THE BLACK CHALLENGE

The Late Honorable

MARCUS GARVEY, Father of Black Nationalism HISTORICAL FACTS

A Race without a true knowledge of its history is like a ship without a rudder, guidelessly drifting on the reefs, to wreckage.

Black men through the ages have made outstanding contributions in man's evolvment from cannibalism to the civilization of today. The African concept of morality their philosophic understanding of human nature, their great knowledge of chemistry, chronology, biology, physics, mathematics, architecture, engineering, agriculture, animal husbandry and militarism had created for the Africans flourishing empires with mag- nificent cities, temples, shrines and castles thousands of years ago before the European man learned the art and customs of civilized behavior, African empires had reached their maturity long before the Mongolian man embraced the practice of social order, the luxurious city of Luxor in whose valley repose the remains of some of the world's most spectacular characters, Mereo from whence humane African kings sent their armies to civilize the savage backward people of Arabia, Persia, Europe and India. Debra Tabra in central Ethiopia (with its rugged temples hewn out of solid stone) it was from that city that Assymendesse gave the Cushites the rudiments of civilization. Oxum, a city in northern Ethiopia, was the seat of religious worship long before Jerusalem was built, the glorious city of Ninevah, Memphis and Tyre had reached the peak of their glory long before Athens, Rome or Mecca was built. All the puzzling unsolved problems challenging the wisdom of the selfstyled superior man today was built by black men.- The Sphynx, the Pyramids, the well preserved mummy of King Tut-ANkh- amen and the Ethiopian Pharaoh Seti is unto this day a cynical rebuke to the Caucasians' claims to sophisticated and advanced knowledge, so, why should the black man be ashamed of Africa? Did not our ancestors civilize the Greeks, Persians and Romans? Through that the evil machina- tions of untruthful Caucasians in his schools, movies and even his bible have so propagated the minds of the people of African descent that they have become ashamed to be called Africans - How pathetic ;

MARCUS GARVEY length and breadth of the United States of America, South Champion of African Redemption and Central America, and the Caribbean, burning away all By Carlos A. Cooks .opposition in its path, and enrolling on the membership Bursting out of the Caribbean like a tropical cyclone, books of his organization eleven million black men and Marcus Garvey hurled all the "vigor of a 'Jean Jacques women throughout the Western world. Dessaline, the sagacity and cunning of a Moshesh and the Marcus Garvey organized the Black Star Line, with undefatigible persistence and the organizational brilliance Back Captains and a Black Crew, with the Red, Black and . of a Tschaka, on the problems affecting peoples of the Afri- Green Flag flying on the mast-head . The ships went to can ethnic group in America and throughout' the world. Cuba, Panama and Jamaica. In every port that they He came to America at the invitation of the great trafficked, the black population became ecstatic wiih'race Educator and humanitarian, Booker T. Washington. He pride, they began-to see the glimmer of the dawning came, nevertheless with no misapprehensions as to the of a new day for blacks the world over. cause and overall conditions of the African peoples of the The latter years of Marcus Garvey's .:life,~were spent world. Marcus Garvey recognized that in the many lands in London, England, where he contacted and influenced in which he traveled in the Americas, the overall plight of one of the greatest Nationalist Activist living today, his people was invariable the same. The United States of Jomo (The Burning Spear) Kenyatta. America only magnified and dramatized those conditions Kwame Nkrumah, and Nnamdi Azikiwe were influ- in a physical and off times tragically, violent light. In that, enced to a minor degree by the teaching violence and lynch law was an accepted pattern of white and doctrine of this great man. . , " society, in dealing with the blacks. The world of Africa owes Marcus Garvey a debt of Economically, he found his people sponsored and gratitude for coining that inspiring phrase,, "Africa patronized by a segment of the ruling order, to the extent for the Africans, those at home, and those that a climate of complacency and inertia had become the abroad." general pattern of caste life. Hence the African peoples living in America employed a split focus in their interpreta- PURITY OF RACE tions and evaluation of the white man's attitude towards By Marcus Garvey - Father of Black Nationalism them. Marcus Garvey knew that this was a deluded con- cept of the actual real problem. I believe in a pure `Black Race,' just as.all self-respect- ing whites believe in a pure White Race, as far as that Upon arriving in the United States of America, can be. I am conscious of the fact that slavery Marcus Garvey was informed of the tragic murder of brought upon us the curse of many colors within Booker T. Washington (a crime that is not yet solved).. the Black Race. But that is no reason why we of ourselves should perpet- Thus Garvey was robbed of the sober council of a well uate the evil. Hence-instead of encouraging a grounded intellectual, whose every thought and effort wholesale bastardy in the race, we feel that we should throughout his life was devoted towaiids the upliftment and now set out to create a race type and standard improvement of the status of black people here in the of our own, which could not in the future be stigmatized by bastardy, but United States of America. could be recognized and respected as the true race type, Marcus Garvey being a Nationalist Activist, took anteceding even our own time. to the street corners on a step ladder, expounding a doc- trine, the essence of which was Black Nationalism, econo MAN - KNOW THYSELF mic control of all African communities, affinity with For man to know himself, is for him to feel that for Africa, and a clarification of the actual problem, namely-- him there is no human master for him, nature is his ser- that the Black Race was, and should be, one united race, vant, and whatsoever he wills in nature, that shall be his with no room for fragmental particles, sectarianism or reward. If he wills to be a Pigmy, a serf or a slave, that strife ; or groups claiming to be West Indians, So-called shall he be. If he wills to be a real man., in possession of American Negroes, Spanish, Dutch, French or British. the things common to man, then he shall be his own That the standard color of the race, regardless of shade, hue Sovereign . When man fails to grasp his authority, he or complexion, is Black. And that the physiological charac- sinks to the level of the lower animal and whatsoever the teristics that typified the African racial group, in itself real man bids him do, even as if it were of the lower determined the ethnic grouping of the individual. animal, that much shall he do. If he says "go", he goes, Naturally, the mongrel element that used their com- if he says "come", he comes. By this command he per- plexion hue for the parasitical exploitation of the ones with forms the functions of life, even as by a similar command, darker hue, took vociferous exceptions to the teachings the mule, horse or the cow performs the will of their and doctrine of Marcus Garvey. masters . Dr. Du Bois, then a hireline of the White Organized For the last 400 years the Black Race has been in and led N!A.A.C.P. attacked from the pages of the Crisis the position of beirig commanded, even as the lower magazine, and made a miserable attempt to ridicule animals are controlled. Our race has been without a will, Garveyism. But nonetheless, the movement swept over the without a purpose of its own for all this length of time. Because of that we have developed few men who un- of war be found, and so long will man continue to fight derstand the strenuousness of the age in which we live. and kill his brother . If England wants peace, if France ours `Real Men'? wants peace, then I suggest that they pack their bags and Where can you find in this raceMenof Men of character, Men ofpurpose, of confidence, Men baggage and clear out of Africa, because Africa in the of faith. Men who really know themselves? I have come future, will be to them what Europe has been for the last across so many weaklings who professed to be leaders, and 300 years, a hot bed of wars, political intrigues, and up- in the test, I have found them but the slaves of a nobler heavals, and Europe has changed many a time politically . class. They perform the will of their masters without Once the great Napolean ruled. The Czars ruled; and but question. To me a man has no master but his God. Man recently, the German Eagle was the symbol of fear. Today in his own authority is a sovereign lord, as of the indi- America stand out as the most brilliant star in the Euro- visual man, so of the individual race. This feeling makes pean political constellation . But what of tomorrow? man so courageous, so bold, as to make it impossible for his Africa with her threatened upheavals, will produce the brother to intrude upon his rights. same conditions in another century, as Europe has drone So few of us can understand what it takes to make a in the past. Can we not see that we are marching head- man. The man who will never say die, the man who will long into the abyss of eternal destruction? Can we not never give up, the man who will not depend on others realize that we are but provoking the sleeping passions of to do for him what he ought to do for himself, the man the races? How long do you believe that millions of black who will not blame God, Nature, or Hate, for his con- men will allow themselves to be exploited by alien races, dition, but the man who will go out and make conditions robbed and murdered? Just so long until the truth is to suit himself. brought heme to them, and then, when the sleeping giant he may bring down the pil- Oh how disgusting life becomes when on every hand, awakens, even like Sampson, you hear people (who bear your image and resemblence) lars of the Temple. telling you that they cannot make it, that hate is against This second world war has created a new sentiment them, that they cannot get a chance, if black men can throughout the world. Once upon a time, weaker peoples only get to know themselves, to know that within them were afraid of expressing themselves, of giving vent to there is a sovereign power and an authority that is their feelings, but todav. no oppressed race or nation is absolute, then in the next 24 hours we would have a new afraid of speaking out in the cause of liberty. India will race, we would have a new nation, an empire resurrected, has spoken, and is free, Africa is now speaking and not from the will of others to see us rise ; but from our be free, and if for 750 vears, Irish men found perseverence own determination to rise, irrespective of what the world enough to have carried the cause of freedom on and on thinks. until they won ; then millions of Black Africans are pre- pared to carry on the fight for Africa's libertv even if it A SOLUTION TO WORLD PEACE takes uQ to the seat of the most high, yes-if it takes us We hear a great deal of talk about world peace to- until judgment day ; we shall fight the cause on and on day, up to the present many of the leading statesmen of without relenting . the world have pledged themselves to a program of world The world may scoff at us, the world may divide us, peace, many conferences have been held (Political as but there have been many surprises for the world before, well as Industrial) for the purpose of settling the question and there will be many more. E,Zgland scoffed at the of world peace. But up to now none of them has laid the Cclonists when thev agitated for indenendcnce in America, foundation for a real peace, for a lasting neace. The but their scoffs and derisions did not prevent George peace of the world cannot be settled by political confer- Washin-ton from giving us the glorious Stars and Stripes. ences, or by industrial conferences alone. If we are to So let others laugh at us today because we are agitating have world peace, it will onlv come when a great inter- the question of a free and independent Africa, but tomor- racial conference is called, when Jew will meet Gentile, row who knows, Africa may loom up as the greatesr when Anglo-Saxon will meet Teuton, when the great republic in the world. Caucasian family will meet the Mongolian and when all will meet the `Black man', and then and only then, GOD - AS A WAR LORD straighten out the differences that have kept us apart for God is a bold Sovereign, a warrior Lord, the God we hundreds of years and will continue to keep us apart unlit worship and adore ; is a God of war, as well as a God of doom's day, if something isn't done to create better racial peace, he does not allow anything to interfere with his n-derstanding. power and authority. The greatest battle ever fought, If white men continue to exploit yellow men, if was not Hitler of Germany on the one hand; and the white men continue to exploit black and brown men. if Allied powers on the other. It was between Almighty yellow men continue to exploit brown and black men, God on the one hand, and Lucifer the Arch-Angel on the then all we can look forward to is a reign of wars, and other. When Lucifer challenged God's power in Heaven, rumors of wars, so long as Angle-Saxon oppress Indians, so nd marshaled his forces on the plains of paradise, the God long as they exploit the black race, so long will the cause we worship and adore also marshaled his forces, his Arch- 2 Angels, his Cherubins, and his Seraphins ; and in the battle African Nationalist Pioneer .1dovement and its leadership. array, he placed himself before them with the royal stand- There seems to be a gr -deal of confidence. in the over ard of Heaven, he faced the opposing General Lucifer all ability of the black race in America to ultimately with his lords on the battle plains of Heaven, and there the vindicate itself, and measure up to the -exacting standards great war began, the whole universe shook as the battle set by the new world order. raged between the two opposing forces. And as God the Creator gained the upper hand of Lucifer, what did he The high command of the African Nationalist Pioneer Movement,- believes even Jew, Greek, do? Did he hoist the white slag of peace? No : God that as a Irish, Indonesian, Hindu and Arab rose to meet Almighty, God the omnipotent, took hold of Lucifer, and Chinese, their respective places from heights of Heaven, to the depths of their obligations, and have taken flung him she and races, so he is a God of war, as well as among the community- of progressive people Hell, thereby proving that the sallying a God of peace; and when anyone transgresses his power, too shall the black people in America, answer call of African Nationalism, racial solidarity and economic he goes to war in defence of his rights. I believe with control of the resources of all black communities. As the Napolean, when some one asked him "On what side is black man becomes more oriented to black nationalism, he Gad?" he replied, "God is on the side of the strongest bat- shall have more pride in self, and with self pride goes talion." Nnpolean was right. He had a true concept of pride trust and confidence in the ability of God. God is really on the side of the strongest people, in race, and everything that other because God made all men equal, and he never gave his people, to do anything and peoples and races have done and are doing. Their shall superior powers to any one class or group of people over be as the movement advocates, "A positive program of another. thought and action," centered on the ability of the Black race to equal if not excel all other races. NATIONALIST LAUNCH FUND RAISING The negative program, and Pauper's Doctrine of DRIVE. TO BUILD HEADQUARTERS infamy, perversion and shame, enunciated by the decadent miscegenationist's school of thought,, shall.be repudiated as The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement, under an impractical hoax, and civil rights shall be discarded to the determined leadership of Carlos A. Cooks, has opened the limbo of false causes. an energetic fund-raising campaign, to build its Head quarters. The cost o¬ the structure is estimated at Thirty The model black man shall settle for no less than all Five Thousands Dollars. other men possess through achievement. Not by begging for civil rights, or marching on Washington with bibles, Five years ago, the Movement through its subsidiary, singing graveyard songs, but by implementing a program The African Pioneering Syndicate Inc, bought from the of racial cooperation and patronage, developing and ex- City of New S.'ork at a public auction, for the sum of ploiting the business opportunities in the various black $4,000 a 50x100 lot on 141st St., 1'00 ft. East of 8th Ave. communities, competing with all - men, and doing those for the purpose of erecting on that side a two-story things for ourselves, that we sbould not in good conscience structure, to be known as the "Garvey Memorial Build- expect any other people to do for us. ing". The first floor shall be operated by the Ladies Auxiliary of the African Nationalist Pioneer Movement, The Headquarters proposed to be built by the African as a Day-care center for babies ; a service that is sorely Nationalist Pioneer Movement, is a step in the right needed in the community. The second floor shall be the direction . Let us show the world that we have the spirit auditorium, . lib:-ary, and offices of the movement. The of sacrifice for a good cause, as all other men. Surely, there basement shall be .used as a workshop to house a printing should be a "Marcus Garvey Memorial Building". Most press, for . the purpose of facilitating the work of re-edu- Certainly, The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement is cating the race towards the glories of the black man's entitled to your support. This is and will continue to history, and the tremendous potential .Africa offers to all remain a totally "Black Organization ." No white man, members of the African Race for the fullest expression of Indian, Chinese, or Mhlayan can join this movement, nor their ability, and the establishment of a lasting status of do we accept contributions from any other but members universal dignity and respect for the majestyof the African of the African Race. peoples of the world, through the redemption of Africa, Those race who would like to contribute to and the establishment on that continent, of a centralized of our confederation of autonomous States, to safeguard and the "Building Fund" of the African Nationalist protect the aristocracy of the black race throughout the Pioneer Movement, you can make your check payable world. Not since the hi-days of the illustrious Marcus Garvey, To BUILDING FUND COMMITTEE,, has any attempted to propagate a doctrine Organization African Nationalist Pioneer. Movement and policy of self-determination and exclusive racial self reliance, as dramatized by the program and policy of the 315 Lenox Ave., New York 27, N. Y. those vital key places under the IS THIS STATEMENT TRUE, OR FALSE? ed them for acquiring pretext of developing them. Charles Pincasy, of Excerpts from the Journal of Needless to say, the European did not call this action of the proceedings of the Constitutional South Carolina, colonization or exploitation, but gave it some beautiful 1789, regarding the statement of Benjamin Convention of and fascinating names. F~'anklin at that convention concerning Jewish immigra- torch-bearer of tion. At times, Europe claimed to be the civilization in Asia and Africa, and at other times its poets "There is a great danger for the United States of and magnified the responsibility of the White America. This great danger is the Jew. Gentlemen, in glorified know what the consequences has been. which ever land the Jews have settled, they have depress man. But we all We all know that Europeans have withdrawn from our ed the moral level and lowered the degree of commercial countries only af.er destructive, annihilating wars, and we honesty. They have remained apart and unassimilated- know in what condition they left those lands. They opnressed ; they attempted to strangle the Nation finan- all China inundated by floods in which millions of lives cially, as in the case of Portugal and Spain ." left were lost. They left India in the grip of famine, which more than seventeen hundred years, they have "For killed hundreds of thousands . But we still find them in sorrowful fate-namely, that they have lamented their Africa and with them we find disease devasting large their Motherland ; but,'gentlemen, if been driven out of areas. In every place they go we find the number of civilized world today should give them back Palestine the prisons far in excess of that of hospitals . and their property, they would immediately find pressing Imperialism did not only reflect its evils on the reasons for not returning there. Why? Because they are immediately under its yoke, it reflected its evil Vampires - they cannot live among themselves. They countries doings on the whole system of international life to such must live among Christians and others, who do not belong an extent that it can easily be claimed that colonization to their race." is the real axis on which international policy revolved from the United States "If they are not excluded during a whole century. by Constitution within less than one hundred years, they This bitter struggle for colonies, the increasing capital will stream into this country in such numbers, that they them, and the competition for control of markets, will rule and destroy us and change our form of govern- poured high customs duties for articles imported ment for which we Americans shed our blood and in addition to into those countries by the colonizing nations, and the sacrificed our life, property and personal freedom. If the pressure brought to bear upon them in order to procure Jews are not excluded within two hundred years, our economic advantages, have caused the history of the world children will be working in the fields to feed the Jews, in blood and fire. while they remain in the counting house, GLEEFULLY to be written culminated in either local rubbing their hands." The consequences have wars, such as the English conflict with the Boers, or pacts "I warn you gentlemen, if you do not exclude the and treaties between imperialistic nations for the partition Jews forever, your children, and your children's children large areas into spheres of influence such as the pact will curse you in your graves. Their ideas are not those of England and France in 1904 by virture of which of Americans, even when they have lived among us for between, undertook to abstain from interfering with ten generations. The Leopard cannot change its spots. France England's activities in Egypt, in return for free action in The Jews are a danger to this land; if they are allowed to North Africa ; or else devastating world wars, such as enter, they will imperil institutions. They should be in 1914 and 1939. excluded by the Constitution." those In the period between the two world wars, several nations in Asia and Africa, attempted to smash the fetters of imperailism and break through the colonial siege and THE IMPERIALISM, AND UPHOLDING achieve their independence. PEOPLE'S RIGHTS FOR INDEPENDENCE Great sacrifices were borne by Egypt in the national AND SOVEREIGNTY. revolution of 1919, an by China and India in successive in spite of these sacrifices, A Report by KHALED MOHEIDDIN (of Egypt) revolts. Yet, with all this, and no decisive issue was solved during that period. Introduction However, the second world war came to an end in Since the end of the nineteenth century, European circumstances which could be considered as the beginning Capital has poured into Asia and Africa in great abund- of a completely new phase of the struggle between ance, for the exploitation of its virgin lands and mineral nationalism and imperialism . wealth ; in other words - for the acquisition of those lands. POST 'WAR CONDITIONS the Owing to the absence of adequate laws regulating The defeat of fascism was not the only result of property, the Europeans had a unique opportunity afford- second world war. A most important result was the libera- 4 tion of large areas of the world from imperialist domina- standards of living of the people, for creating national tion. Fascism was defeated, and, at the same time, the three industries, and strengthening their national capital. Far traditional empires in the pre-war period were weakened centuries, imperialism had sucked dry those people, and to a very great extent; The British Empire, The French bled them of their Rubber, Gold, Tin, Petroleum, Cotton, Empire, and The Dutch Empire. Food and Agricultural Produce. These articles were The post-war world witnessed the decline of Empires, procured at the lowest possible price, leaving the great and the liberation of great areas which before the war, majority of those nations in the throes of perpetual famine, were colonies, protectorates and the like. poverty and disease. To use the language of figures, one can say that today In Egypt, for instance, the seventy years of British the population of colonies and protectorates is 150 million occupation trebled the number of diseases affecting each in contrast to 690 million - the pre-war figure. They individual. Deaths among children reached 35 per cent, the now constitute some 6 per cent instead of 33 per cent for highest in the world. pre-war. Bilbarsia, Analeztoma and Trachoma became habitual More than three fifths of the British Empires has vernacular diseases. Egypt, prevented from building up now achieved independence . With the liberation of Indo- its industry, was for a long time, nothing more than a China, Syria, The Lebanon, Tunisia and Morocco, the British Cotton-farm, laboring for Manchester and Lan- Frenrl- Empire has shrunk considerably . With the inde- cashire. Its resources were drained completely during the pendence of Indonesia, the Dutch Empire dissappeared. war, until its sterling balances in Britain reached the Thdugh Holland still holds onto Western Irian by force unprecedented figure of 450 million pounds in conse- of arms: Furthermore, the liberation of China and India quences. was a severe blow to imperialism in the post-war world. It was only natural that economically backward At one time during the second world war, people countries which had recently won their independence and believed the principles which Roosevelt, in the name of freedom, should start to build their economy and heavy the United States of America declared in the Atlantic industry, in addition to reorganizing their social systems in Charter. Consequently, the national forces that resisted an attempt to raise the standard of living. It was also imperialism became hopeful, in the belief that the U. S. A. natural that these countries should search for internal while maintaining her interests, would still assist these and external means which would help them to attain these forces in their struggle to achieve liberation, and then aims without in any way affecting their independence cooperate with them on a peaceful and equal basis. which they have recovered at the expense of great But it did not take long for those hopes to collapse, when sacrifices and bitter struggles . it became apparent to the whole world, that the U. S. A. resorted to the same means as her imperialists allies, but NEW ASPECTS OF IMPERIALISM in a different form. Sometime through alliances, other Such, in short, are the developments which took times through assistance governed by conditions that place after the war, and which have become more apparent involved the independence and sovereignty or other every day. These circumstances are directly responsible countries. for intensifying the acute struggle taking place between Furthemore, The U. S. A: began to complete certain imperialism and the national movements all over the roles previously begun by her imperialists allies, to wold, to the extent that each national struggle for f-eedom stabilize the imperial domination over parts of this world. brings the world a step nearer the edge of a third v,orld The clearest example of this was Americas main role in war. It is clear that these struggles for freedom were creating Israel in 1948, after Britain had been paving the destined to become increasingly intensified, -on the one way since 1917. hand, and likewise, the struggle among the colonial powers, Israel emerged; only to become a spring board for the on the other, as a consequence of the decreasing areas imperialists powers to the middle East area, and a bridge available for annexation as colonies or protectorates. head for foreign domination over the whole of the Arab In pre-war days, local wars between the big colonial East. powers and national movements in any country, were This was clearly demonstrated during the aggression feasible from a practical point of view, which usually against Egypt, when Israel became the pivot of the spring ended in a victory for the colonial powers. But today the board, the gun through which discharged the bombs of struggle has become more vigorous and the idea of the two imperialist countries, Britain and France, to confining it to a local war has become an exceedingly destroy Arab Nationalist Movement and the call of Arab difficult matter: Nationalism. The local clashes between imperialism and national A fourth result, one that merged into the post-war movements which developed local and small wars, would world, was the yearning of the newly independent in all probability have led to a third world war, had not countries (until recently a colony or dependency) for public opinion 'acted promply with tact and wisdom to independent growth and development, for raising the avert such a catastrophe. 5 But these conditions and circumstances, and he ever a position at any time to utilize these two positions as a growing nationalist movements, in addition to the increase perpetual menace to the independence of both Indonesia in the falicy of the imperialistic nations in most cases, and India. made them alter their old methods of direct conquest and From the military point of view, imperialism tends to military occupation in the great majority of lands. replace direct open occupation by treaties and unequaled Nevertheless, there are still some phases of the old pacts with Governments which are independent in name colonial methods, especially in Africa, and such regions only, and which would be ready to grant the imperialistic as the Cameroons, Kenya, Goa, etc. But all these old powers the right to establish military bases, and' to use phases of imperialism are rapidly dwindling and the civil and military aerodromes, and to influence their colonialists themselves are busy searching for new methods national economy in ,a way adventageous to imperialism . which may be more acceptable to certain sections and It is clear that in these circumstances, and in view of groups of world public opinion which have not yet grasp these inadequate pacts, the last word in all political matters, tlic real essence of imperialism and its horrid evils. and in any important issues, would be that of the imperialistic Among these new imperialistic methods are the Governments, and not the so-called inde- pendent attempts of the imperialists in certain countries in Asia Governments. and Africa, which have recently recovered their inde But even these new aspects and new phases of pendence and freedom, to rely on submissive Govern- imperialism, which rely on what is called spheres of ments loyal to their policy, and which are not really influence, will, undoubtedly, sooner or later, become independent except in name and appearence. In this exposed before the nations concerned, by virture of their manner the imperialists have but replaced their old system experiences and struggles . with a new semblence of so called independence, which This had led the imperialistic nations to safeguard actually changes nothing, and in this way, imperialistic the positions of those Governments by aiding them capital continues to exploit millions of human beings in economically, but the assistance is usually subject to certain those unfortunate lands, unfairly and oppressively, im- political, military and economic conditions. posing many limitations on the sovereignty of unfortunate It is perhaps appropiate to say that imperialism, people, and marring their happiness and prosperity, in exploiting the weak position of those Governments before addition to depriving them of their national wealth, by their citizens, and the desire of many nations in the po t looting and usurping their Petrol, Rubber, and Gold. war period, to reconstruct their national economy and This unlawful practice is still pursued by imperialistic raise their standard of living, has offered economic assis- Governments and their satelites, in the form of trading tance that, in reality, is nothing more than another form companies. The standard of living has been reduced to of imperialism . what it use to be in the past. Basically, imperialism aims, through offering this It is therefore of paramount danger to minimize the economic assistance, at bolstering the position of those diabolical activity of imperialism, even after its colonies nominally independent Governments, so as to make them have shrunk to a lesser measure, because in realty, impe more dependent on it, in the belief that political dependence rialism still dominates many countries financially, econo- invariably follows in the footsteps of economic dependence. mically, militarily and politically, though they may have At the same time, imperialism refuses to have its the appearence of independent status. economic assistance used as a means of industrializing the Even in other countries which are actually free and countries to which it is offered, or to permit them to independent, we find imperialism still dominating certain establish factories for heavy machinery, because there is centres and important key positions in order to be able nothing imperialism fears more than the industrialization to return through the back door and compel the national of those countries. movement to retrace its steps. Therefore, it is always to the advantage of the When Egypt nationalized the Suez-Canal Company, imperialistic powers that these countries remain spheres she was an independent country not only in name, but in of influence and markets for their products in which they actual fact, but this did not prevent imperialism from invest their capital, and a fertile field from which to steal considering this Company as an important key position whatever there is in the way of raw materials. which could always be used as a pretext for returning In fact, the offers of economic assistance mentioned to Egypt at the appropiate moment. in the Eisenhower doctrine, are of the kind we have just Consequently, the nationalization of the Suez-Canal alluded to, for the doctrine makes it conditional that the Company was a crushing blow which brought to a close Governments in the Middle East to which assistance is the sweet dreams of robbing Egypt once more of her extended, shall fall in line with the interests of the United independence . Again we find Dutch imperialism still States, regardless of the particular interests of these dominating Western Irian by sheer force of arms. Governments, and the national aims of their countries. Similarly we find Portugal still extending its sov- It is incumbent on those Governments accepting ereignty over Goa, in the hope that imperialism will be in American Assistance, to fall in line with the American 6

