issues camping permits; and 6) enforces the Camping, Parks, and Recreation Ordinance.

The Department of Parks and Recreation oversees over 480 acres of parks, and offers a wide variety of programs, including golf and tennis classes, youth and adult sports leagues and activities, cultural and arts programs and classes, health and fitness classes, and swimming classes.

One of the most significant recent park development projects is the coastal path, which is planned to extend more than 16 continuous miles from Näwiliwili to Anahola over six building phases. The first phase of the bike path along Lydgate Beach Park was completed in 2003. A 2.5-mile portion of the second phase from Lihi Park to Keälia Beach Park was opened in February 2008. The rest of Phase II, approximately 1.8 miles from Keälia to Kuna Bay, is expected to be opened in early 2009. Construction for Phase III (from Lydgate Park to Lihi Boat Ramp, plus a spur to the Kapa‘a Elementary School area) is expected to begin in 2009 and the path to be completed in 2010.

In 2005, Kaua‘i launched the Adopt-A-Park program, which provides adopters with tools and supplies to help care for various parks throughout the island. The program allows for an entire park to be adopted, or just particular areas within parks such as pavilions,

33 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

playgrounds, and basketball courts. Adopt-a-park volunteers help by picking up litter, removing graffiti, sweeping the courts and pathways, pulling weeds, raking leaves, planting flowers, or engaging in approved projects.

Table 2-3. County of Kaua‘i Department of Parks & Recreation Facilities Summary Facility Description Number Area (acres) Regional Parks Large areas that may serve the entire island or a 1 57.85 region of the island and may include a variety of recreation park types and facilities, natural and cultural sites. Beach/Shoreline Parks Areas and sites along the shoreline that may 19 162.43 include facilities and support services for water activities, sunbathing, picnicking, and other passive activities. Passive Parks Maintained primarily to preserve or conserve 5 10.65 unique natural features. Also includes undeveloped parks. District Parks May have playfields, playcourts, passive areas, 7 119.32 gym/recreation complex, and swimming pool. Community/ May have playfields, playcourts, passive areas, 36 136.79 Neighborhood Parks comfort station, and pavilion. Source: County of Kaua‘i, 2000

Planning Department. The County of Kaua‘i Planning Department is responsible for land use planning, zoning, subdivision, and other county land use permitting functions. Future recreation areas are provided via implementation of the Kaua‘i General Plan, Community Development Plans, and county zoning and subdivision ordinances. The department enforces the parks dedication ordinance as part of the subdivision permit processing.

2.1.3.2 City and County of Honolulu

Department of Parks and Recreation. The City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for: 1) planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of all City and County parks and recreation facilities (Table 2-4); 2) providing cultural, recreational, and other leisure-time activities and programs; and 3) beautifying City and County streets. About 870 full- and part-time employees as well as additional contract personnel carry out these responsibilities. A Board of Parks and Recreation, appointed by the Mayor, serves in an advisory capacity to the Department.

In addition, the Department provides recreation programs at City and County recreation centers, including culture and arts, outdoor recreation, fitness and sports, and special community events. Specialized programs are provided for disabled persons and senior citizens, as well as a summer fun program for children. The Department also promotes water safety through lifeguard services at selected beaches and through educational programs.

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Table 2-4. City & County of Honolulu Parks & Recreation Facilities Summary Facility Description Number Area (acres) Regional Parks Serve entire island or region of island; include a 11 2,054.69 variety of recreation types and facilities, natural and cultural sites. Beach/Shoreline Parks Areas/sites along shoreline; include facilities and 69 1,078.66 support services for water activities, sunbathing, picnicking, and other passive activities. Nature Parks/Preserves Areas maintained primarily to preserve or 7 1,059.47 conserve unique natural features. District Parks Community-based park averaging 20 acres; 26 565.93 intended to serve 25,000 people; includes playfields, playcourts, passive areas, gym/recreation complex, swimming pool. Community Parks Community-based park averaging 10+ acres; 52 444.09 intended to serve 10,000 people; includes playfields, playcourts, passive areas, recreation building. Neighborhood Parks Community-based parks averaging 6 acres; 78 362.70 intended to serve 5,000 people; includes playfields, playcourts, passive areas, comfort station. Mini-Parks Small landscaped areas serving high density 31 37.36 neighborhoods as well as high density business and industrial areas. Facilities may include benches, picnic tables, children’s play area. Urban Parks Passive landscaped areas including squares and 17 45.09 triangles usually located in residential or business areas Zoos Honolulu Zoo 1 41.96 Botanical Gardens Areas developed for the recreational and 5 459.04 educational appreciation of specific types of plants and plant communities. Public Golf Courses Golf courses owned and managed by the City & 6 1,002.26 County of Honolulu. Malls Any pedestrian promenade which is or has been 7 4.84 established and is under the control, management, or ownership of the City. Source: City and County of Honolulu, 19972

Department of Planning and Permitting. Responsible for long-range land use planning, the City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting (DPP) administers the O‘ahu General Plan and the eight (8) area Development Plans/Sustainable Communities Plans (DPs and SCPs), and reviews applications for proposed amendments to those plans.

The General Plan outlines the policies regarding the County’s recreation objectives. Although the General Plan does not designate specific sites for future parks, it does provide guidelines for the distribution of future population on O‘ahu.

2 Updated by consultation with Department of Parks and Recreation, 2008.

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The DPs and SCPs include plans for improving current recreational facilities and developing additional parks, bikeways, and greenways in the future. Major revisions to the DP/SCPs were completed in 2004: ‘Ewa in 1997; East Honolulu in 1999; Ko‘olauloa in 1999; North Shore in 2000; Wai‘anae in 2000; Ko‘olaupoko in 2000; Central O’ahu in 2002; and the Primary Urban Center in 2004. The revised plans are visionary, conceptual plans without the parcel-specific detail of the earlier DPs. The revised Plans are reviewed every five years to revalidate the Plan vision, make appropriate adjustments to policies, principles, and guidelines, and evaluate how implementation can be improved. Reviews are underway for six of the eight Plans.

The Department of Planning and Permitting is also responsible for the processing of land use permits applications, several of which have an impact on recreational opportunities. The Department enforces the requirement that public access to shoreline and mountain areas be provided as a condition to subdivision approval. The Department is also responsible for requiring park dedication as a condition for approval of a subdivision or issuance of a building permit for multi-family development, and they process Special Management Area (SMA) permits and Shoreline Setback Variance (SSV) applications.

Department of Transportation Services. The Department of Transportation Services (DTS) is responsible for the development of City and County of Honolulu bikeways. The DTS is currently updating the 1999 Honolulu Bicycle Master Plan. The 2008 master plan will focus on connectivity of existing and future facilities and place an emphasis on high- volume routes and developing a multi-modal bicycle-bus-boat-rapid transit system. The City buses have been equipped with bike racks, and there are approximately 30,000 loadings monthly. Bikes are currently allowed on TheBoat. There are plans to allow bikes on the mass transit system.3

2.1.3.3 County of Maui

Department of Parks and Recreation. The Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for the development, operation, and maintenance of County park facilities on Maui, Moloka‘i, and Läna‘i.

Approximately 1,240 acres of land are under the Department's jurisdiction including the 101-acre Keöpüolani Park, as well as the Waiehu Golf Course, beach parks, swimming pools, tennis courts, and neighborhood parks,

3 DTS (September 4, 2008) Letter correspondence. Honolulu.

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totaling 137 parks and facilities on three islands.

The Department of Parks and Recreation also provides a wide variety of community programs, including cultural and arts opportunities, summer P.A.L.S. and other children and youth activities, sports and outdoor activities, exercise classes, and special events.

Significant Department of Parks and Recreation improvement projects slated in 2008 include the Kula Tennis Courts, the Pukalani Park jogging path, the Moloka‘i Parks Baseyard, Kalama Park, South Maui Community Park, the Lahaina Civic Center tennis courts, the West Maui Skate Park at Lahaina Recreation Center and other Countywide park improvements.

Planning Department. The Planning Department is responsible for long-range land use planning through the County General Plan and various Community Plans. The department also processes SMA and SSV land use permits.

2.1.3.4 County of Hawai‘i

Department of Parks and Recreation. This department is responsible for the development, operation, and maintenance of County parks and for the provision of recreation programs for Hawaiÿi Island residents. The recreation section of the County of Hawai‘i General Plan serves as a guideline for park development.

The Department has 466 full- and part-time employees and 2,297 acres of park and recreation facilities under its jurisdiction (Table 2-5). Fifty (50) percent of this total are facility-based parks, which provide for organized, spectator, or informal play not dependent on natural resources. The Department manages facilities at beach parks, neighborhood parks, senior centers, and community centers. It also maintains the County’s ball fields, gymnasiums, swimming pools, tennis courts, rodeo arenas, the Hilo Municipal Golf Course, the Pana‘ewa Rainforest Zoo and Gardens, and the Pana‘ewa Equestrian Center.

Since the last SCORP update, the County of Hawai‘i has acquired 234.3 acres in Kawa‘a and 225 acres in Honu‘apo for new parks. Also, major park improvements have been made at Isaac Hale Memorial Park in Puna, which received LWCF assistance through two projects.

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Table 2-5. County of Hawai‘i Department of Parks & Recreation Facilities Summary Facility Description Number Area (acres) Beach/Shoreline Parks Areas and sites along the shoreline that may 41 463 include facilities and support services for water activities, sunbathing, picnicking, and other beach activities. General Parks Centered around a major natural asset, such as a 8 31.54 prime forest, volcanic feature, or historic site. District Parks Offers diversified types of recreational activities 8 251.5 to an entire district that includes indoor and outdoor sports. 10 to 30 acres. May include gym, pool, playground, play courts and fields. Community Parks Community recreation area serving surrounding 34 286.6 urban areas, and entire community in rural areas. Between 4 and 8 acres. Provides facilities for both active and passive activities. Neighborhood Parks Provide open space in urbanizing areas for the 19 137.6 general aesthetic enjoyment of the outdoors, playgrounds, and social gathering. Up to 4 acres. Source: County of Hawai‘i, 2006

Planning Department. The County of Hawai‘i Planning Department is responsible for guiding the long-range development of the county. It also administers the County General Plan, Community and Regional Plans, the county zoning and subdivision codes, as well as other land use regulations. The Department reviews shoreline permit applications as they relate to zoning, SMA, and SSV requirements. The Planning Department is also responsible for the county’s participation in the State CZM program and administers State and Federal grants under this program.

2.1.4 Private Agencies and Organizations

Agencies and organizations in the private sector, including both for-profit and nonprofit entities, are playing an increasing role in the provision of outdoor recreation in Hawaiÿi and throughout the U.S. For example, many of the camps in Hawai‘i are operated by private groups such as the Boy and Girl Scouts of America, YWCA, YMCA, and community churches. In most cases, these private camps are available for public use.

Another area that is primarily within the private sector are the sports leagues and organizations for both children and adults, including youth baseball/softball (Bobby Soxers, Pony League, and Little League), adult softball, soccer (AYSO, HYSA, and others), youth football (Pop Warner), as well as youth and adult basketball, volleyball, swimming, canoe paddling, and track and field. There are also numerous recreation user groups such as the Hawai‘i Bicycling League and the American Canoe Association, Hawaiÿi Chapter. On a smaller scale, users are organized into recreation clubs, e.g., dive clubs, fishing clubs, etc.

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The Nature Conservancy of Hawaiÿi, a branch of a national non-profit organization, has played a major role in land conservation and providing educational opportunities for the public. The Nature Conservancy operates 11 nature preserves on six (6) islands, eight (8) of which are jointly administered with U.S. Forest Service, DLNR, the City and County of Honolulu, and/or local private organizations.

The Hawaiÿi Nature Center also offers outdoor recreation and educational programs on Oÿahu and Maui with a new facility being developed on Kaua‘i in partnership with DLNR. Other organizations offering hiking and interpretive opportunities include the Sierra Club, Hawai‘i Trail and Mountain Club, and Moanalua Gardens Foundation.

Additionally, community organizations identify and establish walking trails. In the Po‘ipü area, the community has identified two coastline hiking trails: Köloa Heritage Trail and Mähä‘ulepü Heritage Trail. The trails also include interpretive plaques.

Businesses are significant providers of outdoor recreation opportunities. A diverse array of activities are offered by commercial operators, including tour boats, scuba diving, snorkeling, recreational fishing, wind-, board-, and bodysurfing events, yacht racing, jet skiing, and kayaking. Golf is another activity provided mainly by the private sector that continues in popularity for residents and visitors to Hawai‘i.

The private sector indirectly finances public recreation through the payment of real property, excise, conveyance, and other taxes imposed by government to finance needed public services. More direct contributions include the payment of user fees, donations, license and permit fees, fines, and fees for concessions in recreation areas. The National Park Service has recently increased user fees in an attempt to increase funding for park improvements. The State and Counties also implement fees at some parks as other funding sources decrease. In addition, parks and recreation programs benefit from the services of citizen volunteers.

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2.2 FUNDING SOURCES

2.2.1 Federal Funding for Recreation

A partial list of federal aid programs that benefit Hawaiÿi are listed below.

2.2.1.1 Land and Water Conservation Fund

Each year, the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) program is authorized $900 million from the Outer Continental Shelf revenues derived from leasing of oil and gas sites in coastal waters, but Congress has never appropriated the full amount. Administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior through the National Park Service, these funds are available to States and Counties for eligible outdoor recreation projects. Applications for funding are processed at the State level by the State Liaison Officer in DLNR. Matching funds can be provided for eligible projects selected by the State and approved by National Park Service. See Section 5.4 for a description of the Act’s open project selection process.

In Hawai‘i, LWCF projects since 1965 have totaled $32.8 million. Grant funds peaked in fiscal year 1979 when Hawai‘i received almost three million dollars. From 1991- 2001, LWCF funding totaled $2.9 million. No funds were appropriated to any States for fiscal years 1996- 1999 because of problems balancing the budget at the federal level. Since the resumption of LWCF appropriations in 2000, Hawai‘i’s apportionment rose each year, to $1.4 million in 2002, but then began declining and is only $244,054 in 2008.

2.2.1.2 Recreational Trails Program Allocation

The Recreational Trails Program (RTP) provides funds to the states to develop and maintain recreational trails and trail-related facilities for both non-motorized and motorized recreational trail uses. The RTP is an assistance program of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Federal transportation funds benefit recreation including hiking, bicycling, in-line skating, equestrian use, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, off-road motorcycling, all-terrain vehicle riding, four-wheel driving, or using other off-road motorized vehicles.

40 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

The RTP funds come from the Federal Highway Trust Fund, and represent a portion of the motor fuel excise tax collected from non-highway recreational fuel use: fuel used for off- highway recreation by snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, off-highway motorcycles, and off-highway light trucks. The RTP funds are distributed to the States by legislative formula: half of the funds are distributed equally among all States, and half are distributed in proportion to the estimated amount of non-highway recreational fuel use in each State.

DLNR, through the Na Ala Hele (NAH) program, is qualified by the FHWA as eligible to receive Hawai‘i’s allocation of RTP funds. Criteria for eligibility mandates that the states have trail councils that include representation by the motorized recreational vehicle constituency, which NAH established at its inception.

The RTP is a State-administered, federal-aid program, and provides funds to states for trails and trail-related projects that fulfill a variety of the recreational goals in the SCORP. In utilizing RTP funds, the State must comply with the Assured Access to Funds requirement: a minimum of 30% of the funding must be used for motorized trail use, 30% for non- motorized trail use, and 40% for diversified (multiple) trail use.

The current RTP establishes an 80/20 matching requirement. Due to the limited allocation of General Funds for operating costs, DOFAW special and general funded labor provided all of the State 20% matching requirement. RTP is the largest source of funding for the Trail and Access Program. In 2007, Hawaii’s portion of the Federal RTP funds totaled $758,079, or 63% of total program funding (DLNR, 2008).

2.2.1.3 Pittman-Robertson Program

The Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937 (Pittman-Robertson Program) was enacted to provide financial assistance to States for wildlife restoration. Administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the fund contributed $411 million in 1995 to all State wildlife agencies. The program is a cost-reimbursement program, where the State covers the full amount of an approved project then applies for reimbursement through Federal Aid for up to 75% of the project expenses. The State must provide at least 25% of the project costs from a non-federal source. The money can be used for a variety of recreation-related purposes, including land acquisition, research, development, and hunter education programs. DOFAW actively pursues these funds.

2.2.1.4 Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act

Commonly referred to as Dingell-Johnson (DJ) Act, this act is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Applying the “user-pay” concept and modeled after the Pittman- Robertson Program, the funds contribute to recreational fisheries development and management. With excise taxes applied to fishing equipment, motorboat and small engine fuels, and import duties on tackle and pleasure boats, in the past 55 years, the Act has provided nearly $6 billion for restoration, conservation, management, and enhancement of sport fishing in the U.S., and the provision for public use and benefits

41 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

from these resources. Funds are apportioned annually to States and Territories based on a formula which includes land area, the number of paid fishing license holders4, minimums, and maximums. Funds are disbursed to the States on a reimbursement basis for up to 75% of the project costs.

2.2.1.5 Housing and Community Development Act of 1974

The Department of Housing and Urban Development administers this program in accordance with Public Law 93-383. It provides a combined program of grants-in-aid for neighborhood facilities, open space, and parks, with allocation priorities determined locally. Community and neighborhood facilities have been funded through this program. Other eligible activities include historic preservation and urban renewal projects that incorporate open space and parks.

2.2.1.6 Historic Preservation Fund Grants

Administered by the National Park Service, Historic Preservation (HPF) Fund grants support a wide variety of activities, including historical and archaeological surveys, preparation, and distribution of educational and interpretive materials, and design guidelines and preservation plans. In fiscal year 2004, the U.S. Congress appropriated $34.6 million from the HPF for historic preservation grants. Out of this total, Hawaiÿi received $473,537. These funds are used largely for staff salaries of Hawai‘i’s State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD).

2.2.1.7 Highway Trust Fund

Assistance is available from the Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads, to develop scenic roads as part of the State’s highway system. These could incorporate roadside rest areas with facilities for picnicking, camping, and scenic lookouts. In addition, recreational access roads, public trails, and related facilities along roadways may receive grants from the Highway Trust Fund.

4 DLNR, Division of Aquatic Resources issues a freshwater game fish license for the public to fish in designated public fishing areas, and to fish for freshwater game fish established elsewhere. There is a charge for this license and the State receives revenue from it.

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2.2.1.8 The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU)

The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) is a bill that governs United States federal surface transportation spending. It was signed into law on August 10, 2005 and will expire September 30, 2009. Congress is expected to begin working on a replacement bill for the next six-year period during its 2009 session.

The $286.4 billion measure contains a host of provisions and earmarks intended to improve and maintain the surface transportation infrastructure in the United States, including the interstate highway system, transit systems around the country, bicycling and pedestrian facilities, and freight rail operations.

2.2.1.9 Surplus Federal Property

Under Public Law 91-485, surplus Federal property may be acquired by State and local governments for public park and recreation purposes, generally at no cost. Surplus Federal property on former military bases, closed through the Base Realignment and Closure process, may also be acquired at no cost by public agencies for park recreation and open space uses, such as the Kalaeloa Parks planned for the land from the former Barbers Point Naval Air Station. Applications to acquire surplus Federal properties under these laws are processed through the National Park Service’s Federal Lands-to-Parks Program.

2.2.1.10 Clark-McNair Program

This program, under the U.S. Department of Agriculture, provides funds for reforestation and fire control.

2.2.1.11 Sea Grant

Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce, federal assistance is available through the University of Hawaiÿi Sea Grant College Program on a matching fund basis. Sea Grant's extension program has an ocean recreation component.

2.2.1.12 Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program

In 2002, Congress created the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP). This initiative enables states to permanently protect coastal and estuarine lands by providing matching funds for community-based projects to acquire property from willing sellers (either in full or through conservation easements). This program focuses on coastal resources with high ecological value. These funds are often used to conserve areas that

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contain wetlands in whole or in part. Passive recreation may be accommodated in some of these acquired areas.

In 2007, CELCP funds were used to purchase 225 acres at Honu‘apo on Hawai‘i Island by the County of Hawai‘i for expansion of Whittington Beach Park, and 1,129 acres at Püpükea on O‘ahu for Püpükea-Paumalü State Park Reserve.

2.2.1.13 Coastal Zone Management

Federal and State planning and program grants for recreation are available from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management within NOAA. The State Office of Planning is the lead agency in Hawai‘i for CZM.

2.2.2 State Funding for Recreation

2.2.2.1 State Budget Appropriations

Park Administration, Operation, and Interpretation (LNR 806) consists of operating expenditures, personnel, and capital expenditures which support outdoor recreation, natural and scenic areas, historic sites, and park facilities in the State park system. In 2008, the general operating funds appropriated for State Parks totaled $6,554,966 with $20 million in capital improvement projects.

Capital expenditures are one-time expenditures that relate to capital improvement projects such as the construction of highways, classrooms, and airports. These projects typically have a relatively long and useful life and, therefore, the allocation of funds represents nonrecurring costs.

The following are additional funding sources for recreation programs and resource management.

2.2.2.2 State Parks Special Fund

The State Parks Special Fund consists of all revenues generated by the State park system, which includes camping and lodging fees, park entry fees, recreational cabin leases, concessionaires, lifeguard services, boat landings, and sales. These revenues total $2 million annually. The fund is used for staff and operating costs of the State Parks Interpretive Program and small-scale park repair and maintenance projects.

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2.2.2.3 State Fuel Tax Allocation

Each fiscal year, 0.3% of State Fuel Tax (SFT) collected under Chapter 243, HRS, is deposited to the Special Land and Development Fund (Section 171-19, HRS) of DLNR for the purposes of management, maintenance, and development of NAH trails and trail accesses established under Chapter 198D, HRS. Legislation established a limit of $250,000 that may be allocated to DLNR from SFT revenue. In FY07, $230,328 was allocated and now supports 3.5 NAH positions.

2.2.2.4 Hawaiÿi Tobacco Settlement Fund

In November 1998, Hawai‘i was one of 46 States to sign an agreement with the five (5) largest U.S. tobacco manufacturers, settling a multi-billion dollar lawsuit brought by the States against the tobacco industry. Hawai‘i is scheduled to receive $1.3 billion over 25 years from the settlement. The Department of Health is mandated to spend at least 25% of the funds to support health promotion and disease prevention programs, promote healthy lifestyles (including physical fitness and activity), and public health programs (see Section 1.4.2). The City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation was one of a number of recreation agencies and organizations to receive grant money for the provision of “targeted interventions” to promote physical activity.

2.2.2.5 Transient Accommodations Tax Trust Fund

With over ten million visitors visiting Hawai‘i annually, the Department of Taxation recognized the importance of the visitor industry to Hawai‘i’s economy and the tax revenues it generates. The Transient Accommodations Tax (TAT) is a tax imposed on certain rental activity in the State of Hawai‘i. Similar to the general excise tax, it is a tax levied on gross income. However, the TAT is imposed only on gross rental income derived from the renting of transient accommodations in Hawai‘i. A transient accommodation is a hotel room or suite, apartment, condominium, house, beach house, or similar living accommodation, which is rented for less than 180-consecutive days by and regularly furnished to a transient (a person who has a permanent home elsewhere).

Act 250, passed during the 2002 legislative session, acknowledged the relation between outdoor recreation resources and the strength of Hawai‘i’s tourism industry and the impact that tourism has on natural resources. The legislation required the Hawaiÿi Tourism Authority (HTA) to spend $1 million to support natural resources if revenues exceed the funding base for HTA (i.e. these funds are not guaranteed). If the $1 million is available, State Parks receives $900,000 and the Na Ala Hele trail program receives $100,000. DLNR has to collaborate with HTA on the expenditure of this money.

Act 235, Session Laws of Hawai‘i (SLH) 2005, increased TAT allocation to the Tourism Special Fund to 34.2% and repealed the TAT Trust Fund. Act 235, SLH 2005, amended Act 250, SLH 2002, in a significant manner for DLNR; in 2007, a provision went into

45 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

effect guaranteeing DLNR $1 million in TAT revenue annually ($900,000 for State Parks and $100,000 to NAH.)

2.3 OUTDOOR RECREATION INVENTORY

The outdoor recreation inventory and maps are provided as Appendix A of this document.

2.3.1 Inventory Database

The first step in evaluating Hawai‘i’s recreation supply is an inventory of the facilities and land area available. An inventory of existing recreational facilities and resources was updated through discussions with selected representatives of Federal, State, and County agencies, and private recreation groups and organizations, and by reviewing recreation and land use plans, recreation program reports, and capital improvement program documents.

Hawai‘i offers a wide variety of outdoor recreation opportunities with eight (8) National Parks and Historic Sites, six (6) National Wildlife Refuges, 55 State Parks, 31 State Harbors and Boating Facilities, and hundreds of County parks and recreation areas. These public lands provide opportunities for various activities such as picnicking, camping, hiking, bicycling, hunting, fishing, boating, surfing, and sports, among others. Private operators also provide opportunities for outdoor activities and programs, including Boy and Girl Scouts, YMCA, church groups, and other private campgrounds.

Appendix A contains an inventory of statewide outdoor recreation facilities that was compiled from available data resources, such as Federal, State, and County websites and documents. The inventory is divided by island. Each island’s recreational sites are listed alphabetically, and the specific site’s recreational facilities, amenities, and activities are noted.

Collecting data from across the State and keeping it up to date will be an ongoing process that requires collaboration among the Federal, State, County, and private recreation providers. In addition, some inventory entries remain incomplete because jurisdiction and acreage information could not be verified.

2.3.2 Outdoor Recreation Settings

A method of examining outdoor recreation participation is by the recreation setting, or the environment in which people recreate. For the purpose of the inventory, recreational facilities were divided into five (5) groups describing different activity and outdoor settings. These recreational activity groups are:

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47 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

2.3.3 Inventory Evaluation

The inventory database displays the various recreation facility types available statewide, and at what recreation site specific recreational activities can be participated in at a given location.

A variety of reports can be generated from this inventory database to evaluate recreation supply. The recreation supply can be evaluated on a statewide, island, jurisdiction, setting, facility type, or activities basis.

For example, if you wanted to specifically assess the supply of developed campsite facilities statewide, the following table and graph could be produced from information extracted from the database:

Island No. of Parks with Campsites Kaua‘i 16 O‘ahu 28 Moloka‘i 6 Läna‘i 1 Maui 7 Hawai‘i 21 Statewide Total 79

Statewide Percentage of Parks with Campsites by Island

Kaua‘i Hawai‘i 20% 27%

Maui O‘ahu 9% 35% Läna‘i 1% Moloka‘i 8%

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2.4 OUTDOOR RECREATION FACILITIES MAPS

The outdoor recreation facilities maps (Appendix A) are organized into the following categories: • Recreational Facilities & Managed Areas Maps: shown by planning areas established by each County’s General Plan or regional development plans. • Hiking Trails & Walking Paths; Camping & Hunting Areas Maps: shown by island

Figure 2-1 shows the planning area districts. A list of definitions for the map legend components is provided below.

2.4.1 List of Definitions for Map Legend Components

Recreational Facilities • Private Park: a park owned and managed by a private entity. • County Park: a park owned and/or managed by the County. • State Park: a park owned and managed by the State. • National Park: a park owned and managed by the National Park Service • Boating Facility: a facility for boating, i.e. small boat harbor.

Managed Areas • Wildlife Refuge/Sanctuary: area designated for the protection of the habitats for some types of wild animals, especially migratory waterfowl, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly controlled. • Forest Reserve: multi-use land areas, with the primary purpose for watershed protection, that are managed by DOFAW and which encompass and incorporate a variety of public uses and benefits depending on the nature of the resources found within the reserve. • Game Management Area: area where game is a primary objective. Hunting seasons and bag limits provide maximal sustained public hunting opportunities and benefits. • Preserve: Private and public lands that have been dedicated to conservation; this includes lands in the State’s Natural Area Partnership Program (NAPP), which is an innovative program that aids private landowners in the management of their native ecosystems. • Natural Area Reserve: State lands that have been designated as part of the Hawai‘i natural area reserves system (NARS) by DLNR pursuant to section 195-4, HRS. • Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD): area designed to conserve and replenish marine resources. MLCDs allow only limited fishing and other consumptive uses, or prohibit such uses entirely. MLCDs are established by DLNR, as authorized by Chapter 190, HRS. • Marine Managed Area: area managed by DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources, which may include artificial reef, bottomfish restricted fishing area, fisheries

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management area, fisheries replenishment area, public fishing areas, and other types of marine managed area. • Fish Aggregating Device (Buoy): any anchored, surface, or subsurface structure including its fixtures and anchor line placed in the ocean by the statewide fish aggregating system.

Hiking Trails & Walking Paths • State Trail: trail owned by the State. • Mixed Ownership Trail: trail owned by multiple owners. • Na Ala Hele Trail: trail included in the Na Ala Hele trail system. • Pedestrian Walking Path: paved path used for pedestrian and/or bicycle use (but not every sidewalk along a public or private street).

Camping & Hunting Areas • Public Campground: campground owned by a public agency (regardless of whether it is managed by a private concessionaire). • Private Campground: campground owned by a private entity. • Hunting Area: area where public hunting is allowed. • Archery Hunting Only: area where only archery/bow hunting is allowed, i.e., no firearms. • Safety Zone: area within a public hunting area where possession of a loaded weapon or discharge of a firearm or other weapon is prohibited to prevent a hazard to people or property. • No Hunting: area outside of, but adjacent to a public hunting area, where possession of a loaded weapon or discharge of a firearm or other weapon is prohibited to prevent a hazard to people or property.