principles, and execute their orders, to oppose every phase all.. uialism -appearad on the scene after the attempt at the national industrialization of thier own recent defeats suffered by Britain and France in the countries in the Middle East. Middle East, an area which use to be in the orbit of these The funds offered are limited to projects of secondary two powers. importance, or to agricultural developmment, in order to This new phase is depicted in the Eisenhower doctrine, implement the economic deficiencies in imperialistic which shows the trend of American Imperialism, to fill countries. the vacum created by the ousting of Britain and France . So much,for the economic aid. On the other hand, the Eisenhower's doctrine is simply an -offer to the States of Colonialists try legally to justify their atrocities under the this area, to attach themselves to a military and political cloak of regional military pacts, in the belief that this will alliance, in return for insignificant and worthless aid. shorten the way to the goal of exploitation. This doctrine is an open invitation from America, to these For evidence, there are the Bagdad, pact,, which Governments, to surrender their independence to Washing- envisage colonialist domination over the Middle East. And ton, and to rank among the American Satelites. the Manila pact which drives at the domination of the Of course this is an obvious attempt to crush Arab Far East. Unity, when some States accept the doctrine, and others The Colonialists allege that the Bagdad pact is a rejects it. Thus Arab unity, which vias manifested during regional defensive pact, embracing the countries of the the treacherous attack on Port Said, is disrupted, the 2vliddle East; in fact only one Arab country has joined Eisenhower doctrine was applied to Jordan and the results this pact, Iraq ; neither Syria, Egypt, The Lebanon, Saud was the overthrow of the national government in Amman, Arabia, nor any other Arab country has joined it. nd the return to power of all the agents or stooges of the Moreover, this pact includes big powers, far remote colonialists . When Egypt and'Syria rejected this doctrine, from this area, such as Britain and the United States of they were subjected to continuous American pressure, America. Can therefore, any sensible man believe that it is provocations, and economic blockade ; their sole crime was a regional pact? The same applies to the Manilla pact which their firm rejection of the Eisenhower doctrine. does not include China, India, Indonesia, Ceylon, etc. It is obvious that acceptance of the Eisenhower doctrine Yet, some allege that it is an Asiatic pact. Nor can signifies abandoning the policy of positive neutrality, peace- it be claimed that these pacts are purely defensive Organ- ful co-existc_rce, and the defence of world peace, namely,. izations. In fact SEATO. supported Portugal in Goa; abandoning the principles of Bandung, and this applies in and we cannot ignore the fact that Britain and America, affect, to all of the Governments who have accepted' the virtually Members of the Bagdad pact, are leaders . of doctrine against the will of their people. Lastly, it is our NATO. Also these two countries with France, made. the duty to allude, in enumerating the different aspects of notorious tripartite declaration of 1950, the gist of which post-war colonialism, to the followering fact, when the is that these three powers have decided to perpetuate their colonialists manoeuvres failed to accomplish the above unlimited domination of . the Middle East, completely mentioned phase, namely, military alliances and conditional ignoring the desiderata .of the countries of this area. .ids, and unequaled treaties, they - in hysteria, resorted Moreover, we, cannot overlook the fact that the to direct attack on the newly born independent states. Bagdad pact intervenes officially in the policies of the What happened in Port Said, will never be forgotten. And Middle East, through its so-called Anti-Subversive what threatened Syria not so long ago, is conclusive evi- Activities Committee ; it also established a secret broad- dence of their folly and their crimes against the people. casting station, which , in fact counteract nationalistic Egypt's sin, was her rejection of the Bagdad pact, movements .' and her insistanco on Arab collective security, her ad- In effect, , these pacts constitute . another. phase of herence to Arab nationalism, her impartiality, her uphold, colonialism. Through these pacts the colonialists prepare ing of the policy of positive neutrality and peaceful for war, and at the same time, try to recover their co-existance, and her nationalization of the Egyptian Suez domination of the area, .crush the rising nationalism, and Canal Company. play off the small nations against each other, in pursuance Syria's crime, was her adoption of the policy of of. the well known political principle of divide and rule, positive neutrality and peaceful co-existance, and the and to isolate, the countries which uphold the policies of rejection of the Eisenhower doctrine. neutrality. The p--esent policy of the colonialists, ranges between It has' been proved that the military bases of the invasion fr--m' outside, when they are lay.-'tetical, _ 'and Bagdad pacts were used during the tripartite aggression invasion from inside through internal intrigues and con against Egypt,, that France, also uses NATO arms, and that spiracies to oust nationalist governments; and 'economic SEATO has on several occasions adopted a hostile at itude pressures and blockades, for in the present internal situa- towards India. tion, which is unfavorable to it, imperialism is seeking All. this testifies to the undoubted danger,,'of these 'desperately for a solution of the crisis -of colonialism and pacts. Acceptance of such pacts means subordination of fo- ways of penetrating into the independent countries the national economy to the ,.principle of war. They are of Asia and Africa, through the back doors Or through also used as weapons in the present co'd war. But a new the front dod-, if 'the back door should 'prove difficult. 7 IMPERIALISM : IN "THE-THROES pressure and - internal conspiracies, these countries put up OF DEATH an effective resistance. This assures us once more, that the area of imperialistic victories -has gone forever; that the Nevertheless, the most important factor, character- era of the independence of small peoples and their right izing the world situation today, is that imperialism is in to enjoy social and national prosperity, has begun. the throes of death. It is speedily declining under the This is the- lesson we must bear in mind. But this in successive and blows of the national risings in the world, fact, is not sifficient, as past bitter experiences tells us, of liberated countries. The national movements have been when imperialism is dying, it may commit lots of stupidi fortified, and strengthened in Asia Africa. and ties, or in a moment of folly, may throw humanity into People's well as in faith in victory has increased, as the furnace of a world war. their power to defend the independence achieved, or to be Said experience, as achieved! - if they were still struggling for it. It is quite certain that the Port the brink of The defeats which befelled imperialism in Indonesia, well as that of Syria, brought us almost to from this Algeria, Port Said and Syria, are conspicuous examples a third world war. Humanity was saved through the cooperation of the full of the end of imperialist victories. deplorable end, only people, and their firm 'decision All this is due to the solidarity and cooperation power of the peace loving must always remember that realized for the first time,on such a large . scale between in the matter. Therefore, we liberation forces confront- the Afro-Asian peoples. There is no doubt that the imperialism's estimation of the . And when Bandung conference was, in reality, decisive proof of the ing it, is not necessarily the correct estimation defective, it will not hesitate to commit extent of the power and solidarity attained by the its estimation is important to assert that every National Movements in Asia and in Africa. the g-eatest folly. It is also join forces in opposing Our present conference is further proof of the peace time Asia and Africa decide to more to carry out and freedom-loving people's will, to defend collectively imperialism, the latter tends more and mean the their independence against imperialistic attacks on one its schemes by internal conquest. By that we with which foreign countries find front only, not on various scattered fronts. internal conspiracies This is what the imperialists This new line of national struggle is far superior to it difficult to interfere. Therefore, it is imperative that we all the other types hitherto known to national movements attempted in Syria. direct external attacks, but in pre-war. It was clearly expressed during the tripartite prepare not only to confront believe that the most tyrannical aggression against Egypt. There is no doubt internal invasion as well. And we national unity in that the international imperialism cannot ignore this new effective way of doing this lies in our traitors and fact. each country, and immediate action against America has exerted great efforts in order to dominate foreign agents. the Middle East area, after' England and France failed to Afro-Asian nations have lived for centuries, under preserve this domination unaided in that area, which has the shadow of imperialism, during which time their become the centre of the national struggle against impe- economic structures have been destroyed, and their wealth rHism. But d!-spite the United States tremendous strength, of Petroleum, Cotton, Rubber, Tin and Gold, drained. it has failed in most cases ; it is imperative to discuss here Imperialism has continually attempted to repress national the reasons for these facts. culture in those lands, and to create a barrier between The union of Arab nationalism, struggling against its nationals and their historical civilizations, so that they imperialism, is a new factor of the utmost importance, in should always be a prey to ignorance, famine, and order to defeat the imperialists plotting. By Arab national diseases, which would make it impossible for them to prevented ism, is meant the unifying interets of all Arab countries resist the invaders. Then imperialism has always in procuring freedom. investment of capital on the part of nationals, in order It is a unity based on a common heritage, history to retard industrial or economic prosperity. In the days and aspirations, as well as on economic circumstances, t-efore the second world war. these nations tried ~v every together with the desire to create one independent Arab possible means, to achieve their independence, and made community, living in prosperity and peace. 'pectacular sacrifices to this end. but in most cases, . Today There is also the superior type of world national imperialism came out of these conflicts victorious movement which we agreed today to call the Afro-Asian however, things are different, and imperialism has be- Solidarity. This may explain the failure of half a million come the weak and enfeebled side in the balance of world French Soldiers to crush the Algerian national movement powers. forward to a during the last three years. This may also explain the It is therefore our privilege, to look and failure of France, England and Israel, with the full filture world where peace will reign unchallen-ed, . strength of their land, air and sea forces, to attain their where prosperity and liberty will be the dominant factors aim of invading Egypt, and to bring about the downfall The realization of this project has become. today, an is within our of Egypt's National Government. And even when historical resnonsibility and duty which it imperialism resorted later in Egypt and Syria, to various power to di-charge. military provocations and economic blockades, political --by KAHLED MOIIEIDDI`I. (Egypt) 8 THE ALGERIAN - PROBLEM Gentlemen : We will not was:e .your time, which xve- k.iow to be precious, in mentioning the relation of Algeria Report - by Aiah Hasan (of Alperia) . with other European countries, allow me only to add Mr. Chairman : Honorable Delegates: that Algeria -signed numerous treaties wish England, Spar, ., . Ladies and Gentlemen Holland, Denmark and Portugal. But the most remarkal lc cf Algeria's relations before .1830, were certainly and by In 1S15, the European States met in Berlin, to divide far, Franco-Algerian-Diplomatic relations between 1619 the world among themselves. At that time, most of the and 1830, the date of the :French conquest of Algeria . people who had once known great civilizations, and who France had signed 57 .friendship and alliance treaties wiih possessed natural resources, and formed important the Algerian Government. But it, pretends now;' that markets, were under the yoke of imperialism . But nations Algeria is an integral part of France. do not die with the same simplicity that individuals die. Thus we now find them waking up one after the other, France recognized 57 times, through the signing of from their long sleep, to lead heroic battles, gaining the these treaties, the independence and sovereignty of Algeria. right to build from the beginning, and also the right to Francis I saught in accordance with these treaties, in the live free and independent . 16th. Century, the help of the Algerian-Fleet to defend Consequently, liberation has started to succeed the the coast of Providence against Spain and Charles V. It long night of imperialism . This beginning has not ended was in accordance with these alliances that in the late yet, because there are other nations still suffering under 16th. Century, Henry IV., King of France, asked the imperialism . Some of them have launched their liberation Algerians to help him liberate Marseille from the struggle. There is not however, a single person who does Spaniards. Also in 1797 during the French revolution, the not know that the Algerian people have been struggling Algerian Government was the only Government able to for more than three years, against imperialism . The break the blocade, and supply France with wheat and Algerians know very well that the Afro-Asian peoples money. The Algerian Government acted in that way, not stand by their side in their struggle ; that is why we are only in respect of friendship and alliances, but mostly attending this withering, which is known as the Bandung' because it estimated that the principles guiding the 1789 Voc. At its historic conference in April 1955, this bloc French Revolution, had been hers for a long time. The proved its effective solidarity with the peoples struggling Algerian Government did so as well because the essential for their independence. The Algerians have derived MGTTO, the sure guide of its international life, was the the Dey strength from this solidarity. They continue in their natural right, "The Law of Nations", to quote powerful resistance, led by the National Liberation Front, Omar, King of Algeria, in a letter adressed to President against an enemy stronger than they are, against an Madison of the U. S. A. on April 2, 1816. enemy that would not hesitate to exterminate a whole Thus, France benifited several times from the collabo- during nation for the sake of preserving imperialist domination. ration of our Fleet, and of our financial aid, even Today, after three years of struggle, we find that the the 1789 Revolution. To these gestures of international imperialist camp is - backing France in its colonial re- generosity, France answered by invasion. It is significant conquest. Algerians are no longer fighting France alone, no to note that France started its colonial expedition against matter how powerful it may be, they are fighting against Algeria, at a time when it owed the latter several millions by France the whole imperialistic bloc. Therefore,' in order to stop of gold francs. The colonial invasion started mankind. th;s re-colonization which may mean the extermination was one of the bloodiest known in the history of of Algerians, it is imperative that the anti-imperialist bloc The French Armies,spared neither the Algerians nor their should stand together, to use all its strength to serve the property. Today, 127 years later, the Algerian .people are Algerian cause. Thus, instead of seeking revenge, im- exposed on a larger scale to the atrocities which France perialism will be obliged to bend before the freedom wave inflicted upon them in 1830. of which is embracing the whole world. Algerians will then Speedy executions, wholesale massacres, scorching ioin the free nations of the world, and occupy the seat, entires zones, fires; such were the exploits of the French empty since 1830. Army in 1830 ; French historians, and French Officers Until 1830, Algeria was a sovereign state, with who took part in the conquest, have described its ghostly extermination, clearly marked boundaries, and a' national and inter- scenes. In 1833 in the midst of the war of Committee, nati,)pal life, which had long been recognized by a la-'e the French Government assigned an entire the number of countries. Moreover, Algeria has been for which it did not call "The' Committee of Safeguarding centuries, an effective Mediterranean power, situated in rights and liberties . of individuals," but the "African the heart of North Africa. It constituted, together with Committee ." The Committee reported on a. three month and concluded the Arab world, a homogeneous entity: It always maintain, period, from September. to November 1833, in acts of ed friendly and fruitful relations with the -rest of the its report by saying, "We have surpassed world, as well as diplomatic and trade relations with the barbarism, the barbarians we came to civilize." the Algerian neighbouring Mediteranean States, and often with farther For 127 years, France imposed upon administration. For ones, such as the United States of America. people, its presence, its laws, and its 127 years, the Algerian people rejected everything French. In 1871, every Algerian disposed yearly of 5 quintals They remained themselves. They opposed the occupation. of cerial, in 1901, of 4 quintals, in 1940, of two quitals, They refused assimilation, integration, or any other and in 1955 of still much less. The disappearance of formular tending to rid them of their personality. Their communal land, the division . into, indivisual sections, led loyalty to their country is ever alive. They never admitted to the disappearance of lands necessary for breeding defeat. Neither the massacres or the invasion, between tattles. Before 1914, Algeria had 9 million heads of 1830 and 1847, nor the repraisals of 1864 to 1871 could cattle, in 1950, there remain only 4 million. strangle the national feelings of the Algerian people. Half a million hectares of the best land, was Poverty, racial discrimination, humiliations ; irony failed designated for wine cultivation. Not only was this land where terrorism death also failed. France's desire to and taken away from the Algerians, but, instead o~ cultivating to expand in order to exploit other people's wealth, and it with wheat, an essential nutritional product, it is increase its own wealth, was the cause for the colonization planted with vines. of Algeria. General Bugeaud, intended to transform Gentlemen, as you know, the Algerian does not drink. Algeria into a settlement colony. He had promised large The third clause of the settlers system in Algeria, is domains to the Soldiers who agreed to remain, or to more awful still, because, if the first two clauses transform- settle in Algeria. He wanted a European population, equal ed the Algerian into slaves - on their own land, the third were, according or superior to the local population, who prohibits any work for them, however badly paid it is. to him, to be pushed into the desert. Later they tried to As a matter of fact, centralizing all of the land in the send to Algeria, the poorest peasants of France and hands of the French settlers, means mechanization of Europe. for them in the vicinity of Villages were built agriculture. This mechanization increases the crop of these large Oran. The towns, such as Algeria, Constantine, and settlers, and allow French Industry to sell its tractors colonial system was to give European settlers in Algeria, and machines. the possibility to monopolize trade, natural resources, and Therefore, the mass of cheap labour which the cheap labour, for their own benefit, and for the benefit Algerian people have come to be, is often rendered useless. of the imperialistic capitalism. French This phenomenon would be less serious. if the mass of of Algeria. Theft Its primary aim was the occupation unemployed people could be used by industry, and if of the land was systematically organized in order to the hundreds of land workers replaced by the tractor and distribute it to French settlers. The French took advantage by the harvesting machine, could be used in manufacturing of this opportunity. As a second step, since the Algerian these machines. Social Organization was essentially tribal, hence property None of this happens, as the major aim of French is in common. It was decided to apply the French Civil imperialism, it i? the total prohibition of any industry in Code where property was codified and indivisual, the Algeria. What happens to the Algerian people, v-h-)m the result was the followering . imperialistic system denies even the right to work? What In 1850, the settlers land amounted to 100,000 becomes of the man who, in his own country, on his own hectares. In 1900, it rose to 600,000. In 1952 it was 2 land, has the sole right to die of hunger. million 700,000 hectares. But the process does not stop there. It goes on Mbreover, 11 million hectares were simply confiscated relentlessly. This mass of superflous hand workers, the by the French State, to form "The Domion Lands." Only unwanted, who have lost everything, and whose only 7 million hectares remained to the Algerians ; 3/4 of which wrong is to exist, are forced to leave everything, to leave unfit for cultivation. are wives and children, to leave their homes and country, in Thus, in one century, they had been deprived of order to search elsewhere, for what they cannct find at 2/s of their country. Moreover, in rendering French, in home. Emigrating to France, they find jobs, the hardest, dividing the land that was owned -by the Algerians, in the worse paid, those refused by Europeans. Since 1955, the collective property into private, all the transforming they have not been allowed to return to their homcS. classes of the Algerian scciety were systematically broken, They are daily cornered, arrested, packed into prisons, without any power or will to replace them. Most of the tortured, and very often transported to Algiers, where population \vas thus transformed into a numerous semi- they are executed. proletariat, to such an extent that one could rightly say with confiscating the property of the in 1950, that Algerians worked cn the same land as in Not satisfied confiscated their language, and even 183'0, they had since become slaves of it . The second Algerians, the French their religion. Arabic is regarded as 'a foreign language clause imposed by the setting ,up of colonization was none Religion is ruled by the the less tragic. The French settler had to export, to enable in Algeria, and the Moslem AuthorNes. him to pay for his imports. His production was directed French enough not towards the needs of the Algerians-who were «illingly Hence, the working of the settlement system is satrified, but towards the needs of the French people in to lead indubitably, to the destruction of the Algerian thought that they Algeria, and in France. That is why wheat, which was people. For a long, time, the Algerians methods. of 'he constituted the essential nutritional element of the could . convince France thro , wh peaceful thought that Algerian, has 17ccome rare, since the conquest. necessity to end the colonial pact. They 10 reduce the National Liberation the second world war had knelled the death of oppression inhabitants. They hoped to defeats, the determination and and slavery. That henceforth, the world would be ruled by Army by hunger. Repeated other areas, convinced them the noble principles of freedom, peace, and fraternity, extension of the struggle to with a regional promulgated in world proclamations and charters. that this time they had to deal, not On May 8, 1945, the Algerians, like all the other movement, but with the entire people. peoples, were ready to celebrate gladly the victory of Changing their tactics, they resorted to wholesale freedom over oppression, the victory to which they had massacres. Thus, the French started a real war, using contributed, and which they believed to be theirs as well. modern means of destruction. For three years, France has France answered by an odious repression. 45,000 dead. been brutal and methodical, commiting a genocide in front This, Gentlemen, is what May 8, 1945, means to the of a world calling itself civilized, and which has decided Algerians. that it would never allow such crimes against humanity. Not yet despairing of peaceful struggle, the Algerians We say before the whole world, because France brazenly proclaimed, for so many years, there will be freedom publishes and distributes its materials, all over the glob--. through the "Legal" channels imperialism allowed them. The world Press publishes the statements of the French. The only answer was prison, torture, murder, and exile. They announce officially every week, to a silent world, the Having no alternative, they were forced to rcbcll shooting of hundreds of Algerians, since with tanks, against oppression. The rebellion began on the first of artillery, warships, and aircraft, it is easy to kill on a large November 1954. War has raged ever since in Algeria. scale, without any danger. Thus France is bent on extermi- The noise of bombs and machine guns at dawn, on nating the Algerian people. November 1, 1954, announced to Algeria that the time for For over three years, war has raged in Algeria. The struggle had come. target of the French troops is the defenseless civil popula- Answering the appeal of the National Liberation tion. No area is spared. Towns and villages suffered the Front, asking for national independence, the whole same fate. Algeria today represents an attempt at whole- Algerian people formed groups, headed by the fighting sale, odious genocide ; it is not a question of an area, a units, for this reason, and in order to offer a united front community, a town, or a village. It is not a question of a before a remorseless enemy, all Algerian parties decided to military life where an army is practicing what would be dissolve and join the National Liberation Front. People named an extremist war. Nor is it a question of a number were elected, employees resigned en masse. Cooperators of days stigmatized with blood. It is Algeria, the whole of left the French Administration, which therefore, lost Algeria, which is under blood and fire. France does not dis- contact with the people, and found itself in a total tinguish between property, and the Algerians themselves. political vacuum. The French Authorities clashed with a Burning, theft, and destruction combined with murder united people, as the Algerian Revolution was neither and torture. No distinction is made between people, men, the work, nor the monolopy, of one party, or of one women and children as well as the aged, are mixed in the social class; it was the deed of all Algerians, Peasants, same bath of blood. Workers, Intellectuals, Women and Children. Every day sees the fury of the war-criminals increas- All made heroic sacrifices, all fought with an equal ing. From these facts, derive the proof that Algeria from disregard of danger, all were animated by an unshakable Mediterranean to the Sahara Desert; from the Tunisian to faith in a just cause ; they are fighting daily against an the Moroccan border, is exposed to the Golgotha imposed enemy whose power they know well. Owing to this upon them by 800,000 French Soldiers and Police. First of ma"ority, and to the sacrifices, the Algerian people are all there is the going ahead with genocide, as proved by striking hard at French imperialism, and have an efficient the last war. military organism in the National Liberation Army, at The concentration system in Algeria ranks as an insti- first formed of 3,0010 men, badly armed, and insufficiently tution. Concentration Camps are scattered all over equipped, it now has over 100,00'0 fighting men. Algeria, to which contingents of Algerians are deported Besides its excellent military technique, and its daily. Selection camps are set up everywhere, where improved equipment and armament, most often taken from civilians are packed, before being deported to their camps. the enemy on the battlefield, it constitutes today, a regular Some 100,000 Algerians are pining in these camps, the big- army. Its Soldiers wear uniforms, its ranks are reinforced, gest of which are situated near Berrouaghia, Lodi, Aflon, it is well organized all over the country. The political Bossuet, M'silla, Paul Cazelles, St. Leu. The whereabouts commissars are in close collaboration with the Officers, of 171 camps are known, not counting those which are maintaining on a high level the ideals of the masses, as kept secret. well as organizing, advising, and guiding them through We have mentioned the concentration system, but it the difficulties of every day life. The moment part of has long been surpassed. Imprisonment and deportation the national territory is liberated, the National Liberation have, unfortunately become secondary events in Algeria. Front establishes efficient administrative organization. The French Army is engaged in wholesale murder. It kills When the liberation movement started, the French and slaughter according to a brutal preconceived plan. troops surrounded the areas called "Contaminated by In order to achieve its schemes, and in order to exter- Rebellion", and started the forced displacement of the minate the Algerian people, France has made Algeria into

an iron cage. It has tried to isolate Algeria from the rest and in the vicinity, in order to terrorize the Moslem. of the world. At a Press Conference in Tunis, an Algerian Cadi For hundred's of kilometres, networks of barbed wire described the atrocities of the French, in Algiers, and the and electric power installations have been set along the shameful violation scenes _in the Moslem sectors. Men are Algerian, Tunisian, and Algerian-Moroccan borders . In, killed in their beds. Women violated, and abdomen slit. side--Algeria, towns are isolated from the countryside. The No French denials contradicted that testimonial. On the latter iis ;dotted with military posts, thus enabling the contrary, we find in French publications, undeniable of French troops to keep the population at their :mercy, and the French genocide in Algeria. to rag them. Besides besieging the whole tterritory, ;large "On March 28, 1956", writes a Soldier, quoted in cities are ;closed. No one can go in or out without autho- the Book "Against Torture", "32 men were executed at rizatioa ,from the French forces. Citizens,are continuously Donar-onled Bechiar, after having been tortured and subjedtied to the atrocities and crimes of the French Army. ,disfigured." "Another Day" said another French Soldier, Even the possibility to flee, ;is denied them. in the book "Recalled Soldiers Testify", "21 were shot, In the towns, the quarters inhabitated by Algerians among them, women and children." "Near Batna", writes 'are surrounded by a network of barbed wire, thus trans- another Soldier, "14 Algerians were shot". "Near Tebessa, forming them into huge concentration (camps. In Algeria, my comrades emptied their guns on the civilian population Oran, Bone, Constantine, Tlemsen, :anal =Blida. The "Bidon in the Moorish . Coffee Houses, and threw grenades into Villes", these peculiar ghettos where Algerians are herded houses." "At Constantine, some descended on the Arab by misery and colonial exploitation, are actually death quarters, and near Biskra as well, towards the end of centers. ,July." The ;laalance sheet for this last operation, as given Only three months ago, the French blew up several by the French Soldier, amounted to 26 or 30 civilians "Buildings of the Casbah of Algeria." 'Not contented with dead, and four wounded. inciting it soldiers to reprisals and "clearing", actions In the countryside, the scenes are no less odious., against civilians; France has even instituted "prohibited Military strategy used a new extermination method, which areas" in Algeria. 'These areas are situated along the had been practiced by the French in Indo-China. "Wood Tunisian and Moroccan borders, and 'here and there, Picking" channelled towards a systematic massacre of inside the country. Human life is banned from these areas. imprisoned :suspects is well known. French troops axe ,ordered to shoot -at sight every 'human French Soldiers takes groups of from 10 to 20 pris- being. This then is the ring within which France is going ,oners into the field and kill them in cold blood. Aircraft ahead with its genocide. Inside this ring where every help the ground troops in the extermination. A Soldier, in Algerian is a prisoner, a hostage in his own country, in a 'letter to the French Press in April 1957 says that 'his town, in his sector, in his house. The French army "Planes has orders to open fire on any moving thing. practices -`its ;crimes and its atrocities. 12 million Algerians Aeroplanes, 'he added, machinegunned throughout the await the death, that has already befallen over 500,000 of ernoon." He went on to say that "After they had of them. In this way, 800,000 French soldiers has flee gone, the valley was like a cemetery. You couldn't step whole population at its mercy. anywhere without finding a corpse." "No prisoner," In handing over all Algeria to its Army as a 'huge (concluded this French Soldier) "They were killed on the tre area, France `has set up the conditions to adhieve `its spot." genocide. For three years, the genocide has been expressed While the infantry killed, and the fighter planes in various forms. Instantaneous executions, torture, house m-hinegu-ned, the bombing of houses and villages and village destruction, robbery and organized starvation. ,continued. All the engines o£ war tanks and planes design them 1,"" F-----I, Thousands of statements, some of ed for use against an armed enemy, are used as destructive of soldiers, tells the genocide. Books written `by --Frenchmen engines against the Algerian people. anad published in France, such as, "Recalled Soldier TPGtifv," The Tean Muller Case, "Against Torture," by A Priest, an Officer in the French Army, whose log book was published in the book "Against Torture" - Henri Simn," Lieutenant in Algeria, by Schreber, etc." testified, "The occupation troops often demolished sys describes the genocide and the multitude of c°imps that tematically careless the residents who burned with make it. There is no area or town in Algeria, but has its of their dwellings." Villages totally share of murdered hostages. Everywhere, collective mur- are destroyed, "writes ders take place at diabolicil speed. Groups of men and another Soldier." "The lieutenant ordered the destruction of three villages," testified another. "Elsewhere, numerous women, young and old, fall under the French bullets. villages were erased," adds another Soldier. This is what In February of March 1951, -French Parachutists makes the Priest of the French Army, quoted above say, slaughtered 7,000 young people of the Sahel and Algerian along railways, you can the Communities. A runaway from the torture camps. related "All the see farms which our machine guns set afire." The barbarism and sadism of trn in the News Paper "El Moudiahid" of the N.S.F. how for French are limitless.''While executions without trial, and weeks, French Soldiers and Policemen, tortured young mass destruction takes place, thousands men prisoners, then they had them executed, and more often, of and women slaughtered . Later they threw the corpse along the roads, Continued on page 17 1 2 INVENTIONS BY BLACKS 1. W. Hawkkis--Washington, D.C. 11. 1802-1872-Robert Benjamin Lewis. . Designed an auto seat garment known as the col- Invented an Okum picking machine legiated rumble cafe for persons using the rumble 12. Grantville T. Wood and Lyatt. (Brother) . seat in an automobile. Electronic genuses of their time. They contributed to the transmitting of electrical messages between 2. G. M. Petty-Wilkesboro, N. C. moving trains. Invented a combination overall and jumper with pulling drop seat and tabs to keep the coat from Isaac Myers. away from the trouser parts. Great pioneer, industralist and labor organizer. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, January 12, 1835. At Turner-Hopkinsville, Kentucky. 3.E. L. 30 years of age was a mechanic and ship builder. In belt-vest-suspender, the feature of Invented a 1865 astrike was led agailnst Blacks working as long- the slits in the vest, as which is that it goes through shoraman in the shipyard, by a white man named well as through straps on the trousers. Joseph Edwards. To settle the strike Myers organ- ized the Blacks. By his efforts he raised ten thou- C. 4. F. A. Beamis--Washington, D. sand dollars. Employing 300 mechanics, all black Invented razor blade holder, in which use is men, his first contract was a government one, of made safety razor blades as knives and for other fifty thousand dollars. In five years the debt was purposes. paid.