2.4.2 County Planning Areas

2.4.2.1 County of Kaua‘i

North Shore. The North Shore extends from Moloa’a Bay to Puanaiea Point along the Näpali Coast and includes the communities of Kïlauea, Hanalei, Wainiha, ÿAnini, Kalihiwai, and Häÿena, as well as the Princeville resort area. Existing recreational areas and facilities include the Kïlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Häÿena State Park, Häÿena Beach Park, ÿAnini Beach Park, Hanalei Beach Park, and the golf course at Princeville. A portion of Näpali Coast State Wilderness Park, featuring the Kalalau Trail, is within the North Shore planning area.

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Kapaÿa-Wailua. The Kapaÿa-Wailua planning area extends from the Wailua River north to Moloa’a. It includes towns and resort areas in the Wailua-Kapaÿa urban corridor and 4,160 acres of Department of Hawaiian Home Lands in Anahola. Existing recreational facilities/areas include the Wailua River State Park, Anahola, Kapaÿa, Keälia Beach Parks, Kapaÿa Community Park, and the Keälia and Lïhuÿe State Forest Reserves. Numerous inland trails are situated in the area.

Lïhuÿe. The Lïhuÿe planning area encompasses the area around Lïhuÿe, the County’s business, government, and transportation center, as well as the communities of Hanamäÿulu, Kapaia, Niumalu, Näwiliwili, Puakea, and Puhi. It extends from the Wailua River to Häÿupu Ridge. Lïhuÿe Airport and Näwiliwili Harbor are located within the planning area. Existing recreational facilities/areas include the Vidinha Memorial Stadium, Kauaÿi War Memorial Center, Lydgate Park and Kamalani Playground, the Wailua Public Golf Course, Lïhuÿe Regional Senior Center, Ahukini State Recreation Pier, Hanamäÿulu Beach Park, and Näwiliwili Beach Park. Resource management areas include the Hulëÿia National Wildlife Refuge, Kälepa Forest Reserve, and a portion of the Lïhuÿe-Köloa Forest Reserve.

Köloa-Poÿipü. Köloa-Poÿipü extends from Häÿupu Ridge to Wahiawa Gulch and includes the older plantation towns of Köloa, Kaläheo, and Läwaÿi, as well as the Poÿipü resort area. The area features the shoreline resources of Poÿipü and Mähäÿulepü, the Lïhuÿe-Köloa Forest Reserve, and several resort golf courses. Recreational facilities include Poÿipü Beach Park, Keoniloa Beach Park, and Kähili Mountain Park. Other resources located in this planning area include the National Tropical Botanical Garden at Läwai and the private Waitä Reservoir. Additionally, communities in the Po‘ipü area have identified two coastline hiking trails: Köloa Heritage Trail and Mähä‘ulepü Heritage Trail.

Hanapëpë-ÿEleÿele. This planning area extends from the area west of Kaläheo to Makaweli Landing and includes the industrial/commercial area at Port Allen and the small towns of ÿEleÿele and Hanapëpë. Recreation facilities include the Port Allen Boat Harbor, Salt Pond Beach Park, and Hanapëpë Valley Recreation Area.

Waimea-Kekaha. Situated in this planning area are the small town of Kekaha, the larger residential, civic, and commercial area of Waimea, and the Pacific Missile Range Facility at Barking Sands. The Waimea-Kekaha planning area encompasses some of the more dramatic recreation resources of Kauaÿi, including Waimea Canyon, Kökeÿe, Näpali Coast, and Polihale State Parks, and the Puÿu Ka Pele and Nä Pali Forest Reserves. Other recreation facilities/areas include Kekaha Beach Park, Waimea State Recreation Pier, and Kekaha Game Management Area.

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2.4.2.2 City and County of Honolulu

Primary Urban Center. The Primary Urban Center (PUC) stretches from the Kähala and Maunalani Heights neighborhoods to the Waimanu area. Residential communities include University/Mänoa, Kalihi, Moanalua, Äliamanu, Salt Lake, Hälawa, ÿAiea, Pearl City, Waiau, and Waimanu. Waikïkï, Ala Moana, and downtown Honolulu are also part of this planning area. Pearl Harbor Naval Reservation and Hickam Air Force Base are located in the PUC.

Existing recreation facilities/areas in the eastern portion of the PUC include Ala Moana Regional Park, ÿÄina Moana (Magic Island), Waikïkï Beach, Kapiÿolani Park, Honolulu Zoo, ÿIolani Palace State Monument, Diamond Head State Monument, Ala Wai Golf Course, Ala Wai Boat Harbor, Kakaÿako Waterfront Park, Nuÿuanu Reservoir, Nuÿuanu Pali State Wayside, the Honolulu Mauka Trail System (Makiki-Tantalus), and the Sand Island and Waÿahila Ridge State Recreation Areas.

Facilities and areas in the western portion of the PUC include Keÿehi Lagoon Park and Canoe Complex, ÿAiea Bay State Recreation Area, Pearl Harbor Park, Hälawa, ÿAiea, and Pearl City District Parks, Keaïwa Heiau State Recreation Area which includes the ÿAiea Loop Trail, Moanalua Valley, and State and County bikeways along Kamehameha, Farrington, and Nimitz Highways. The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial, administered by the National Park Service, is also in this planning area.

ÿEwa. The ÿEwa planning area extends from the area west of Pearl Harbor’s West Loch to the area east of Nänäkuli. Included in this planning area are the communities of Makakilo, ÿEwa Beach, Ocean Pointe, Honouliuli, and Kapolei; Campbell Industrial Park; the Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor; and Kalaeloa (formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Point).

The recreation resources include ÿEwa, Oneÿula, Kahe Point, and Kalaeloa Beach Parks, Kapolei Regional Park, Makakilo District Park, Pälehua Ridge Trail, and West Loch Golf Course. Plans for the reuse of the Barbers Point NAS since its closing in July 1999 call for the development of a major new regional park and recreation complex at Kalaeloa.

Central Oÿahu. Central Oÿahu stretches from Pearl Harbor up to Schofield Barracks and Wahiawä and includes Mililani Town, Crestview, Waipiÿo-Gentry, Waipahu, and Waikele.

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Existing recreation facilities/areas include Wahiawä Botanical Garden, Waipahu Cultural Garden Park, Wahiawä Freshwater State Recreation Area, Wahiawä Public Fishing Area, Kükaniloko Birthstones State Historic Site, Mililani, Wahiawä, and Waipahu District Parks, Hans L'Orange Park, Camp Timberline, Poamoho Ridge Trail, Mänana-Waimano Trail, Schofield-Waikäne Trail. Two newer facilities include the Central Oÿahu Regional Park (opened July 2001) and the Waipiÿo Soccer Complex (opened 2000), which hosts the AYSO National Tournament.

East Honolulu. The primarily residential area of East Honolulu extends from Waiÿalae to Makapuÿu. It includes the communities of Hawaiÿi Kai, Kuliÿouÿou, ÿÄina Haina, Kalama Valley, and Hahaÿione Valley. The area also includes the Koko Head-Makapuÿu scenic district.

The major recreation area is the Koko Head Regional Park, which includes Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve, Sandy Beach Park, the Hälona Blowhole Lookout, Koko Crater Botanical Garden, and the Koko Crater Stables. Other shoreline resources include Maunalua Bay, Kawaikuÿi, Kuliÿouÿou, Waiÿalae, and Wailupe Beach Parks and the Hawaiÿi Kai Marina. Also within the planning area are the Paikö Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary, ÿIhiÿihilauäkea Preserve, the Hanauma Bay Marine Life Conservation District, Ka Iwi State Scenic Shoreline, as well as a number of DLNR-managed hiking trails.

Koÿolaupoko. Koÿolaupoko includes the area from Makapuÿu Point to Kualoa, near Möliÿi Pond. Included are the residential areas of Waimänalo, Kailua, Lanikai, Käneÿohe, Heÿeia, Kahaluÿu, Waiähole, and Waikäne, as well as Marine Corps Base Hawaiÿi, Käneÿohe Bay, and Bellows Air Force Station.

Existing recreation facilities/areas include Makapuÿu Beach Park, Makapuÿu Point State Wayside, Sea Life Park, Waimänalo and Waimänalo Bay Beach Parks, Bellows Field Beach Park, Hoÿomaluhia Botanical Garden, Heÿeia State Park, Kawainui Marsh, Kualoa Regional Park, Maunawili Trail, and Kaiona, Kalama, Käneÿohe, and Waiähole Beach Parks. Golf courses include Pali Golf Course, Klipper Golf Course, Mid Pacific Country Club, Olomana Golf Links, and Bay View Golf Course.

Koÿolauloa. This planning area stretches from Kaÿaÿawa to Kahuku and includes the residential communities of Kaÿaÿawa, Hauÿula, Punaluÿu, Läÿie, and Kahuku, as well as Turtle Bay Resort.

Existing recreation facilities/areas include Ahupuaÿa ÿO Kahana State Park, Mälaekahana State Recreation Area, Läiÿe Point State Wayside, Hauÿula Community Park, Kahuku District Park, Hauÿula and Maÿakua Gulch and Ridge Trails, Kahuku Golf Course, and Hauÿula, Kalaeÿöiÿo, Kaÿaÿawa, and Swanzy Beach Parks. The Sacred Falls State Park trail remains closed since the May 1999 landslide, but a plan for its use is undergoing public review and input.

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North Shore. The North Shore planning area, known for its surfing sites, encompasses the area just east of Kawela Bay to Kaÿena Point. Included are the residential areas of Sunset Beach, Püpükea, Waimea, Haleÿiwa, Waialua, and Mokulëÿia.

Numerous coastal recreation areas are located on the North Shore, including Sunset Beach, Püpükea Beach Park, Waimea Bay Beach Park, Kaiaka Bay Beach Park, ÿEhukai Beach Park, Haleÿiwa Beach Park, Haleÿiwa Aliÿi Beach Park, Haleÿiwa Boat Harbor, Mokulëÿia Beach Park, the YMCA’s Camp Erdman, and Kaÿena Point State Park (Mokulëÿia section). Other resources include the Puÿu O Mahuka Heiau State Historic Site, the Püpükea Marine Life Conservation District, Mount Kaÿala, Kaÿena, and Pähole Natural Area Reserves, and a network of trails located above Mokulëÿia in the Waiÿanae Mountains.

Waiÿanae. This planning area extends from Kaÿena Point to Nänäkuli and includes the communities of Mäkaha, Waiÿanae, Mä‘ili, and Nänäkuli.

Waiÿanae has many existing coastal recreation areas, such as Kaÿena Point NAR, Kaÿena Point State Park (Mäkua and Keawaÿula sections), and Keaÿau, Maunalahilahi, Mäkaha, Mäÿili, Pökaÿï Bay, Ulehawa, and Nänäkuli Beach Parks. Other resources include Waiÿanae District Park, the Waiÿanae Artificial Reef, Pökaÿï Bay Boat Harbor, Waiÿanae Small Boat Harbor, and numerous trails in the Waiÿanae Mountains managed by Na Ala Hele.

2.4.2.3 County of Maui

Makawao-Pukalani-Kula. The “upcountry” areas of Maui include the communities of Makawao, Pukalani, Kula, Këökea, and ÿUlupalakua. Haleakalä National Park is located in this planning area.

Makawao-Pukalani-Kula is the only planning area in the County with no shoreline resources. Recreation facilities/areas include Eddie Tam Memorial Center, Polipoli Springs State Recreation Area, Pukalani Park, Häliÿimaile Park, and State trails in the Kula Forest Reserve.

Haÿikü-Päÿia. Communities within this planning area include Päÿia, Haÿikü, Spreckelsville, and Lower Päÿia.

The shoreline between Kahului and Päÿia is known throughout the world for its excellent windsurfing conditions. Existing recreation facilities in the planning area include Hoÿokipa Beach Park, H.P. Baldwin Park, Makana Park, and Haÿikü Park.

Kïhei-Mäkena. This planning area extends from Papawai Point to the area around Kïpapa, along the leeward coast of Maui, and includes the resort-residential areas of Kïhei, Wailea, and Mäkena.

56 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Existing recreation areas include Mäÿalaea Boat Harbor, Kalama Beach Park, Kïhei Boat Ramp, Kamaÿole Beach Parks, Keawekapu Artificial Reef, Mäkena State Park, Hoapili Coastal Trail, and several resort golf courses. Resource management areas include the ÿÄhihi-Kïnaÿu and Kanaio Natural Area Reserves and Keälia Fishpond. The Molokini Shoal Marine Life Conservation District is located offshore from Mäkena and ÿÄhihi Bay.

Lahaina. The Lahaina planning area stretches from Ukumehame to Honoköhau and includes the resort- residential areas of Lahaina, Käÿanapali, Näpili, and Kapalua.

Existing recreation areas include Olowalu Beach, Lahaina Civic Center, Lahaina Boat Harbor, D.T. Flemming Beach Park, Honoköwai Beach Park, Honolua Bay Marine Life Conservation District, and resort golf courses at Käÿanapali and Kapalua. Resource management areas include the West Maui Forest Reserve, West Maui Natural Area Reserve, and Honolua-Mokulëÿia Marine Life Conservation District.

Wailuku-Kahului. This planning area extends from Kahakuloa to Kaupakalua and encompasses the communities of Wailuku, Kahului, Puÿunënë, and SpreckelsvilIe.

Existing recreation areas include Waiheÿe Beach Park, Waiehu Beach Park, Kanahä Beach Park, Kepaniwai Park, ÿÏao Valley State Monument, Maui Central Park, Wailuku Community Center, Maui War Memorial Gymnasium, Wells Park, and Waiehu Golf Course.

Häna. The Häna planning area encompasses the remote wilderness/ backcountry areas from Makaïwa to Kahikinui, including Keÿanae, Wailua, Häna, Kïpahulu, and Kaupö.

Existing recreation areas include a portion of Haleakalä National Park, Waiÿänapanapa State Park, Häna Beach Park, Häna Park, Häna Boat Ramp, Waikamoi Ridge Trail, Kaumahina, Puaÿa Kaÿa, and Wailua Valley State Waysides, Puohokamoa and Haipuaena Streams, Wailua Valley State Wayside and Honomanü Park. Resource management areas include the Häna, Kïpahulu, and Koÿolau Forest Reserves and the Hanawï Natural Area Reserve.

Molokaÿi. This planning area covers the entire island of Molokaÿi, including the small County of Kalawao (Kalaupapa). The town of Kaunakakai is Molokaÿi’s urban center, and

57 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

the resort of Kaluakoÿi is located on the west end of island. Other residential areas include Maunaloa and Kualapuÿu.

Existing recreation areas/facilities include Hälawa, Kaunakakai, and Onealiÿi Beach Parks, Papohaku Beach and Camp Grounds, Cooke Memorial Pool, Moanui Park, Päläÿau State Park, and Hälawa Valley. Resource management areas include the Olokuÿi and Puÿu Aliÿi Natural Area Reserves. Kalaupapa National Historical Park is administered by the National Park Service. The Nature Conservancy of Hawaiÿi leads hiking trips through the Moÿomomi and Kamakou Preserves.

Länaÿi. The planning area encompasses the entire island of Länaÿi. Changes in Länaÿi's plantation economy have taken place with the openings of Ko‘ele Lodge, Manele Bay Hotel, and two golf courses. The State Department of Transportation completed improvements to Länaÿi Airport, including a longer runway and airport building, to accommodate a projected quadrupling in passenger traffic. The closing of pineapple operations on the island marked the transition of Länaÿi’s economy away from agriculture into tourism.

Existing recreation opportunities on the island are limited. These include Hulopoÿe Beach Park, Länaÿi Gymnasium and Tennis Courts, Länaÿi Community Center, Mänele Small Boat Harbor, Hulopoÿe Beach Park, several hiking trails, Cavendish Golf Course, and two resort golf courses, The Experience at Koele, and The Challenge at Manele. Resource management areas include the Länaÿi Game Management Area and the Mänele-Hulopoÿe Marine Life Conservation District.

Kahoÿolawe. This planning area includes the entire island of Kahoÿolawe. Although recently turned over to the State by the Federal government, no recreation planning exists at this time. The current focus on Kahoÿolawe is education, cultural, and archaeological preservation rather than recreation.

2.4.2.4 County of Hawai‘i

Kaÿü. The Ka‘ü planning area extends from Kaÿena Point within the Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park to Honomalino. South Point and the population centers of Näÿälehu, Pähala, Punaluÿu, and Hawaiian Ocean View Estates are located in the Kaÿü district.

58 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Existing recreation areas include Manukä State Wayside, Näÿälehu Park, Kaulana Boat Ramp, Punaluÿu Beach Park, Waiÿöhinu and Pähala Community Parks, Whittington Beach Park and Honu‘apo expansion, Kahuku Park, Kïlauea Military Camp, and Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park. Resource management areas include the Manukä Natural Area Reserve, Kaÿü Forest Reserve, and Kapapäla Forest Reserve.

South Kona. The South Kona planning area extends north of Honomalino to Kealakekua. The South Kona district includes facilities at Arthur C. Greenwell Park and Kona Waena School, Kona Scenic Park, Miloliÿi and Hoÿokena Beach Parks, the Hönaunau Wharf, and boat ramps at Miloliÿi and Kauhakö. Resource management areas include the Kealakekua Bay Marine Life Conservation District, Kïpähoehoe Natural Area Reserve, Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park, and Puÿuhonua o Hönaunau National Historic Site.

North Kona. North Kona includes the resort areas of Kailua-Kona and Keauhou and extends to the area just south of ÿAnaehoÿomalu Bay. The major airport serving West Hawaiÿi is located within the planning area at Keähole.

Existing recreation areas in North Kona include the playground at Harold H. Higashihara Park, Kailua Park, facilities at the recently completed Kealakehe High School, Laÿaloa Bay, Pähoehoe, and Kahaluÿu Beach Parks, the Old Kona Airport Park, Kïholo State Park Reserve, and Kekaha Kai State Park. Keolonähihi State Historical Park is not currently open for public visitation. There are also three small boat harbors at Kailua Bay, Keauhou, and Honoköhau.

South Kohala. South Kohala extends north of ÿAnaehoÿomalu Bay and includes several luxury resorts including Mauna Kea Beach Resort, Mauna Lani Beach Resort, and Waikoloa Beach Resort, as well as the town of Waimea. Located in the planning area is a deep draft harbor at Kawaihae. Existing recreation areas include Häpuna Beach State Recreation Area and Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park, Waimea Park, Kawaihae Small Boat Harbor, Puakö Boat Ramp, and Puÿukoholä Heiau National Historic Site.

North Kohala. North Kohala includes the towns of Mähukona, Häwï, and Kapaÿau. Existing recreation areas include Këökea, Mähukona, and Kapaÿa Beach Parks, Kamehameha Park, and the Mähukona Boat Ramp. Other resources include Lapakahi State Historical Park, Kohala Historical Sites State Monument (which incorporates Moÿokini Heiau State Monument, Kamehameha I Birthsite State Monument, and Kukuipahu Heiau), and the Kohala Forest Reserve. A series of valleys extending along the windward coast from North Kohala to Hämäkua provides a major wilderness recreation area, including the Kohala Ditch Trail.

Hämäkua. The Hämäkua planning area extends along the windward or Hämäkua coast from just east of Pololü Valley to just west of ÿOÿökala, and inland to Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park. Honokaÿa and Paÿauilo are located within the planning area.

59 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Recreation areas in the Hämäkua district include Kalöpä State Recreation Area, Mauna Kea State Recreation Area, playgrounds and ball fields at Honokaÿa, and Paÿauilo Park. Resource management areas include the Mauna Loa Forest Reserve and Game Management Area, Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve, and Hämäkua Forest Reserve.

North Hilo. The North Hilo planning area extends along the Hämäkua Coast from ÿOÿökala to Hakalau and inland to Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park and includes Laupähoehoe, Päpaÿaloa, and Nïnole. Existing recreation areas in North Hilo include Waikaumalo Park, Hakalau Park, Päpa‘aloa Park, Honomu Park, Laupähoehoe Beach Park, and the facilities at the Laupähoehoe School complex. The district also includes the Hilo Forest Reserve and the Manowaialee Forest Reserve.

South Hilo. South Hilo includes the area around the city of Hilo and extending inland to Külani.

Existing recreation areas include the Wailoa River State Recreation Area, Wailuku River State Park, Liliÿuokalani Gardens, ÿAkaka Falls State Park, Hilo Municipal Golf Course, Hilo Skeet Range, Papaikou Park, Kula‘imano Park, Carvalho Park, Waiakea Waena Park, Hualani Park, the Hoÿolulu Complex, and the Pana‘ewa Recreation Complex, which includes the Rainforest Zoo and Gardens and the Equestrian Center. Others include Kolekole, Honoliÿi, Hilo Bayfront, Mokuola, Reed’s Bay, Lihikai, Kealoha, Leleiwi, and Lehia Beach Parks.

Puna. Puna encompasses the area from Päpaÿi and Keaÿau to Kaÿena Point and extends inland to Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park. The planning area includes the communities of Keaÿau, Pähoa, Kapoho, Kurtistown, Mountain View, and Volcano.

Existing recreation areas include the MacKenzie State Recreation Area, Lava Tree State Monument, Isaac Hale Memorial Park, Pohoiki Boat Ramp, Shipman Park, the Keaÿau and Pähoa Community Centers, Nänäwale Park, and the new Ahalanui Park, which replaced parklands destroyed by lava. Resource management areas include the Keauohana, Nänäwale, Puna, and ÿÖlaÿa Forest Reserves and the Puÿu Makaÿala Natural Area Reserve. Approximately 60,000 acres of Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park is within this planning area.

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HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

3 OUTDOOR RECREATION TRENDS AND DEMANDS

This chapter details the methods used to collect input for the SCORP which included: a review of previous studies, agency surveys, public user surveys, focus group meetings, and public meetings.

3.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES

Other relevant State, County, and Federal agency recreation reports or studies conducted since the previous 2003 SCORP were reviewed for this 2008 SCORP update. Discussions of these reports are provided below.

3.1.1 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Association Recreation (2006)

The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Association Recreation is conducted every five years by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is considered one of the nation’s most important wildlife recreation databases. Wildlife-associated recreation includes fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching activities. These categories are not mutually exclusive because many individuals participated in more than one (1) activity. Wildlife- associated recreation is reported in two major categories: 1) fishing and hunting; and 2) wildlife watching, which includes observing, photographing, and feeding fish or wildlife.

The 2006 survey (published 2008) found that 366,000 Hawai‘i residents and nonresidents 16 years old and older fished, hunted, or wildlife watched in Hawai‘i. Of the total number of participants, 157,000 fished, 18,000 hunted, and 262,000 participated in wildlife-watching activities, which include observing, feeding, and photographing wildlife (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service & U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). The sum of anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers exceeds the total number of participants in wildlife-related recreation because many individuals engaged in more than one wildlife-related activity.

Table 3-1 provides a summary of the national survey results for activities in Hawai‘i for residents and visitors.

61 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Table 3-1. Hawai‘i’s Wildlife-Associated Recreation Activities Resident Non-resident Total Fishing Anglers 92,000 65,000 157,000 Days of fishing 1,300,000 171,000 1,471,000 Average days per 14 3 9 angler Total expenditures* $76,305,000 $34,211,000 $110,516,000 Average per angler $831 $524 $702 Average trip $33 $177 $49 expenditure per day Hunting Hunters 18,000 - 18,000 Days of hunting 418,000 - 420,000 Average days per 23 - 23 hunter Total expenditures* $20,156,000 - $21,098,000 Average per hunter $1,110 - $1,136 Average trip $24 $26 expenditure per day Wildlife Watching Wildlife-watching 155,000 107,000 262,000 participant Days of participating 386,000 723,000 1,109,000 away from home Average days of 8 7 7 participation Total expenditures* $42,228,000 $168,186,000 $210,414,000 Average per $271 $1,568 $793 participant Average trip $49 $230 $167 expenditure per day Notes: * Includes trip-related, equipment, and other expenses - Sample size too small to report data reliably Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, 2008

3.1.2 Hawai‘i State Parks Survey (2007)

The Hawai‘i Tourism Authority commissioned a survey to estimate the number of people who use and visit State Parks. The 2007 Hawai‘i State Parks Survey evaluated behavior and attitudes of park users, and provided a park user mix by point of origin: Hawai‘i, Mainland U.S., Japan, and Other.

62 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

An estimated 10.1 million people visit Hawai‘i State Parks annually. Of this total, one- third are residents and two-thirds are out-of-state visitors; however, this ratio varies considerably between the different parks. While most of the parks tend to have a high number of out-of-state visitors, there are some parks more heavily used by residents. Since 2003, the volume of State Park users has increased 10%. Resident usage (17%) has grown faster than visitor usage (7%). Among the out-of-state visitors, 86% come from North America, 5% from Japan, and the remaining 9% from other countries (OmniTrak Group, 2007).

As shown in Figure 3-1, residents mainly go to parks for social outings and ocean activities, while non-residents enjoy scenic views and visiting famous landmarks in the parks.

Source: OmniTrak Group Inc., 2007

3.1.3 Visitor Satisfaction and Activity Report (2006)

The 2006 Visitor Satisfaction and Activity Report by the Hawai‘i Tourism Authority utilized surveys to measure satisfaction levels for different components of the visitor experience (accommodations, attractions, dining, shopping, etc.), and also to provide data on what activities visitors engaged in during their vacation.

63 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Visitors give high marks for their overall experience in Hawai‘i. The majority of visitors rated their most recent trip to Hawai‘i as “excellent.” Two-thirds (66.6%) of U.S. visitors found their most recent trip “excellent” in 2006. The rating was similar to 2005 (67.4%) but still significantly lower than the high of 72.4% reached in 2003. Just over half (51.7%) of Japanese visitors found Hawai‘i “excellent” in 2006. This rating has remained fairly consistent over the years. Canadian visitors give high marks for Hawai‘i with 61.8% feeling their trip was “excellent,” and 66% of European visitors rated Hawai‘i “excellent” (DBEDT, 2006).

According to the 2006 survey, the most popular outdoor recreational activity among visitors was swimming/sunbathing/beach activities. The next most popular activities for the majority of visitors include: snorkeling/scuba diving, visiting historical sites, self-guided tours, boat/submarine/whale watching, and running/jogging/fitness walking. (Refer to Table 3-2.)

Table 3-2. Outdoor Recreational Activity Participation Statewide (% of visitors/market) Outdoor Recreational Activity U.S. West U.S. East Japan Canada Europe Boat/submarine/whale watching 26.9 35.2 18.3 33.3 29.3 Tour bus excursion 11.2 25.1 46.1 24.9 36.1 Private limo/van tour 5.0 8.9 16.8 9.5 13.8 Self-guided tour 79.6 76.8 55.1 81.3 72.3 Swimming/sunbathing/beach 83.0 79.9 66.3 88.9 87.0 Surfing/bodyboarding 26.6 19.3 7.4 27.5 20.4 Snorkeling/scuba diving 52.3 44.8 18.6 52.1 37.3 Jet 5.7 4.3 4.9 2.5 3.9 skiing/parasailing/windsurfing Golf 13.3 12.6 8.9 15.3 5.8 Running/jogging/fitness walking 39.5 35.3 20.9 45.7 25.2 Backpacking/hiking/camping 21.7 26.9 7.4 20.6 18.0 Sports event or tournament 4.8 5.3 3.8 6.3 5.8 Historic site 54.2 64.3 28.4 61.3 63.7 Source: DBEDT, 2006

64 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

When asked to rate satisfaction with parks and beaches during their vacations, visitors were overwhelmingly pleased, with over 90% responding positively. (Refer to Table 3-3.)

Table 3-3. Parks and Beaches Satisfaction Ratings by Location and Details (% of Visitors) Rating Very satisfied Somewhat Somewhat Not satisfied satisfied dissatisfied at all O‘ahu • Overall 66.7 28.9 3.5 0.9 • Security 56.6 35.1 7.0 1.4 • Facility 55.2 36.4 7.5 0.9 • Cleanliness 57.0 32.3 8.7 2.1 and comfort Maui • Overall 70.3 26.9 2.6 0.2 • Security 56.9 35.7 6.1 1.2 • Facility 56.7 34.3 8.1 0.8 • Cleanliness 60.4 32.2 6.2 1.1 and comfort Kaua‘i • Overall 70.3 26.4 3.1 0.2 • Security 57.6 36.2 5.0 1.2 • Facility 55.7 36.2 6.7 5.9 • Cleanliness 56.9 31.6 9.6 1.9 and comfort Kona • Overall 64.1 29.1 5.1 1.7 • Security 55.8 34.6 7.0 2.6 • Facility 52.7 35.5 9.1 2.8 • Cleanliness 54.9 33.9 9.1 2.1 and comfort Source: DBEDT, 2006

3.1.4 Natural Resources Assessment (2003)

In 2003, the Hawai‘i Tourism Authority commissioned a Natural Resources Assessment Study to focus on those environmental resources important to tourism, particularly those vulnerable to tourism activity or overuse. The purpose of the assessment was to provide a long-term plan for the expenditure of monies set aside for improving natural resource sites frequented by visitors (PBR HAWAII, 2003).