5. E. Contrell-Norton, Virginia. 14. S. W. James-Chicago, Ill. Invented a model garment hanger to keep clothes Invented a numer of table and banquet silver and properly hunged and unwrinkled. servibe devices.

6. J. B. Woolfolk-Philadelphia, Penna. 15. W. S. Gordon-Philadelphia, Penna. Invented an automatic shoe shinner, capable of Invented a folding berth ladder for Pullman sleep- quickly dusting and polishing the shoes of a patron. ers. The special feature of which is that it can be at- tached to each berth with the assistance of porter. 7 . H. Jackson-Harrisburg, Penna. A Salute: Invented a burglar trap works; The bandit steps up to the window with a stick-em-up command; The bank teller steps back and presses a button beneath his foot-this springs the trap, and the burgular finds himself in a cage. He cannot shoot his way out, be- IF WE MUST DIE bullet-proof-glass . cause the cage is lined with By Claude McKay

8. F. D. Crichton-Lynchburg, Virginia. If we must die, let it not be like hogs which automatically re- Invented a flag-holder Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot, leases and re adjusts the flag when it becomes wrap- While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs, ped or entangeld around the flagpole. Making their mock at our accursed lot. If we must die. O let us nobly die, 9. E. D. McBryers-Balers, Oklahoma. So that our precious blood may not be shed Invented a pecan thrasher, which thrashes and In vain; then even the monsters we defy separates the nuts at the same time. Shall be constrained to honor us though dead! O kinsmen! we must meet the common foe! 10. E. F. Johnson-New York City, N. Y. Though for outnumbered let us show us brave, Invented a window ventilator designed to provide And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow! the necessary ventilation, and to act as an air filter What though before us lies the open grave? for removing dust and dirt from the air entering Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack, through the device. Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!

AFRICAN FUNDA04ENTALISM CHE TIME has come for the Blackman to forget and ago; without the advantage of what is buried and still hidden, to be resurrected and reintroduced by the intelli- cast behind him his hero worship and adoration of other gence of our generation and our posterity. Why should races, and to start out immediately to create and emulate we be discouraged because somebody laughs at us today? heroes of his own. We must canonize our own martyrs Who can tell what tomorrow will bring forth? Did they and elevate to positions of fame and honor Black men not laugh at Moses, Christ and Mohammed? Was there women who have made their distinct contributions and not a CARTHAGE, GREECE and ROME? We see racial history. Sojourner Truth is worthy of to our and have changes everyday; so plan, work, be steadfast alongside of Joan of Arc. Crispus Attuck and sainthood and do not be dismayed. As the Jew is held together William Gordon are entitled to the halo of George by his religion, the white races by the assumption and with no less glory than that of the martyrs martyrdom the unwritten law of superiority, and the Mongolian by other race. Jacques Deselines' and Moshesh's of any the precious tie of blood; so likewise the Blackman must as soldiers and statesmen outshone that of a brilliancy be UNITED in one grand RACIAL HIERARCHY. Our Napoleon, or Washington: hence they are Cromwell, union must know no clime, boundary or nationality. entitled to the highest place as heroes among men. Africa has produced countless numbers of men and BLACK MEN THE WORLD OVER MUST women, in war and in peace, whose lustre and bravery PRACTICE ONE FAITH, THAT OF CONFIDENCE outshines that of any other people. Then why not see IN THEMSELVES, WITH : ONE CAUSE! ONE good and perfection in ourselves? We must inspire GOAL! ONE DESTINY! a literature and promulgate a doctrine of our own with- Let no religious scruples, no political machination out any apologies to the powers that be. The right is divide us, but let us hold together under all climes and the Blackman's and Africa's. Let contrary sentiments in every country; making among ourselves a RACIAL and cross opinions go to the winds. Oppositions to EMPIRE upon which, "The Sun shall never set." Race Independence is the weapon of the enemy to defeat Let no voice but your own speak to you from the the hopes of an unfortunate people. We are entitled to depths; let no influence but your own rouse you in time our own opinions and not obligated to or bound by the of peace and time of war. Hear all but attend only to opinions of others. that which concerns you, your allegiance shall be to If others laugh at you return the laughter to them: if your Race, then to your family and your Country. Re- they mimic you return the compliment with equal force. member always that the Jew in his political and economic They have no more right to dishonor, disrespect and urge is always first a Jew, the white is first a white man disregard your feelings and manhood than you have in under all circumstances, and you can do no less than dealing with them. Honor them when they honor you; being first and always a Blackman; then all else will disregard them when they vilely treat you. Their arro- take care of itself. Let no one innoculate you with evil gance is but skin deep and an assumption that has no doctrines to suit their conveniences . There's no human- foundation in morals or in Law. ity before that which starts with yourself, "CHARITY They have sprung from the same family tree of BEGINS AT HOME." First to thyself be true and obscurity as we have; their history is as rude in its thou canst not then be false to any man. primitiveness as ours, their ancestors ran wild and naked, NATURE first made us what we are and then out lived in caves and in branches of trees like monkeys as of our own creative genius we make ourselves what we ours; they made sacrifices, ate the flesh of their own want to be. Follow always that great law. Let the dead and the raw meat of wild beast for centuries even SKY be your limit, and Eternity our Measurement. as they accuse us of doing. Their cannibalism was There's no height to which we cannot climb by using more prolonged than ours; when we were embracing the active intelligence of our own mind. Mind creates, the Arts and Sciences on the banks of the Nile, their and as much as we desire in NATURE, we can have ancestors were still drinking human blood and eating through the creation of our own minds. Being at out of the skulls of their conquered dead. When our present the scientifically weaker Race, you shall treat civilization had reached the noon--day of progress, they others only as they treat you, but in your homes and were still running naked and sleeping in holes and caves everywhere possible you must teach the higher develop- with rats, bats, and other insects and animals. After we ment of science to your children; and be sure to develop had already unfathomed the mystery of the Stars and a RACE of SCIENTISTS par excellence for in Science reduced the Heavenly Constellations to minute and reg- and NATIONALISM lie our only hope to withstand ular calculus they were still backwoodsmen, living in the evil designs of modern materialism. Never forget ignorance and blatant darkness. your Cause. REMEMBER! We live, work and plan The world today is indebted to us for the benefits for the establishment of a great and binding RACIAL of civilization. They stole our Arts and Sciences from HIERARCHY, the founding of a RACIAL EMPIRE Africa. Then why should we be ashamed of ourselves? whose only natural, spiritual and political limits shall Their modern improvements are but duplicates of a be:- LIBERTY FOR AFRICANS, AT HOME AND grander civilization that we reflected thousands of years ABROAD. Marcus Garvey 14

BUT BLACKI BUY F LACKI WHfli lll[ KHOW!! THE AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT advocates the uniting of all people . of the African ethnic group into one, healthy, vigorous Black Race. We are against miscegenation or race suicide. We are against rich Blacks marrying poor whites. We believe -in the purity of the Black Race, and the purity of all other races. We are against the white race or any race taking advantage of Black Women. We know that the Black Race is as good as any other; therefore, should be as proud of itself as other races are. We know that the social, political and physical separation of all races to the extent that they may promote their own Ideals and Civilization, and with the privi- lege of trading and doing Business with each other, is positively necessary. We know that Nature has drawn indelible lines forever restricting the Black and White Races, -- upon being integrated - from living equally free. We know that the communist whiteman, as well as the capitalist whiteman, stands on one platform, where it concerns the Blackman, that is White Supremacy. We know that the Mongolians are interested in their own security, the Arabs have shown by their record as slave traders that they would gladly exploit the Blacks and Africa and are currently doing so through Mohamedism . We know that the Idea of God was conceived by man; hence man made God and that brotherhood among men is possible only between members of any one given race. We know the rights of black men must be achieved and maintained by Blacks We adhere to: One Cause, One Goal, One Destiny. We know that the Black Race's salvation cannot be attained within the realm of any religion, or apologetic Uncle Tom leadership ; it must be BLACK NATIONALISM or eternal vassalage. We are against all caste names whether; Negro,, Colored, Sepia, Tan or "what have you." We prefer to be called what we are: .Black Men and Black Women. We strongly advocate the promotion of a powerful Black Nation in Africa. (AFRICA FOR THE AFRICANS) . We believe in the Political and Physical Independence of all men. We advocate complete economic control by the Blacks of all African Commun- ities in America, creating thereby Self.Determination and Race Pride. We say. BUY BLACK! So that your children will revere your memory . Patronize your own people's Business Enterprises, build a solvent economic future, We know that we are not obligated to or bound by the opinions of others, therefore, are entitled to our own opinions, and the right to guide our own destiny. THE BLACK WOMAN By The Honorable Marcus Garvey Black Queen of beauty, thou has't given You as in all ages have attracted the adoring world, color to the world. causing many a bloody banner to be unfurled. Among other women, thou art royal and, the fairest, Eminence to see a world fight in your ancient Like the brightest of jewels in the regal diadem, Africa defense shinest thou Today you axe dethroned through weakness of Goddess of Africa natures purest emblem your men Black men worship at your virtuous shrine with frenzy those of us crave your smiles of truest love, While .ds, Because in thine eyes are virtues steady and your h.n all monsters and would not A holy mark as we see in no other, Those who we=e love approach you Clothed in silk and fine linen from ancient Venus with your pride, and now attack the Goddess to mythical Helen. Have insulted your good virtue When Africa stood at the head of the elder nations The Gods use to travel from foreign lands Through disunion, you became the mother to look at thee, of the world On coach of costly Eastern materials Giving tinge of robust color to five continents. All perfumer reclineth thee Making a greater world of millions of colored people As in thy path flowers were strewn sweetest Whose claim to beauty is reflected through that bloom our black faces. Thy transcendent marvelous beauty made the whole world mad, From the handsome Indian to the European B=inging Solomon to tears as he viewed burnette. thy comliness, There is aclaim for that credit of their sunny beauty Anthony and the elder Caeser at thy royal feet Which none can ever take from thee preferring death than to leave thy presence Queen of all women, who hast borne trials and their woes to meet. troubles of racial burden. AFRICA FOR THE AFRICANS By Marcus Garvey Say! Africa for the Africans, Blackmen's hands have joined now together+, Like America for the Americans: They will fight and brave all death's weather; This, the rallying cry for a nation, Motherland to save and make her free, Be it in peace, or revolutibn. Spreading joy for all to live and see. Blacks are men, no longer cringing fools; shall turn us back in freedom's name. weak tools; None They demand a place,, not like marching like to men of fame But among the world of nations great We go and codes to kings, They demand a free self governing state. Who have given laws Sending evil flying on crippled wings Hurrah! Hurrah! Great Africa wakes; She is calling her sons, and none forsakes, Blackmen shall in. groups reassemble, But to colours of the nations runs, Rich and poor and the great and humble; enemy guns. Eventhough assailed by Justice shall be their rallying cry Cry it loud, and shout it long, Hurrah! When millions of soldiers pass us by. Times has changed, so hail, New Africa, We are now awakened, rights to see; Look for that day, coming surely soon, dearset liberty. We shall fight for When the sons of Hamm shall show no coon Mighty kingdom have been truly reared Could the mighty deeds of valour do On the bones of black men, facts declared; Which shall bring- giants for peace to sue . History tells this awful, pungent truth, Africa awakes to her rights forsooth. Hurrah! Hurrah! Better times are near; Europe cries to Europeans, ho! Let us front the conflict and prepare; Asiatics claim Asia, so, Greet the world as soldiers, bravely true: Australia' for the Australians, not", Africa shouts to you. And Africa for the Africans. "Sunder ALGERIAN PROBLEM: Algerian Soldiers, whether wounded or not, are slaughtered on the battlefield. It happens also that the are condemned to a slow and horrible death. Torture, agony of our soldiers prolonged . They are .then referred widespread through Algeria, is used as an extermination is which are actually death .courts. method. All the barracks, gendarmerie, police outposts, to military courts Defenseless, deprived of any legal _guarantee, they are and other sites occupied by French Army, are turned into delivered to the hatred of their judge&. .It-is-always capital torture places for thousand and thousands of Algerians . punishment. The executioner and the ;guillotine are .in Electric installations, and torture instruments of all charge of the last act _of that monstrous, legalized murder kinds are used to inflict the worse kinds of torture. Burnt, prisoners,of war. torn and mutilated, Algerians die of torture. Fingernails of the Algerian .Fifty Lawyers _from the Paris Bar, denounced -that .are torn out, and electric wires applied to the.most tender crime owy a few months ago. They requested that the part of the body. The sufferings ends only with the las, laws of war be respected as regards .the .Algerian fighters breath of the victim. The scenes of torture leading to taken prisoner. This request remained unanswered. The death are described in numerous books. DescriUng the French Authorities listened only to the settlers in Algeria agony of a victim, a Soldier writes, "He was taken to the who demand that our :iMpfisoneZ and chained fighters border of death, then brought with injections; at back be .executed. the end, he was completely crushed, and began to putrefy; .gangrene set in, he had to be shot." .The murder of - Mr. Along with their.plan .to.destroy .the-Algerian peop1q, Ali Bonmendjel, Algerian Lawyer, thrown from the sixth the French Authorities have prohibited the sale of medicine floor of a building in Algiers, took place after'he'haZl been without .their strict control.-Decisions.of October 24, 1955 torn to pieces." and October 22, .1956,,proclaimed that .draconian regula- tion. Deprived of medicine, Algerian .Soldiers are also Larbi Ben Mihidi, .one of the leaders of the Algerian denied medical aid. Physicians accused of treating -a rebellion, died as a result of montmus torture.'TheTrench fighter, .are.severally.senteneed by the courts. The situation Colonial Bigeard, admitted that :he ordered him to -be in,which_Algerian Physicians_find,ibamselves, and the-ban tortured to death. The -to

border, are not safe from death. It is true that more We a.k you gentlemen, to meditate on these figures, than 500,000 civilians, mostly women, children and aged which gives you a sufficient idea of the disproportion of people, were successful in reaching Tunisia and Morocco. the forces in the presence of each other. Hundreds of thousands who escaped a brutal death, will Moreover, in its war against the Algerian people, not live for long. Whatever the good will and the France is not using merely its own resources, which we brotherly help of these countries, they are unable to face know to be great, it benefits as well from the continuous the tragic situation which surpasses their possibilities. The assistance of outside powers. Arms, munitions, aeroplanes, help granted by the Tunisian and Moroccan Governments and tanks are offered it by NATO, and are used against cannot save them. the Algerians. Tens of thousands of houses, hundreds of thousands The Western States, Members of the North Atlantic of blankets, clothes, shoes, 500,000 daily food rations. Organizations, also supply France with effective assistance These figures show the extent of the need and the task in the political, diplomatic, economic and financial field, to to be carried out. For long months, 500,000 refugees have enable it to pursue its war, in order to win back its colonial been exposed to terrible living conditions. There too, possessions. hunger, cold, and desease are the fate of the Algerians . It is with American Arms that France is exterminating Food, clothes, medicines, are urgently needed. The survival Algerian people. Everytime the Algerian cause is discussed of millions of Algerians depend on a universal effort. by the International Organizations, the European and The Algerian people are dying for freedom. They Western powers not only back the French, Imperialistic have not, nor will they, bargain their sacrifices. Their theses, they strongly defend them. moral resources are endless. But their natural allies should The last session of the General Assembly of the realize their responsibilities . The present situation of United Nations was characteristic in this respect. In its millions of Algerians facing death from hunger, cold and misleading propaganda, France has at its disposal, the disease, should make the Afro-Asian nations and peoples Press and Radio of the imperialists powers as well. act, and act quickly. Immediate and important assistance Military communiques and political declarations, issued by should materialize through Afro-Asian solidarity. As the French Authorities, are borne to the whole world, every day, the ranks of homeless people, of widows, amplified, explained, and translated by the Western Radio orphans or refugees are increasing. The genocide under- and Press. taken by France is continuing at a progressive pace. We are forced to state that every time France lacks France is using all resources in the battle against the funds and foreign currency to continue war, the United Algerian people. The forces of freedom must act, for States of America supplies it with large amounts of dollars the forces favouring genocide are numerous. loaned for the purpose. You have just heard of the sad martyrdom of the Quite recently, after the latest NATO meeting, Algerian people. Now you know the depth of their moral France requeted from the U. S. A. a loan of several and physical suffering . It remains only to bring your hundred million dollars. As for us, we are waiting to see attention to the unequaled state of the opposing forces; if this request will be granted, and if a new U. S. A. as Algeria has a present, a regular Army of 600,000 men, France to exterminate us. equipped with all arms except nuclear weapons. To the loan will help French Army are added the Police Corps, as well as terri- Therefore, it is not only against France that the torial units, composed of all French settlers resident in Algerian people are fighting, they are facing a real Algeria. coalition, against this union of imperialists powers. Free Gentlemen : this means that there are a million dom loving people, and particularly the Afro-Asians, soldiers fully equipped, backed by the power and the should answer by active and efficient solidarity for the possibilities of 42 million French; here then - is a nation Algerian cause. The struggle of the Algerians for freedom, people. It is that of all the of 42 million, with all its military power, its economic is not the monolopy of our the ex- and industrial might against 12 million Algerian people. people who have suffered from oppression and Men who for 127 years, have experienced bloodshed . Who ploi',ation of man, by man. have been exploited and oppressed . It is that of all men of good will, anxious to fight Taking into consideration the men effectively under with the freedom loving powers against oppression. For arms, this alone, means one million against a practically N-hat is taking place in Algeria, is more than a war unarmed population. We ask you to think for an instant between Algeria and France; it is a merciless fight between that this represents a ratio of one French Soldier armed freedom and oppression. We have reached a stage when and equipped, to 12 unarmed Algerians ; the proportion -all conflicts entails international repercussions. Algeria has is frightening, and we ask you to think it over. This already seen world peace in peril. The Su°z aggression, would mean for the Pakistan people for instance, ar in which France had the largest share, is clear proof of occupation army of 6 million men. It would mean for the this. More recently, France took advantage of the Algerian people of India, an occupation army of 32 million soldiers, war to viclate the integrity of the territories of Tunisia, for that of the Republic of Democratic China, an army Morocco and Lybia, thereby endengering world peace in of 50 million. this part of the globe. 1 8 Morocco and Lybia, there = by endangering world peace which we refuse, even in our minds, to apply, to the in this part of the globe. great Asian peoples. In view of the seriousness and the extension of the Imagine, this proportion would mean 20 million vic- Algerian conflict, a hesitant attitude on the part of the tims on the Indian scale; 30 million on the scale of the Afro-Asian peoples would not be understandable. They Democratic Republic of China. The horrors of the have already made heavy sacrifices, and are ready to make Algerian war surpasses the worse of the sanguinary impe- more. rialistic wars. Shall the history tell one day that the peoples of Asia Besides their material losses, they have already lost and Africa left, without reacting to the coalition of more than 500,000 Nationalists during the three years of imperialist powers to exterminate a people whose only war. One Algerian in twenty has already fallen in wrong was their claim for freedom? performing his duty. That is another frightful proportion, The Algerian people do not think so.

HAITIAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PROCLAMATION OF DESSALINES, CHRISTOPHE AND CLERVAUX Chiefs of the Liberation of Haiti

THE INDEPENDENCE OF ST. DOMINGUE is torrents of blood to flow; were they in order to maintain proclaimed. Restored to our primitive dignity, we have th-ir liberty; to fire seven eighths of the globe, they are asserted our right; we swear never to yield them to any innocent before the tribunal of Providence ; which never power on earth. The frightful veil of prejudice is torn to created men to groan under so harsh and shameful a pieces. Be it ever so! Woe be to them who would-dare to servitude. put together its Bloody tatters! In the various commotions that have taken place, Landholders of St. Domingue, wandering in foreign some inhabitants against whom we have no complaints countries! By proclaiming our independence, we do not have Leen victims of the cruelty of a few soldiers or forbid you all, without distinction, to return to your cultivato_s--too much blinded by the remembrance of their preperty. Far be from us so unjust a though=! We are not past sufferings to be able to distinguish the good and ignorant that there are some among you who have humane landowner from those who were unfeeling and renounced their former errors, abjured the in ustices of cruel. We lament, together with all who feel, so deplorable their exorbitant pretentions, and ack2iovviedge the law-- an end, and declare to the world, whatever may be said fulness of the cause for-which we have been spilling our to the contrary by wicked people, that the murd2rs were blood these twelve years. Towards those men who do us committed contrary to the wishes of our hearts. 'It was justice, we will act as brothers. Let them rely forever on impossible, especially in the crisis in which the colony was, our esteem and friendship ; let them return among us. The to prevent or stop those horrors . They who are in the God who protects us, the God of free men, bids us stretch least acquainted with history know that a people, when out toward3 them our conquering arms. But as for those torn by civil dissensions, though they may be the most who, intoxicated with foolish pride, interested slaves of civilized on earth, give themselves up to every species of a guilty pretention, are blinded so much as to believe excess; and the authority of the chiefs, not yet firmly based, themselves the essence of human nature and assert that in a time of revolution cannot punish all who are guilty, they are destined by Heaven to be our masters and our without meeting with perpetual difficulties . But today the tyrants, let them never come near the land )f St. Do- da-,=m of peace cheers us with glimpses of a leis rte-my mingue; If they come hither, they will only meet with time; now that the calm of victory has succeedcd to the chains of banishment. Then let them stay where they are tumult of a dreadful war, all affairs in St. Domingue out tormented by their well deserved misery and the frowns to assume a new face and its government henceforward of the just r:~en whom they have too long mocked, let them be one of justice. continue to live, unpitied and unnoticed by all. Wf- i.ave sworn not to listen with clemency to any who would Done at Headquarters, Fort Dauphin, dare to speak to us of Slaverv. We will 1-e inexorable, perhaps even cruel, towards all troops who, themselves November 29, 1803 fo-getting the object for which they have not ceased fighting since 1780, should come from Europe to brine (Signed) Dessalines among us death and servitude. No sacrifice is too costly and Christoohe all means are hwful to men from whom is wished to wrest the first of all blessim's. Were the-,.- to cause streams and Clervaux

19

GENOCILE IN THE KENYA LUDWAR, 28th APRIL, 1959 JOMO KENYATTA from his desert prison in Today, there are more than 50,000 Black Africans, who are being beaten, starved and tortured to death daily Ludwar, Northern Province, Nairobi Kenya, West Africa, in their own homeland, Black Africans who are suffering sat down to pen a letter to a friend in Ghana. and d-: ing in the numerous concentration camps maintain-. "The allegations that I have been freed from prison, ed by the British Government in the Kenya. Its Genocide. is not correct. It was only a technical release. Because at the very moment I was released from prison, I was also Our Black brothers in the Kenya are being subjected served with a restriction order. It is only a different to unthinkable forms of wanton murder on their own soil, kind of imprisonement. So now I am restricted to another so that the machiavellian colonialist parasites from Europe small town, right in the heart of the Turkana Desert. Here might continue to live like kings. I am only allowed to walk about in a very small area, which is carefully marked for that purpose. This place Jomo (The Burning Spear) Kenyatta, the Dessalines is very hot and dusty. It is almost a hell on earth. But of the Kenya, has been transferred from a British Prison there is nothing that a man with determination cannot with bars, to a desert prison, but no less a prison. And what face, so I think that gradually, I shall get use to the is his crime, he desired to be free. He would not be a man atmosphere of this place." worthy of leading his down-trodden people, had he not "Many thanks for your two letters and vour cards, the possess the great burning determination to be free and I am sorry to say that vour letters were N-,ithheld by prison authority, I only got them the day that I was . independent. Its Genocide released from prison, hence the long delay in answerinff. It can happen to you, when your Slave Master I was "OFFICIALLY" released from prison on 14th discovers that you can no longer be useful to him, that April 1959, but this of course does not mean that I am now a free man, it was only a technical release, because you can no longer serve the interest of White Supremacy, at the very moment of my release, I was served with a he will then dispose of you, By Genocide, just as he is deportation or restriction order immediately. This order disposing of the Blacks in the Kenya, because he wants onl,, su),~ects me to a different kind of n~ison. Inste-d of th-ir land and resources. No Black man, woman or child, a "CONVICT", I assume a new title, I am now a anywhere in the world will ever be completely free until "RESTRICTEE", or a restricted person. And so the ball your son this deliberate genocide in the Kenya is brought to an end. goes round. I now give my blessings to name after me, and I hone the vornng Warrior will grow strong, The Colonial Slave Masters perpetrators of Genocide, healthy, and prosperous. Good wishes to you and others." must be made to realize that the day of reckoning is close Yours very sincerelv, at hand. (s) Jomo Kenyatta .