There were 110 sites identified and inventoried across the State in which visitor usage was high or growing. From the evaluation, a list of 23 key sites was identified for more intensive study. The key sites list represents sites with high visitor use that have critical

65 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

needs and could generate economic benefits if the needs were to be addressed. The 23 sites included are:

Kaua‘i: • Häÿena Beach County Park (and Maniniholo Dry Cave) • Häÿena State Park • Kalalau Lookout (Kökeÿe State Park) • ÿÖpaekaÿa Falls (Wailua River State Park) • Puÿu Hinahina Lookout (Waimea Canyon State Park)

O‘ahu: • Diamond Head Lighthouse Overlook • Diamond Head State Monument • Läÿie Point State Wayside • Makapuÿu Point State Wayside • Mänoa Falls • Püpükea Beach Park

Maui County: • Päläÿau State Park Lookout, Moloka‘i • Luahiwa Petroglyphs, Läna‘i • ÿAhihi-Kinaÿu Natural Area Reserve, Maui • Honolua Bay and Mokulëÿia Bay (Marine Life Conservation District) • Kamaÿole III Beach Park • Kaumahina State Wayside • Waiÿänapanapa State Park

Hawai‘i Island: • ÿAkaka Falls State Park • Häpuna Beach State Recreation Area • Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park • Punaluÿu Beach Park • Waipiÿo Lookout

66 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

3.2 AGENCY SURVEY

3.2.1 Methodology

The second study instrument for the SCORP update was a recreation agency survey. Outdoor recreation agencies were sent a survey to gather information regarding outdoor recreational facilities, funding sources, and issues they face as outdoor recreation managers. Outdoor recreation managers from the following agencies responded to the survey: • County of Kaua‘i Department of Parks and Recreation • City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation • County of Maui Department of Parks and Recreation • County of Hawai‘i Department of Parks and Recreation • DLNR Division of State Parks • DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) • DLNR Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation (DOBOR) • DLNR Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), Na Ala Hele Program (each island’s branch) • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • U.S. Coast Guard Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR)

A copy of the agency survey and respondent list is provided as Appendix B.

3.2.2 Results

3.2.2.1 Planned Outdoor Recreational Facilities Improvements

Agencies were asked about new, improved, and/or expanded recreational facilities planned for the next five (5) years for specific recreational activities. As shown in the statewide summary provided in Table 3-4, recreational facilities located in natural settings are receiving many improvements over the next five (5) years statewide with plans for land acquisition, new construction, upgrade/repairs, and expansion. Sports facilities are also planned for new construction, upgrade/repairs, and expansion.

67 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Table 3-4. Planned Recreation Facilities Improvements

Recreation Activity Comments Land acquisition New construction Upgrade/repair Expansion O‘AHU: Plans for improving and expanding Peacock Flats. HAWAI‘I: Kohanaiki camping will be open by Camping X X X X 2010; Kekaha Kai and Kiholo campgrounds are proposed, but not funded yet. STATEWIDE: A few new mauka campsites are planned. KAUA‘I: Work on Kalalau Trail scheduled 2009- 2010. Hiking on mauka, O‘AHU: State wants to acquire Honouliuli; will be unpaved multi-use X X X X opening 2 new trails in Kamana Nui Valley. trail for STATEWIDE: Would like to have improved/updated maps to offer users; improvement of existing trails. O‘AHU: Will continue to maintain Maunawili Horseback riding on Ditch; being considered for Püpükea-Paumalü mauka, unpaved X X X X State Park Reserve. multi-use trail for STATEWIDE: Create expanded opportunities on

Nature-based Land Land Nature-based land-locked public land. Hunting X X X STATEWIDE: Greater access to private land. Mountain biking on OAHU: New road in Kamana Nui may be used by mauka, unpaved X X X bikes multi-use trail for STATEWIDE: Improve/harden existing trails. O‘AHU: New OHV park on Sand Island. MAUI: Planned 700-acre OHV park in West Maui, acquiring lands in 1-2 years. Off-highway vehicle HAWAI‘I: Track area provided through volunteer X X X (OHV)/ATV partnership. STATEWIDE: Create new venues – eliminate illegal use on non-authorized public and private land statewide. STATEWIDE: would like to offer printed materials Boating X X X on harbors, boat storage space, and reef locations; harbor improvements planned statewide. STATEWIDE: Priority to sustain existing fishing opportunities, i.e., fishing in designated public fishing areas, in light of increasing environmental Fishing X calls to stop fishing activities. O‘AHU: Working on shoreline fishing expansion

Water-based Water-based at Wahiawa Freshwater State Recreation Area.

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Recreation Activity Comments Land acquisition New construction Upgrade/repair Expansion KAUA‘I: County-sponsored Outrigger Canoe paddling instruction program at existing beach parks. Paddling, Outrigger X X O‘AHU: Will start expansion in 1-2 years for Canoe available beach and building space to store canoes. HAWAI‘I: Plans for upgrade/repair. Personal Watercraft X X X STATEWIDE: Priority to address this activity. (jet-ski) HAWAI‘I: Kohanaiki shoreline will become Surfing X County-owned park.

Water-based Water-based Swimming (Ocean) X STATEWIDE: Upgrade swimming beaches. STATEWIDE: Upgrade/repairs needed at many Swimming (pool) X County pools. STATEWIDE: Amending Hawaiÿi Administrative Beach activities X Rules regarding beach activities. KAUA‘I: Ball field lighting construction at Vidinha Field sports Stadium Complex, design and construction FY (baseball, softball, X X X X 2008-09. football, etc.) STATEWIDE: Need more field space for league use and public games. Sports Court sports KAUA‘I: Basketball court resurfacing at Kal heo (basketball, tennis, X X X Neighborhood Center and at Kaumakani Park. volleyball, etc.) HAWAI‘I: Resurfacing tennis courts. Botanical Gardens X O‘AHU: Medium priority. KAUA‘I: Curator/Stewardship program for Po‘ip Beach Park Mauka-Historic preserve, FY 2008-09. HAWAI‘I: La‘aloa; Ala Kahakai National Historic Historic/Cultural X X X Trail. Site STATEWIDE: Identifying historic harbor sites with landmark signs; protect and prepare ancient and historic trails for public use. O‘AHU: Working with community on plans for Nature Center X X one at Kawainui, but no design or construction Interpretive funds. Park Visitor O‘AHU: Would like to build one at Diamond X Interpretive Center Head – but no funds for design or construction. KAUA‘I: Designing new lookouts at Kökeÿe, Scenic Lookout X X X Waimea Canyon, but no funds to build. O‘AHU: Makapuÿu Trail, but no funds to build.

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Recreation Activity Comments Land acquisition New construction Upgrade/repair Expansion KAUA‘I: Lydgate Park 2.5 miles bike/pedestrian path; Waipouli-Keälia 3.0 miles bike/pedestrian Bicycling on urban, path. Lydgate Park-Waipouli, Näwiliwili-Lydgate paved multi-use X X X Park, Keälia-Anahola bike/pedestrian path in paths planning/permitting/design phase. O‘AHU: Medium priority. Fitness/Exercise X X O‘AHU: Improved sites at Sand Island State Park. course KAUA‘I: Additional picnic tables/BBQ pits in campgrounds and picnic areas, FY 2008-09. Picnicking/BBQ X X X O‘AHU: Cleaner facilities with “hot coal” dispenser; more picnic tables at Diamond Head in 2009. KAUA‘I: Constructing new playground facilities to meet ADA and CSPC fall protection requirements, Playground X X X FY 2008-09. HAWAI‘I: New playgrounds will be constructed by developers.

Developed Land Developed Land KAUA‘I: New scoreboard for roller hockey rink Skateboarding/ competition. X X X Rollerskating HAWAI‘I: New skate parks will be constructed through private partnerships. KAUA‘I: Design and construct two dog parks, FY 2008-09. Dog park X X HAWAI‘I: Planning in progress for community- built dog park in Ocean View. KAUA‘I: Lydgate Park 2.5 miles bike/pedestrian path; Waipouli-Keälia 3.0 miles bike/pedestrian Walking/jogging on path. Lydgate Park-Waipouli, Näwiliwili-Lydgate urban, paved multi- X X Park, Keälia-Anahola bike/pedestrian path in use paths planning/permitting/design phase. O‘AHU: better night lights.

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3.2.2.2 Funding Sources

Development and maintenance of recreational facilities are currently funded or being considered to be funded by the following sources (result indicates how many agencies out of the 13 respondents indicated funding from that specific source):

Table 3-5. Agency Funding Sources Funding Source Result General taxes (State, County, Federal) 12 Special taxes (Conveyance, Tourism, etc.) 8 Recreation based taxes 2 Grants 10 Entry fees 6 User fees (eg. camping, licenses, permits, parking) 8 Commercial permits 4 Concessions and sales 4 Recreation leases 3 Donations and “adopt-a-park” programs 6

3.2.2.3 Recreational Issues and Challenges

In general, the agencies reported that the issues from the 2003 SCORP are still relevant and will be ongoing issues for the foreseeable future. The following issues, identified by agencies in 2003, which are still most pressing in 2008, are shown below followed by specific comments regarding the issue: • Providing a safe, secure recreational setting, including enforcement. o “Better maintenance/management needed for existing parks and facilities, especially trails.” • Protection of natural and cultural resources in areas of recreational demand. o “Need extensive surveys to adequately assess human impacts to coastal as well as wetland and mountain areas that harbor native wildlife species.” o “Managing and developing ancient/historic trails (Big Island) for public recreational use.” • Funding for management and maintenance of recreational facilities. o “Securing the financial resources to maintain, renovate and/or reconstruct existing facilities and constructing basic improvements at new park sites represents the most significant issue.” • Commercial use guidelines for recreation areas. o “New recreational businesses operating in the near shore waters of the State. For example, surf schools, stand-up paddle boards, kite surfing, etc.” o “Influx of commercial activities, especially in sites/parks with sensitive resources, that can ‘over run’ the resources and impact residents’ use of the parks.”

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Issues identified in 2003, but of relatively lower priority for 2008 (the majority of the agencies indicated these as medium, low, or not a priority), include: • Expanded facilities for walking, jogging, and running. • More beach facilities and improved beach access.

Other recreational issues (locally and/or statewide) identified by the agencies include: • A need for stronger, influential process to support recreational fishing, recreational uses of aquatic resources. • Need for additional skate parks and dog parks are increasing. • Public demand for preservation of open space and coastal access. • Off-highway vehicle use statewide. Need to register off-highway vehicles (OHVs), provide for more legal riding areas, promote safety equipment use. Oahu needs some private land’s zoning changed from agriculture to a zoning that allows commercial OHV use. Using fallow agricultural lands for OHV use may provide suppression of flash fuels that could lead to brush fires. Furthermore, private landowners will gain a new revenue source needed during economic hard times. Having such facilities may also be a draw for the tourism industry. State lands in many cases are too sensitive and small or the management for such activity would be too costly. Large private land owners should be encouraged to pursue this option. • Liability for both public and private landowners. • Trespassing, limited access to State lands, tort reform to increase chances of private land owners allowing public access. • Resolving conflict between different users and in outdoor recreation.

Agencies listed the following challenges, obstacles, and barriers to managing/providing outdoor recreational facilities:

Funding: • Shrinking program budgets relative to population increases and increased demand for recreational opportunities. • High construction costs, difficulty obtaining necessary permits. • Manpower to maintain facilities. • Funding and staffing inadequacies. • Limited financial resources not only to maintain, renovate and/or reconstruct existing facilities, but to also develop park facilities (such as comfort stations, ball fields, play courts and play apparatus) on lands dedicated by developers to the Counties .

User conflicts: • Competition for use of resources (commercial, recreational, subsistence, no-take). • Competition of allocation of those resources. • Satisfying all users of our trails and roads.

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Maintenance and operations: • Lack of personnel in many parks, especially historic sites, raises management concerns (vandalism, site damage). • Reductions in State Parks’ operating budget has affected ability to repair and maintain facilities and grounds on a regular, rapid-response basis. • Maintenance and operation of aging, recreational facilities (for example, the War Memorial Complex in Wailuku and the Lahaina Civic Center Complex were built in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s). Programs and usage of these facilities have increased. Major renovations and upgrades are required to bring those facilities up to current building and recreation standards.

Access to Recreation Land: • Locating and managing suitable locations for OHV use. • Opening up public recreational activity on private land. • Supporting a quickly growing human population in a fairly small land mass. Establishing new recreational areas and maintaining, existing recreational facilities will become much more difficult in time. What are the limits of acceptable change?

Need for studies: • A lack of visitor use studies that measure human impacts to Hawaiÿi’s native wildlife species (to adequately protect the viability of species, yet allow the public to view and enjoy them).

3.2.2.4 Potential Projects

The following were suggested as potential LWCF projects for the next five (5) years to meet recreational needs identified by the agencies: • Acquisition, development, and facility improvements at shorelines and beach parks. • Off-highway vehicle parks, more riding areas with different ecosystems experiences. • Creating more non-motorized trails (i.e., trails for hiking, horses and bicycles). • Interpretive displays addressing wildlife viewing etiquette, particularly in beach areas near turtle basking areas and seabird nesting areas. • Renovation of older park facilities and upgrading of existing recreational facilities (stadiums, recreational centers, stadiums, pools). • New park acquisition and new park development.

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• Outdoor play court, ballfield, and skate park development at new park sites. • Upgrading of existing facilities county-wide. • Enhancement of fishing program.

3.2.2.5 Health Trends

In order for States to be able to demonstrate health benefits based on outdoor recreation opportunities (see Section 1.4.2), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), requested that the survey include questions that capture physical activity participation. The following questions were asked to agencies: “Have recent health trends (obesity, lack of exercise) prompted your agency to actively promote the health benefits of recreation? If yes, how do you share and/or market this information with the public?” Six (6) agencies replied “yes” to these questions; Table 3-6 shows the methods of how they are actively promoting health benefits of recreation.

Table 3-6. Agencies that Promote Health Benefits of Recreation/Methods of Promotion

Agency Other Media Campaigns Media Campaigns Incentives Distribute materials Sponsor events Partner w/ health orgs Kaua‘i DPR Advertisements and press releases in local newspaper to announce upcoming programs and special events, such as Summer Enrichment Programs, winter and spring programs, track meets, sports clinics, community basketball, etc.; Agreement with Garden Island newspaper for X X X X X publication of weekly senior activities calendar detailing classes/activities scheduled at all senior centers; Info distribution through County internet website and fliers; Incentives such as giveaways, gift certificates, prizes at health fairs and special events; Sponsorship of Hershey Track meet and Senior Softball Tournament. Honolulu DPR X X - Maui DPR XX- Na Ala Hele (Maui) National Trails Day participation using volunteer X labor on trails maintenance projects USFWS Partner with others who are offering activities that X X X promote children-oriented activities outside observing and enjoying nature. U.S. Coast Guard MWR X XXX-

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3.2.2.6 Use of SCORP

When asked whether their agency uses the SCORP as a recreational planning tool, the following seven (7) agencies replied “yes”: • County of Kaua‘i Department of Parks and Recreation • City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation • County of Hawai‘i Department of Parks and Recreation • DLNR State Parks • DLNR Na Ala Hele Program (State Office) • DLNR Na Ala Hele Program (O‘ahu Branch) • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Because the SCORP is a comprehensive planning document for the State, it can potentially be useful for all outdoor recreation agencies.

3.3 PUBLIC AND AGENCY MEETINGS

3.3.1 Methodology

To supplement the data gathered from the recreation user survey, public meetings were held on each island from October 1, 2008 to October 14, 2008. Generally, two separate meetings – an agency meeting and a general public meeting – were held for each location (except for Moloka‘i and Läna‘i). The meetings focused on gathering information on recreational trends, demands, and issues for each island. A summary of meeting attendance is shown in Table 3-7.

Table 3-7. Summary of Public and Agency Focus Meeting Attendance Date Island Location Agency Meeting Public Meeting Number Attended Number Attended Oct. 1 Maui Wailuku 11 21 Oct. 2 Läna‘i Läna‘i City - 4 Oct. 6 Hawai‘i Hilo 12 9 Oct. 7 Hawai’i Kailua-Kona 10 11 Oct. 8 Moloka‘i Kaunakakai - 5 Oct. 9 Kaua‘i Lïhu‘e 15 5 Oct. 3 &14 O‘ahu Honolulu 20 38 Total 68 93

Although attendance at the agency and public meetings was low, this is not unusual for SCORP meetings. Attendance at these 2008 meetings overall was slightly higher than the last SCORP update in 2003, which had 36 agency attendees and 79 public meeting attendees statewide.

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Agency invitees were informed about the SCORP project by mail. Invitations included a brief background of the LWCF program and the SCORP public participation process, as well as general topics and goals to be addressed at the meetings. On Moloka‘i and Läna‘i, no agency meetings were held due to the relatively small agency representative population on these islands. Instead, the agency representatives of these islands were invited to the general public information meeting.

Public information meetings were held to review the same topics discussed during the agency meetings and to gather a wider range of public opinion on recreational needs and issues. A DLNR press release was sent to various media outlets providing information about the SCORP public participation process and a schedule of all the public meetings (see Appendix C). State and County recreation agency representatives and resource managers, national parks managers, Governor’s Island liaisons and advisory council members, and County elected officials were also notified of the public meetings schedule.

Each meeting began with a powerpoint presentation on the background of the SCORP and LWCF. This presentation included a review of the SCORP update process, role of public participation, and preliminary agency and recreation user survey observations. The presentation was followed by general questions and answers regarding the SCORP process and LWCF program. Following the question/answer session, there was a discussion of recreation trends, demands, and issues for the given island.

3.3.2 Results

The agency meetings and public information meetings dealt mainly with recreation users’ perceived recreational needs. The discussion topics were designed to generate public input on recreation trends, demands, needs for additional and/or updated facilities, and issues. Please note that the following summary lists are in no particular order. Notes from each meeting are provided in Appendix D.

Meeting participants statewide noted an increasing and/or continuing trend in the following recreational activities throughout the State: • Hunting • Off-highway vehicles (includes 4WD, ATV, dirtbikes) • Fishing • Stand-up paddling • Mountain biking • Tennis • Camping • Dog walking for recreation • Surfing (all types) • Kayaking • Soccer • Skateboarding

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• Ecotourism • Outrigger canoe paddling • Urban path biking • Other field sports (softball, football, rugby, lacrosse) • Paragliding/Ultra-lights • Jet skiing • Horseback riding • Geocaching • Hiking • Education/Service projects (trail maintenance, field trips, weed removal)

Meeting participants reported high demand and/or need for the following recreational facilities: • Off-leash dog parks and/or more recreation areas that allow on-leash dogs • Small boat harbor improvements (boat slips, boat ramps, boat washdown areas, lighting, etc.) • Continuous trails, paths, bikeways, and greenways linking various recreation areas (urban and rural) • New and/or improved restroom facilities at parks • Educational signage and observation areas for wildlife/scenic viewing • Multi-use sports playfields • Tennis courts • Skate parks • Campsites and campgrounds • Off-highway vehicle parks • Land acquisition for new parks and access to public areas • Fishing areas (fishing piers, restock fish, restore fish habitat) • Outrigger canoe storage and launch facilities • Public hunting areas • Archery/shooting ranges • Parking and facilities for parks and beaches • Swimming pools

Specific recreational issues brought up during the meetings included the following: • User conflicts that arise from a limited amount of recreation resources available for a large number and variety of users and activities. o Clash of wildlife and humans. For example, turtle nesting sites on beaches where surfers and beachgoers frequent.

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o Conflict between cultural practitioners and other recreation users because they have separate reasons (i.e., subsistence fishing versus recreational fishing) for being at a particular site. o Competition for use of mauka trails and open areas by hikers, mountain bikers, horseback riders, hunters, off-highway vehicles, and conservationists. o Competition for use of limited number of playfields by various sports leagues, special events, and the general public. o Multiple ocean-based activities in the same areas, ie. surfing, stand-up paddling, snorkeling, and swimming

• Needed maintenance and upkeep of facilities is an on-going problem for park managers due to reduced funding and staffing, aging facilities, heavy use of the facilities, and vandalism. o The public demand for better facilities may require implementation of fees to pay for upgrading and maintaining facilities. o Dedication of land for new parks provides County parks departments with new parks, but the park agency must provide the maintenance and upkeep of the new parks without an increase in funding. o Facilities damaged by vandalism often require emergency repair or replacement, which limits resources for other parks since funds must be allocated to fix damage. o Making park improvements cost a lot of time and money because of permitting requirements, price of materials, and the need for more staff to maintain.

• Access to recreation areas is limited or blocked by private property. o Users are forced to trespass to access public areas that are landlocked by private property. o Beach accesses are blocked by overgrown vegetation created by adjacent property owners.

• Need for better protection of natural resources through education and enforcement. o Reef damage caused by anchors, trampling, dragging. o Water quality impacts from pollution of land-based activities. o Harassment of wildlife by visitors who are uneducated about Hawai‘i’s endangered species. o Overfishing and/or overharvesting.

• Superferry’s potential impacts on the neighbor islands. o Introduction and spread of invasive species (flora and fauna). o Taking of resources (rocks, fish, plants, etc.). o More people and their vehicles can crowd recreation areas.

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• Global issues such as global warming, sea level rising, and increasing cost of oil. o Changing climates, high seas, and flooding have closed parks and affected boat ramps. o Electricity costs for operating facilities has increased, but park budgets have not. o More money being spent on capital improvement projects by the ocean (sand replenishment, sewer upgrades, repair damage or redesign facilities affected by ocean changes, etc.)

3.4 PUBLIC RECREATION USER SURVEY

To supplement the input received during the public meetings, a public recreation user survey was developed to determine the types of recreation activities that residents are participating in and to evaluate whether the State’s outdoor recreation system provides sufficient recreational opportunities.

3.4.1 Methodology

The public recreation user survey was conducted statewide from August 20 to October 31, 2008. The survey form was developed based on a review of the 2003 SCORP survey, other State SCORP surveys, and issues raised by Federal, State, and County agencies during preliminary meetings and discussions.

The survey was designed to define recreational preferences, estimate frequencies of participation in recreational activities, and determine participant satisfaction levels pertaining to outdoor recreation opportunities in Hawai‘i. Specifically, the survey concentrated on assessing the respondents’ view of the following content areas: • Participation by recreation activity • Locations of recreation destinations • User satisfaction with recreational opportunities and facilities • Recreation issues and priority levels • Attitudes about funding for recreation areas and facilities

A database of 775 people and organizations was created which included State and County recreation agency representatives and resource managers, National Park managers, elected officials, Governor’s liaisons and advisory council members, sports leagues and teams, recreation organizations, conservation organizations, and private recreation operators. Contact information for these people was gathered and updated from the previous 2003 SCORP contact list, agency directories, and internet searches.

A postcard or email was sent to everyone on the database providing information about the 2008 SCORP public participation process. In addition, DLNR issued a press release to various media outlets providing information about the SCORP public participation process and a schedule of all the public meetings. Appendix C contains a copy of the distribution materials.

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The survey was made available to the general public in a printable PDF format and in an online form at the SCORP consultation portal (http://pbrhawaii.limehouse.com/portal/scorp_2008/). Participants were able to complete the survey online or they could print the survey out and send it via mail or fax. Appendix E contains a copy of the recreation user survey.

Participants were also encouraged to make copies and distribute the survey to others in the community. The survey forms were made available at public meetings as well.

Statewide, 448 residents completed a survey. As shown in Table 3-8, most participants reside in the City and County of Honolulu, which is consistent with the general population (as discussed in Section 1.4.1).

Table 3-8. Summary of Survey Responses by County County Number of Completed Surveys Kaua‘i 28 Honolulu 231 Maui 102 Hawai‘i 87 Total 448

3.4.1.1 Profile of Respondents

A higher percentage of males (61%) completed the survey than females (38%), with 1% not responding to this question. Ethnically, 53% of the respondents identified themselves as White, 25% identified themselves as Asian, 18% identified themselves as Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and the remaining 4% identified themselves as Hispanic, Black, American Indian, Alaska Native, or Other.

The majority of respondents are 25 to 64 years old. Table 3-9 provides the breakdown of respondents by age group.

Table 3-9. Age Breakdown of Survey Respondents Age Result % Under 18 49 11% 18 – 24 15 3% 25 – 34 71 16% 35 – 44 87 19% 45 – 54 103 23% 55 – 64 91 20% 65 or older 27 6% No Response 5 1%

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A majority of the respondents live in a household made up of two adults (58%), and have a total annual household income over $40,000, as shown in Table 3-10 and 3-11 respectively.

Table 3-10. Number of People Living in Household People in Household Result %

Adults One 61 14% Two 259 58% Three 55 12% Four 31 7% Five or more 11 2% Children (12-18 years) One 66 15% Two 32 7% Three 8 2% Four 3 1% Five or more 1 0% Children (under 12 years) One 51 11% Two 30 7% Three 8 2% Four 1 0% Five or more 1 0%

Table 3-11. Household Income Breakdown of Survey Respondents Household Income (before Result % taxes) Below $20,000 17 4% $20,000 – 39,999 28 6% $40,000 – 69,999 120 27% $70,000 – 100,000 110 25% Over $100,000 126 28% No Response 47 10%

The majority of respondents are full-time Hawai‘i residents (93%) that have resided in Hawai‘i for five (5) years or more (80%). Those that recently moved to Hawai‘i within the last five (5) years came from the U.S. mainland (87%). In addition, only 2% of the respondents are in the military. Many out-of-state visitors to Hawai‘i participate in recreational activities during their visit, but because of the transient nature of these visitors, it was difficult to have them participate in the public survey.

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3.4.2 Results

The findings provided below are statewide results. For island breakdowns of the survey results, refer to Appendix F.

3.4.2.1 Participation Rates and Frequency for Recreation Activities

Statewide, the most popular recreation activities, in which over 50% of the respondents stated they participate in at least once a year, include the following: • Visiting a beach (90%), • Ocean swimming (86%) • Picnicking/BBQ (86%) • Visiting a scenic lookout (83%) • Hiking (80%) • Visiting a historic site (77%) • Camping (69%) • Snorkeling (68%) • Pool swimming (66%) • Visiting a botanical garden (65%) • Visiting a nature center (65%) • Bicycling on roadway or path (60%) • Bodysurfing (57%) • Surfing/bodyboarding (51%)

The statewide results for additional activities are provided in Figure 3-2.

The survey also requested respondents to indicate their activity frequency rates. Examination of frequency rates helps show how some activities, although not “popular” overall as listed above, have a particularly loyal following. In other words, a particular activity may not have a large overall per person participation rate, however, the relatively small number of people that do participate in that activity, do so quite frequently (at least daily or weekly). For example, 5% of respondents participate in ultimate frisbee; and, of that 5%, approximately 83% of them play the sport at least daily/weekly.

Another example showing the opposite frequency trend is with hiking; 81% of respondents participate in hiking at least once a year. However, only 17% of them hike on a daily/weekly basis.

Examining frequency rate in addition to participation rate may be just as an important factor to consider because in some cases, the frequency of activities on a recreational resource or facility may have greater impact. A recreation facility that is being used daily by a small amount of people (such as a sports playfield or court) may require more continuous maintenance versus a facility that is visited only a few times a year by more people (such as a scenic lookout or hiking trail).

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See Appendix F for complete survey results.

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3.4.2.2 Satisfaction with Recreational Facilities and Resources

Within each outdoor recreation setting (water-based, nature-based land, sports, interpretive, and developed land), the survey asked respondents to rate the outdoor recreational facilities’ standards in terms of Quality, Quantity, Accessibility, and Level of Maintenance on a scale of Excellent, Good, Fair, or Poor.

Statewide, the majority of respondents rated the quality, quantity, accessibility, and level of maintenance of recreational facilities as fair to good.

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The survey also provided space for respondents to write-in any additional comments they had regarding recreation facilities and resources.

Recreational needs identified in the comment section of the survey included the following: • Safe bike and pedestrian paths • Shooting and archery ranges • Mountain bike trails • Hiking trails • Dog parks and dog-friendly beaches and trails • Camping facilities • Tennis courts • Ultimate frisbee/disc golf areas • Hunting areas • Off-highway vehicle (dirtbike, ATV, 4WD, etc.) areas.

Issues identified in the survey included: • Overall maintenance, repair, and cleaning of existing recreational facilities, particularly restrooms • Lack of parking at recreation areas • Limited access to recreation areas • Deterioration of recreation facilities, particularly boat harbors and ramps • Lack of signage (educational, directional, interpretive) at beaches, trailheads, historic sites • Enforcement.

The specific comments are included in Appendix F.

3.4.2.3 Reasons for Participation in Outdoor Recreation

To determine motivating factors for why residents participate in outdoor recreation, the survey asked respondents to check all that would apply. According to the survey responses, “have fun” is the top reason given for participating in outdoor recreation. Below are the results from highest to lowest. • Have fun (96%) • Be outdoors (92%) • Exercise or physical fitness (89%) • Relaxation (84%) • To be with family and friends (80%) • It is free and/or affordable (79%) • To be closer to nature (66%) • Visit / see new places and things (62%) • Solitude/spend time by myself (57%) • To learn (53%)

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• Escape urban setting (51%) • For the challenge (48%)

In addition to the above, respondents identified other motivations: • Gather food / subsistence • To teach children about outdoors • Spiritual reasons • Conservation / volunteer work • Photograph / paint • View wildlife • Enjoy scenery • Mode of transportation • Take visitors • To meet new friends

The complete results are provided by island in Appendix F.

3.4.2.4 Recreation Issues and Priority Levels

Based on a list of recreation issues derived from the previous 2003 SCORP, respondents felt that the top ten highest priority issues today are: 1. Protection of natural and wildlife resources and wilderness areas 2. Protection of cultural/historic resources 3. Operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure and facilities 4. Beach facilities and places for swimming, snorkeling, fishing, boating, and other sustainable ocean recreational activities 5. Public access to recreation areas

6. Increased opportunities in mauka areas for hiking, camping, hunting, and other outdoor recreation activities 7. Paths for walking, jogging, or biking 8. Vandalism of recreation facilities 9. New park and open space acquisition 10. Youth recreation programs

Table 3-12 provides the statewide results for all the issues (sorted highest to lowest).