THE "BUILDING FUND COMMITTEE" OF THE "AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT

- Presents - A GRAND BUILDING FUND DANCE ON FRIDAY NIGHT, JANUARY 1, 1960 At the RENAISSANCE CASINO, 150 West 138th Street Dancing from I I P. M. to' 3 A. M. Featuring "LOU SANDFORD and his Orchestra Subscription $1 .50 in advance (tax included) Tables...... $5.00 Loges...... $8.00 (All proceeds earmarked for the A.N.P.M. Building Fund Drive).

2 0 TXfE NATIONALIST MANIFESTO The time is at hand when the Black man must pause, Circus Clowns in the Circle of White Society. They may Bastards, and take serious note of the rapid current of world events. be Black in Color, but they are Psychological the Life for the people of African stock, has been for the past whose fate in that final hour of reckoning, will be three Centuries, a relentless struggle for survival. Not so common end of a traitor. of Africa . much against the forces of nature, Nay! Nature blessed Next to the white man, the greatest enemy civic the African Race with the richest of all Continents, and and . Black opportunity, ranks the integrationist, the the finest of all Climates, and it has equipt the Black man righter, miscegenation, and close behind, comes Black man with the greatest and most rugged physique among men, Communist, and those who would encourage the leave it together with a woman whose wholesome beauty, sparkling to take his problems to the Lord in prayer and eyes, rhythmic gait, warm tender smile, cheerful and there. that affectionate disposition, cannot be excelled or rivalled by The gang in Africa who cannot understand any other female. they cannot and will not by any Partnership between the nature The Black man's menace, have been, and still is, the African and the white man. It is not in tho White man's diabolical and determined plan to commit of the white man to share anything. Indian? GENOCIDE! Even as they exterminated the American Did he share America, with the American Australian Bushman? Indians, and the Australian Aborigines; so too, every No! Did he share Australia with the Australian plan, every scheme, points to their murderous intent to No! Where is the American Indian and the victims of their own liquid rte the African people. Bushman? They are both dead! The that they could As the great Bamganwato Cheiftan Logumbula, ask charity and guillibility. They too believed strange that in the late nineteenth century, when the British was share the land with the white man. Isn't it white man barborously exterminating the Bamganwatos! "Why do the African leaders cannot realize that the you kill my people?" shares Europe with no one? lead- Tcday, their method is more subtle, but just as The picture in Africa from the standpoint of are potentially effective. Hundreds of thousands died in the Kenya, and ership, narrows down to two States that total reclamation many more are quartered in compounds on a starvatio~l capable of spearheading the drive for based on the ration. Death to them will come through the slow and of continental Africa; Namely! Egypt, Gamal Nasser, painful agony of malnutrition. It is GENOCIDE! dynamic drive of that-great-organizer, Abdel area and its strategic In Cuba, under the pretense of vengeance against and the Sudan, based in its vast land Batista's Regime, Castro is wiping out the Black popula- location. leadership, _ be tion. The Black man, if he has anv~desire to survive, will Ethiopia - under the present must to the designs of a have to embrace Black Nationalism - Totally! written off as futile encumbrance grca`est tools of the White Supremacist, are the modern free Africa. The imperialism. Flunky Vassals, the modern day Custodians of Unc', Liberia is but an extension of White for the new type of British Tom's-Cabin, the Lackey's that fought the doctorine of And Ghana is a model Marcus Garvey, the Stooges that today advocates Civil Colonialism. envolved in the battle for Rights-Social Equality- nd Miscegenation in America. Guinea is much too power felt. The gang of British Toms, in the West Indies, that sec survival at this time to make its Western World, themselves as a part of the British Empire, and encourages The position of the Blacks in the of militant Nationalism. the Black man to sell his land and seek his fortunes in should - and must be one organizing of all Black people. England, only to find upon arrival there, a hungry mob Tbc marshalling and their power, with the Patriots of of Murde--bent Whites, waiting to bury them. It's and a linking up of Brigades, Medical Units, and GENOCIDE! Africa. Organizing Combat be organized and held in The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement, through Pioneer Corps. These should the hour of decision tolls. Blacl- its Exec,itive Spokesman ; Carlos A. Cooks. is calling on rpadiness, so that when not only'be willing, but thev shall the world' of Black men everywhere, to rally behind men everywhere would the doctorine of Black Nationalism. be able. to answer the call. braves There is no permanent future for the Black man here The conflict thickens, on ve for Africa, or the grave. in America. The integrationist doe+orine, that have fostered Let's charge all your banners wave. so much strife. is but a death trap for the Blacks. deliberate Wave Africa, let men, with all -our ferocimis rage. Iv agitated by people who do not belong to the race, Attack --" black where many meet does not have the interest of our race at heart, and are Few! Few shall part - of Africa shall be their winding sheet. useing the Black r,an as a distracting force. less what The sacred soil of ground. beneath the invader's happened to them in . Germany and other European And everv turf Countries, happens here. sacriligious feet Sepulchre . The Niaaer Stooges that thev are usinh to perpetrate Shall be a white man's their cruel joke, would sell their o-n Mothers into -bv Carlos A. Cookiz bondage, for the s-ke of being able to move around as

JOMO KENYATTA , A Neglected Martyr of African Nationalism By Tchekedi Eketembe

The history of the world since World War II, has more than the scum of Holland, forced out of that been one of conflict, challenge; and struggle, pitting the miserable Country by poverty, and their inability to exist haves against the have riots, the exploiters against the in their wrecked poor bomeland, where prior to the exploited, Colonialists Leeches against pauperized Natives, acquisition of Colonies in Asia, South America and their alien white usurpers, countering the lawful title of the "Bread Basket-South Africa. Black indigenous population to their natural lawful home- The Dutch Peasant lived a very austere and miserable land. _ life, the same fiend that today assumes the power of life All over the Globe since the end of World War II, and death over the rightful owners of South Africa - within the- boom and in the minds of brave strong proud the Black Native, and up until the heroic Indonesian men, the bells of freedm chimed. Nationalist Army of Liberation drove them out of Indo- 'The issue narrows down to the question of wrong nesia, those Parasites was practicing the same policy of versus right, Freedom. opposing Slavery, lies in conflict exploitation, iniquity, debauchery and genocide on the with truth, The'white dragon of European exploitation, p;ople of South East Asia, even as they are currently subversion, suppression and tyrany,opposed by the righte- doing in South and Southwest Africa. gtis asnirations' of .the ostracized Black masses of Africa to The same antidote that cured Indonesia of the cancer unihhabitively develops a cWtural personality compli- of European Colonial imperialism, namely its destruction mentary, to their own Socio-Ethnological design for tl-e through armed rebellion ; the African will have to reconcile establishment of a Geo-political system that would drama- his course of action, to one based on a policy of total tize the African personality --Totally free from any and violence, asking no quarter, and giving none, scorching ill traces of European Religious, Social, Cultural or the earth if necessary, using all means to rid Africa of its Po.liticPl , influences. greatest scourge since the "Tsetse fly - the European ' While the effervescence-of-African Nationalism-was- white man! in-its-'preliminary stage, Marcus Garvey-the-high Priest of Many of the quasi Nationalist in Africa criticized African. Nafionalism,'bellowed his clarion call of "Africa Jomo Kenyatta and the Mau Mau's violent attack on for the Africans" . the prized bastion of British Corporate Colonialism, the Asia -under the leadership of Mohandus Ghandi, Kenya Crown Colony. Sukerno, Unu, and Ho Chi Mingh, were in the forefront If the white man is to leave Africa at all, he will successully waging a relentless attack -upon European only do so when the Blacks realize that they are not going Colonialism in Asia destroying for all times, the pseudo to debate him out of Africa, and if freedom is worth assumption of superiority and the white inan's spurious anything, then it is worthwhile killing and dying for, no mandate to boss the destiny of "Lesser Breeds' without amount of diplomacy will force the white man out of the law;" Africa. the eloquent Africa remained immobile,. and mute to The free and quasi free States now extent are, fooli:h in the wings, appeals of Marcus Garvey and silently stood indeed if they believe that those States could ever measure looking on, with detached interest as the dramatic results up, t? the Status of respectable Government, with, the ,of this began to' change the course of decisive struggle' .. strangulating tenacles of European Domin:itL.i permeatin; world his`-ory. Africa. . Africa began to realize and understand what Marcus Garvey meant when. he said : "Africa must be free from The leaders of African Nationalism, if they are Capetown,to.Cairo, from Lagos to,Nairobi, for the benefit sincet-e, must realize that white -supremacy - Colonial -_:d pronged of Black men everywhere, under the, Central Government 'Imperialism - Communism are the three with the solvency and strength to impress on the screen enemy of B?a-k Opportunity . of world society the portrait of the Black man as a race The diffe°ence between this evil trinity is_ akin to of brave, strong, proud and dignified men." the difference between the Father - Son and Holv Ghost. Africa smiled as the vaunted European Superman Basically! Both Russian Communism,, and British (the same breed that is currently, abusing. the indigenous Colonialism, are vitallv concerned with the perpetuation noriulatidn,'of South'Africa, with- their Pass Laws, and of white, supremacy, They., may differ in so, far as policy; total agarthied'laws and their barbarously .repressive edicts Fut in principle, their aims remain synonymous, in so fir against the Native African's natural,rights ,ofthe freedom as exploiting the wealth of Africa, ,and suppressing the of movement, speech- 'and-assembly).- This same arrogant righteous aspirations of , its Black Native Population. bully. uho calls himself an Afrikalander, but is nothing Comrnuni~m,a_ d Capitalism stands as one. .

22 The Leaders of African Natibnalism must broaden If the leaders of the free and quasi free States in their focus to encompass all of Africa. Were they well Africa, continue to insist that they need foreign capital, grounded in the tenets of African Nationalism, it would to develop Africa, those States would be but the replica have been impossible for the "Barbarous British Butchers of insouciant Liberia, and stagnant Ethiopia. The former of the Kenya" to use Black Men from West Africa, to was established since 1847 ; it is a shinning example of kill Black Men in East Africa, so that White Men from the white man's benevolence, the latter is over three Europe and England would enjoy the status of masters of thousand years old. Both of them have failed to realize the black man in their native land, Africa. that they can never be free, until they feel a common None of the leaders of African Nationalism have cause with every insurrectionist in Africa. made any effort to pressure the British for the release of Jomo Kenyatta ; nor have they agitated the issue of hi-, Their foreign and domestic policy should and must un ust and unlawful detention, before the Court of world be based on the total freedom of Africa. Men like Jomo opinion. "(The Greeks were able to force the release of Kenyatta should be defended to the hilt, by these free the Cypriot Leader, Makarios, and have him to tour the and quasi free States in Africa. Unitcd States in the interest of his cause.)" The insurrection in the Congo should have the fullest At the Conference at Accra, there was a belated support and cooperation, from the free States in Africa . reference to the freedom of Jomo Kenyatta. However! That is as far as it went. And by support! We mean material support! Con- The type of Nationalism that will free Af--ica. must ferences - with a lot of fanfare, may serve some purpose ; 1`e orthodox - militant - and uncompromising. Their but in the final analysis, it will take blood! Guns! and credo must be "What man have done, other men can also Guts! To rid Africa of the European Blood Leeches that do." are currently feasting off of its resources and manpower.