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Table 3-12. Recreation Issues and Priorities No High Medium Issues Low Priority Opinion/No Priority Priority Response Protection of natural and wildlife resources and wilderness areas 76% 21% 2% 2% Protection of cultural/historic resources 66% 28% 4% 2% Operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure and facilities 65% 29% 3% 4% Beach facilities and places for swimming, snorkeling, fishing, boating, and other sustainable ocean recreational activities 59% 30% 8% 2% Increased opportunities in mauka areas for hiking, camping, hunting, and other outdoor recreation activities 56% 31% 10% 3% Public access to recreation areas 56% 32% 8% 3% Paths for walking, jogging, or biking 56% 29% 12% 4% Vandalism of recreation facilities 55% 30% 10% 5% New park and open space acquisition 48% 32% 16% 4% Youth recreation programs 43% 39% 12% 6% New facilities development at existing recreation sites (eg. courts, boat launches, playgrounds) 40% 38% 19% 3% Safety hazards and risks associated with recreational areas (eg. providing lifeguards, hazard signs) 38% 39% 19% 4% Overuse and crowding of recreation sites 38% 34% 22% 6% Places for picnics, sunbathing, or other outdoor activities 36% 42% 18% 5% Playgrounds for children 36% 42% 16% 6% Playing fields (baseball, softball, soccer, football) for organized sports activities 31% 41% 24% 4% Accessibility of facilities and recreation areas for those with disabilities 29% 47% 16% 8% Courts (basketball, tennis, volleyball) for organized sports activities 28% 41% 26% 4% Public health and fitness programs 28% 43% 24% 5% Conflicts between user groups at a recreation area/facility 27% 36% 28% 9% Nature-based and ecotourism industry 27% 31% 35% 7% More interpretive/educational programs, signage, and visitor services 24% 47% 24% 5% Public swimming pools 21% 39% 34% 6% Sports tourism (eg. Pro Bowl, sports events) 18% 23% 50% 9%

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The survey also provided space for respondents to write-in any additional comments they had regarding recreation issues and priorities. Their specific comments are included in Appendix F.

3.4.2.5 Funding Sources

Three questions on the survey specifically addressed the issue of funding sources for the development and maintenance of recreational areas. These questions hope to gauge the public’s openness to various types of funding sources because as recreation operating budgets decrease, recreation agencies and managers are looking towards other sources of funding to supplement their shrinking budgets.

The survey asked respondents to check all the various sources of funding they would support for the development and maintenance of recreational areas. Below are the results from highest to lowest: • Donations (74%) • Commercial user fees (61%) • Taxes (60%) • Concessions and sales (56%) • User fees (50%) • Park entry fees (38%) • Parking fees (29%) • None (3%)

The survey also provided space for respondents to write-in other potential funding sources. The responses received include: • Licenses (hunting, fishing, other activities) where revenue returns to recreation department, not Government’s general fund • Game bird and animal stamps • Heavier fines for violators • Tourist user fees • Higher campground fees that result in better facilities • Fees for large, organized group use (sports leagues, festivals, organizations, etc.) • Annual pass/permit option • Fundraising events • Private funding/sponsorship • Grants • Developer subdivision impact fees • In-kind service (volunteer) • Coin-operated amenities (hot showers, boat wash, etc.) • Park special funds

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When asked if they would be willing to pay a user fee to help with recreation upkeep and development, the result was: Yes: 43%; No: 14%; Maybe: 41%; and no response: 2%. The island responses were generally consistent with the statewide results, except for Moloka‘i/Läna‘i (Yes: 9%; No: 30%; Maybe 48%; no response: 13%).

When asked if they would be agreeable to more concessions to offset recreation upkeep and development, the result was: Yes: 45%; No: 16%; Maybe: 35%; and no response: 4%. Regarding this question, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Hawai‘i were generally consistent with the statewide results. Maui (Yes: 34%; No: 24%; Maybe 39%; no response: 3%) and Moloka‘i/Läna‘i (Yes: 4%; No: 30%; Maybe 57%; no response: 9%) had greater differences from the statewide result.

The complete results are provided by island in Appendix F.

3.4.2.6 Family Recreational Needs and Issues

As a request from the CDC to assist them with public health issues (see Section 1.4.2), the survey asked parents to consider some recreational needs and issues as they relate to their children and family. Overall, parents considered all the issues to be very important, as shown in Table 3-13.

Although we prefaced the question with “If you are a parent, consider the following recreational needs and issues as they relate to your children and family,” we found that some respondents that do not have children in their household (based on demographic questions or from comments that they said they do not have children but answered anyway) chose to respond to these questions. Regardless, the results shown in Table 3-13 include all the responses. The results for all issues are so heavily favored toward “very important” that skewing due to non-parents responding would likely be minor.

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Table 3-13. Family Recreational Needs and Issues Results Very Somewhat Not Issues Important Important Important How important is it for your children to get 89% 9% 2% regular exercise?

How important is it for your children to spend 89% 8% 3% time outdoors?

How important is it for your family to recreate 80% 17% 3% together?

How important is it to provide more outdoor recreational activities for children? (eg. bike 71% 25% 4% paths, playgrounds)

How important is it to provide more sport facilities for children? (eg. courts, ballfields, 59% 34% 7% skateboard parks).

The survey also provided space for respondents to write-in any additional comments they had regarding family recreational needs and issues. Their specific comments are included as Appendix F.

3.5 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Combining the input from previous studies, surveys, and public meetings, the following sections provide a discussion of the findings regarding outdoor recreation trends, needs, demands, and satisfaction with facilities. Findings regarding recreation issues and priorities will be addressed in Chapter 4.

The results of this study are based only on the responses from those that chose to participate and have a personal interest in the planning of the SCORP. The results do not reflect how the non-respondents would have responded. Therefore, there is a degree of bias in the findings, and generalizations of the results should not be made for the entire State.

3.5.1 Motivations for Recreation

The 2007 Hawai‘i State Parks Survey (Section 3.1.2) provided data on the main reasons for visiting parks, which include: outing with family/friends; scenic views; ocean/water activity; hike trails/walk; and a famous landmark. Residents mainly go to parks for social

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outings and ocean activities, while non-residents enjoy scenic views and famous landmarks.

The SCORP recreation survey results for the section entitled “Reasons for Participation in Outdoor Recreation” support the 2007 Hawai‘i State Parks Survey findings as well as provide additional motivating reasons such as to have fun, exercise, relax, spend time alone, learn, escape urban setting, and because it is affordable and/or free.

3.5.2 Recreational Trends and Demands

Meeting participants and survey respondents were asked to identify recreation trends as well as identify additional outdoor resources needed to meet the recreation demands. A discussion of these trends and demands are provided below.

3.5.2.1 Water-based Recreation and Beach Activities

Being an island state, water-based recreation and beach activities are naturally popular choices for residents. Over half of survey respondents participate in visiting a beach (90%), ocean swimming (86%), snorkeling (68%), pool swimming (66%), bodysurfing (57%), and surfing/bodyboarding (51%).

Non-residents/visitors are also drawn to Hawai‘i’s water and beaches. As discussed in Section 3.1.3, according to the 2006 Visitor Satisfaction and Activity Report, the most popular outdoor recreational activity among visitors was swimming/sunbathing/beach activities. In addition, over half of the key sites listed in the 2006 Natural Resources Assessment (Section 3.1.4) are water-based recreation locations.

Needs and demands for water-based recreation facilities include: • Parking, restrooms, showers, and other facilities at shoreline areas • Boat ramps, boat slips, boat wash areas • Upgraded harbor facilities • Public beach access • Lifeguards and safety measures • Educational signage about shoreline resources • Launch and storage facilities for canoes

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3.5.2.2 Walking and Hiking

Walking and hiking are easy activities that can be done nearly anywhere. These activities are popular because they are unstructured, require little facility development, require no specialized gear or skills, and can be enjoyed by young and old alike.

As discussed in Section 3.1.2, walking and hiking was cited as a main reason for visiting State parks, and of SCORP survey respondents, 80% participate in hiking and 38% in walking/jogging.

Meeting participants and survey respondents noted the need for more safe walking paths and hiking trails.

3.5.2.3 Fishing and Hunting

As discussed in Section 3.1.1, the 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife- Association Recreation found that 157,000 people fished and 18,000 people hunted in Hawai‘i. The public meetings and survey results confirm the popularity of these two activities as well. Of survey respondents, 49% participate in shore fishing, 31% in deep- sea fishing, and 24% in hunting.

Some meeting participants and survey respondents also pointed out that fishing and hunting are not only significant recreational activities, but are important subsistence and cultural activities as well.

A majority of the fishing and hunting comments were about the need for better access to areas to do these activities. Fishermen noted that many shoreline parks have nighttime closures preventing them from camping and doing overnight fishing. Hunters noted that many public hunting areas are “land-locked,” and they have to trespass on private property to access these hunting areas.

3.5.2.4 Shooting and Archery

The need for more shooting and archery ranges was brought up during public meetings and surveys. More Hawai‘i residents are participating in shooting and archery as sports as well as for hunting practice. Of survey respondents, 25% shoot (rifle or pistol) at a range and 15% do archery.

Users pointed out that the few public shooting/archery ranges in the State are becoming more crowded. In addition, there is a need for ranges to have more variety, such as areas for beginners and different target distances and types.

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3.5.2.5 Camping

A majority of survey respondents (69%) participate in camping. Many participants requested more camping sites and facilities in both mauka and makai areas. Overall, camping sites and campgrounds are limited on all islands.

Various types of camping facilities were requested: • Wilderness camping in mauka areas requiring minimal facilities • Developed campgrounds with facilities • Drive-in camp areas • Beach camping.

3.5.2.6 Bicycling

Bicycling has become increasingly popular statewide with 60% of respondents participating. People are riding for recreation, as well as for transportation, exercise, and training (for races).

An overwhelming majority of survey comments addressed the need for more dedicated bicycle paths for safer riding. Many comments noted the many dangers and hazards associated with biking on roadways alongside cars. In addition, dedicated bike paths are safer for children learning how to ride a bike.

3.5.2.7 Mountain Biking

The previous 2003 SCORP discussed the popularity of mountain biking, which continues to be popular with respondents (27%). Respondents noted that many trails have been closed to mountain bikers, resulting in fewer areas for them to ride. Mountain bikers request more trails for legal mountain biking.

3.5.2.8 Motorized Recreation Many survey respondents participate in some form of motorized recreation such as motorized boats (49%), off-highway vehicles (20%), and jet-skis (8%). This trend was often brought up during public meetings as well.

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Motorized boat users and jet-skiers need boat harbor facilities and ramps. Off- highway vehicle users would like designated areas (such as motocross or OHV park) to legally do their activity.

3.5.2.9 Sports

Because of our moderate climate, sports are being played year-round and, therefore, sports fields, courts, and facilities are utilized year-round. Sports recreation demands are mostly for more fields and courts to accommodate the growing sports-playing population.

Maui respondents requested more public tennis courts due to many private tennis courts being taken out for other development. Kona meeting attendees also noted the need for more tennis facilities in West Hawai‘i.

At County park facilities, there are conflicts over the use of ball fields and courts by different leagues and teams. In addition, some of the County facilities are also used by public school physical education and athletic programs, which can lead to scheduling difficulties.

Participants in another growing sport, ultimate frisbee, requested more field space. They noted that often soccer and other sports users are given priority for the use of field space. Another frisbee-related sport, disc golf, is also growing in popularity and users would like to see disc golf courses.

Respondents noted that sports facilities overall could have more lighting for night games, and restroom facilities.

3.5.2.10 Dog Recreation

The public meetings and surveys identified a strong demand for recreational areas where owners can bring their dogs for socializing and exercise. Currently, off-leash dog parks are only available on O‘ahu.

Participants request development of more fenced-in dog parks or the establishment of specific off-leash hours at existing parks to allow dog owners to recreate with their dogs without creating conflicts with other park facility users. In addition, respondents requested more dog-friendly beach and mauka areas.

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3.5.2.11 Youth Activities and Facilities

Skateboarding and inline skating/hockey continue to be popular among youths. All the Counties have developed skate parks and hockey rinks. There is still a demand, however, for additional areas for skateboarding, inline skating, and inline hockey. Public meeting participants and survey respondents noted the importance of providing skate parks and other youth-oriented recreation facilities and resources as a deterrent for juvenile delinquency, participation in gangs, and drug use.

Another recreation demand is for more playgrounds with safe equipment. Some respondents expressed concerns for the safety of children using old and deteriorating playground equipment.

3.5.3 Satisfaction with Outdoor Recreation Facilities

Statewide, the majority of respondents rated the quality, quantity, accessibility, and level of maintenance of recreational facilities as fair to good. As discussed in Section 3.1.3, non-residents/visitors are “very satisfied” with Hawai‘i’s parks and beaches overall.

Many participants commented that there is still need for many improvements in terms of quality, quantity, accessibility, and level of maintenance.

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HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

4 OUTDOOR RECREATION PRIORITY ISSUES

This chapter discusses the current outdoor recreation priority issues to be considered for the next five (5) years. Recreation demands are analyzed relative to their impact on resources and providers. Following this discussion of priority issues, Chapter 5 will explore various community and agency strategies required to address these issues and concerns.

The top five (5) priority issues for this 2008 SCORP update, as determined from the agency and public meeting discussions and survey results, are: • Protection of natural and cultural resources • Management of recreation resources and facilities • Meeting the needs of recreation users • Access to recreation resources • Funding

4.1 PROTECTION OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

Natural and cultural resources that make Hawai‘i a special place to live and play are being subjected to unrelenting pressures.

Previous SCORPs have identified the protection of natural and cultural resources as a high priority issue, and it continues to be a top concern for this 2008 SCORP update. Recreation users enjoy participating in activities within a natural setting. However, overuse and misuse of natural and cultural resources threaten the environmental, cultural, aesthetic qualities, and associated recreation experiences.

4.1.1 Natural Resources

Hawaiÿi has a diverse array of natural resources such as beaches, trails, parks, and waterfalls. These natural attributes make Hawaiÿi a desirable place to live and an attractive destination to visit. As a result of these attributes, demand for recreation and other activities in natural settings has increased. As discussed in the 2007 Hawai‘i State Parks Survey (Section 3.1.2), a trend of increased visits and usage is evident at State parks, beaches, and other natural areas.

The most popular recreational activities (e.g. visiting a beach, ocean swimming, picnicking/BBQ, visiting a scenic lookout, and hiking) as identified in Chapter 3 are dependent on being in natural areas. The surveys also found that being outdoors and closer to nature are significant reasons people participate in outdoor recreation, and that residents view the protection of natural landscapes and natural areas as a highly important management objective.

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Recreation agencies are faced with the challenge of managing recreation while also managing the natural resource; sometimes these roles conflict. A main function and purpose of many public park lands is to provide and promote opportunities for public recreation while maintaining important green space. While the primary focus of many natural area reserves and private lands under conservation easement may be for maintaining a working forest or protecting watersheds, special provisions are often made to permit (or guarantee) certain forms of public access.

Continued conservation and stewardship of the natural resource base is critical to maintaining a wide range of recreational opportunities. Without concerted efforts to protect the natural environment, both the quality and quantity of many of the most popular outdoor recreational opportunities are likely to deteriorate. This stands to become an even greater issue as competing pressures on existing open space grow, and demand for outdoor recreation continues to rise (i.e., hunting vs. hiking vs. mountain biking vs. OHV riding vs. horseback-riding).

On the other hand, the benefits of land and water protection extend beyond outdoor recreation opportunities. Protected lands and open space help protect our water supplies, preserve important wildlife habitat, as well as rare and endangered species, and help maintain our State’s unique natural identity. Unmanaged outdoor recreation can bring negative impacts to the very resources on which it depends.

The living biota in Hawai‘i’s parks and outdoor recreation areas are sensitive to any kind of use. Many plants and animals, along with surrounding soil, water, and air can be irretrievably damaged by even light human use. The ever increasing number of visitors pursuing outdoor recreation activities threatens the proper functioning of ecosystems, disrupts, and displaces wildlife, and degrades the natural, environmental, and aesthetic quality of an area. Overuse impacts can include pollution of the air, water, and soil, soil erosion, vandalism, littering, and the spread of invasive species.

Increased usage of fragile natural resource sites is a cause of concern for natural resource managers. Added use of areas causes stress to the natural environment if it is not managed properly. Monitoring and maintaining healthy and sustainable ecosystems place a strain on management resources and are typically underfunded.

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An increase in the popularity of guidebooks and Internet sites that reveal the locations of sensitive habitats to more people has increased visitation in these areas (e.g., ÿAhihi-Kinaÿu Natural Area Reserve). Many sensitive habitats such as anchialine ponds, lava tube and cave systems, coral reefs, and offshore islands are compromised or outright destroyed by the presence of people. Off-road vehicles in coastal dune ecosystems degrade habitat for native plant communities and nesting seabirds (e.g., Ka‘ena Point State Park).

In addition to increasing the amount of people visiting a natural area, the actual type of use and behavior of the user can have a significant impact on the natural resource as well. For example, a low-impact recreational activity such as hiking assumingly has less impact on the environment than a high-impact type of use such as OHV riding. User behavior, however, should also be taken into consideration with type of use. The hiker that goes off trail and extracts fragile resources could have a more damaging impact on the environment than a responsible OHV rider that stays within designated trail areas. Therefore, to address increased usage of an area, there also needs to be an increase in education on type of use and behavior for that area.

The cumulative impact of human interaction with native species and habitats is a growing concern. Most attention recently has centered on marine activities, and the potential for dolphin and whale watching and shark feeding tours, to change the behavior of these species. Turtle feeding is another area where increased human-interactions may change behaviors. Excessive trampling of coral reefs, tidepools, and other shoreline areas by recreational users directly kill many marine organisms or indirectly kill their algal or invertebrate food sources.

4.1.2 Cultural and Historic Resources

Hawai‘i’s cultural heritage is rich, diverse, and offers a glimpse into the past as well provides an understanding and appreciation of people, places, and events that have defined Hawai‘i. Similar with natural resources, recreation users are drawn to Hawai‘i’s cultural and historic resources. As reported by the survey, visiting a historic site is a popular activity with 76% responding that they visit one at least yearly.

Cultural and historic resources are widely dispersed statewide and are found on Federal, State, County, and private land. Cultural resources are non-renewable and the diversity of resources present a management challenge. Cultural and historic

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resources can be fragile, irreplaceable, difficult to protect, and costly to restore and maintain.

Native Hawaiians have a deep concern for the protection of their cultural resources and practices. For some, what might be considered “recreation,” such as hunting and fishing, is actually subsistence and is part of their lifestyle. There is concern that increased public access and recreation use could impact areas of deep spiritual significance and affect their use of areas to practice their cultural traditions. Some Native Hawaiian hunters and fishermen view rules on camping and their enforcement as impinging on their traditional practices and cultural gathering rights.

The lack of respect and education on proper behavior or protocol can threaten cultural and historic resources. Inappropriate offerings and movement of rocks at a heiau are considered disrespectful. Another example of improper behavior is the extraction of culturally significant resources. In an effort to protect resources, park rangers at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park must advise visitors to not take lava rocks, which have cultural significance, from the park.

4.1.3 Summary Discussion

Good planning, management and stewardship are important to limit potential impacts to ecologically and culturally sensitive areas as well as to maintain quality recreational experiences. The cumulative impacts of multiple improper uses and activities can have devastating effects on resource values. Recreation users unfamiliar with natural ecological processes, cultural practices, and proper behavior and uses are often unaware of the consequences of their actions in recreation resource areas. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify and protect important natural and cultural resources and practice good stewardship in order to maintain the health of these resources for future generations.

There is continued pressure on recreation agencies to meet the challenge of multiple users on public lands and waters to assure sustainability. Decisions to restrict the number of users or prohibit selected types of activities will be based on management objectives such as how much change to a resource, if any, are recreation agencies willing to accept. For example, any loss or damage of an endangered species habitat may be unacceptable. So the management objective for this type of site or activity would prohibit uses that adversely affect the habitat itself or the subject species.

An example of this management objective is the lay gill net restrictions the Governor signed into law in 2007. Due to concerns regarding depleting marine resource by overfishing, needlessly killing turtles, sea birds, monk seals, and damaging coral reefs, lay gill nets are now banned entirely around the island of Maui and in three nearshore areas of O‘ahu. Across the State, use of the nets is restricted. Net users will no longer be able to set them overnight, and net length can be no more than 125 feet, though two individuals can connect nets for a length of no more than 250 feet. To aid enforcement, lay gill nets

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must be registered and marked, and cannot be left unattended in the water for more than 30 minutes.

There is a growing awareness of potentially negative impacts from the use of fragile resources for recreation. While residents and visitors hope to continue, and possibly expand opportunities for recreational activities within Hawaiÿi’s unique natural and cultural areas, they also realize that protection of these areas is an important consideration for recreation agencies tasked with developing management strategies and providing recreation programs and opportunities. Within this emerging ethic of resource protection, users are also concerned about the impact of recreation activities on the integrity of natural and cultural resources, and support and advocate recreation programming that emphasizes preservation of cultural and historic resources.

While there are identified natural and cultural resources issues specific to each island, some State and County recreational providers (and residents) on Hawai’i and Kaua‘i are very much concerned with the possible impact that residents from other islands traveling on the SuperFerry might have on their respective island’s resources.

As pointed out during meetings and survey comments, enforcement activities need to have a strong educational or interpretive component so that the public is made aware of the importance of compliance. Users appreciate interpretive and educational programs because they are able to gain a greater appreciation of a resource.

The management, interpretation, and effective uses of Hawai‘i’s natural and cultural resources offer tremendous opportunities for education and public outreach. Interpretive programs at natural and cultural sites can be an educational tool, creating greater public appreciation and awareness, leading to proper protection of these resources.

4.2 MANAGEMENT OF RECREATION RESOURCES AND FACILITIES

Better maintenance and management is needed for existing parks and facilities.

Aging, over-used or weather-worn facilities, reductions in parks operating budgets, and increasing vandalism have affected agencies’ ability to manage and repair and maintain facilities and grounds on a regular, rapid-response basis. While recreation agencies have suffered budget and staffing cuts, their responsibilities and park management areas have increased. This topic is somewhat complicated by the fact that State and county budgets

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are separated into capital improvement projects (CIP) and operations and maintenance (O&M) budgets. So while some major repairs and renovations of recreational resources and facilities have been identified and included in CIP budgets, day-to-day maintenance and emergency repairs to address vandalism must come out of O&M budgets. Obviously, it is difficult to estimate the repairs that might be necessary to repair acts of vandalism and to provide such a contingency in O&M budgets.

4.2.1 Maintenance

Maintenance of existing facilities continues to represent one of the greatest problems facing public agencies due to decreased fiscal resources, heavy use of popular recreation sites by the general public, and acts of vandalism.

Many comments from the meetings and surveys indicated that users feel that maintenance of existing facilities is more important than new park development. There is a “fix what we have first” attitude that emerged from the public participation process. The majority of comments regarding park facilities specifically noted the poor condition of restrooms at recreation sites. These comments were made despite recent efforts by State and County agencies to improve restrooms as part of the Federal requirements to provide ADA compliant facilities and septic system upgrades.

Maintenance problems stem from fiscal declines that negatively affect O&M funds and the availability of manpower and equipment for maintaining recreation facilities. Deferred maintenance has long-term cost implications. Facilities that are not maintained require major repairs and/or replacements rather than basic upkeep. While major repairs and renovations could be addressed by CIP funding, these potential CIP projects must now compete against other proposed CIP projects that have greater political support, such as education.

The maintenance of courts and play fields is made more difficult because of the year- round demand for space. Year-round, heavy use of facilities such as sports fields, will result in worn-out turf, which creates heavier demand for continued maintenance. The City and County of Honolulu rotates soccer field use at Kapiÿolani Park to provide recovery days for the turf. However, this is not an option for many communities that lack enough fields to rotate usage, and actually want night-lighting to increase usage on available fields.

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Adding to the maintenance issue is the dedication of new parks to the County by developers. The park agency must provide the maintenance and upkeep of the new parks without an increase in funding, except indirectly through increased property taxes, but relying on political will to increase funding for parks O&M.

4.2.2 Repairs

Respondents expressed concern about the disrepair of facilities at recreation sites, such as playgrounds, restrooms, water fountains, and picnic tables, as an area of needed improvement. While basic maintenance is an expected cost for park agencies, especially for heavily used facilities at popular sites, repairing and replacing damaged facilities has become a major, and often unanticipated, expenditure.

4.2.2.1 Vandalism

The most readily apparent impact of vandalism is monetary. Facilities damaged by vandalism often require emergency repair or replacement, which may result in reallocating minor repairs and maintenance to other facilities. Facilities damaged by vandalism are often removed (such as toilet seats and toilet paper dispensers) rather than replaced to prevent them from becoming safety hazards or from being further vandalized.

Vandalism also has a serious negative impact on public access to and participation in outdoor recreation. On Oÿahu and Hawaiÿi, parks departments have reluctantly decided to install gates and lock parks at night as a preventative measure.

While O&M and CIP funding are separate budgets, they are ultimately linked to the same source of government revenues. Vandalism not only limits access to existing facilities, but it also decreases prospects to develop additional park sites and/or provide better park amenities (such as expensive “vandal-resistant” restrooms). With resources already limited, State and county governments are often forced to allocate funds to fix damage and install vandal-proof facilities that could otherwise be used for new park acquisition and development. Recreation and community programs suffer because there are fewer available facilities and fewer resources to fund the programs. For example, declining O&M funding make it difficult to fund park ranger positions. Park rangers can provide some form of security, educate and correct improper behaviors, and stop damaging activities.

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4.2.2.2 Natural Hazard Events

Extreme natural hazard events such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes can also negatively affect outdoor recreation by damaging facilities and rendering some recreation sites unusable immediately following the event. For example, following the October 16, 2006 earthquake and aftershock, Kawaihae Harbor on Hawai‘i suffered at least $5 million in damage. Pier 1 had suffered a large crack and a foot-wide separation near the sheds and a number of ruptured water lines, and Pier 2 had a 600-foot-long crack in the concrete as well as ruptured fire hydrants. Structural damage occurred at several parks on Hawai‘i and Kaua‘i resulting in facilities being temporarily closed until the repair work could be undertaken.

Erosion, although slower in occurring, is another type of natural hazard that has affected many beaches and shorelines around the state. In 2006, waves uprooted ironwood trees along the shoreline at Baldwin Beach Park on Maui, posing a danger to beachgoers. Sections of the park had to be closed for workers to cut down and remove a dozen 20- to 40-foot tall trees whose roots had been undermined by erosion from high surf.

Like vandalism, emergency repairs of facilities damaged by natural hazard events take funding away from other park projects. In addition, there is also the possibility that a natural hazard event may occur again at the same spot, requiring repairs once again. While it may be an obvious solution to close such a park or recreational facility, there either funding requirements or political reasons to keep such facilities open.

4.2.3 Enforcement

Given the growing issues of maintenance and vandalism, as well as resource protection, there is an increasing need for stronger enforcement of parks regulations and administrative rules. The State Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement (DOCARE) is the primary authority responsible for resources enforcement of all State laws and rules involving State lands, State Parks, historical sites, forest reserves, aquatic life and wildlife areas, coastal zones, Conservation districts, and shorelines. Their range of responsibility covers 1.3 million acres of State lands, beaches, nearshore waters and 750 miles of coastline.5

Considering this wide range of responsibility, DOCARE must contend with the following problems: funding uncertainties, not enough staff, an increased demand for enforcement by an expanding population and competition of resources among users, and personal safety of DOCARE officers.

5 State of Hawai‘i Office of the Auditor (2006) Management Audit of the Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement: A Report to the Governor and the Legislature of the State of Hawai‘i. Honolulu.

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DOCARE generally does not have the capacity to do the job; that is, it does not have enough officers on duty in its various branches to patrol all land and waterways and also respond to hotline calls. Many complaints are received daily on the enforcement division’s hotline regarding illegal activities in progress. Unfortunately, due to inadequate coverage, many calls cannot be investigated in time to catch the alleged perpetrators. DOCARE branches also usually do not have officers on duty during the late evening and early morning hours—a favorite time for poachers and troublemakers.

DOCARE officers also need shotguns or rifles, all-terrain vehicles, and adequate radio coverage to do their job effectively. DOCARE officers, comparable to other Federal, State and County law enforcement agencies, work in life-risking situations. They patrol hunting areas, dangerous terrain, and areas around the islands where communication is hampered because their radios do not work.

At the county level, staff assigned to parks and county lifeguards perform some similar functions in terms of education of users when resources are being impacted. However, they do not have law enforcement powers and must rely on the County police departments.

4.2.4 Summary Discussion

Ultimately, effective management is tied to adequate staff and funding. A lack of either staff or funding makes it difficult for agencies to properly address the management issues addressed above.

The negative effects of poorly maintained facilities are far-reaching. Many tourists travel to Hawaiÿi specifically to take advantage of our renowned natural outdoor setting. Visitors using poorly maintained County and State parks and facilities can leave with a negative impression of Hawaiÿi. Poorly maintained restroom facilities can deter visitors from using these sites and even encourage additional degradation to natural resources as evidenced when visitors create their own restrooms in marine and terrestrial areas.

Facilities in disrepair also cause hazards and potential liability and may lead to temporary closures of some parks or park areas (such as the temporary closure of Diamond Head State Monument hiking trail to remove eroding rocks), which negatively impact both tourism and quality of life for residents.

Recreation providers are well aware of this concern and have focused efforts in recent years to raise cleaning standards, improve methods, increase frequency of maintenance, close facilities at night, and expedite responses to maintenance complaints despite manpower and equipment shortages. They have also recognized the need to develop asset management programs to identify and schedule regular maintenance needs for park grounds and facilities.

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There is also no doubt that resource protection requires effective enforcement, and yet the 2003 SCORP conclusions regarding the enforcement of environmental regulations remain valid. DOCARE is still hampered by staff shortages and lack of funds for proper equipment and training. Allowing this situation to continue sends a mixed message about the State's commitment to protect the environment. A significant increase in enforcement personnel is required. However, other solutions, such as: 1) more interpretive displays at natural and cultural resource sites, will instill a greater sense of pride among potential vandals; 2) exposing more students to the greater appreciation of parks and other natural resources will hopefully mitigate the need for enforcement, and 3) providing additional staffing in the parks and recreation areas, such as Rangers, to work with visitors on protecting and respecting both resources and facilities.

4.3 MEETING NEEDS OF RECREATION USERS

As the population steadily grows, recreation providers must continue to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse group of users.

Outdoor recreation is a significant activity for the State’s residents and visitors. As reported in the SCORP survey, residents participate in a variety of recreation activities ranging from active sports to passive nature viewing.

Since the previous 2003 SCORP, funding, such as LWCF, to acquire land and improve recreation facilities has decreased substantially. Recreation agencies, challenged by limited resources, must be flexible in their management to adapt to quickly changing recreation trends and demands. Increased pressure on all types of outdoor recreation settings (water-based, nature-based land, sports, interpretive, and developed land) becomes more evident as the population grows and more people seek diverse recreation opportunities.

4.3.1 Ocean and Shoreline Areas

Beach parks and ocean-based activities are a major factor in the quality of life for residents and attracting visitors to Hawai‘i. As discussed in Chapter 3, residents and visitors participate in many water-based recreation activities, most which occur in our State’s ocean and shoreline areas. The top two activities that survey respondents participate in are visiting a beach and ocean swimming. Other popular water-based recreation activities include snorkeling, pool swimming, bodysurfing, surfing/bodyboarding, and stand-up paddling. Additionally, the most popular outdoor recreational activity among visitors in 2006 was swimming, sunbathing, and beach activities. Visitors also participated in snorkeling, scuba diving,

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boat/submarine rides, and whale watching.

Competition for limited water-based recreation facilities increases as the population grows, especially at popular shoreline areas. Crowding at popular beach and ocean sites has raised concerns about the safety of water activities, particularly swimming and surfing in areas near boat ramps and harbors, and commercial uses (e.g. surf schools, kayak rentals, catamaran tours). As a result, conflicts occur in these areas over the various uses.

Managing ocean and shoreline user conflicts is challenging because there are many different levels of jurisdiction within the ocean and shoreline area. By State law, all beaches in Hawai‘i are public and must be publicly accessible. The State has jurisdiction of ocean waters, up to the high wash of the wave. Counties have jurisdiction over most of the beach parks. In addition, Federal boating law applies within State waters.

Respondents identified the need for more beach park facilities for picnicking, surfing, canoeing, kayaking, and other ocean recreation activities. There is particular concern over a lack of adequate restroom facilities, showers, and parking areas to keep up with the heavy use of these areas. Additional water-based recreation facilities requested include: boat ramps, boat slips, harbor upgrades, lifeguard and safety measures, and educational signage about shoreline resources and hazards.

The DLNR, Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) also noted a need for more facilities and infrastructure for fishing and fish viewing, such as a fishing pier, or a reservoir, or part of a park that is devoted to fishing, snorkeling, or other recreational activities. The challenge for DAR in providing these facilities is they do not own any recreational facility outright. For example, Lake Wilson on O‘ahu, although designated a public fishing area, is privately owned, and access for fishing is by agreement with the landowner.

4.3.2 Mountain Areas and Trails/Natural Areas

Mountain and upland areas mauka continue to provide an alternative to shoreline and ocean makai recreation. Respondents reported a growing popularity of a wide range of natural area activities, including hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, hunting, OHV use, and camping.

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The mauka areas serve multiple purposes, from watershed protection and forest reserve to hunting and recreation, and wise management of these highly sensitive environments is critical. These multiple purposes create competition for use of mauka trails and open areas. As a result, conflict over decisions regarding management of these areas between hikers, mountain bikers, horseback riders, hunters, conservationists, and government agencies has increased.

During the SCORP public participation process, hiking was cited as one of the most popular recreation activities statewide. Therefore, hiking trails are widely used, requiring ongoing maintenance and assurance of adequate access.

Mountain biking is also a popular mauka trail activity. However, certain trails, such as the Honolulu Mauka trail complex, have been closed permanently to biking to protect trails, prevent conflicts with hikers, and improve public safety. This has created a higher demand for mountain bike use of remaining state trails, and has increased illegal use of unmanaged trails on State and private property.

Hunting areas are also in higher demand. The majority of hunting comments during the public participation process were about the need for better access to hunting areas. Hunters noted that many public hunting areas are “land-locked,” and they have to trespass on private property to access these areas. Hunters also noted safety issues in regard to hikers and other mauka users recreating in hunting areas during open hunting season. DOFAW has been continuously working to gain public access to “land locked” public hunting areas. The biggest hurdle they face is getting an agreement in place with the appropriate landowners. Landowners are worried mainly worried about liability issues. DOFAW advises hunters to ask permission before entering private property.

Camping is another recreational activity that has become very popular. Although shoreline campsites remain popular, respondents expressed a desire for more camping opportunities within mauka natural areas. There is pressure for resource managers to improve and increase mauka campsites and facilities to meet user demand without endangering or compromising the integrity of the natural setting (such as Kalalau within Näpali Coast State Park). Wilderness camping raises other management needs and concerns – composting toilets, trash removal, fire potential.

Another recreation activity growing in popularity is off-highway vehicle (OHV) use, which includes all-terrain vehicles, 4WD, and off-road motorcycles. OHV use is not without

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controversy. There are recreation users and providers that view OHV use as a growing statewide problem and concern because they feel that OHV use is detrimental to the environment (erosion, impacts to wildlife, air pollution) and trail conditions, and negatively impacts other trail users. While a relatively small proportion of people participate in OHV activities, its increasing popularity and its relatively large impact on other use or interests, is gaining attention from managers. Ignoring the growth of this recreational use and not providing areas for this recreation activity would only create greater management challenges and conflicts in the future.

Public demand for OHV riding venues is increasing, creating trespass issues on private land and degradation of resources on public lands that are not managed for OHV activity. Two areas of DOFAW land on the Island of Hawai‘i have been established for authorized use: Waiäkea and Mauna Kea. DLNR’s Na Ala Hele Program is establishing an OHV park in a portion of Sand Island State Park on O‘ahu which would be leased for two years to a non-profit OHV organization to operate. As discussed in Table 3-4 (Section 3.2.3), a 700-acre OHV park is also planned for West Maui.

While many groups advocate multi-use trails open to all types of off-road trail activities, there are questions about the compatibility of the different uses. In order to make trails safe and accessible for more than one use, there is a need to educate users about right-of- ways and other trail issues (such as proper behavior when passing a user on horseback, or wearing highly visible clothing during hunting season), including the impact their use may have on the sustainability of the resource. This could be accomplished by improving trail signage. Representatives of the many different natural area activities present at the public meetings reported a willingness to work with other user groups and government agencies to establish standards for forest area and trail usage and to explore ways to safely expand mountain area recreational opportunities.

4.3.3 Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths

Bicycling, both on-road and off-road, has increased in popularity as a means of alternative transportation, and for fitness and recreation. Increased interest in bicycling and continued interest in jogging has raised awareness about the lack or shortage of bike- and pedestrian-ways in many communities. Kaua‘i is making the greatest effort to develop a

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coastal path for bikes and pedestrians with the current path extending north to Keälia and plans to continue south to Näwiliwili.

SCORP participants expressed a need for the establishment of more safe and continuous pathways for biking, walking, and jogging that connect communities. Paths set apart from roadways provide safe places for children to walk, run, skate, ride their bikes, and play. Paths also significantly reduce pedestrian and bicycle conflicts with motor vehicles.

There is also a reported need for better maintenance of existing paths/routes, particularly those along busy highways that are often covered with litter, broken glass, or debris, from road construction projects or from passing motorists. Many commented that they would engage in more physical activity if these resources were readily available within their communities.

4.3.4 Sports Facilities

Due to the continuing popularity of organized athletics and year-round sports participation, there is growing competition for the use of multi-purpose, active playfields and courts. This conflict is compounded by the use of some County park facilities by some nearby schools for physical education programs and sports team practices. Scheduling field and court use is an ongoing challenge for recreation providers and resource managers. In addition, heavy scheduling of playing fields for organized sports leaves fewer spaces for informal recreational activities such as friendly pick-up games of Frisbee or football. This high, continual use also makes it difficult for agencies to maintain the grounds in the desired condition.

With 89% of Hawaiÿi's population residing in urban areas, open spaces and parks in the neighborhoods are well-used. Participation in field and

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court sports by youths and adults remains high. The SCORP public participation process identified user demands for additional playfields, tennis courts, and sport shooting and archery ranges.

Public parks are holding more organized, events, such as tournaments, races, and charitable fitness walks. Recreation providers and parks departments are struggling to accommodate such a high number of users at a single event, in terms of facilities management (damage to playfields, parking) and scheduling. Larger consolidated regional parks may become desirable, as numerous smaller parks are more difficult to maintain and often cannot accommodate tournaments and other large-scale events.

4.3.5 Youth Activities

Members of communities throughout the State have also expressed concerns about the rise in drug use and crime among Hawaiÿi’s youth. There is a sense that the benefits of greater investment in our parks and recreation facilities will help to prevent juvenile delinquency by giving youth positive recreational alternatives.

While organized youth sports leagues are popular, it is also important that youths have individual or non-organized activity recreation areas as well, such as skate parks, where they can go after school on their own, when their parents may be unavailable to go with them.

Although regional parks may be able to serve a large population base and provide a wide variety of sports facilities, there is also a strong desire among residents to increase the number of smaller community parks with playground facilities targeted to young children. Playground equipment at many parks has deteriorated to the point that it is a safety concern and County agencies are trying to repair and replace aging equipment as funding becomes available. Residents hope that the provision of smaller parks will unite communities and strengthen community identity.

4.3.6 Dog Parks

In addition to an increasing human population, Hawai‘i has seen an increase in its pet population. The SCORP participation process revealed a number of people that participate in outdoor recreation with their dog. As the dog companion population increases, so does the demand for facilities that allow pet owners and their canine companions to exercise and play together. The provision of ample quality space for the human/dog companion recreation promotes the physical and mental well-being of both dogs and their owners.

There are currently very few off-leash dog parks statewide. In addition, many State and County parks and beaches prohibit dogs, even on-leash for liability reasons. Regardless, many dog owners ignore the laws and walk their dogs in parks, on hiking trails, and along

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the beaches. During the participation process, many respondents requested more off- leash dog parks and areas where they could take their dogs legally.

As with user conflicts occurring in the previously-discussed recreation settings (ocean and shoreline, mountain areas, and sports facilities) and because of the diverse range of recreation users, conflicts with dog recreation is inevitable as well. Common complaints about dogs in public are: feces, which have an effect on aesthetics, health (attracting vectors, such as flies), and the unpleasant experience of dodging droppings on paths and in parks; aggression towards people and other dogs; barking and other nuisance behavior. Along some beaches, such as Kailua Beach, there is concern that owners that do not pick up their dogs feces are increasing the coliform bacteria in the ocean.

In August 2008, the Kauai County Council decided to allow dogs, on a trial basis period of 18 months, along a mile-long section of a multi- purpose path that will ultimately connect Kapaÿa to Lïhuÿe, provided they meet certain conditions.

4.3.7 Commercial Operations

Commercial operations can be viewed as both an opportunity and a nuisance to Hawai‘i’s outdoor recreation resources. While some commercial operations generate much needed revenue for the State, there is a tendency for conflicts to develop between visitors and residents over existing recreation resources (such as commercial surf instruction vs. resident surfers over surf breaks). Commercial operations, such as guided tours, can promote more appropriate visitor activities and the level of commercial activity can be regulated to reduce impacts on the resources and set times aside for residents’ use of an area.

In a 2007 survey of resident sentiments on tourism in Hawai’i, 52% felt that visitors are generally given priority over local people by decision makers (Market Trends Pacific Inc. and John M. Knox & Associates Inc., 2008). This perception is further perpetuated in regards to recreation, particularly in areas such as Kailua-Kona, where a proliferation of resort development has overtaken much of the area’s already limited shoreline resources.

Conflicts due to commercial use have continued to increase since the previous 2003 SCORP. Very often these situations involve commercial users catering to the visitor population, such as tour boats, kayak rentals, diving, hiking trips, etc.

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As the recreational demands increase, there is a growing sentiment for residents to have preferred use of recreation areas over visitors and for the prevention of uses that limit access (perceived or actual) to recreation areas. Respondents have expressed concern about commercial recreation activities pushing “locals” out of recreation areas. For example, DLNR began stepping up its permit enforcement of commercial weddings on the beach due to a growing number of complaints from people saying they have been told to move by the commercial wedding operators.

On the other hand, commercial operations and Hawai‘i’s visitor industry generate significant revenue for the State. A significant portion of recreation agency funding comes directly from commercial fees and visitor spending (as previously discussed in Section 2.2.2). Therefore, commercial user needs are also important for consideration when recreation agencies address the issue of meeting user needs. The challenge for recreation agencies is to reap the economic benefit of commercial recreation opportunities without compromising the natural resources and public use.

4.3.8 Summary Discussion

As a result of Hawai‘i’s changing recreational activities, there are many different recreation users competing for limited space and resources. Recreation agencies respond by acquiring land and requesting funding to develop areas for these various recreation activities at new locations throughout the State. For example, on O‘ahu, recreational shooters from across the island congregate at the Koko Head Shooting Complex in East O‘ahu; however, many survey respondents expressed the desire for a shooting range specifically in Central or West O‘ahu to accommodate their region because of the inconvenience of traveling to Koko Head. Similar concerns were expressed by West Hawai‘i residents regarding the majority of County park facilities being located in East Hawai‘i.

Resource managers are faced with the simultaneous tasks of maintaining user safety, protecting natural resources, and providing high-quality experiences. Heightened public use, as well as expansion of types of use, can present many challenges, especially along mauka trails. This can be especially prevalent in areas that appeal to a broad range of motorized and non-motorized uses.

Often problems arise when participation in one activity distracts from another’s ability to participate in, or enjoy, a different activity. Examples might include crowding or perceived overuse among hikers on a hiking trail or problems with motorized and non- motorized boats using the ocean and shoreline access area. Of course, determining when something becomes a problem can be subjective. Not everyone holds the same standard for determining when an area is ‘too’ crowded or when they feel there are too many ‘incompatible’ uses in an area. There are often no singularly right or wrong perspectives. Recreational providers must balance different perspectives with the more essential need to

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maintain safety, maintain quality recreational experiences, and protect the resources upon which these activities depend.

Pressure on the existing resource base can potentially result in more user conflicts as more people compete for the same recreational resources. Education can help stave off potential conflicts and mitigate existing problems as they arise. But ultimately, new rules addressing specific resource areas may have to be promulgated to address user conflicts.

Outdoor recreation management brings with it a range of education and information needs. Some information needs are focused on educating the recreational user while others are aimed at the recreation provider. As participation across a widening set of activities continues to rise, recreation-related education and information (and monitoring) will become an increasingly important tool.

The pressure is on to meet the challenge of tourism and commercial use of public lands and waters in a way that assures sustainability, does not unduly hamper economic activity, does not preclude resident use, and provides the highest possible revenue to the resource/recreation agency. This is occurring within the context of a struggling economy and the search for alternate funding sources to make up for budget shortfalls. DLNR has made a clear policy statement giving priority to resource conservation over commercial operations, but it has also emphasized the development of revenue enhancement strategies to support the operations, maintenance, and management of recreational areas and facilities.

4.4 ACCESS TO RECREATION RESOURCES

Public park and recreation lands, facilities, and programs are not fully accessible to all residents and visitors.

Obstacles that impede access to park and outdoor recreation resources present themselves in many ways, affecting users and potential users differently. Many of the recreation access obstacles highlighted in the 2003 SCORP remain relevant today.

4.4.1 Public Access

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Agencies and public participants reported loss of public access due to development along shoreline areas and lack of access to mauka public recreation areas because of surrounding private property as the primary barriers to public use of outdoor recreation resources. In some areas, public access has been affected by private landowners allowing their vegetation to grow within public right-of-ways or by placing gates in front of roads or access ways.

During the 1980s, the loss and potential loss of public access due to development was a major concern. The slowdown of development in the 1990s somewhat eased the pressure to secure public access, but regulatory agencies and citizen groups remain vigilant to ensure that public areas remain accessible. A 1995 State Supreme Court decision in the case of Public Access Shoreline Hawaiÿi (PASH) and Angel Pilago v. Hawaiÿi County Planning Commission and Nansay Hawaiÿi, Inc. reaffirmed the right of access for native Hawaiians practicing traditional gathering rights. State and County land use laws and regulations controlling development in the Conservation District and Special Management Area (SMA) require agencies to include shoreline access as a condition of permit approval. However, public shoreline access continues to be a volatile issue.

Coastal erosion is another reason for the public’s loss of shoreline access. Lateral access along the shoreline has diminished as beachfront property owners put up sea walls or plant vegetation in attempts to delay shoreline erosion and sea encroachment to their property.

Recently, a concern about public access to natural recreation areas has extended to the issue of access to mauka resources. The mechanism exists (via §46-6.5, HRS) for the Counties to require access to mauka recreation areas as a condition to subdivision approval; however, it has not been consistently enforced. In addition, not all landowners will subdivide their property; therefore, they would not trigger the public access condition.

As former sugar and pineapple plantations have closed, landowners have barred public use of old cane and pineapple haul roads, which once provided access through the private properties to upland areas. For Maui residents, despite a large acreage of mauka land designated for public use, particularly hunting, there is a serious shortage of mauka recreation areas because much of these are landlocked by private property. On Hawaiÿi, all but one access road to the Waiäkea Forest Reserve were closed after a rash of burglaries.

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The reluctance of private landowners to allow public access through their property can be attributed to a number of reasons: the lack of field labor to provide security, the potential for vandalism or theft, and the fear of liability. Chapter 520, HRS reduces liability for private landowners who allow access or use of their property for recreation. However, the potential for lawsuits if a recreation user is injured on the landowner’s property still exists, making the majority of owners hesitant to open their private land for recreation or for access to public lands.

4.4.2 Limited Access to Fragile Natural and Cultural Areas

The need to protect valuable natural and cultural resources, including restricted access to State Forest Reserve lands, has also resulted in limited access. As discussed in section 4.1, the need to protect and sustain natural and cultural resources can constrain public access and limit recreational activities to those which are compatible with the resource. In some instances, any type of recreational activity may endanger a natural habitat and is not allowed. Because DOFAW’s primary function is resource protection, many of its managed areas are closed to public use.

Although there is pressure to allow some limited public access within these areas due to the growing demand for outdoor recreation in remote mountain areas, there are strong concerns regarding the long-term impact this would have on the integrity of the resources, particularly due to the potential spread of invasive species.

4.4.3 Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines

Beyond general trends, recreational providers, by law, must consider the universal accessibility of recreational opportunities. With the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, communities were given the legal responsibility to provide a reasonable level of access to all users of public facilities and programs. This includes access to public park and recreation facilities.

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State and County agencies continue to retrofit park facilities to meet ADA requirements and ensure access to recreation facilities and programs for all residents. Many capital improvement projects for park facilities since 2003 have been to comply with ADA regulations.

4.4.4 Other Obstacles to Access

Other obstacles to access include: inequitable distribution of park and recreation resources, inadequate public off-street parking or facilities at the recreation site, and changes in access regulations.

As previously mentioned in Section 4.3, West Hawai‘i residents noted an inequitable distribution of park and recreation resources on the island and cited fewer County park facilities on their side of the island despite a larger population. As a result, the County parks located in West Hawai‘i are more crowded than the many parks distributed throughout East Hawai‘i.

Recreation trends continually expand and/or change, making it difficult for recreation agencies to keep pace in providing needed facilities for all user demands. In addition, some recreation sites, such as trailheads or shoreline access, may be accessed via easement through private property, where public recreation agencies do not have the land or space to provide public support facilities. As a result, respondents noted an inadequate amount of public off-street parking and/or facilities at recreation sites. This is an issue at places such as Honolua Bay in West Maui.

In some cases, recreation users may lose access to recreation areas due to rule changes. For example, during the SCORP public participation process, some respondents reported that mountain bikers continually lose access to trails due to mountain bikes being banned on certain trails. Mountain bikes were restricted from using specific trails on O‘ahu that were being damaged from overuse and also because of significant complaints from hikers due to safety issues associated with the high speeds of bikes along the trails. Specific restrictions were placed on those trails pursuant to DLNR’s Administrative Rules.

4.4.5 Summary Discussion

Public recreation agencies are limited in their ability to provide unlimited access to all public lands because many public areas are “land-locked” by private properties. Recreation agencies continue to work with private landowners to allow public access to land-locked public lands, but concerns regarding liability and potential for vandalism and theft still exist and need to be addressed.

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During agency meetings, resource managers noted they would like to see more recreational opportunities offered in urban areas for people to recreate near their home, as this could take some pressure off remote, natural areas.

Increased funding is needed to help recreation agencies renovate all park facilities to be ADA compliant, develop more parking and facilities, and provide more equitable distribution of recreation facilities.

4.5 FUNDING SOURCES

Funding for parks and outdoor recreation is insufficient and inconsistent.

According to agency surveys and meetings, the greatest challenge recreation agencies face in providing quality outdoor recreation is funding. Many agencies are faced with limited and/or unstable funding sources to support park development and recreation programs. With their limited budgets, park agencies make operation and maintenance of existing parks a priority over park enhancements, programs, or acquisition.

4.5.1 Reduction of Revenue and Unstable Funding Sources

The major sources of revenue for the State and County recreation agencies are the State’s general funds, the Tourism Accommodations Tax (TAT), property taxes, general obligation bonds, concession and user fees, Federal grant programs, and occasionally private resources. Declining revenues due to the serious economic downturn at both the local and national levels have led to budget cuts at the Federal, State, and County levels and recreation programs are often the first to suffer from these decreases in government spending.

Hawaiÿi’s tourism industry is a significant contributor to recreation funding. Although fewer visitors may mean less of an impact on recreation facilities and natural resources, the decrease in excise tax revenue being deposited into the General Fund and a reduction in user fee revenues has led to significant decreases in funding for the State to be able to maintain and staff its parks, boating facilities, trails, and forest areas. A decrease in visitors also affects the recreation revenue generated by commercial tour operations on public lands and waters.

Grant funds, such as LWCF, are limited and often target only certain needs or priorities. For example, LWCF can be used for acquisition, development, and renovations of recreation facilities; however, the funds cannot be used for operations or maintenance.

In addition, grant funds often depend on economic times, which make these funding sources unstable. For example, as shown in Table 1-1 (Section 1.1.1), Hawai‘i’s apportionment of LWCF funds decreased since the last SCORP update, from $975,429 in 2003 to $244,054 in 2008. Other agencies have also indicated they expect their grant funds to decrease in the near term due to the nation’s economic situation.

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4.5.2 Added Expenses

As discussed in Section 4.2, a key funding issue is the upkeep and maintenance of the parks and open spaces managed by recreation agencies. Much of their budget goes toward routine operations and maintenance, such as landscaping, irrigation, trash collection, equipment repair, and facility upkeep. Adding to these basic operating expenses is the increased cost of electricity, gas, construction and materials, emergency repairs for vandalism and natural hazard events, and the dedication of newly-acquired parks and lands, without any increases in the agency’s budget.

Aging and over-used facilities are a funding issue that affects already stretched budgets. Aging and deteriorated facilities and recreational equipment are a safety and liability concern. If the recreation agency is unable to fund the aging facility’s repair or replacement, there is pressure on the agency to temporarily close the facility, further limiting public recreation access.

Heavy use of facilities also requires additional maintenance and upkeep. For example, high demand for sports playing fields results in worn out turf, heavier demands for maintenance, and greater down time to re-establish turf.

Regulations have also added significant expenses to recreation agency responsibilities. Federal legislation requires that the State and Counties comply with a wide variety of regulations, from the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to environmental protection (i.e., the closing and replacement of large-capacity cesspools). Federal, State, and County laws on accessibility, public health, environmental protection, community participations, etc., have impacted the length of time and costs required to develop park facilities and improvements. Some agencies, such as State Parks, have made significant progress in updating their facilities with ADA compliance since the previous SCORP. During agency consultation and meetings for the SCORP, other agencies noted that they are still behind in their ADA compliance progress.

4.5.3 User Fees

As recreation agencies are challenged with providing an acceptable standard of services while dealing with inadequate budgets and added expenses, imposing fees to make up the budget shortfall becomes an inviting solution. Fees are already charged for various

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permits: accommodations, camping, hunting, commercial operations, group use, and other special uses; however, entry and parking remain free at most public recreation sites.

Establishing user fees for recreation areas will require attitudinal changes among users and may also require administrative rule changes. Because Hawai‘i parks, with the exception of Diamond Head State Monument and the City and County of Honolulu’s Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve, currently do not impose entry or parking fees, residents have grown accustomed to free access to public recreation sites. However, with the growing dissatisfaction with park conditions and maintenance, more users are accepting the possibility that user fees may have to be imposed. To make user fees more palatable to the public, agencies will have to show a link between monies collected and protection or enhancement of the particular resource. The public will be more willing to pay fees if they know they are sharing in the cost of sustaining the recreation area. For instance, in the case of Diamond Head State Monument on Oÿahu, a portion of the user fees collected at this particular park is used only for this park, while another portion is used for other sites within the State park system. While this is objectionable to some users, it also highly unrealistic to think that some remote State Parks such as Lava Tree State Monument on Hawaiÿi will ever have the type of visitation that will warrant hiring full-time staff to collect user fees.

Administratively, instituting user fees can be difficult for recreation agencies. Such an action may require an amendment to DLNR Administrative Rules. Rule amendments sometimes bring public outcry over the change, and may require public meetings or public hearings, which can take several months. For example, when DOBOR proposed rule amendments to allow them to charge parking fees at Ala Wai Small Boat Harbor in 2007, dozens of surfers and other beach users protested the change. As a result, the Board of Land and Natural Resources required DOBOR to gather more public input before creating a rule change for the parking at the harbor.

An additional issue associated with recreation user fees is whether fees restrict access to residents that cannot afford to pay. The SCORP public survey revealed that 79% of the respondents participate in outdoor recreation because it is free and/or affordable. If recreational facilities become less affordable, less people would benefit from using the recreation resource. This would be counter to the role of public agencies to provide facilities for the general public (without collecting other revenues in the form of increased taxes). The State and Counties are considering variable fee structures for park entry where residents are free or qualify for reduced rates (e.g., Hanauma Bay on O‘ahu is free entry for Hawai‘i residents, although everyone pays for parking).

4.5.4 Summary Discussion

Since the 2003 SCORP update, the funding for parks and outdoor recreation has been inadequate despite mostly prosperous economic times (except for 2008). A stagnant economy reduces the ability of the State and Counties to finance outdoor recreation programs and facilities. Funding concerns transcend all issues affecting parks and outdoor

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recreation. The instability of funding reduces the effectiveness of providers at all levels to deliver quality, consistent, and relevant facilities and services to meet the ever-growing demand.

In addition to unpredictable fluctuations in the economy, funding adequacy and reliability for parks and recreation are influenced by a variety of other factors, such as rising operation and maintenance costs, increasing fuel and energy costs, increasing construction material costs, increasing land values, aging infrastructure, increased regulatory requirements, and balancing societal demands.

Agencies have responded to funding reductions by reducing programs and slowing expansion of new recreation facilities. If funding support decreases further, agencies may find themselves forced to make difficult decisions not only to protect fragile resources, but also to prevent hazards to public health and safety due to deferred maintenance and repair. Without staff to provide active management and adequate maintenance, certain parks and trails may have to be temporarily closed or have limited hours of operation. Continued cutbacks will strain the agencies and recreation facilities, causing a number of critical community problems including increased liability, overuse and crowding, environmental degradation, fewer programs and facilities to meet user needs, and missed opportunities to boost the economy through well-planned eco-tourism products, sporting events, and other commercial recreation opportunities.

Recreation agencies continue to be challenged to find ways of creatively financing recreation and making use of a wide range of volunteer and non-financial resources available. And yet, Hawaiÿi’s natural resources that are frequented by visitors are part of the State’s tourism “product” offerings and there needs to be greater political recognition that greater funding should be assured for recreational resources. Attractive and well- maintained natural resource and recreational facilities do have a positive impact on the visitor industry, which is the largest generator of direct and indirect revenues to the State. While this is also a challenging time for the visitor industry, and priority has been placed on marketing, the State and counties have to ensure that natural resources and recreational facilities are of the highest quality to ensure repeat visitors.

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HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

5 STRATEGIC PLAN

This chapter: 1) proposes various actions for recreation providers to deal with the priority issues identified in Chapter 4; and 2) provides information on the LWCF open project selection process.

5.1 RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES

Each recommended strategy lists the lead agency responsible for implementing the action and comments about the strategy. The strategies were selected by a variety of methods: 1) from a synthesis of the identified priority issues; 2) from agency recommendations; or 3) strategies carried over from previous years, if still valid.