FROM THE RUINS OF EMPIRE THE RUINS OF ZIMBABWE

Those piles of ruins, which you see in that narrow valley, The ruins of Zimbabwe, the only remaining evidence Watered by the Nile, are the remains of opulent Cities, of the once Martial, Magnificent and Mighty Zighn empire The pride of the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia. lies seventeen miles from Victoria South Africa, a hundred Behold the wrecks of her metropolis, of Thebes, and seventy-two miles from Bulawayo. The ruins consists With her hundred palaces, the parent of cities, of an elliptical temple surrounded by walls from twenty And monument of the caprice of destiny. to thirty feet in height; two coincal towers; symbolical There a people, now forgotten, discovered, of the generation of life ; an acropolis that was an ancient treasure-house and fortress, artificially strengthened by While others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts massive ramparts. and sciences. A race of men now rejected from society for their sable Zimbabwe was the seat of Bantu Culture some three skin and frizzled hair, founded on the study of the laws thousand seven hundred years ago. Zimbabwe was in its of nature, those civil and religious systems which still noonday of culture and refinement two thousand years govern the universe. before the Germanic Tribes abolished the gruesome practice of feasting on the flesh of their conquered dead. Lower down -those dusky points are the Pyramids, Whose masses have astonished you. "The Ethiopians", Says Lucian, were the first who invented the science the of stars, and gave names to the planets, Coppliments of . . not at random and without meaning, but descriptive of the qualities which they conceived them to possess; And it was from them that this art passed, still in an im- MR . & MRS. "BUY BLACK" perfect state, to the Egyptians . and FAMILY EDITORS NOTE : (Proof positive, that civilization started from Central Africa, and traveled "UP" the Nile.) BREAKDOWN ON RACIAL HISTORY ANCIENT, MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN British Colonial expansion of West 2980 BC. -Iu-Em Hotepn - Father 1500 BC. - Thutmosis the third +- Africa started at the turn of the 19th of medicine and chemistry, God of sound, The reformer, rebuilt Egypt and put it Century, 1874. "The -Ashanti forces at electricity, speed, inventor of music, on a sound economy. Built a powerful the Battle of the Kummasi inflicted a language, architect, and letters. fleet and army. He deployed his fleet in decisive victory." the Aegean Sea and Red Sea, conquering 2900 BC. - King Ouaji - Known all lands within his grasp. His armies With the aid of Punjab, Sikhs, and as the Serpent King, successor of Menes. conquered and subdued every country other East Indian Regiments, the West H_-.'s body lies at Louvre Museum in around and beyond the Euphrates. To Regiments Indian Regiment, African France. the foot of the Caucasian Mountains including East and West, including native beyond, and never stoped until he 2650 BC. - Pharaoh and Queen Nesa, and reserves such as Housa, Yourabas, Ojesu, the Pacific Ocean. He was the ruled Egypt in the third dynasty. They reached Bekwai, Levies and Central African emperor in history and em- were outstanding administrators . first known Regiments, the British were able to force pire builder for eighty years he ruled treaty. the terms of a 2500 BC. - Shepherin King of Gizeh, undauntlessly. Through this long and tedious Pharoah of Egypt and builder of the 1500 BC. - Jueen Hatshepsut - campaign the British were pinned down second pyramid, ruled in splenderous Greatest woman of her time. Builder, to a standstill for twenty-four years. grandeur. . At the turn of the Twentieth Century, educator and philosopher chieftians had 2450 BC. - King Mycerinus - Build- after the, old courageous 1430 BC. - S e n n e f e r - High died on the battlefield of martyrdom for er of the third pyramid and member of Minister in the Courts. He was noted the preservation of their (sovereign) the fourth dynasty, scholar and counselor. British could truly say for his refined' manners and his eloquence. posterity. The 2450 BC. - Akhuttaa - Dauntless that the might exemplified by the organ- w a r r i o r and administrator. King of 1380 BC. - Admiral Jamusukhi - ized forces which sought to maintain Thebes. Conquered Japan making her a powerful black dignity had been discouraged! nation, and bringing Japan out of The new leadership was confronted 2450 BC. - Princess Nefertabet - isolationism, giving her Egyptian religion with the hazzard of treacherous .enemies Established the art of catering and home of Amonism. Today this religion is called from within who could have made it economics. Shintu. almost impossible for any dreams of 2410 BC. - King Usekaf - Astrono- He ruled colonial intentions to have materialized. 1360 BC. - Amenhotep - mer and chemist. Queen A treaty was drawn up in 1901 by with his wife the beautiful called by the Greeks the British and Ashanti who later 2400 BC.-Cheikh-El-Beled - Noble Nefertiti, she was Goddess-of Beauty (Venus) . changed the name from Ghana to Gold and great scholar, high priest, philosopher the Coast giving Britain mandatory powers. and master of writings. 1350 BC. - Tutenkhamen - The The heroes and heroines whose gallant- Great, Statesman and intellectual, com- 2300 BC. - King Pipy the Intelligent . ry and bravery as leaders and- generals manded his General Seti to expel the were as follows : Yow-Apensi Kwasi 2300 BC. - Senedjemibmehy - Jews from his domain. Dumfi, The Inkanza of Adansi, The Counselor and judge, governor or The- Isis and her husband Ashantua of Odumasi, Chief Koffi Kofia, bes, in the fourth dynasty. 1310 BC. - The King of Inkanza, Queen Ashantua, Osiris ruled Egypt, as a symbol of unity Most Powerful Ruler and Leader of Her 2050 BC. - Mentouhotop XI. - Of of the God Head that held their empire People with a reputation of commander the eleventh dynasty. together at T h e b e s, Kharnack, and Luxor. Osiris was killed by Seti The in the field. of 2050 BC. - Sensostris - Pharaoh Great, in a bloody coup. Isis said it is founded 4162-4099 BC. - Amen-Ra Egypt, King of Thebes. only the blacks illuminated by Sun and Ethiopia, and built a dynasty that ruled Moons. Powerful Ethiopia in her radiant and 1860 BC. - Sesostris - The third Nubia, E g y p t, Assyria, Arabia gloryous splender and lore, who honor two thousand five hundred Prince of Memphis, King of Thebes. Persia for and called me by my right name "Isis." and sixty years. 1820 BC. - Hor - Son of Amen- BC. - Queen Tyti - Ruler of 4068-4001 BC. - Asymandeses-King hotop the third, a moralist was known 1300 of Cush, reduced the stars to regular for his religious concepts, in the twelfth Egypt and its dominions commissioned calculus and gave the year thirteen dynasty. Admiral Jamu of the Egyptian Royal months and four seasons. Upon his Fleet to conquer, navigate, and charter founded the laws of agri- 1792 BC. - Aahmes the First - The studies were all lands and waters of the Far East and culture. He reduced the yrar to accurate m i c~ h t y Egyptian Pharoh, a soldier, reckoning . scholar and administrator. the Pacific Ocean. 24 360 BC.-M akeda-Queen of 1647-1731 AD. - Muli Ismael, sul- 1761-1806 AD . - Boukman, the in- Sheba, most beautiful woman of anti- tan of Morocco, Lord of the Riff. Drove spirer. With a dynamic and fiery tongue, quity. the European powers out of North he organized the Haytian slaves to give Africa. Defeated the Turks. Captured battle to the French for their liberation . The Adven- 720 BC. - Piankhi - 50,000 prisoners and held them slaves. He was betrayed by a mulatto to the turer, illustrator of the sun, King of French which caused his murder at the Nubia, and Pharoah of Egypt. Ruler of 1659 AD. - Jan Van Riebeek, a Boer, hands of the Christian white plantation the lands beyond the Nile. on the 7th day of April, invaded South owners. His head was cut off and kicked 660 BC. - Taharka - Noble Soldier, Africa and enslaved the Hottentots. In through the streets of Port-au-Prince. Commanding G e n e r a 1 under Sabcon, 1795, one hundred and forty-three years This action later caused the massacre of Lord of the Sahara and the Sudan. Later later, the British came to the aid of the 4,000 French men, women, and children became Pharaoh in the Twenty Fourth Boers after the Blacks threatened ',o in the war with France. Dynasty. expel the Boers who were enslaving them. 569-612 AD . - Al Archam, Ethiop- 1761-1806 AD. - Jean Jacques Das- ian general, defeated the armies of Dhu- 1689-1738 AD. - Osei Tutu, brilliant salines, the tiger. The liberator of Haiti. nowas, a Jewish King of Yemen and Ashanti warrior King. Organized the The most audacious military leader of all times. Defeated Napoleon's regiment of proclaimed himself King of Arabia. Ashanti nation and symbolized their unity around a golden stool. old guards, commanded by two most 1080 AD. - Yasuf Ben Tachfin Al- distinguished and outstanding generals morravides sultan of Morocco invaded 1710 AD. - Benjamin (Black-A- of European campaigns. (LeClerc, Napo- and conquered Spain. Introduced Afri- Moore) Banneker of African descent, leon's brother-in-law, and the Marquis can arts, culture, music and architecture the first Atsronomer and Meterologist Rochambeau) . By his cleverness of mili- to Spain. in the U. S. A. to write an almanac, tary strategy, he mastered the utility of inventor of the first known clock in the military mobility enabling his forces to 1149-1199 AD. - Yakub, the invinci- U. S. A. Drafted and planned the laying maneuver in such a manner that they out of the city of Washington, D. C. ble, brilliant Moorish ruler of Spain. drove the forces of France into the Defeated the armies of Christianity. 1740 AD. - Toussaint Louverture- Caribbean Sea. most brilliant Statesman and Soldier of 1784 AD. - Phillis Wheatley - 1426-1490 AD . - Sunni Ali, the the Haitian Revolution was born. challenger, victorious in battle. A mili- Greatest poet of that day and time, died at the age of forty-one. tary brain trust and genius of his time. 1748-1836 AD .-Tshaka the Terrible. Builder of the empire of Songai where The great and mighty South African 1785 AD.-David Walker-publisher enchanted essence of culture flourished conqueror and master of all pretenders. and proprietor of a daily newspaper. . and the acme of refinement The illust- Defeated, subjucated and organized all rious University, Sankore, in the city of Bantu nations . Unified them into one 1787 AD. - Free men pooled their the same name. Was the leading edifice mighty and powerful "Zulu" Empire. money together and errected a school of of learning that day and period. The Gave birth to modern strategic and in New York. marvellous bewitching city of Timbuctoo, tactical warfare. Invented the use of Fore- Jenny. Sankore was the seat of com- 1814 AD. - Alberto Lyons - trenches, the flanking movements . Ori- in the City merce, art, industry, science and civiliza- most engraver and publisher ainated the arts of rearguard, pincer, Alderman tion. of New York. He was also an spearhead, and by-passing Movements. of the City of New York. 1438-1464 AD. - Askia The Great. Witty and outstanding general of Dan- Used the element of surprise with com- THE OUTSTANDING RULERS OF kerra. Extended the empire of Shanghia bined striking force that put the B-itijh armies to route many times. His science HAITI-THE EMBRYO OF BLACK from the banks of Niger River to the on military warfare still holds good to shores of the Red Sea, and from Tum- this day. It is taught in the military NATIONHOOD buctoo to the mountains of the moon. colleges at West Point, USA, St. Cyr, France and Sand Hurst, England. For his 1790-1791 AD. - Boukman inspired 1440-1494 AD. - Feroz Shah, Ethio- ability as a disciplinarian he stands as a blood oath (Sacri) a martyr to the cause pian sultan, of India. giant, head and shoulder above all men, of freedom and independence. 1548-1628 AD . - Malik Amabar, the past, present and future. As a soldier, 1793-1803 AD. - Toussaint Louver- Ethiopian general, seized power in India, statesman and general it is inconceivable to compare any of the present day ture - Brilliant statesman and soldier ruling for a period of twenty-eight years, generals with him. His intelligence and was lured by the French; and was taken from Bombay. He builts schools and organizational capacity remains to this prisoner. He died in a French prison - encouraged literature. day a myth to the free world. (Fort de Joux) dungeon in the Alps.

2 5 1796-1797 AD. - Jean Francois a Defeated the leading provincial princes. the impregnable British Square at the brilliant soldier who marshalled . the black He united and organized Ethiopia into battle of O m d u r m a n, beheading the kaytians to break the fetters of cattle a powerful and formidable nation . He commanding general. slavery. defeated the Turkish and Egyptian ar- The Zulus out manouvered the British mies in 1892 . Defeated and slaughtered 1802-1804 AD. - Jean Jacques Des- army outflanking them by the use of the Italian armies at Adowa in 1896 . salines emperor d'Haiti. Jacques the first trench warfare . Smashed the boastful Menelik was a very astute diplomat and of Hayti proclaimed the independence British Square and put them to flight . at Gonaives Western Hayti and swore a very able administrator . He died in 1913 . that they would never he slaves again. 1889-1901 AD - Ulysses "Lillie" Renouncing F'rance's souvereignty that 1845-1896 D . - Antonio Maceo, the Herraux, dictator of Santo Domingo. A they would rather die as free men than lion of Camaguey. The spirit and soul of very cunning and practical personality. live under the yoke of caucasion tyranny . the Cuban Revolution. Maceo's inde- He was feared by all his enemies. He 1803 AD. - Capois La Mort, at the fatigable zeal and inexhaustable energy demanded moral integrity in government. battle "Cape Haytian" while attacking of a military wizard . His genius was A strict disciplinarian as a military the French positic-is on a hill that the responsible for the Cuban liberation leader. His character was that of a French were well entrenched on. This from the Spanish yoke . Although certain humanitarian. A kind hearted man, he heroic and vaillant soldier, as an officer, elements tried their utmost to discredit was assassinated while giving alms to a displayed outstand'ng heroism by charg- him, General Maceo never lost a battle . begger. ing his men up the slopes which was 1852-1882 AD. - Queen Ranavalona 1887-1940 AD - certain death, through bombardment of of Madagascar, house of the Hovas, Marcus Aurelius cannons. He so led his men that his ho-se Garvey, The Redeemer. whose brilliance as a monarch and states- from under him .-He shouted to was shot woman refused to recognize treaties made to victory or death. The greatest orator of all his men to advance by petty and local chiefs on costal lands times, to free men than his honor he organized "For it is better to die as to France . Meanwhile the French wasted 14,000,000 black people, as one healthy to live as slaves." no time by encouraging and perpertrating race for one pur- pose, to redeem their 1803 AD. - The siege of La Crete descension amongst the tribes, causing mother land, Con- tinental Africa, a Pierrot - Mary Jeanne ; a brave and the chief to revolt against the sovereign so that black humanity the world over dauntless black wcman, crawled through government of her majesty, with inten- can walk with pride and dignity. As a revolutionist, the French lines fo~ three miles to deliver tions of Colonization the British invaded he was the greatest man that walked a message from her sweetheart to Jean a sovereign country, disposed and banish- this earth. As a statesman, he Jacques Dessalines. ed the Queen into exile and proclaimed stands par-excellence second to none. His diplomacy was so 1811-1820 AD. = Henri Christophe Madagascar a protectorate under French sound that when he spoke, the then - Kind of Hayi (I lenri the first) General rule . known statesmen began to quiver in Administrator and statesman builder ; 1857-1909 AD . - Ras, Alula-Menelik, their boots. brcught Hayti out of the viccicsitudes Field commander. An inspiring leader of slavery and plantationism, making this and a very resorceful soldier in the field. The thunder of "Europe for the Euro- country an economic entity in the western At Adowa, he outflanked the Italians, peans," Asia for the Asiatics ; hemisphere. He built a sphinx-like for- Africa, annihilated, captured, and castrated for Africans, those at home and those tress known as La Ferriere . Christophe them. abroad ." This man with an undying fury made Hayti the envy of the Americas . for freedom of. his people, organized his He built it into a sphere or trade and 1682 AD. - A race riot broke out race that was so indoctrinated with a commerce in tha¢ d1-T . TI-1i is the in New York City around the issue of myriad of inferiority complexes and symbol of Latin American "Libre". giving the Africans Civil Rights and Anglo-mania by the white men against 1830 AD. - The joint rebellion in inducting Black Men in the Union Army. themselves that whenever they heard the Dutch and British Guiana annihllated The results were in New York City word "Africa" they were so poisoned, the plantation owners and wiped out Negroes were lynched in the street and they rebelled, put taboos on, and cursed Dutch and British garrisons. Leaders in strung up from every lamp post, in everything a affiliated to Africa, or per- the uprisings, coincidentally had the Central Park from trees. An Orphanage taining thereto. same names; Keffi, Cudjoe, Kwasi. These for Black Babies was burnt and sacked, men were the liberators of the slaves, the little infants were strangled and Never-the-less this eloquent and dyna- thus forcing the colonial . governments to clrnbbed to _ death. New, York City mic man rallied his people together, with enforce the -emmancipation proclamation Negroes were known as (Africans 1787) . one cause, one goal, one destiny. He which caused the slaves to be freed in gave them hope ; inspired them to look 1834 . 1884 AD. - Mahamid Akmet "El ahead. He organized the Black Star 1830-1913 AD.-Menelik the Terror, Mnbgdi" defeated and' crushed the Lines, Inc., The African Communities king of Shoa, Emperor of Ethiopia. British expeditionary forces, breaking League ; The Black Dolls Factory, Inc.

26

The flame that has ignited the world studying abroad, he went back to the has drunk the blood of the boar and nationalism that has spread, and is spread- Kenya and organized the Kenya African swore before the Sacri upon the honor ing throughout the four corners of the Union, to assist his people's fight against by the memory of his ancestors, to fight globe, anywhere and everywhere Black the evil designs of white colonial expan- unto the death until Africa is free. men with free minds can be found with sionists. He was tried and imprisoned for On January 1, 1956, under the leader- manly bones. ten years for championing the cause of ship of "Ismail El Azhari" various fac- The cry for African Liberation, the his people. The British railroaded him to tions in the Sudan met and declared com- emancipation from colonial imperialism jail, accused him of leading the so-called plete freedom from Egypt and Great and the redemption of a free Africa "Mau-Mau" Britain. heads the agenda and the spirit of The Ku-Mau is none other than the On September, 1953, under the lead- Garvey presides. African armies of liberation, which has ership of "Sekou Toure" Guinea was 1892 AD-Jomo, The Burning Spear, righteously vowed to drive every white the only African Territory to reject the Kenyatta - the Inspirer. Born in a man, woman and child that stands within New French Constitution, and thus little village in the Kenya, he saw that African soil under his sacriligious feet decided to sever all ties with the French his people were suffering from the im- from the shores of Africa. The Mau-Mau Empire. On that date, Guinea became a poverishment and destitution brought is the living advocate and sole bastion free and independent Nation. Toure told about by the land alienation program of "Africa for the Africans". Despite De Gaulle of France, "that the people of inflicted on the natives of the Kenya by the illegal and arbitrary incarceration, Guinea prefer poverty in Liberty, to the white colonial imperialist. After Jomo Kenyatta, valiant black nationalist, wealth in Slavery."

AN APPEAL TO REASON 1 The Time has come for the people of Harlem to stop and take inventory of their social, economic and political status, as compared t o other racial and national entities living within the City of New York. The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement has made a complete survey of all homogeneous communities in New York City, and our findings show that in the Chinese Community the business life of that community is controlled by the resident majority - Chinese ; in the Italian community the same pattern follows. In the Jewish community all of the business is controlled by Jews. In the Puerto Rican settlement, the major part cf the business is controlled by Latinos. However, when we come to the "Black Belts", whether in Harlem, Brooklyn or Bronx, we find these conditions prevalent : an overwhelming percentage of alien merchants! Absentee Landlords! And a vast concentration of Police Power! Dramatic manifestations of moral decay and perversion evident on every street corner. To wit : Dope addicts and winos in every section of the community. The sidewalks nd streets of the community are congested with vagabons holding forth dice games on the streets. Prostitutes and freaks roaming the avenues, openly plying their sordid trade. The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement contends that all of the above listed vices existing in our community are the outgrowth of a lack of economic understanding. Namely whereas other racial and nationality groups realize that the basic action governing their welfare and survival is economic coot-ration among and within their respective group, the blacks, so far, have resisted all efforts to do likewise. The African Nationalist Pioneer MovPmPnt strongly recommends to the residents rf the community of Harlem, to patronize vwir own people's business enterprises. Make it possible that the money that comes into the community, stays - and circulates within the orbit of its residents. BUY BLACK! Support your race! Create a future for your children! Build a decent, moral and prosperous community. AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT - 31.5 Lenox Avenue - New York City

MASS MEETING EVERY SUNDAY NIGHT AT 9:00 P. M.