5.1.1 Protection of Natural and Cultural Resources

Acquire lands that contain significant natural and cultural resources for protection, as well as develop, implement, and enforce effective management strategies and interpretive programs to protect and sustain the natural and cultural resources that are subject to increasing recreational pressures.

1. Acquire open space areas that contain natural and cultural resources that need protection and/or could accommodate recreational activities.

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Actions: A. Inventory areas, corridors, and landscapes of natural and cultural diversity and importance for potential acquisition. Agency: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments Comments: A review of existing local, regional, and State plans identifies areas for open space and conservation that were considered priority areas by the community.

B. Consider utilizing a statewide transfer of development rights (TDR) program. Agency: DLNR, State Office of Planning, County Planning Departments, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: TDR programs allow landowners to sever their development rights from a particular piece of property in designated low-density areas, and sell them to purchasers who want to increase the density of development in higher density areas. TDR programs can be used to preserve open space and areas with natural and cultural resource values. This type of program has been discussed in rural planning workshops held by the State Office of Planning. The program has yet to be implemented in Hawai‘i; however, it is being used on the Mainland.

C. Use more public partnerships with non-profits and land trusts to acquire and protect locally significant open space recreation lands for the public. Agency: DLNR, Trust for Public Land, Island land trusts Comments: While one agency or group cannot afford an acquisition purchase alone, many groups pooling their money and resources can.

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2. Balance the needs of recreation users with the need to sustain the natural and cultural resources of the State.

Actions: A. Identify areas that may and may not be appropriate for recreational use, and designate recreation uses accordingly. Agency: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, Department of Planning Comments: For recreation activities that depend more on open space rather than natural resource values (e.g. OHV, sports, mountain biking), use former agricultural lands or “junk” lands that have little natural resource value and can be easily converted to a park or recreation area. Protect sensitive ecological areas for passive recreation like hiking and wildlife viewing/sightseeing.

B. Identify frequently used parks that are located in regions where improvements or expansion that increase capacity are possible to meet user needs and reduce overuse. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments Comments: Areas/parks that can accommodate more use relieve pressure off areas that cannot withstand overuse.

C. Continue development of management plans for habitat and ecosystems on public lands. Agency: National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Cohesive plans are needed to identify, establish, and manage the State’s natural resource and recreation areas. Information is needed to clearly document the effects of various uses and establish acceptable limits of use.

D. Implement invasive species control and eradication programs that utilize recreation resources. Agency: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, DLNR, State Department of Agriculture

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Comments: The SCORP public participation process revealed that recreation users want to participate in more conservation projects. Recreational hunters assist in ungulate eradication and volunteers participate in invasive species and weed removal.

E. Implement monitoring programs to assess impacts/damage to natural and cultural resources at heavily used facilities and areas. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: This action may include establishing carrying capacities and limits of acceptable change studies for both shoreline and mauka recreation areas. This would enable agencies to have baseline date of the resource, anticipate future demands, determine specific facility needs, program maintenance requirements, and control access, if needed to protect the resources. Seek assistance from volunteers, college students, and research grants.

F. If monitoring programs find that there are impacts/damage to natural and cultural resources, implement permit program that can control and limit visitation to impacted parks or sensitive portions of parks. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: This action, involving controlling access, would only be required if the resource is being negatively impacted.

3. Provide recreation users and operators with appropriate and sufficient information, through interpretive programs and education, to instill a deeper appreciation of the resources.

Actions: A. Install interpretive signage at significant natural and cultural sites that are visited. Agency: National Park Service, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Interpretive signage helps restore a Hawaiian sense of place to the area as well as provides the following benefits: 1) it makes visitors more appreciative of the natural and cultural history of Hawai‘i; 2) it helps differentiate Hawai‘i from other tropical “exotic” destinations; 3) it helps restore a relationship between residents and resources, instilling a stronger sense of stewardship for the site; and 4) it can provoke interest in learning more and visiting other areas.

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B. Coordinate with Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners to develop interpretive programs and to establish protocol for recreation activities in and around cultural resources. Agency: OHA, SHPD, State Parks, National Parks, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: At the onset, proposed projects need to be sensitive to the needs of the Hawaiian community and the resource itself. Certain sites, for instance, may be deemed inappropriate for visitation by a large number of people.

C. Promote and coordinate the development and implementation of statewide environmental education and information programs. Agency: DLNR, Department of Education, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Should bring nature-based and cultural experiences and interpretive programs to elementary, middle, and high school students, and also coordinate with community organizations to promote environmental awareness and appropriate use of parks and recreation areas. Education materials should be available at all parks through brochures and signage.

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D. Coordinate with the tourism industry to disseminate appropriate information increase awareness about the fragility of Hawai‘i’s natural and cultural resources. Agency: National Park Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, DLNR, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: The tourism industry is often the first and only point of contact for many visitors to Hawai‘i. Often, visitors rely entirely on the information provided to them by tourism providers. Therefore, it is critical to educate tourism providers, possibly through interpretive training classes and/or conferences, about Hawai‘i’s natural and cultural resources. Hawaiÿi Tourism Authority is currently supporting agencies and community organizations with interpretive efforts through their grants program.

E. Formulate policies and processes to guide the use of public recreation facilities and areas by commercial operators, or endorse an existing third-party certification programs for nature-based commercial operators. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, Na Ala Hele, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: There are organizations, such as the Hawai‘i Ecotourism Association and The International Ecotourism Society, that support the use of sustainable operating guidelines or the use of consistent, uniform standards of accreditation and certification to establish operational clarity. Possibly require operators seeking commercial permits for natural areas to be a member of or certified by one of these third-party ecotourism advocacy organizations.

F. Expand the development of a “Ranger” program for natural and cultural areas as a means of providing visitor and interpretive services, promoting resource management, and encouraging visitor safety. Agency: DLNR, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority

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Comments: The Hawai‘i Tourism Authority is currently funding Ranger positions in selected Natural Area Reserves, such as ‘Ahihi-Kina‘u on Maui and Ka‘ena Point on Oÿahu. A similar program in the parks would enhance both interpretation and resource management.

5.1.2 Management of Recreation Resources

Establish management strategies and practices to improve the quality of recreation resources and provide safe and well-maintained facilities.

1. Address the common theme brought up during the SCORP participation process to “fix what we have first” before funding new land acquisition and park development.

Actions: A. Make recommended improvements to parks identified in the Natural Resources Assessment (see Section 3.1.4). Agency: DLNR, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: The Natural Resources Assessment already identified and inventoried needed improvements for Hawai‘i’s more visited recreation sites.

B. Prioritize other facilities in need of maintenance by volume of use, degree of disrepair, and potential for safety hazard. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: State Parks is looking to develop a resources asset management plan along the lines of the National Park Service that will outline a maintenance and funding schedule for facilities.

C. Renovate with sustainable and resilient outdoor recreation infrastructure to reduce long-term expenses and maintenance costs. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments

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Comments: Use low maintenance and recycled/recyclable materials, energy- efficient building design, composting and waterless toilets, energy-efficient lighting, photovoltaics, easy-to-clean and vandal-resistant materials, gardens to capture storm water runoff, and native vegetation which requires less watering.

D. Increase recruitment and mobilization of volunteers for community workdays and renovation projects. Agency: National Parks Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Partner with community organizations and youth organizations with strong service components, such as Boy and Girl Scouts, school service clubs, etc., to participate in construction and repair projects and to instill a stewardship ethic in youth. Most park agencies already have established “adopt-a-park” type programs to promote stewardship, but these programs require staff and funding support.

2. Provide a standard level of maintenance for facilities despite reductions in manpower and equipment.

Actions: A. Increase funding and staffing for maintenance of State and County parks and recreation facilities. Agency: State Legislature, County Councils Comments: This action would require elevating public recreation to top-of-mind status so it can compete with other necessary public funding (education, health, transportation) during budget allocations. Public recreation provides economic, social, cultural, and physiological benefits from its parks, programs, and services.

B. Establish lease agreements with park concessionaires that include provisions for maintenance of amenities at recreation areas. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Concessionaires can assist with park maintenance for areas under their control through concession agreements and leases.

C. Facilitate volunteer groups and community organizations to maintain recreation resources, and to produce and promote best management practices (BMPs) for different recreation uses. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments

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Comments: Because communities directly benefit from recreation resources, they are particularly affected and dismayed by the poor conditions of their specific recreation site. In many cases, community members are willing to help maintain their recreation site and to create workable plans and practices for the area.

3. Discourage vandalism, poaching, trespassing, and other illegal activities at parks and recreation areas.

Actions: A. Increase funding to DOCARE and other enforcement agencies for hiring additional enforcement staff, purchasing needed equipment, and expanding training programs. Agency: State Legislature Comments: As discussed in Section 4.2.3, DOCARE currently does not have the capacity to do its job. If the State is committed to protecting natural resources, it should allocate more funding for additional DOCARE personnel to increase coverage statewide.

B. Establish more resident park caretakers or DOCARE residences within State Parks. Agency: State Parks, DOCARE Comments: A resident park caretaker provides a 24-hour enforcement presence at the park. Although park caretakers and rangers do not have enforcement capabilities, their presence can be a deterrent to vandalism.

C. Increase security measures, such as video cameras and DOCARE/police field officers, at high priority parks by working with police, DOCARE, and other appropriate agencies to provide secure parks. Agency: State Parks, DOCARE, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority, County Parks and Recreation Departments, Police Departments Comments: With the limited resources presently available to agencies, coordinated efforts between agencies can be important to accomplishing the various enforcement duties.

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D. Install motion-sensor lights on facilities. Agency: State Parks, County Parks and Recreation Departments, DOBOR Comments: Lights could surprise and deter illegal activities, such as vandalism or drug-dealing, that might occur at park facilities at night.

E. When necessary, install gates at parks and lock them to prevent overnight use. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Locked gates would deter illegal activities by preventing easy access to the park.

F. Partner with community/neighborhood associations to establish community policing programs. Agency: DOCARE, DLNR, County Recreation Parks and Recreation Departments, Police Departments Comments: This program should have a strong public information and education component. Community organizations can conduct monitoring, volunteer patrols, and trail watches.

G. Support ongoing public education efforts focused on enforcement of existing recreation-related laws and penalties. Agency: DLNR Comments: Require mandatory education programs on boating laws, OHV laws, hunting laws, etc. Education-based strategies minimize need for enforcement and use restrictions.

H. Support efforts to house homeless. Agency: Department of Human Services, DLNR, County Recreation Parks and Recreation Departments, County Housing Agencies Comments: Some residents avoid using some parks because of “permanent” camping by the homeless. The City and County of Honolulu park cleanups have led to the relocation of hundreds of homeless people that used to camp in parks and beaches.

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5.1.3 Meeting Needs of Recreation Users

Provide residents and visitors with a variety of recreational opportunities, resources, and facilities.

1. Increase the number and range of resources and facilities to support expanded participation in ocean and shoreline recreation activities. Actions: A. Purchase, lease, or otherwise acquire additional beach areas and rights-of-ways. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments Comments: Because shoreline and ocean recreation areas are well used by residents and visitors and are a limited resource, acquiring additional beach areas and rights-of-ways for beach and ocean recreation is important to reduce overcrowding problems at beaches with public access.

B. Develop additional outrigger canoe and kayak launching and storage facilities. Agency: State Parks, DOBOR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: The lack of secure storage facilities at parks puts team canoes at risk of theft or vandalism.

C. Upgrade harbor facilities and add more boat slips. Agency: DOBOR Comments: Small boat harbors are currently at full capacity, and the boating community continues to grow. SCORP public process participants specifically identified the need for more boat slips in Honolulu and Kona.

D. Develop additional boat ramps and launching facilities. Agency: DOBOR Comments: Small trailer boat owners who use their boat for recreation and/or fishing do not require marinas or boat harbor, just accessible boat ramps. SCORP public process participants specifically identified the need for more boat ramps and launching facilities in Honolulu, Hilo, and Kona.

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E. Plan and develop facilities and programs to provide more recreational fishing and diving opportunities. Agency: DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources, DOBOR, State Parks Comments: Continue to provide and manage Marine Life Conservation Districts, artificial reefs, mooring buoys, and fish aggregating devices for recreational fishing and diving. Develop fishing piers, re-stock public fishing areas, and provide overnight fishing areas. When required, institute temporary fishing moratoriums or bans.

F. Develop more beach camping areas. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: During the SCORP participation process, beach camping was noted as a popular family activity; however, the number of parks providing this opportunity is limited on most islands.

G. Provide more lifeguards and safety measures, such as educational signage about shoreline hazards. Agency: State Parks, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: With more people participating in water-based recreation activities, the potential for drowning and surfing accidents goes up. Recreation agencies should be proactive about water safety by providing lifeguard services, water safety signs, and education programs.

H. Provide more parking, restrooms, and shower facilities at heavily-used beach parks, harbors, and shoreline areas. Agency: State Parks, DOBOR, County Park and Recreation Departments Comments: Support facilities for beach and ocean recreation are in high demand on all the islands.

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2. Increase the number and range of resources and facilities to support and expand recreation opportunities in mauka and natural upland areas.

Actions: A. Plan and develop more mauka multi-use trails. Agency: DOFAW, Na Ala Hele, State Parks, Counties Comments: Na Ala Hele continues to negotiate trail access with major landowners throughout the State, and to develop a trail and access network and management system that provides a broad range of recreational, cultural, and subsistence opportunities and helps conserve Hawai‘i’s cultural heritage and environment. More mauka trails are needed to accommodate the growing number of hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, horseback riders, OHV users, and other mauka recreation users.

B. Plan and develop campsites and other recreational amenities in mauka areas. Agency: National Park Service, DOFAW, State Parks Comments: SCORP participants noted they would like a variety of camping options: wilderness camping in mauka areas requiring minimal facilities; developed campgrounds with facilities; and drive-in camp areas.

C. Open more public hunting areas, improve access to hunting areas, and provide more hunting opportunities. Agency: DOFAW Comments: Allowing hunters to participate in ungulate eradication programs provides hunters with the opportunity to hunt in an area that might otherwise be closed for resource protection reasons.

D. Address issues with OHV use by increasing enforcement, creating special areas and more trails for OHVs, promoting responsible OHV user ethic, and increasing fees to fund OHV areas. Agency: Na Ala Hele Comments: OHV’s increasing popularity and its relatively large impact on other uses or interests is gaining attention from recreation managers and other recreation users. Na Ala Hele continues to work with this user group.

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E. Revise State and County camping permit reservation systems and make them accessible online. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: This action provides more convenience for the recreation user, especially those out-of-state and off-island visitors, so they do not have to go to the camping office to pay and pick up the permit.

3. Increase the number and range of resources and facilities to support expanded participation in walking, jogging, and bicycling as healthy activities and transportation by developing a comprehensive network of safe and well-maintained linear paths and lanes.

Actions: A. Support implementation of the updated Bike Plan Hawai‘i (2003) and other regional bike plans, such as the Honolulu Bicycle Master Plan (currently being updated), by accommodating plans for lanes that cross through County and State parks and recreation areas. Agency: DOT, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Transportation Services/Public Works Departments

B. Develop networks of non-vehicular linear paths within urban and residential areas, linking communities. Agency: DOT, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments, County Transportation Services/Public Works Departments Comments: Consider requiring the provision of non-vehicular links (greenways and paths) to other communities in development permitting process. Designated paths would help assure safe biking or walking in neighborhoods, especially children going to school.

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C. Improve sidewalks within neighborhoods by planting shade trees, installing lighting, and removing litter and glass. Agency: DOT, County Transportation Services/Public Works Departments Comments: During the SCORP participation process, there was a reported need for better maintenance of existing paths/routes, particularly those along busy highways that are often covered with litter, broken glass, or debris, from road construction projects or from passing motorists.

4. Increase the number and range of open space and field resources and facilities to support expanded participation in passive and active recreation activities.

Actions: A. Provide more playing fields and upgrade existing fields for both youth and adult sports leagues. Agency: County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: The year-round participation in sports puts heavy usage on sports fields and courts. The limited amount of sports facilities must accommodate sports leagues, school physical education programs, sports competitions, as well informal pick-up games.

B. Partner with the Hawaiÿi State Department of Education (DOE) to make better use of existing DOE facilities when not in use for physical education programs or scholastic league events. Agency: DOE, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: It is acknowledged while the concept of sharing fields between DOE schools and County parks would appear to be logical, individual principals often express concerns about what students may encounter on Monday mornings when illegal drinking, or general trash occurred during the weekend on adjoining County parks and has not been picked up in time for school recesses or organized athletic programs. There are also general liability concerns as well.

C. Encourage assistance for maintenance of active playfields from athletic leagues and volunteers by providing equipment and/or supplies or through “adopt-a-park” programs. Agency: Department of Education, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Meet community recreation needs by encouraging shared use of park and school facilities (fields and equipment) and community resources (funding and

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volunteers). In many cases, only mowed open spaces are needed for most organized team sports, especially for younger children.

D. Work with community associations and organized athletic leagues to identify areas in need of additional playing fields and courts. Agency: County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments Comments: Communities want their own playing fields and courts so they do not need to drive far to participate in sports activities. However, in some cases, athletic special interests prompted the development of specialized facilities such as the Waipi‘o Soccer Complex and Central O‘ahu Tennis Complex to supply a region many communities. Also many parks are established as a requirement for subdivision approvals.

E. Install lighting at fields and courts to allow for night play. Agency: County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Lighting expands the capacity of sports fields and courts given the demand to accommodate sports leagues, school physical education programs, sports competitions, as well informal pick-up games, year-round.

F. Develop more tennis courts. Agency: County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Respondents noted the need for more public facilities due to private tennis facilities diminishing from re-development plans that do not include tennis courts.

G. Develop more sport shooting and archery ranges. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Shooting and archery are growing increasingly popular; however, users on all islands noted a severe lack of facilities to participate in these sports.

H. Provide more playground facilities. Agency: County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Many playgrounds are undergoing renovation for ADA compliance and to repair aging structures. Community involvement has been instrumental in the installation of many of these playgrounds.

I. Provide more areas for passive recreation activities, such as picnicking and sunbathing, and improve existing areas by replacing damaged tables, planting additional shade trees, repairing/renovating or building new restrooms, and maintaining landscaped areas. Agency: DLNR, County Park and Recreation Departments Comments: Renovation of restrooms and picnic areas has been occurring over the past several years to make these facilities ADA-compliant; however, facilities and grounds can be improved further to improve the recreational experience.

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J. Develop more off-leash dog parks, and provide more areas where owners are allowed to take their dogs on-leash. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: SCORP participants requested more areas to recreate with their dogs.

5. Provide all residents and visitors, regardless of age, ability, or socio-economic status with opportunities to participate in a range of outdoor recreation activities.

Actions: A. Bring existing recreation resources into compliance with the newest accessibility guidelines published by the U.S. Access Board in July 2004, when possible, and use guidelines for developing any new facilities. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: The revised accessibility guidelines include scoping and technical provisions for several types of recreation facilities, including recreational boating facilities, fishing piers and platforms, golf facilities, play areas, and swimming pools. However, the 2004 revised accessibility guidelines do not address access to such outdoor developed areas as trails, beaches, and picnic and camping facilities. New accessibility guidelines for parks and recreation areas were undergoing public comments in 2007, and have not been formally published yet.

B. Work with private sector, both non-profit and for-profit organizations, to provide recreation opportunities to members of the community with special needs. Agency: Disability and Communication Access Board, Department of Human Services, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Changes in our society are affecting outdoor recreation. These included not only changes in demographics, but a growing awareness and involvement on the part of groups with special interests and needs, such as people with disabilities, people with limited mobility, youth-at-risk, and low-income households.

C. Establish links with existing community and advisory groups and establish procedures for these groups to advise on recreation matters. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, Disability and Communication Access Board, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Department of Human Services, Hawai‘i National Guard Youth Challenge Academy

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Comments: Recreation agencies need to work with other agencies, e.g. police, social services, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, etc., whose expertise in dealing with non-recreation demands which can include social issues such as crime, drugs, and homelessness, and political demands such as native Hawaiian rights. The agency which needs to be involved, however, will vary with the type of issue.

6. Minimize conflicts between multiple activities and user groups competing for the same recreation resources, including conflicts between visitors and residents, between youth and adult leagues, or between various trail and ocean users.

Actions: A. Proactively plan for user conflicts, by annually collecting public use data from recreation areas, monitoring use trends, arranging meetings with various users to resolve conflicts involving shared resources, and either updated rules and regulations and/or providing more recreation areas consistent with user growth. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comment: Data can help managers assess number and type of users and plan for minimizing conflicts.

B. Promote the sharing of facilities and resources among recreation providers, both public and private. Agency: Department of Education, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Cooperation between public and private organizations can improve efficient use of limited recreation areas. For example, school, church, or other community groups (Boys and Girls Club, YMCA, little leagues, AYSO, etc.) can provide the recreation programs, and public agencies can provide the facilities space.

C. Determine which activities are compatible and which areas are appropriate for multiple uses. Set aside single-use areas for those activities that are not compatible and may pose a safety risk to other recreation users. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments

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D. Provide signage and other sources of information about user rights-of-way on multi- use trails. Agency: National Park Service, DLNR, DOT, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: For safety reasons and to prevent potential conflicts, recreation users need to be educated about sharing rights-of-ways and trails with other types of users.

E. Encourage commercial operators to work with community representatives to come to an understanding about each other’s needs and find solutions to conflicts over use of limited resources. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Conduct meetings with commercial operators and community representatives to explore solutions to conflicts between operators and residents for use of beaches, trails, and other facilities. Recreation agencies may need to impose usage times when commercial operations are permitted in recreation areas to reduce overcrowding during periods of higher resident usage (weekends and holidays).

5.1.4 Access to Recreation Resources

Remove and/or reduce constraints to recreation access and implement management strategies that expand, rather than limit, recreation opportunities and areas.

1. Improve access to shorelines and public forest areas by protecting existing accesses, creating new accesses, and reestablishing access to areas that are currently blocked or restricted by private landownership and/or development.

Actions: A. Give priority to acquiring public access to and along shoreline and mauka (with wilderness access) recreation areas. Agency: DLNR (including Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands), County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments, State Legislature, County Councils Comments: Accesses to and along many public shoreline and mauka areas are blocked by private properties. This results in overcrowding at accessible public areas.

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B. Prevent the blocking of existing legal public access paths, and enforce public access requirements for new subdivisions. Agency: DLNR, State Legislature, County Planning Departments, County Councils Comments: There have been incidences where property owners adjacent to a public recreation resource have blocked access by placing signs, gates, boulders, and plants to prevent people from parking and/or using the access.

C. Provide directional and entry signage to public recreation areas. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, DOT, County Transportation Departments Comments: A reported access constraint was not being able to find recreation resources due to lack of signage. In addition, an increase in the popularity of guidebooks and Internet sites revealing the locations of previously unknown or lesser-known sites has brought more visitors to areas lacking signage. Visitors may unknowingly trespass on private property as well. Directional and entry signage should be consistent, prominent, and separate from other types of signage (i.e., regulatory, interpretive).

D. Continue and increase use of easements to protect areas of high public value from development and ensure public access. Agency: State Legislature, County Councils Comments: Provide incentives to private landowners to open more beach and trail accesses by limiting liability and providing tax incentives and/or zoning credits.

E. Provide management assistance to private landowners that allow recreational access on their lands. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Types of assistance include: reducing liability/cost of damage caused by public recreational use; responding to landowner complaints; assisting landowner to mitigate costs associated with public use; identifying and addressing inappropriate user behavior; encouraging landowners to post signage on their property based on acceptable uses; and providing landowners with signs.

F. Coordinate with private landowners, the DLNR Land Division, and the Department of Hawaiian Homelands to assure access through leased lands to Forest Reserve areas.

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Agency: DLNR Land Division, DOFAW, DHHL

G. Review existing laws, rules, and regulations and recommend amendments, if necessary, to ensure public access for recreational uses as well as cultural practices and subsistence gathering, hunting, and fishing. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments

2. Provide an equitable distribution of recreation resources throughout the State.

Actions: A. Plan and develop parks for high density and growing population areas. Agency: County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments Comments: Create standards for supplying parks and recreation areas (e.g. acres of neighborhood/community parks per 1,000 people). For areas of existing high population density that lack park facilities, identify possible infill areas that could accommodate parks. Also, consider re-development of brownfields for parks and recreation areas.

B. Develop trail networks that offer easy access from urban/suburban areas to rural areas. Agency: DOT, Na Ala Hele, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Transportation Services/Public Works Departments, County Planning Departments, County Councils Comments: When it is not possible to provide recreational facilities and areas in a particular a community, an alternative is to share recreation resources with other communities and provide access to it from all communities. SCORP participants noted the need to connect communities better through greenways and paths.

C. For heavily used areas where there is not enough parking, more should be provided or alternative solutions should be explored. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments Comments: Alternative solutions include: encouraging people to use public transit and providing a transit stop(s) nearby; offering a shuttle service; and providing safe bike/pedestrian access on a dedicated pathway.

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3. Eliminate physical barriers that prevent individuals with disabilities or limited mobility from participating in recreation programs and using outdoor resources and facilities.

Actions: A. Assure that all new facilities meet the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards for handicapped access. Agency: Disability and Communication Access Board, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Building Departments Comments: At the design stage, recreation agencies need to assure that their design consultants adhere to the federal standards. At the plan review stage, the various County Building and Engineering departments need to ensure that the Federal standards are being met.

B. Increase funds available for the retrofitting of existing parks and recreation facilities, as mandated by Federal and State laws. Agency: State Legislature, County Councils Comments: Although State Parks have retrofitted facilities to be in compliance, some County Departments are still in the process.

C. Design recreation programs that accommodate the needs of the disabled, and partner with private non-profit and for-profit organizations to run programs. Agency: Disability and Communication Access Board, DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments.

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5.1.5 Funding

Actively identify and research available funding sources, and allocate funds equitably to maximize recreational benefits and alleviate needs for the variety of recreation users throughout the State.

1. Explore mechanisms for recreation agencies to enhance revenues to assist with operations and management of recreation resources and facilities.

Actions: A. Establish more user fees to supplement regular appropriations. Collect fees for amenities, such as coin boat washes, coin hot showers, vending machines. The user fees should be placed in a special fund to directly benefit the resource by assisting with operations and maintenance costs. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, State Legislature, County Councils Comments: Through various surveys, the public has been asked about various types of fees including: entry fees, parking fees, commercial use fees, group use fees, user fees, boat slip fees, and hunting licenses. The SCORP public participation process revealed that users are open to paying fees if the revenue collected is used only for the maintenance and upkeep of the park from which the fees are collected, and not accumulated in the General Fund. Agencies see the need to have some of the fees used program wide, rather than facility specific. To solicit public support for the fees, the public should be educated about the benefits of fees and how the fees are used, possibly through a sign or display showing how the user fee revenue is allocated/spent.

B. Establish more park concession opportunities provided the money from leases and sales be placed in a special fund to directly benefit the resource by assisting with operations and maintenance costs. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Concessions might include parking, food concessions (e.g., vending machines, lunch wagons, restaurants), lodging, gift shops, and recreational equipment rental. Concessions would not be appropriate in all recreation areas; staff should work with interested communities to determine what recreation sites could accommodate concessions and their type.

C. Create a professionally managed statewide endowment for acquisition, capital outlay, and maintenance. Agency: DLNR, State Legislature Comments: Examples of other States’ programs include specialty vehicle license plates, annual park memberships, and charitable giving. Through legislation, State Parks is able to accept donations for park acquisition, but there has been no effort to “advertise” this opportunity and no donations have been made.

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D. Continue the allocation of $1 million annually to support State Parks and Na Ala Hele from the Transient Accommodations Tax (TAT) Trust Fund and consider earmarking revenues from other sources for recreation purposes. Agency: DLNR, State Legislature, Hawai‘i Tourism Authority Comments: Other potential earmark revenue sources include: dedicated sales tax on outdoor recreation equipment, gasoline tax, income tax checkoffs, and surcharges on license fees (e.g., OHVs, bicycles, jet-skis).

E. Establish impact fees paid by developers to cover costs associated with new growth, and to support acquisition, development, and/or maintenance of parks, open space, and public access. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, County Planning Departments, County Councils Comments: All the Counties have a park dedication ordinance, which require new subdivisions, with a minimum number of lots, to provide park lands or fees in lieu of land according to a set formula. In addition to the park dedication, agencies noted a need for additional funding to develop, operate, and manage dedicated parks. There are no similar impact fees for State Park facilities.

F. Explore more external funding opportunities or cost-sharing among multiple government agencies. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comment: Seeking external grants and cost-sharing often requires lots of paperwork, which can deter understaffed agencies from completing applications. It would help to coordinate technical assistance in seeking, applying for, and managing public and private grants. Possibly hire a fund raiser or grant seeker to establish an information database of grant programs available for recreation programs and facilities. County park agencies should also be encouraged to develop and update their park and recreation plans for participation in State and Federal cost-share programs.

G. Explore sponsorship opportunities where a private party or corporation can build a facility in exchange of naming the facility after the donor, or having a sign at the park acknowledging the donor. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments

H. Collect HI5 recyclables at parks and put money back into park. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comment: A “Friends of the Park” organization can manage this type of program for the park.

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2. Explore non-revenue sources for supporting acquisition, recreation programs, and maintenance of recreation resources.

Actions: A. Establish conservation easements and land trusts as alternatives to direct land acquisition. Agency: DLNR Comments: With reduced fiscal resources, the State needs to look at these alternatives to secure open space, access, and other recreation resources.

B. Establish a private, non-profit foundation to expand public agency capabilities to provide recreational services. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: This non-profit entity would serve as a clearinghouse for private sector contributions of funds, lands, and facilities for public recreational use. Simply, this foundation could be a “Friends of Parks” or similar type of organization.

C. Lease public land to private entities to provide public recreational services. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Because of the great cost of the permitting and developing process for new recreation facilities, working with private developers is an option for development, operation, and management of recreation resources (e.g. boating facilities, campgrounds, equestrian centers, OHV park, etc.). Adequate public access, as well as equal opportunity to use the facilities, would have to be assured.

D. Utilize more group and individual volunteers for community work days, renovation and development projects, and maintenance. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: Partner with youth organizations with strong recreation components, such as the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts or the Boys and Girls Clubs, as well as public and private schools, to participate in projects and to instill a stewardship ethic in the youth. Also, targeting user groups whose interests coincide with the

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recreation facilities can provide a greater commitment to the completion of the volunteer tasks and a long-term sense of stewardship for the resource.

E. Expand the “adopt-a-park,” “adopt-a-beach,” and “adopt-a-trail” programs to increase public involvement in caring for recreation facilities. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments Comments: These types of programs exist at County and State level, although they tend to be more developed on the County level with dedicated staffing.

F. Partner with other public agencies to gain access to other types of external grants that indirectly tie into recreation. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments, Department of Agriculture, Department of Health, Housing Agencies, Social Service Agencies, HTA, Police Departments Comments: Parks and recreation programs and services address a range of social (health, crime, youth issues), economic (tourism, equipment sales), and environmental issues. External grants available for funding other agencies’ missions can also benefit outdoor recreation (e.g. Universal Design initiatives, low- income area funding, health program initiatives, invasive species eradication grant programs, etc.).

G. Request funds for bikeway development by aggressively seeking available funding for bikeway/greenway projects. Agency: DOT, DLNR, County Transportation Services/Public Works Departments Comments: There is an overwhelming demand for more bicycle facilities. A major source of funds available for bicycle facilities is through the SAFETEA-LU (see Section 2.2.1.8). This fund (and predecessor ISTEA funds), however, has not been fully utilized by State and County agencies.

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H. Increase interagency cooperation and coordination in order to provide a more comprehensive system of outdoor recreation facilities and resources and avoid duplication of services. Pool resources and efforts to off-set manpower and equipment shortages. Agency: DLNR, County Parks and Recreation Departments

5.2 OPEN PROJECT SELECTION PROCESS

5.2.1 General Description

Proposed recreation projects are selected for Land and Water Conservation Fund assistance through an established Open Project Selection Process. This process is intended to comply with Chapter 2 of the LWCF Financial Federal Assistance Manual (released October 1, 2008). It sets forth procedures to assure equal opportunity for all eligible project sponsors and all sectors of the general public to participate in the benefits on the program, and to meet priority outdoor recreation needs of the state.

The process is used to acquire and develop lands with high recreation potential, using a priority rating system. Project applications are submitted to the Department of Land and Natural Resources for consideration and selected projects are submitted to the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Processing of applications continues on an annual basis, subject to availability of funds. At this time, the LWCF program is authorized to continue through 2015.

5.2.2 Goals of the Selection Process

The Open Project Selection Process is intended to accomplish the following goals:

• Provide for public knowledge of and participation in the formulation and application of the project selection process used by the State in allocating LWCF assistance; • Ensure all potential state and local applicants are aware of the availability of and process for obtaining LWCF assistance, and provide opportunities for all eligible agencies to submit project applications and have them considered on an equitable basis;

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• Provide a measurable link, through published selection criteria, to the specific outdoor recreation needs and priorities identified in SCORP policies and implementation programs; and • Assure the distribution of LWCF assistance is accomplished in a non-discriminatory manner, especially with regard to minority, elderly, disabled, and other underserved populations and ensure a fair and equitable evaluation of all applications for LWCF assistance.

5.2.3 Steps in the Process

The Open Project Selection Process includes several steps to carry out the goals of the selection process and is developed in conformance with the LWCF Grants-in-Aid Manual (Part 660.4). Hawaiÿi implements the LWCF program on an annual cycle.

5.2.3.1 Public Participation

Public participation in formulating the project proposals occurs at the State or County level by the project sponsor. Public meetings and workshops are conducted to solicit and consider public views in defining the proposed projects, so that it is responsive to the needs of various recreation users. This step should be ongoing as the project sponsors plan and budget for their recreation programs and facilities, annually.

5.2.3.2 Notification

The NPS notifies the State’s of their apportionment upon enactment by Congress, usually by February. DLNR then informs all eligible State and County agencies and the members of the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) about the availability of the LWCF program funds. The members of the BLNR serve as Governor-appointed liaisons with their respective counties and are encouraged to solicit interest in the LWCF program on the local government level.

Notification will occur in writing to the agencies, news releases, and posting on the DLNR website. With this notice, DLNR provides information on the LWCF grants program, the types of projects eligible for funding, and the open project selection process. A link on the DLNR website for the LWCF program will include these same materials.

The eligible agencies are notified that they can submit project applications for matching fund assistance, along with the deadline for submitting applications. State Parks provides technical assistance to any sponsor who needs help in defining the project scope and preparing the application in accordance with the LWCF Grants-in-Aid Manual.

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5.2.3.3 Submittal of Project Applications

Upon submittal, applications are initially reviewed for compliance with the LWCF Act and public review of environmental impacts in accordance with State EIS law, Chapter 343, Hawaiÿi Revised Statutes (Table 5-1).

Table 5-1. LWCF Annual Funding Cycle6 February Notification from NPS of State’s apportionment of LWCF grants. March 1 State Liaison Officer (DLNR) notifies eligible State and County agencies of available funding and informs agencies that they can prepare and submit project applications. May 15 Deadline for submittal of project applications; State Parks initiates site visits of submitted projects that met the criteria of the LWCF program. June 15 State Parks completes their review and ranking of applications using the priority rating system. July 1 State Parks submits ranked projects and their recommendations for project awards to the Board of Land and Natural Resources for their review and approval/disapproval. September 1 State Liaison Officer notifies NPS of projects selected and amount of each project award. December 31 Project agreements are finalized.

5.2.3.4 Project Evaluation

DLNR evaluates the project proposals for conformance with the recreation priorities identified in the SCORP and the LWCF Grants-in-Aid Manual. A pre-award site inspection of the projects that meet these requirements is conducted by DLNR to assess site suitability and the degree to which the projects address the recreation priorities identified in the SCORP.

State Parks, on behalf of DLNR, makes its recommendations for project awards based on a priority rating system and submits its rating evaluations and recommendations for project awards to the BLNR. The semi-monthly meetings of the BLNR are open to the public with the opportunity for public testimony on the projects being considered for funding through the LWCF program. Based on testimony from the public and the applicants, and the technical evaluation of the applications by State Parks, the BLNR either approves or disapproves the recommendations of State Parks.

6 The funding cycle is subject to Congressional approval of the Federal budget and, in some years, the timing later.

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5.2.4 Selection Criteria

5.2.4.1 Priority Rating System

Each State develops a priority rating system for selecting projects that ensures the fair and equitable evaluation of all projects. At a minimum, the rating system: • Places the strongest possible emphasis on project selection criteria that conforms directly to explicit priority needs identified by the SCORP process. Because compatibility of projects funded with SCORP priorities is the primary measure of responsive planning and selection processes, SCORP-related criteria should be heavily-weighted to ensure that a) the rank ordering of projects closely reflects their response to plan-identified needs, and b) no project without measurable links to SCORP-identified priorities will be funded. • Encourages public participation in the formulation of grant proposals at the project sponsor level. • Recognizes the need for accessibility of proposed projects, to the greatest extent practicable, to all segments of the public including minority populations, the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and other underserved populations. • Requires project conformance to LWCF eligibility and evaluation criteria.

The priority rating system used in the selection process grades project proposals based on the LWCF requirements and project criteria. Selected projects will have the following characteristics: • Project proposals meet the high priority needs identified in the SCORP strategic plan, including: o Rehabilitation of recreation resources and facilities to meet design and construction standards and to promote a safe and well-maintained recreation setting. o Development of coastal and water-based recreation opportunities, such as swimming, sunbathing, snorkeling, fishing, surfing, paddling, picnicking, camping, and boating. o Development and expansion of facilities for facility-based recreation, such as field games, court games, playgrounds, and swimming pools. o Development and expansion of recreation opportunities in mauka areas, such as hiking, camping, and hunting. o Acquisition of areas that promote preservation of Hawaiÿi’s natural environment, including coastal and inland resources, and buffers for significant historical parks. o Development and expansion of linear corridors and facilities for bicycling, walking, jogging, off-road biking, and sightseeing.

No projects will be funded without measurable links to SCORP-identified priorities.

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• Projects which are fully in accord with the purposes of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Program. Eligible projects are acquisition and park development that promote outdoor recreation and open space. Under the provisions of this program, importance is given to the following: o Development of basic rather than elaborate facilities. o Projects that will serve larger numbers of people. o Development of active over passive facilities. o Acquisition in or near urban areas. o Projects furnishing a broad range of outdoor recreation uses and experiences. o Projects that will be available for use by the public at the earliest period of time after conveyance of the grant funds. o Projects that are accessible to all segments of the public, including minority populations, the elderly, and the handicapped.

5.2.4.2 The Selection Process

The State has the option to establish a proportional distribution of the funds to the State and County government agencies. However, based on the fact that all the agencies are equally affected by the top priority needs identified in the SCORP and that both the State and counties anticipate budget shortfalls, fair consideration will be given to all projects, regardless of State or local government sponsorship.

If projects being submitted are limited and within the funding apportionment, awards may be made to all projects that meet the requirements of the LWCF Act. However, if project applications are numerous and exceed the funding apportionment, projects will be ranked based on the priority rating system. In the event of a tie, bonus points are awarded to each project. The project with the highest points will be chosen.

A wetlands advisory committee may be established to assist with the review of any wetland acquisition projects. Members of this advisory committee may come from various wetland-related agencies/organizations (e.g., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, DOFAW, HWJV, etc.). Refer to Section 6.8 for wetland projects criteria.

The available funds will be used to fund as many priority projects as possible and an attempt will be made to maintain a reasonable ratio of project cost to total funds available.

5.2.4.3 Project Awards

Upon final project selection by the BLNR, project applications with all the supporting documentation is forwarded to the NPS for final approval and acceptance. One project agreement is signed between the State and NPS. If the award goes to a local government entity, a second agreement is signed between the State and County.

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5.2.4.4 Project Amendments, Cost Increases and Time Extensions

The following guidelines shall be followed during the term of a project agreement for the administration of projects selected through the OPSP.

• Amendments. The project contract may be amended by execution of a project amendment. All amendment requests shall be made in writing and shall include a detailed justification. Sponsors are expected to complete projects as originally proposed and evaluated. However, amendments for minor changes in scope may be requested. Cost increases of twenty-five percent (25%) or more or changes in project elements which change the total project cost by twenty-five percent (25%) or more shall require that the project be presented as a totally new proposal and compete through the OPSP during a current funding cycle. Should the revised project not receive enough points to be funded, the sponsor shall be required to complete the scope of the project as originally proposed at its expense or return any funds reimbursed so that the project may be cancelled and the funds reallocated.

• Cost Increases on Development Projects. For cost increase requests on development projects to be considered, all of the following requirements shall be met: o The increase, or any portion thereof, is to be used only for costs incurred on elements specified in the project agreement; and o The sponsor has initiated implementation of the project in a timely manner and has had little control over the condition causing the cost overrun.

• Cost Increases on Acquisition Projects. Acquisition project cost increases shall meet all of the following conditions: o The increased market value is supported by an acceptable appraisal; o The sponsor has diligently pursued the acquisition; and o If increased relocation costs have caused a cost overrun, an explanation shall be required.

• Condemnation. Acquisition cost increases based on condemnation awards, if granted, shall be based on compensation for the property and direct relocation costs; no court or legal costs are eligible for reimbursement.

• Basis for Cost Increase. Cost increase requests for development projects are based on the total approved costs. Cost increase requests for acquisition projects are based on a parcel by parcel determination.

• Extensions of Time. Extensions of time limitations shall be considered if based on unavoidable circumstances such as condemnation of property for acquisition projects and delays due to unusually poor weather or unavailability of supplies for

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a development project. Extensions shall generally be granted in six (6) month intervals. Avoidable project delays shall result in loss of funding with the sponsor being required to return any funds reimbursed so that the project can be cancelled.

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HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

6 WETLANDS

6.1 PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER

The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 (16 U.S. Code Sections 3901- 3932, November 10, 1986, as amended 1998 and 2002) authorized the purchase of wetlands using Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) grant funds, removing a prior prohibition on such acquisitions. It required the establishment of a National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan (660 FW 4) and required the States to include wetlands in their SCORPs.

The Congress acknowledged through the Act that wetlands play an integral role in maintaining the quality of life through contributions to our national economy, food supply, water supply and quality, flood control, and fish, wildlife, and plant resources. As such, wetlands contribute to our health, safety, recreation, and economic well-being.

Since passage of the Emergency Wetlands Resource Act of 1986, SCORPs have been required to address the acquisition of wetlands with state LWCF monies. Specifically, Federal SCORP guidelines require the inclusion of a wetlands priority component consistent with Section 303 of the Emergency Wetlands Resource Act of 1986. At a minimum, this chapter must: • Be consistent with the National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. • Provide evidence of consultation with the State agency responsible for fish and wildlife resources. • Contain a listing of those wetland types that should receive priority for acquisition.

LWCF allocations apportioned to States can be used to acquire State or locally held property for outdoor recreation purposes or wetland protection. LWCF funds can also be used to purchase less-than-fee simple access rights, recreational, or scenic easements on private property, including wetlands.

6.2 BACKGROUND

Wetlands are lands that are transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is often covered by shallow water. Wetlands are characterized by the presence of hydrology (water), soil type (oxygen deficient), and vegetation type (water tolerant). These wetland transitional zones are

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extremely rich ecological environments providing a host of landscape functions that support biodiversity and human needs. Wetland functions are generally grouped into three broad categories: biogeochemical functions (related to trapping and transforming chemicals which improve water quality), hydrologic functions (maintaining water regimes in a watershed which reduce flooding), and habitat or food web functions. Wetlands can be predominantly fresh water, brackish water, or marine environments. They include places such as marshes and swamps, estuaries, and marine intertidal areas. Unique Hawaiian wetlands include brackish fishponds and anchialine ponds (wetlands on lava rock with subsurface connection to the sea).

Wetlands provide habitat for thousands of species of aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals. When rivers overflow, wetlands help to absorb and slow floodwaters. This ability to control floods can alleviate property damage and loss and save lives. Wetlands also absorb excess nutrients, sediment, and other pollutants before they reach rivers, lakes, and oceans. They are great spots for fishing, canoeing, hiking, and bird-watching, and they make wonderful outdoor classrooms for people of all ages.

Despite all the benefits provided by wetlands, the U.S. loses about 60,000 acres of wetlands each year (EPA 2004). These losses come both in direct ways from development in wetlands and indirectly from associated cumulative impacts to wetland function. The very runoff that wetlands help to clean can overload and contaminate these fragile ecosystems. The invasion of nonnative species of plants and animals, and now global climate change, are contributing to wetland loss and degradation.

In Hawai‘i, invasive species of plants and predators are impacting virtually all remaining wetland systems.7 These invaders, if left unchecked, transform the wetland into habitat poor low-functioning skeletons of their past richness, stripping the wetland of its productivity, its contribution to the high function of natural processes on the landscape, and its habitat potential. However, most wetlands can be restored to high function if protected and managed.

7 Region IX of the EPA has funded a three-year project (2006-2009) to conduct an ecological assessment of coastal lowland wetlands in Hawai’i and to specifically assess the water quality and habitat function of semi- natural, restored and created wetlands. See Section 6.9.3.

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6.2.1 Wetland/Recreation Connections

Wetlands have recreational, historical, scientific, and cultural values. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than half of U.S. adults (98 million people) hunt, fish, birdwatch, or photograph wildlife in a wetland setting, spending a total of $59 million dollars annually (http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/vital/people.html).

In addition, recreational use on National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) generated almost $1.7 billion in total economic activity during fiscal year 2006, according to a report released by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, titled Banking on Nature 2006: The Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation (Carver and Caudill, 2007). According to the report, nearly 35 million people visited NWRs in 2006, supporting almost 27,000 private sector jobs and producing about $543 million in employment income. In addition, recreational spending on refuges generated nearly $185.3 million in tax revenue at the local, County, State, and Federal level. The economic benefit is almost four times the amount appropriated to the Refuge System in Fiscal Year 2006.

In general, few wetland areas are managed for direct recreational benefits. Instead, the emphasis is on resource protection. Unlike many mainland wetland habitats, protected wetland areas in Hawai‘i do not allow any hunting or fishing recreation activities. Current management measures allow for some passive recreational and/or educational use of wetlands, such as interpretive programs, environmental education programs targeting students, bird watching, and guided hikes. These activities serve as a positive way to educate the public about the function and fragility of wetlands habitats and to involve the community in wetlands management and restoration.

A growing human population has a greater need for recreation and opportunities to enjoy natural settings. Wetlands provide recreational opportunities such as hunting, fishing, and wildlife viewing. Many agencies have realized the potential for developing facilities, such as observation towers, for non- consumptive recreation as well.

Wetlands also serve as outdoor classrooms where ecological principles can be taught and knowledge gained. Although not strictly a “recreation” function, the educational value of wetlands is closely related because there are many wetland education programs that involve the general public and school children in practical activities; these activities span between education and recreation. Through wetland

161 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE education programs, the general public and school children are better able to understand environmental concepts, such as through hands-on activities, and at the same time contribute to the conservation of the wetland.

Although management agencies may feel increasing pressure to provide more recreational opportunities, such as bird watching within wetland areas, recreational overuse of wetlands can be detrimental to the natural resource. Many sensitive habitats, such as anchialine ponds, are compromised or destroyed by the presence of people. Recognizing the demand for wildlife viewing activities, as well as the importance of educating the public, resource management agencies typically identify wetland areas that are suitable for the public as part of wetland management plans.

Wetlands play an important role in Hawai‘i’s recreational and commercial fishing industry. While only one percent of Pacific island fish are estuarine dependent, several of these species are critically important to Hawai‘i’s economy, such as mullet, milkfish, shrimp, and the nehu, a tropical anchovy used as live bait in the pole-and-line skipjack tuna fishery. Wetlands also provide, directly or through the food chain, prey organisms for reef and open coastal fishery resources.

Residents and visitors enjoy Hawai‘i’s waters for all manner of water-based recreation and benefit from the water quality functions that coastal wetlands provide. Wetlands function to protect our coral reefs. Coral reefs are important habitat for recreational and commercial fisheries, and they are popular spots for snorkeling and diving recreation. Coral reef habitats are sensitive to pollutants, fluctuations in salinity, and sediment loads. Wetlands help clean surface water runoff and slow pulses of freshwater and sediment during times of heavy rain.

6.3 AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Several Federal, State, and County agencies are involved with the management of wetlands in the State of Hawai‘i.

6.3.1 Federal Agencies

Since 1994, four federal agencies – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – responsible for the planning, administration, acquisition, protection, and management of wetlands, have operated under a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) in an attempt to improve the protection of wetlands and to promote fair and flexible wetlands programs for landowners. The MOA also requires the agencies to be consistent and agree on mapping conventions used for wetland determinations. The purpose of the mapping conventions is to assist with and ensure accurate off-site determinations, and to streamline procedures to improve efficiency in

162 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE coordination and in making the determinations. The primary function of each agency is as follows:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • Delineating wetlands on non-agricultural land • Formally coordinating actions with other agencies • Primary federal jurisdiction of the four agencies subject to the MOA • Issuing permits • Enforcing regulations • Watershed planning and mitigation banking

NRCS • Delineating wetlands on agricultural land • Development and implementation of Hawai‘i Mapping Conventions. • Providing technical assistance through the Conservation Technical Assistance Program individuals, groups, and communities who make natural resource management decisions on private and other non-federal lands • Overseeing programs for wetlands restoration, preservation, and enhancement (e.g. Wetlands Reserve Program, Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, and the Conservation Reserve Program)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Manages the National Wildlife Refuge System • Provides financial assistance for wetland acquisition and restoration through the National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Program, the North American Wetlands Conservation Grant Program, and the Recovery Land Acquisition Grant Program • Coordinates and provides input into the Clean Water Act’s Section 404 permit actions and Minimum Effects Determination under Swampbuster • Consultation under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act and Endangered Species Act • Oversees private lands programs to encourage restoration and conservation of wetlands and other habitats (e.g., Partners for Fish and Wildlife, and Safe Harbor Agreements) • Produces the National Wetlands Inventory • Makes Critical Habitat designations for threatened and endangered species • Administers the Coastal Conservation Program with funding for bays, estuaries, and watershed protection efforts including wetlands

EPA • Maintains ultimate authority to determine the geographic scope of U.S. waters • Shares jurisdiction with the Army Corps of Engineers for other Section 404 regulatory responsibilities

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• Conducts research and sets standards for monitoring and assessment of waters, including wetlands • Enforces Clean Water Act violations • Provides funding for wetland protection program development

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is another agency involved with wetland management issues. NOAA funds and implements several programs that protect wetlands, particularly in coastal and estuarine environments, in order to fulfill the agency’s responsibilities relative to the Endangered Species Act and Magnusson-Stevens Fishery and Conservation Act. NOAA funding directly supports the states’ Coastal Zone Management Program for shoreline conservation which includes wetland protection. Other programs include National Estuary Research Reserves, Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program, and the Community Based Restoration Program.

National Park Service

Since the National Park Service (NPS) was established in 1916, Congress has included millions of acres of wetlands in the National Park System. NPS plays an active role in wetlands management, restoration, and public awareness.

The NPS has a multi-faceted program for protecting and managing its wetland resources, which includes: protecting wetlands from pollution; providing technical expertise and funding to parks for wetland inventory and restoration projects; providing up-to-date management techniques to preserve wetland functions and values; and protection or acquisition of water rights. Also, the NPS plays key roles in other local, State, and Federal government wetlands-related programs including the Rivers and Trails Conservation Assistance Program, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Program, and the preparation of SCORPs.

6.3.2 State Agencies

Agencies involved with the acquisition, management, and restoration of wetlands at the State level includes the DLNR’s Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), Division of State Parks, and Land Division; the Department of Health; the Department of Hawaiian Homelands.

6.3.3 County Agencies

The City and County of Honolulu is responsible for managing parks, some of which include wetlands, such as the man-made lake and marsh created on Ho‘omaluhia and the natural wetland and fishpond at Kualoa (both on O‘ahu). The other counties may also be similarly involved with the management of parks with important wetlands.

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6.3.4 Other Organizations

Several non-profit organizations, including land trusts and local community groups, are involved in wetlands management and restoration in Hawai‘i. Each of the four counties has an active land trust working to preserve and/or restore valued natural areas, many of which include wetland habitats.

The national land trusts, The Nature Conservancy and the Trust for Public Lands (TPL), also assist in wetland conservation. The Nature Conservancy conducts sound scientific assessments of natural ecosystems in their ecoregional planning and TPL steps in to secure high quality sites when help is needed to save an important area and hold it for later funding reimbursement.

During 1999 – 2007 the non-profit Ducks Unlimited, Inc., has been very active in Hawai‘i, restoring wetlands. Currently, they continue to provide technical and financial assistance on select projects.

The Hawai‘i Conservation Alliance (HCA) is a cooperative partnership between 16 government, education, and non-profit organizations committed to environmental conservation in the Hawaiian Islands. The HCA is dedicated to promoting effective, long- term management of Hawai‘i’s native ecosystems through collaborative research, training, and outreach, among land managers, scientists, educators, and the public. One of their goals is to achieve effective management, by 2020, of 90% of Hawaii’s native ecosystems (including wetlands) existing in the year 2000. They also support restoration of rare and endangered species (http://hawaiiconservation.org).

Hawaiÿi Wetland Joint Venture (HWJV), begun in fall of 2005, is a new player in the wetland conservation picture for Hawai‘i. The concept of “Joint Ventures” was established in 1986 with the signing of an international agreement between the U.S. and Canada (and later Mexico) to protect waterfowl flyways across the North American continent. The North American Waterfowl Management Act called out the need to protect and restore wetland habitats for waterbirds migrating north and south. This was to be accomplished with the help of “Joint Ventures” – partnerships between Federal agencies, State and local governments, conservation organizations, private citizens, and interested corporations. Since that time, Joint Ventures have sprung up across the nation.

Hawai‘i is part of the Pacific Coast flyway, and thus, is represented in the Pacific Coast Joint Venture which includes: Northern California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. Like the Joint Ventures elsewhere, the HWJV is a forum for

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coordinating partnership efforts to preserve and restore wetlands that contribute to waterbird and shorebird habitat needs. As part of that effort, the Joint Venture in each state identifies important areas for wetland conservation action in their statewide strategic plan.

In 2007, HWJV sponsored the Tropical Wetland Management Workshop. The workshop provided a forum to wetland managers and professionals on current wetland science for site management and restoration techniques, with discussion of their effects in the context of Pacific Islands ecosystems. Joint Venture work is also the basis for a current effort to develop the Hawai‘i Wetland Information Network GIS and information-sharing database, which will provide details on Hawaii’s wetland sites and plant and animal species.

In summary, the HWJV serves as: 1) a forum for partner networking to conserve wetlands, 2) a source of information about funding opportunities and wetland management science, and 3) a resource planning and educational arm for wetlands (http://pcjv.org).

Corporate landowners can also play a role in wetland management. For example, Chevron Products Company, Hawai‘i Refinery, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and DLNR entered into a six-year agreement to protect nesting habitat of the Hawaiian stilt at Rowland’s Pond on O‘ahu. The agreement also benefits Hawaiian coot that forage at the site. The agreement allows the refinery to continue normal operations and acknowledges the potential for “take” should a tank rupture. In exchange, the site will be managed for vegetation and predator control, water levels will be maintained, and waterbirds will be monitored.

6.4 WETLAND RESOURCES

6.4.1 National Wildlife Refuges

Ten (10) national wildlife refuges (NWR) have been designated in Hawai‘i and their habitats range from coral reefs to subtropical rainforests high in the mountains. These refuges were set aside to benefit Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds, provide habitat for Hawai‘i’s rare and unique forest bird species, threatened and endangered plants, migratory seabirds, and the endangered nënë or Hawaiian goose. Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a NWR may restrict public access; however, they do allow some recreational activities. The NWRs have a process to evaluate compatibility of multiple uses at their specific NWR. A description of each NWR is provided below.

6.4.1.1 O‘ahu

James Campbell NWR (260 acres) lies at the northernmost tip of O‘ahu in Kahuku. James Campbell NWR consists of two units (Ki‘i Unit at 222 acres and Punamano Unit with 38 acres) comprising a mix of naturally occurring, spring-fed marsh and manmade ponds and impoundments. James Campbell NWR allows public access from the third Saturday in October through the third Saturday in February and closed during the rest of the year for

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the stilt breeding season. James Campbell NWR offers guided public tours, guided bird watching walking tours and an environmental education program administered through Moanalua Gardens Foundation.

Pearl Harbor NWR (97 acres), in close proximity to historic visitor attractions, such as the USS Arizona Memorial and the USS Missouri, also serves to protect some of the last remaining wetland areas on O‘ahu. Pearl Harbor NWR is composed of three units, the 37-acre Honouliuli Unit which borders West Loch, the 25-acre Waiawa Unit bordering Middle Loch of Pearl Harbor, and the 38-acre Kalaeloa Unit near Kapolei. Although it is closed to the general public, Pearl Harbor NWR does offer an environmental education program administered by Hawaiÿi Nature Center, which brings nearly 60 third graders per day from August to December to the Honouliuli Unit. In the future, a bike path on the edge of the Pearl Harbor NWR will include a new overlook.

O‘ahu Forest NWR (4,570 acres), located on the upper slopes of the Ko‘olau Mountains, includes some of the last remaining native intact forests on O`ahu, and is home to endangered O‘ahu tree snails, plants species, and many native birds. This NWR is not open to the public except through a special use permit process.

The Hawaiian Islands NWR (611,914 acres) consists of a chain of islands, reefs, and atolls extending about 1,200 nautical miles in a northwesterly direction from the main Hawaiian Islands, located within the Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument. It consists of the following remote Pacific islands: Nihoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef, Laysan, Lisianski, and, Pearl and Hermes Atoll. The reefs and islets of the Northwestern Hawaiian chain are home to a remarkable diversity of plant and animal life found nowhere else in the world. This NWR is not open to the public except through a special use permit process. However, Midway Atoll (not located within the State of Hawai‘i) is part of this chain of islands and is open for public access.

6.4.1.2 Kaua‘i

Hulë‘ia NWR (241 acres), located on the southeast side of Kaua‘i, lies adjacent to the famous Menehune Fishpond, a registered National Historic Landmark. The Hulë‘ia Refuge was established in 1973 to provide open, productive wetlands for endangered Hawaiian waterbirds. It is viewable from the Menehune Fishpond overlook but it is closed to public access. In addition, commercial or private kayaking trips offer vistas of the NWR via paddling up the Hulë‘ia River. A restoration project for Hulë‘ia NWR to remove vegetation from overgrown areas and improve water access and delivery recently received $275,000 in North American Wetlands Conservation Act funding.

The Hanalei NWR (917 acres) is home to 49 species of birds. In order to protect endangered waterbirds, Hanalei NWR is closed to the public for direct access but can be enjoyed via incredible vistas of the Refuge proper from the Hanalei Valley Overlook across from the Princeville Shopping Center. An interpretive sign is located at the

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overlook. In addition, commercial or private kayaking trips offer vistas of the NWR via paddling up the Hanalei River.

Kïlauea Point NWR (203 acres) is located on the northernmost tip of the islands and is one of the few Hawaiian refuges open to the public. The NWR offers the famous Kïlauea Lighthouse, breathtaking views, and upclose views of soaring and nesting tropical seabirds and hikes overlooking the Pacific. The NWR is open every day (except on major federal holidays), and it is one of the most popular spots with an average of 500,000 visitors a year. The NWR has a visitor center, sales outlet, walking trails, interpretive displays, special events, guided interpretive hikes, and environmental education programs.

6.4.1.3 Maui

Keälia Pond NWR (691 acres) is one of the few natural wetlands remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. Located along the south-central coast of the island of Maui, between the towns of Kïhei and Mä‘alaea, it is home to the endangered Hawaiian stilt (ae‘o) and Hawaiian coot (‘alae keoke‘o). The NWR offers an environmental education program administered through Maui Digital Bus and Hawai‘i Nature Center. A 3/4-mile wildlife viewing boardwalk adjacent to the main road in Kïhei is expected to be open in 2009.

6.4.1.4 Moloka‘i

Kakahai‘a NWR (45 acres) consists of a pond and a manmade seven-acre impoundment. Surrounding two sides of the old pond are thick kiawe trees. The spring-fed pond lies on a narrow plain just above sea level at the foot of volcanic hills. The County of Maui

168 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE maintains a two-acre roadside park on the Refuge and along the ocean shoreline. Shorefishing and picnicking are available within the park.

6.4.1.5 Hawai‘i

Hakalau Forest NWR (38,047 acres), located on the windward slope of Mauna Kea, supports a diversity of native birds and plants equaled by only one or two other areas in Hawai‘i. Volunteer stewardship groups work weekends restoring the native koa forest and eradicating invasive species. The Maulua Tract of Hakalau Forest NWR is open to the public for bird watching, hiking, and photography on weekends and holidays. Permission is required prior to entry.

Kona Forest is a separate Unit of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge located on the leeward side of the Big Island. Much of the Kona Forest Unit includes native mesic forest dominated by ‘Öhi‘a and koa trees with an understory of tree ferns and other native flora. This Unit is not open to the public except through a special use permit process.

6.4.2 National Park Service

Since 1988, the National Park Service has managed a 630-acre parcel containing the ‘Aimakapa and Kaloko Fishponds as part of Kaloko-Honoköhau National Historical Park in North Kona, Hawai‘i. The fishponds were constructed long ago to sustain the ancient Hawaiian community, and today the fishponds provide refuge for endangered wetland birds.

Kaloko Fishpond is a constructed fishpond of the loko kuapa-style. A sea wall, or kuapa, was built across an ocean embayment by the ancient Hawaiians perhaps 200 to 400 years ago or possibly earlier (Bond and Gmirkin, 2003). Kaloko Fishpond provides forage areas for the Hawaiian stilt and there has been some attempted nesting by the stilt there.

‘Aimakapa Fishpond is a fishpond of the loko pu‘uone-style and is not a constructed fishpond, but is instead a natural feature later modified to be used as a working fishpond. A research study by the International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., indicates that ‘Aimakapa Fishpond was probably formed by subsidence along with development of the sand berm separating it from the sea, and that the fishpond may not have been used for fish production prior to the middle 19th century (Athens and Ward, 2006).

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‘Aimakapa Fishpond is used regularly by migratory waterfowl and is also breeding and foraging habitat for both the Hawaiian stilt and the Hawaiian coot.

The park provides the opportunity to spot some of the unique wildlife found in the Hawaiian Islands. A number of migratory bird species fly to Kaloko-Honoköhau National Historical Park every winter to use the wetlands of ‘Aimakapa Fishpond.

6.4.3 State Wetlands

On Kaua‘i’s west side, 105 acres of the Mäna Plain Wetland Sanctuary was recently acquired by DOFAW and is in the planning phase for development. Historically the largest wetland in Hawai‘i, at 1,700-2,000 acres in size, the Mäna Plain wetland was drained and converted to sugarcane production in 1923. The HWJV is involved in efforts to restore wetland habitat there. Funding for the project includes a $1 million National Coastal Wetland Conservation grant, $300,000 in large North American Wetlands Conservation Act funds, and additional financial support from local foundations, corporations, and non-profit organizations.

In conjunction with the Mäna Plain Wetland Sanctuary, the 35-acre Kawaiele Sanctuary (acquired by DOFAW in 1988) is also undergoing planning and development.

The Wailua Reservoir on Kaua‘i was created during the early sugar plantation days by the former Lihue Sugar Plantation Company. Since the demise of the sugar industry in 2001, the reservoir was returned to DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources for a freshwater fishing program. Plans are also underway to develop an outdoor education program with the Hawai‘i Department of Education and native waterfowl management on a remote section of the reservoir.

The Waikapala‘e Marsh, also known as Loko Ke‘e and located within Hä‘ena State Park on Kaua‘i, is under DLNR State Parks Division, and is currently undergoing plans for park improvement to include restoring traditional taro cultivation on terraces along the edges of the marsh. Wildlife viewing will be one of the key elements of the park.

Kawainui Marsh on O‘ahu is the largest extant wetland in Hawai‘i and was recognized as a Ramsar8 wetland of international importance in 2005 (http://www.ramsar.org). It is popular for outdoor recreation, including walking, jogging, and biking along the site’s flood control levee. ‘Ahahui Mälama i Ka Lökahi, an organization dedicated to the

8 The Convention on Wetlands (known popularly as the “Ramsar Convention”) is an intergovernmental treaty, adopted on 2 February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar, which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The contracting parties of the Convention work towards the wise use of all their wetlands through national land- use planning, appropriate policies and legislation, management actions, and public education; designate suitable wetlands for the List of Wetlands of International Importance ("Ramsar List") and ensure their effective management; and cooperate internationally concerning transboundary wetlands, shared wetland systems, shared species, and development projects that may affect wetlands (http://www.ramsar.org/).

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preservation and conservation of Hawaiian ecosystems, has taken the lead in developing educational activities and service learning projects at Kawainui Marsh.

In 2008, the City and County of Honolulu transferred ownership of Kawainui Marsh to the State, which allows the State DOFAW to proceed with a long anticipated $6 million restoration project with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The joint project will involve clearing out silt and vegetation that chokes the waterways. Kawainui Marsh has potential for even further recreational value as elements of the 1994 master plan, that includes a perimeter trail, visitor center, parks, and scenic overlooks, are being implemented by the DOFAW and State Parks.

Hämäkua Marsh lies downstream from Kawainui Marsh. Hämäkua Marsh and its adjacent watershed area is an urban wetland/watershed complex with intrinsic values that make it an important area for wildlife protection (including threatened and endangered species), watershed restoration, interpretation and education. In 1995, Hämäkua Marsh was donated to Ducks Unlimited by Kaneohe Ranch Company Limited, and the deed transferred to DOFAW to create the Hämäkua Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary. In 2000, the State initiated the Hämäkua Marsh Ecosystem Restoration and Community Development Project, and since its inception, 20 partners have donated over $400,000 to the restoration of wetland habitat in the marsh. Today, DOFAW maintains vegetation and predator control programs in the marsh, monitors the nesting success of endangered Hawaiian waterbirds, restores native Hawaiian plant species, and coordinates with community volunteers and school groups who help with habitat maintenance and clean-up of the area. DOFAW is also pursuing acquisition of the adjacent 65-acre hillside for watershed and native species restoration, and public recreation.

Pouhala Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary is a 70-acre wetland located in Waipahu on O‘ahu, and managed by DOFAW for endangered waterbird recovery and public education. Pouhala Marsh is the largest intact coastal wetland remaining in the Pearl Harbor Basin. This wetland has been neglected for many years and was treated as a dump by area residents. Today, DOFAW is engaged in a multi-partner program to clean up and restore the marsh and its wildlife habitat. Excess soil is being excavated to create new waterbird feeding and nesting areas, mangrove trees were removed, and a predator control program was put in place. Community volunteers help with native plant restoration projects and waterbird surveys, and the area is used to help educate students about wetlands and waterbirds.

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The Kanahä Pond Wildlife Sanctuary on Maui is home to two endangered Hawaiian species, the coot and stilt. Although wetlands accessible to the public for outdoor recreation purposes are limited on Maui (limitations are important due to the wetlands being of primary importance for their biological and conservation values), the public may view wildlife (i.e., bird watch and non-commercial photography, painting, etc.) and experience the workings of the wetland ecosystem at Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary year round from the observation kiosk entrance, and also from September 1st until March 31st each year. The public may also obtain a permit for the internal trails and roadways of the sanctuary. Use of kayaks, boats, etc. and consumptive uses of the resources are not permissible.

Maluaka Wetland in Mäkena State Park on Maui was restored between 2005 and 2007 by the Pu‘u ‘Öla‘i Wetland Management Association in partnership with the DLNR State Parks. The kiawe forest overgrowing the wetland was removed and about two acres of open water were exposed behind the coastal sand dune of Naupaka (Black Sand) Beach on the north side of Pu‘u ‘Öla‘i. Hawai‘i’s endangered wetbirds, including the ae‘o and ‘alae ke‘oke‘o have been returning to the pond in significantly greater numbers since this restoration project was initiated. Additional aspects of the restoration including native plantings and installation of a predator fence around the perimeter of the wetland.

6.4.4 County Wetlands

In 2002, LWCF grant funds were used to assist with the acquisition of a 5.3-acre parcel along the coast of windward O‘ahu that encompasses Waihe‘e Marsh. Incorporated into the larger Kahalu‘u Regional Park, the shoreline portion of this larger wetland is managed by the City and County of Honolulu, Department of Parks and Recreation. The City and County of Honolulu removed the hau and large trees to expose the wetland, and the community planted naupaka along the edge of the marsh to separate the waterbirds from the adjacent highway.

The County of Hawai‘i recently acquired a wetland area at Honu‘apo in Ka‘ü. Funds from NOAA’s Coastal Estuarine Lands Conservation Program were used to acquire 225 acres, including a coastal fishpond.

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The Kapa‘a Stream Estuary, managed by the County of Kaua‘i, is open to the public for fishing, snorkeling, wildlife viewing, and boating. The new County coastal pedestrian/bike path passes along the estuary from Kapa‘a to Keälia Kai.

Other wetland areas managed by the County of Kaua‘i include: the Kalihiwai Estuary, which is open to the public for kayaking, boating, fishing, snorkeling, surfing, and wildlife viewing; and the lower Hanalei River, which is jointly managed with Hanalei River Heritage Program and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and is open to the public for kayaking, boating, fishing, and wildlife viewing.

6.5 WETLAND INVENTORIES AND MAPPING

Wetland inventories and mapping provide a valuable tool to identify areas and properties that contain wetlands. Inventories and mapping also provides important baseline information to help us determine wetland losses. A discussion of the various wetland inventory and mapping sources for Hawai‘i is provided below.

6.5.1 National Wetlands Inventory

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), maintains maps of all of Hawai‘i’s wetlands under its National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) Program. To date, digital data is available for all of the major Hawaiian Islands. The maps, as well as “Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States,” which defines the NWI system of classification, are available directly from the USGS and indirectly from the State Office of Planning through its State GIS database. The public can also access the maps through U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s web-based interactive mapper at .

The NWI is the only comprehensive map of major wetlands in Hawai‘i that agencies and resource managers have to reference. The existing NWI for all of the Hawaiian Islands, except O‘ahu, is 25 years old. Early in 2008, a new updated NWI was completed for the island of O’ahu. This will be followed with an update in 2009 to the Kaua‘i map. Funding is needed to update other islands. Updated NWI maps provide a better opportunity for existing wetlands to be protected from human impacts from land use, and offer a more accurate representation of the wetland resources that can contribute to healthy watershed function on the landscape.

6.5.2 Endangered Species Recovery (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has divided Hawai‘i’s significant wetlands into the categories “Core Wetlands” and “Supporting Wetlands” in the Draft Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds (2005).

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Core wetlands are those areas that provide habitat for supporting larger populations of Hawaiian waterbirds. The plan emphasizes that core wetlands must be protected and managed to recover Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds.

Supporting wetlands are those areas that provide habitat important for smaller waterbird populations or that provide habitat needed seasonally by certain waterbird populations during their life cycle. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service suggests that protection and management of these supporting wetlands is required to recover endangered waterbirds, but that there is room for some flexibility in which sites must be managed.

6.5.3 Pacific Coast Joint Venture Flyway Recovery

The Hawai‘i Wetland Joint Venture, the state arm of the Pacific Coast Joint Venture is working to recover resident Hawaiian and migratory waterbird populations throughout Hawai‘i. Wetlands are the key habitat for these species and the target areas for Joint Venture partnership actions of protection and restoration. Their Strategic Plan for Wetland Conservation in Hawai‘i (2006) contains an expanded inventory of wetlands that utilizes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Plan data, in conjunction with the NWI, state biological and physical data from state resource maps, and local knowledge of conservation worthy sites(http://pcjv.org).

6.5.4 State Natural Heritage Program

The Hawai‘i Natural Heritage Program, part of the Center for Conservation Research and Training at the University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa, maintains a statewide database of rare and endangered plants and animals, including species supported by wetlands. Access to the database is available at http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/data.html.

6.6 ISSUES FACING WETLANDS

6.6.1 Wetland Losses

The NRCS estimated that in 1997, there were 111,156,000 acres of non-federal wetlands in the U.S., representing just 50% of the amount that existed prior to European settlement.

In Hawai‘i, it is estimated that there were 58,800 acres of wetlands, circa 1780. Best available data suggests that by the 1980s, 51,800 acres of wetlands are estimated to still exist, a net loss of 12% (Dahl, 1990).

While the average overall state wetland loss appears low, Hawai‘i has lost valuable coastal wetlands at a much higher rate. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that 22,475 acres of coastal wetlands existed circa 1780 and that coastal wetlands decreased by 31% to 15,474 acres in the 1980s. Coastal wetland losses can be attributed to a

174 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE conversion from wetland agriculture (e.g., taro, lotus, rice) to other agricultural uses such as sugarcane, and ranching activities.

Additionally, coastal wetlands are generally located in areas that are highly valued for development. Wetlands have been filled for development and have suffered secondary effects of human encroachment including loss of water quality due to point and non-point source water pollution. Of the remaining 15,474 acres of coastal wetlands, roughly 75% have been degraded by non-native invasive plant species and altered hydrology due to urbanization and agriculture.

An emphasis on wetland protection at the Federal level has helped some in slowing wetland losses. As of 2005, State and Federal efforts such as establishment of wildlife refuges and sanctuaries have now secured 4,230 acres of Hawai‘i’s remaining coastal wetlands (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2005). Additionally, national awareness of the importance of the wetlands for flood control has increased since Hurricane Katrina. Despite increased awareness and focus on wetland protection, development pressures remain strong in coastal wetland areas and proper protection and management is necessary to ensure survival of the remaining wetlands and endangered or recovering species habitat.

6.6.2 Judicial Decisions

In recent years, the Federal government has updated and revised administrative tools and regulations to move beyond the goal of “no net wetlands loss” to attain an overall increase in the quality and quantity of wetlands.

Over the years, wetlands policy and regulations have been shaped as a result of challenges to the Supreme Court. Since 1977, the Army Corps of Engineers has used a broad definition of “waters of the U.S.” to determine those waters over which it has regulatory authority under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. This definition included “waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, stream, mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds.” Such a broad definition meant that virtually all wetlands were afforded Federal protection under Section 404. However, the January 9, 2001 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army Corps of Engineers excludes “isolated waters” from the Corps’ jurisdiction.

As a result of the SWANCC decision, the Corps no longer has the authority to issue permits for the discharge of dredge or fill materials into waters that are not traditionally

175 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE navigable, not tributaries of navigable waters, and are not adjacent to either of these, despite the fact that many of these “isolated” wetlands are very significant to many wildlife populations, particularly migratory waterfowl.

In 2006, the Supreme Court handed down Rapanos v. United States. This decision was split 4-1-4 ruling where five justices overturned lower court decisions that found that the Clean Water Act had jurisdiction over certain wetlands. The decision included differing opinions among the majority as to when Clean Water Act has jurisdiction, particularly as it relates to waters that are isolated from traditional navigable waters.

The Rapanos decision has created complications for agencies tasked with implementing and enforcing Section 404. This in turn has created uncertainty for landowners as to whether or not wetlands will be considered “jurisdictional” under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. As a result of the case and subsequent confusion, the Army Corps of Engineers and the EPA have adopted new policies for determining jurisdictional wetlands, effective June 5, 2007.

6.6.3 Funding

State and Federal agencies continue their efforts to preserve wetland areas; however, many projects are currently limited by a lack of funding. Over the past five years, public awareness of the value of wetlands has increased and technological resources have improved. However, despite Federal initiatives, funding for natural resource agencies has decreased. For example, the LWCF state grants have declined successively from $92.5 million in grants to States in 2005, $30 million in 2006, $30 million in 2007, to $23 million in 2008. Similarly, funds for land acquisition under the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program have declined yearly: $51 million in 2004, $42 million in 2005, $39 million in 2006, $21 million in 2007, and $15 million in 2008.

One goal of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is to designate land and protect important habitats and manage them for endangered species recovery. Without adequate funding, opportunities for key acquisitions are lost, inventories remain uncompleted, trained staff are not always available to properly manage valuable wetland habitats, and needed supplies (e.g., materials for fence construction, signage, etc.) may be unavailable.

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6.6.3.1 Federal Funds for Acquisition & Restoration

In 2002, Congress created the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP). This initiative enables states to permanently protect coastal and estuarine lands by providing matching funds for community-based projects to acquire property from willing sellers (either in full or through conservation easements). This program focuses on coastal resources with high ecological value. These funds are often used to conserve areas that contain wetlands in whole or in part. Several important land acquisitions have been made utilizing Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program dollars in Hawai‘i, including Waihe‘e coastal dunes and wetlands (Maui: 2003); Müÿolea Point (Maui: 2003); Püpükea- Paumalü State Park Reserve (O‘ahu: 2006); Honu‘apo Estuary (Hawai‘i: 2006); and acreage adjacent to Kïlauea Bay Wildlife Refuge (Kaua‘i: 2005).

There are a number of Federal grant programs that support wetlands restoration and management, including standard and small North American Wetland Conservation Act (NAWCA) and National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Act grants administered by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These programs provide funds for the acquisition, restoration, and enhancement of wetlands. NAWCA grants also include the purchase of equipment to carry out these measures. NAWCA-funded projects in Hawaiÿi include restoration projects at Kawainui Marsh (O‘ahu: 2006), Pouhala Marsh (O‘ahu), and Mänä Plain (Kaua‘i: 2007).

The NRCS also administers grants for wetland restoration. NRCS manages programs that work with landowners on a voluntary basis. The Wetlands Reserves Program is a nationwide voluntary program that encourages landowners to restore and/or create wetlands by providing technical guidance and financial assistance. In Hawai‘i, the Wetlands Reserves Program distributed over $1.75 million to public and private wetland restoration projects between 2005 and 2008. NRCS also offers the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, which provides technical assistance and up to 75% cost share assistance to landowners that wish to improve wildlife habitat, including wetland habitat on private or State land.

6.6.3.2 Other Sources of Funding for Acquisition & Restoration

Besides the Federal granting sources, DLNR has the Legacy Land Conservation Program which provides matching funds for acquisition that protects lands that have significant natural, cultural, and archaeological resources and values.

The Counties have also established funding for acquisition of open space natural resource land. Percentages of tax revenue vary, but the focus on preservation of natural resources

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and open space lands is similar across the state. For example, Kaua‘i voters approved an amendment in 2002 to the County Charter that established the “Public Access, Open Space, Natural Resources Preservation Fund” and stipulated that each year a minimum of one half of one percent of the County’s certified real property taxes would be deposited into the fund. The charter amendment further specified that the fund would be used to acquire lands or property entitlements preservation purposes, including: “protection of significant habitats or ecosystems, including buffer zones” and “protecting watershed lands to preserve water quality and water supply.”

6.7 UPDATE OF ACTIVITIES: 2003-2008

This section provides an overview of wetland-related activities that have occurred since 2003.

6.7.1 Presidential Wetland Policy 2004

With the goal of creating, improving, and protecting three million acres of wetlands by the year 2009, the President’s Wetland Policy set in 2004 emphasizes “Cooperative Conservation” between Federal agencies and State and local governments. The President’s Council on Environmental Quality reports that between 2004 and 2008, 3.6 million acres of wetlands have been improved, restored, or protected.

6.7.2 Reissue of Nationwide Permits

Modifications to the Army Corps of Engineer’s nationwide permits became effective in March 2007. The reissue included six new Nationwide Permit activities including permitting repairs to uplands damaged by discrete events and repairs to ditches to control erosion. The reissue altered a number of existing Nationwide Permit activities. The Nationwide Permit 29 (relating to residential developments) no longer authorizes residential dwelling development in wetlands adjacent to tidal waters. In addition to the Nationwide Permits, the Honolulu Engineer District issued Regional Conditions that further modify the Nationwide Permit specific to certain sites and processes for Hawai‘i.

6.7.3 Research Programs and Plans

The following is a listing of a few significant reports and research sponsored or funded by government agencies.

• The State of Hawai‘i Department of Health (DOH) prepared and submitted to the EPA the 2006 State of Hawai‘i Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report. The report provides a summary of the state of water quality in Hawai‘i as well as provides a list of those waterbodies recommended for EPA’s 303d (water bodies that are water quality impaired) list.

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• The State’s DOFAW produced Hawai‘i’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy in 2005. The document identifies threats to wildlife and provides strategies to guide conservation efforts. Identified threats include loss of habitat due to development, alteration of hydrology and recreational overuse. Conservation strategies include: combating invasive species; disseminating information; strengthening cooperative efforts; and enhancing funding opportunities.

• The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service prepared the Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds (second draft of second revision) in 2005, expected to be finalized in 2009. This document focuses on recovery efforts and needs for Hawaiian Duck, Hawaiian Coot, Hawaiian Common Moorhen, and Hawaiian Stilt, which are all listed as Endangered Species. The document discusses reasons for decline, including loss of wetland habitat, and sets forth recovery strategies including implementation actions and schedules.

• Region IX of the EPA has funded a three-year project (2006-2009) to conduct an ecological assessment of coastal lowland wetlands in Hawai‘i and to specifically assess the water quality and habitat functions of semi-natural, restored, and created wetlands. The project team includes Dr. Greg Bruland of UH-Mänoa, Dr. Rich MacKenzie of the USFS Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Ms. Adonia Henry of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ms. Christina McGuire of Ducks Unlimited, and graduate students from UH-Mänoa. The team initially sampled vegetation, soils, water quality, and fish communities of 40 wetland sites across the five main Hawaiian Islands, and is currently sampling a subset of 20 sites on a quarterly basis for water quality and fish community composition.9

Below are examples of recent restoration and management plans performed by private entities that incorporate objectives relating to the protection/conservation/restoration of wetlands.

• Hilo Bay Watershed-Based Restoration Plan (2005) prepared by UH-Mänoa and Hilo Bay Watershed Advisory Group. • Ko‘olaupoko Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (2007) prepared by Kailua Bay Advisory Council. • Ko‘olau Mountains Watershed Partnership Action Plan (2005) prepared by Koÿolau Mountains Watershed Partnership. • Kohala Mountains Watershed Management Plan (2005) prepared by Kohala Mountains Watershed Partnership. • Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance Watershed Management Plan (2005) prepared by Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance.

9 For more information about this project, you may contact Dr. Bruland (808-956-8901, [email protected])

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In addition to these plans, The Nature Conservancy is in the process of developing a comprehensive statewide, ecoregional plan that identifies key coastal and upland resources, including wetlands. The Nature Conservancy’s ecoregional planning process typically identifies priority conservation areas. It is anticipated that this work will not only advance The Nature Conservancy’s conservation goals, but will be an essential tool for local, State, and Federal resource managers.

6.7.4 Public Education

Sustained public education is required to ensure that wetlands are protected. There are examples of damage to the resources from OHVs as well as wetlands being partially filled by private landowners that may or may not be aware that they are damaging important ecosystems.

Public education is required so that people value wetlands and those desiring to recreate in and near wetlands are not causing any harm, developers understand the potential enforcement ramifications of their actions, and the public can feel confident in reporting violations.

A successful model of a sustained educational program is ÿAhahui Malama I ka Lökahi. A non-profit organization, the group works to preserve native ecosystems and cultural sites within the Kawainui and Hämäkua Marsh Complex. The group leads weekly service projects to restore and maintain a native dryland forest ecosystem at Nä Pöhaku O Hauwahine within Kawainui State Park Reserve, an ethnobotanical and cultural landscape at Ulupö Heiau State Historical Park, and a native plant garden at Kawainui Neighborhood Park. Regularly scheduled tours of the Kailua ahupua‘a, including Kawainui Marsh, Maunawili Valley, and Kailua Bay are conducted by the group, and special tours for school and community groups are occasionally arranged.

The EPA has provided Environmental Education grants to a number of Hawaiÿi organizations, including Moanalua Gardens in 2007, Hanalei Watershed Hui in 2006, Hawai‘i Nature Center in 2005, and UH Mänoa – Office of Research Services in 2003.

The Hawai‘i Nature Center runs educational programs on the islands of O‘ahu and Maui. Programs for schools include curriculum for the first through sixth grades. The Center also runs weekend programs for families.

During the 2007-2008 school year, 26 Hawai‘i schools participated in the Kökua Hawai‘i Foundation’s Environmental Education Field Trip Assistance Program. This program brought students to sites containing wetland ecosystems.

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The Pacific America Foundation offers the Aloha ‘äina environmental education program that immerses students in place-based education learning sites throughout Hawai‘i, including a wetland study site at Kawainui Marsh, Waikalua loko Fishpond on O‘ahu, and a fishpond on Maui. The Pacific America Foundation spends thousands of grant dollars on developing standards-based curriculum, on the wetland site itself to assure accessibility, and on teacher training workshops that have immersed hundreds of students in the study of Hawai‘i’s wetland environment as well as the cultural and natural resources they reflect.

On Kaua‘i, the Waipä Foundation at Hanalei provides various educational programs. Annually, they welcome more than 700 individuals from schools, special interest groups, and families to learn about Waipä, science, native plants, the water cycle, stream life, kalo, poi, Hawaiian culture, and more through hands-on work and experience.

6.8 CRITERIA FOR WETLAND RECREATION PROJECTS

The LWCF project selection process requires projects to meet the criteria specified in Section 5.2.4 and Appendix G. A wetlands advisory committee may be established to assist with the review of any wetland acquisition projects. Based on consultation with Hawai‘i wetlands-related agencies and organizations, the following criteria were created to guide the selection of wetland projects considered eligible and appropriate for LWCF funding.

6.8.1 Wetland Types

Consistent with the USFWS Regional Wetlands Concept Plan (1990) under the Emergency Wetlands Resource Act, all remaining wetlands in Hawai‘i and the Pacific Islands are important conservation areas. These include: • Estuarine systems (e.g., coastal mudflats, estuaries, brackish lagoons) • Palustrine systems (e.g., freshwater marshes and swamps, upland bogs) • Riparian systems (e.g., riverside marsh) • Lacustrine systems (e.g., lakeside marsh) • Marine intertidal & subtidal systems (e.g., seagrass beds and coral reefs)

In addition, added significance is placed on preventing loss of decreasing or stable wetland types, with special concern for wetlands that are considered nationally decreasing by the National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan and documented regionally significant and/or locally rare. These categories include the following wetland types:

Nationally decreasing: • Estuarine - intertidal emergent, intertidal forested, intertidal shrub-shrub. • Marine - intertidal • Palustrine - emergent, forested, shrub-scrub

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Nationally stable: • Estuarine – intertidal non-vegetated, sub-tidal

Regionally significant and/or Locally rare: • Coral reefs and seagrass beds* • Anchialine pools • Hydrologically intact wetlands with a predominance of native species** • Coastal plain wetlands ** • Large riparian wetlands • Montane bogs [Note: * Identified in the National Coastal Wetlands Program; ** Identified in US Pacific Island Shorebird Plan, 2004]

Consideration will be given to other regionally significant and/or locally rare wetlands types with adequate supporting documentation. Supporting documentation can include reference to published material, grey literature publications, and expert testimony by scientists in ecology, hydrology, biology, or related field.

Since most wetland systems in Hawai‘i have been severely impacted and/or degraded due to human use and invasive species dominance, historical wetlands that have been converted to or impacted by other uses (e.g., sugar cane production, water diversion, etc.) and can be restored or managed to mimic natural hydrological conditions are also recognized as important education sites for recreation users. Restoration and management of these areas will increase the amount of existing wetland habitats within Hawai‘i and the Pacific Islands.

Lastly, preserving adequate upland buffer areas surrounding any wetland system is critical to maintaining the long-term viability and sustainability of the wetland system.

6.8.2 Recreational Use

For wetlands, appropriate passive recreational access/use of the wetland that is commensurate with the particular wetland’s ecological sensitivities and habitat attributes is required. (Passive recreation refers to the non-consumptive low-impact use of the wetland for bird watching, photography, walking trails, and other non-detrimental low- impact activities.)

In some cases, where it is compatible with the wetland’s level of sensitivity and overall function, limited fishing may be allowed.

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185 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

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187 HAWAI‘I STATE COMPREHENSIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN 2008 UPDATE

Watanabe, J. (2008, October 5). Heavy Traffic. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, C5.

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