27 as,81UV BLACK" how they are suppose to treat Negroes. These are the same Is The Only Loqical Solution, people who refuse to serve Negroes in the South. If Pere By Oscar Brown John is writing for a white newspaper, he is a hireling! Blacks were brought from Africa by whites. They If he is writing for a Negro newspaper, all he has to do were brought here as slaves. In the year 1619; the first is to turn to page one. There he will see it in big bold slave ship 'landed at James Town, Virginia. The master letters, "Negro is last hired, and first fired." determined the status of the slaves then, and he determine Then let the Negomcreate,:employment for his own their status now! kind. This he can do only through business.-And-in-order In 1619 the slaves could not go to school with him, sit to have business, he must first learn to support Negroes in buses beside him, nor go to church with him. in business. That is simple enough for even the Negro to In 1959 the slaves still can't go to school with him, understand. six in buses beside him, nor go to church with him. Incidentally : I read a book on Gun Smithing. There The master knows what the slaves are, and regardless the Author wrote, "Think Nigger - Think". of what they say, or do, it does not change their, status. If Peru John had written this in 1800, I could see it. The Negro, ; as he has been called since slavery, has But not in 1959, when every group wants the right to made all kinds of sacrifices for the master, including 245 control themselves Politically and economically. Note years of free ., labor Chinese, Mexicans, etc. etc. If he is no more today in the eyes of his master, than he was then, doesn't it seem foolhardy to wast his time But the Negro! He wants to remain a hireling. The trying to prove otherwise? inaster expects only so much patriotism. More than that, The master says he is a Negro, and a Negro he is! he knows that" you are either an ass, or expect special favors. Pere John criticizes Mr. Carlos A.--Cook's ideas of retaining the wealth we lavish so freely in white establish- You claim that you wrote in 1931. How come you ments. In this Country there are millionaires - known as neglected to tell us of the then, existing slave market in Industrialists. These fellows invest billions of dollars all the Bronx, where Negro women use to go to look for over the world : Yet, they have protective tariff to safe- work? These women took garbage cans, put paper and guard their markets, so that no foreign enterprise can wood in them, to light a fire to keep themselves warm. compete with them, for their money, in their own`Country. These women use to stand around these cans in colonies, This simple minded Negro amuses me. Then if this and waited to be employed. Not only that, but they had to is true, the Negro should keep every red cent he earns, have their own clocks, because after 6 p.m. in winter, every out of the hands of those who do not look like him. More hour look alike. Their employers use to turn their clocks so, since he have to work like a horse to earn it. back in order to get a day and a half work for one day's If protective tariff is good for the millionaires; then pay. Of course as a Negro writer, you are not suppose "BUY BLACK" is more than good for Negroes, who to know these things. earn $25.00 to $45 .00 a week. When we say Black, we don't bean Black in color, I say that if the Negro is only 10% of the population, as some of you are prone to believe. We would prefer he should not have a 75% ratio on-relief.-Nor should he it that way. But in as much as Negroes are so mixed up, have a 70% or more in penal and other institutions. we are useing a standard. We are Members of the Black Harlem is not the only place where prostitution Race. Since some Negroes - are anything but Black in exist. Nor where drunks and dope fiends hang out. But '± color, and many of them feel that to say Black, would if the Negroes wants to share the white man's vices, he mean a loss of Status. They fight like hell when you say should also share his virtures. .'"'Black,. and strangely enough, they enlist the aid of persons Are there any Negro Hospitals? Railroads? Textile who are Black in color to assist them. Mills? Or any -Negro Industrialists? You cannot;,tell,a People have rights to a certain extent. We support Negro business man who has nothing to sell because of Whites; Chinese, etc, etc. They don't live among us. Then lack of support, to give service. You first have to tell the if a" Negro Business man sees fit to move to the suburbs, Negroes to buy what he has, then he turn will learn in although I can't see how any Negro Business man can service wants their patronage. to give if he move anywhere if no one supports him, grant it = he has Some of these white establishments are not only his rights, and that should not offend us. True; Negroes filthy, but they actually insult Negroes. Yet you see these do, not look . after,each others interest but after all, isn't Negroes crowding into these stores. not for bargains as that the way they were trained Pere John would have us, believe, but paying unheard of prices, for_ worthless merchandise. If however, we had a daily or weekly Newspaper Business is based` on, profit. Nobody gives anvthind that was really voicing our sentiments, we could change away. Of course these are white establishments, and that is this.

28 HEADQUARTERS AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT 315 Lenox Avenue New York, New York

CODE AFRIC

As a Member of The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement to devoutly live my life in such a manner that the best interest of my race will be served.

I further pledge that I shall do everything in my power to bring about the liberation of Africa from the tantacles of European colonialism .

I do now declare that my phylosophical outlook on life shall be that of admiration and fondness for people and things that is of my race and heritage, if indeed, there is any physical beauty in the world then as far as I am concerned it is incarnate in the physical likeness of my own people. My primary goal shall be to bring about Nationalist unity and understanding within the community of my race to the extent that they would be able to implement a policy of self determination .

Domestically, I shall always respect the wives or amourates of my Co-Nationalist and behave towards them with honor and respect. I shall always practice charity and benevolence to members of my race and shall be especially helpful to the members of my organization whenever they may need my assistance.

When Africa strikes physically for freedom I shall volunteer as a soldier fighting my people's battle.

All these things I pledge as a man and a black Nationalist and should I fail to honor this pledge to which I have affixed my seal ; then may honorable men scorn me, and my children stone me, and may my name be list amongst the infamous names of traitors so that generations to come will look upon my progeny with hostility and scorn.

Mat i.4 the ../Ft rican ~al~ionaCi4t Pioneer Movement

The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement is an Educational, Inspirational, Instruc- tive, Constructive and Expansive Society. It is composed of people desirous of bringing about the establishment of a progressive, dignified, cultural, fraternal and Racial confra- ternity amongst the African People of the world.

The members pledge themselves to devote their knowledge, physical energy, private fortunes, and sacred honor to ameliorate the tragic inequalities and medieval backward- ness that the universal status of the Race reflects.

We hold these conditions to be a challenge to our manhood and an insult to the aristocracy of our noble race.

Whereas every sovereign state in Europe is ruled and controlled by Europeans, the land mass of Asia is governed by Asiatics, Arabs dominate Arabia, Jewish aspirations have been satisfied by the creation of the state of Israel ; Africa is the only continent that is completely dominated by the tyrannic alien yoke of European plunderers with the approval of the so-called United Nations, and the active support of the Christian Churches of all denominations. .

Certainly, no Black man with blood of Africans coursing through his veins can live in. good conscience, accepting these conditions that a power-drunk white world has con- spired to perpetuate on an unoffending people.

The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement realizes that the world is organized in homogeneous segments. In the light of existing circumstances, the A.N.P.M. advocates as a matter of self defense and survival, a Racial Hegemony of the African at home and abroad that will resurrect the nobility, courage and resourcefulness that once typified African character ; rejecting all ideas for racial improvement that do not animate from within the group, denying all standards of beauty that do not represent the vibrant char- acteristics of the African race, heeding no voice but our own on the issue of racial policy, denouncing all religions that perpetuate the myth of white supremacy and the fallacy of divine adjudication.

We believe in the principle of self-determination for all races and submit that the Black people of Harlem and all other homogeneous African communities have the same moral and natural right to be clannish in their patronage as other people have dramatized that they are. We advocate as a matter of sound racial economy, the "Buy Black Cam- paign." Patronize your own race, build a solvent foundation for your children. Help create employment and independence for your race.

C..-& A C,ookd (ADMINISTRATOR) AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT 315 Lenox Avenue - New York City The Black Challenge

ALMAMY SAMORY TOURS Warrior King of The Sudan, Grandfather of SEKOU TOURS

"Sekou Toure Addressed the United Nations" A CLASSIC OUTLINE OF The Government over which it is my honour to preside, AFRICAN NATIONALISM faithful to the ideals of justice and solidarity, faithful above all to the unanimous TOURE, President the H.. E. Mr. SEKOU of will and action of the Guinea people for the Republic of Guinea (interpretation from French) acceleration of the struggle of oppressed It is with genuine emotion that I have the honour peoples, wishes to proclaim once again that the this high Assembly and, and joy of addressing liberty of Africa is indivisible and that, conse- it, the venerable people of the eighty-two through quently,-- Guinean independence is inseparable from nations which it represents. that of the other peoples of Africa. I should be remiss if I did not express to you, Thus, our action for African emancipation is first of all, the sincere gratitude of the people and tied to our internal preoccupation with the li- luidation Government of Guinea, who have had the privi of traces of the old regime and the lege of appreciating the noble sentiment of active construction of Guinea on a solid economic solidarity which this Assembly demonstrated basis. There is no doubt that this action is link- upon the proclamation of our independence. In ed to that which guides this Assembly in the domination in fact, by putting an end to foreign sense of maintaining peace and developing September 1958, the people of Guinea had placed friendship between all peoples. their deepest hope in the United Nations, thus Certain men 'had founded their judgement surmounting the numerous difficulties capable of Africa do the basis of the old "resignation" of . compromising the success of their historic the of African people when confronted wtih the experiment. This hope was doubly fulfilled ; on great superiority of means at the disposal of by the immediate recognition of the the one hand, colonial Popers. These men did not know the Republic by each of the Member our young innermost thoughts of our peoples about the States of the Organization and, on the other practices and pretensions of the same Powers our admission to membership in this hand, by towards them. They refused to discover, be- distinguished Assembly. For the destiny of neath a black or yellow skin, the same human importance of the moral and political Africa, the qualities, the attributes of intelligence, of will support which this Assembly brought us by ir- and of virtues. consecrating the liberation of our reversibly Thus, they refused to understand the role country can never be fully realized. that, on a day not far off, the African continent By recognizing and welcoming us as a Mem- will play in the new equilibrium of a world in ber, the United Nations broke the circle of iso- transformation, when the people, all the people, lation that our enemies, the enemies of African will have occupied their sovereign place in tb-- evolution, had tried to close around the young United Nations. Republic of Guinea in order to discourage for ail However, African history in our days is un- soil. time any desire for liberation on African important events puncturate the process at an How comforting it is, for the patriots that we unexpected rhythm. Only ten years ago, Africa hours of are, to note that, in the most decisive dergoing such an acceleration that decisive ann international solidarity the destiny of our peoples, was almost entirely occupied by foreigners, an;'. and fraternity never forsook us. its life regulated for their exclusive profit. Through the struggle that they pursue day Africa was absent from the international scene. after day, the people of Guinea, throughout their Today the representatives of some ten African evolution, not only will constantly remember the nations, as members of various internationa disinterested and unlimited contribution of the organizations, express the fraternal will of their sister nations of Africa but, through the demo- sovereign people. Soon other nations will a :~- cratic conduct of their affairs, will honour the cede to liberty. high confidence which this Assembly has placed The most significant fact is the massive and in them. Also, assured of the unfaltering sup- general uprising of all our peoples, even those port of all other peoples who love justice and who until now had been considered the most peace, the people of Guinea, during the past backward, that is, the most oppressed. All the year, proud and united in their liberty, have plans to restrain this fierce will of Africa for tackled with firm resolution their vast pro- the reconquest of its dignity are being frustrated gramme of national reconstruction. one after another, and always it is the same

burning_cry that echoes across our entire con- bridges and ports, but it can only crush and tinent : Independence. Thus, independence and divide the peoples by degrading man. unity are today the two irresistible forceg which are shaking Africa - Africa, the great; But it is because the cause of man must neces- sarily question mark - enlisting all its vital forces. triumph that Africa, with all its difficulties, Thus, at the moment when the American will also be triumphant over the multiple obstac- and Soviet peoples seek to enlarge man's domain les placed in its path by selfishness and incompre- by extending it to the moon, should not Africa hension, pride and stupidity. ask itself why colonialism persists in wanting to Africa, emerging on the world scene, ap- maintain its domination over Africa's children proaches the rest of the world not as an antago- and wealth? Should human progress conquer nistic element but, on the contrary, in a complete cosmic space' and reach the moon without spirit of co-operation, with a constant and con- being able to assus liberty and dignity to colonial scious concern to be a contributing factor of peoples? which the world could not be deprived without In 1959, all the continents are totally liberates compromising its chances and its resources. except the fifth continent, the African con- This is why, certainly with bad intentions, tinent. some accuse the African patriots and nationalists This ` is by awakened Africa will not de- of being rebels or terrorists, and call the nations~ lude itself about the enormous effort it must un- list and patriotic movements of Africa subersive dertake'-W overcome the disqualification of which or dangerous, because for these men and move- it is the victim. In this respect, Guinea does not ments of rebellion it,is a question of the right of represent only the will for emancipation of three free determination against colonial monopoly. million men and women, young and old; it is The natural and legal right can at no moment of through the combat of its people, the expression its expression be considered as a subversive or of the aspirations of 200 million men and women, dangerous act. Beyond the modifications which relegated to the sidelines of history and fighting are implied in the exercise . of the right of each daily against famine, sickness and ignorance. people to self-determination, and beyond the poli- Thus, as humanity is moving towards a so- tical progress which this produces, there exists in ciety truly unified and profiting from all.the pos- fact a natural right of peoples, be they large or sibilities and all the experiences of all the human small : this is the right to liberty. And not this resources, Africa appears as a land imprisoned, right one of the essential bases of the Charter of excluded from certain human enterprises, depri- the United Nations, so that no argument may ved of its most fundamental rights and disposses- pervert its legal and legitimate character? sed of its most legitimate reason for existence. Thus, the independent States of Africa were It is only a little more than century ago that totally justified, in the exercise of their so- Abraham Lincoln made his sensational anti- vereignty, to concentrate their interest on the slavery declaration which was implicity a lucid prospects of a free and united Africa. They will denunciation of the ,colonial concept. "You can not, under any pretext, ignore the fundamental fool some of the people all the time, and all the problem : that of the national independence of people some of the time ; but you cannot fool all colonized peoples who are trying to elude the the people all the time." Let us hope that the colonial Powers by more or less fortunate and voice of the United Nations, more powerful, will just transformations of the legal ties which these take up these words to affirm that a world divided Powers have imposed upon their victims. cannot exist, and one can no longer allow one And it can surprise nobody if the African part of the world to live under colonial, slavery States inscribe in their programme of action, as and the other in freedom. a priority, the implacable struggle against any Incomprehension, disordered aspirations, in- form of paternalism and against any complex capacity to maintain this or that influence, s, inculated by the oppression which not only de- whole theory of false pretenses is instead employ grades man but renders him unfit for any pro- ed to make of all Africa the continent of the pro- gress. letarian peoples ; whatever may be the economic For a long time the nations which had or cultural, strategic or financial, tactical or prac- arrogated to themselves the leading role in Africa tical reasons, one would look in vain for the only thought that they could act in the name of our reason that concerns us : the human reason. peoples. The failure with which they met is Colonization may put up buildings and factories, well known. Often the same Powers which do- minated our continent proclaimed to the world in a continent of misery. that their presence is our lands was morally ex Too long excluded from free human plained and justified by the need to bring us enter- prises, too long held on the sidelines their civilizations whose contact with imperia- of history, Africa - fully aware of the needs of its lism could only result in their alienation, even future - refuses from now on to remain on their disappearance. Today, no one will deny the the back .lines of history, it refuses to allow impossibility of imposing a foreign civilization the unlimited sacri- fice of generations of its peoples upon a people, above all by force and at the . It is clear same time when such pretended humanitarian that paternalism, or any desire of in Africa preoccupations are accompanied by a systematic beyond the authentically African will exploitation. and aspirations will be condemned to failure. 'We wish to alert the United The determination of Guinea to see the reali- Nations against opera- tions still under way designed to zation of unity in 'the independence of Africa, in impose upon our continent ideas or principles part. concerns the means of development . It is foreign to its own will. It has often been also the determination to see Africa itself partici- noted that, to succeed in their endeavours, certain pate in realizing the development of its own governments assure themselves of the co-operation wealth in the primordial interest of its popula- of mAfrican men tions. or organizations at their service, and who act only in line with The failure of the colonial concept stems these government wishes. This is a policy of puppets precisely from the fact that the colonial Powers, which, moreover, will suc- ceed less holding the means for the development of this and less in Africa, because the'peoples are wealth, did not use these means to resolve the more and more organized and determined to fight against disequilibrium existing between the standard of all forms of domination; even that, by living of the colonized peoples and that of sove- the intermediary of African groups or powers. reign peoples, but on the contrary they accen- For centuries, our continent has known tuated this disequilibrium by the systematic ex- paternalism, one might even say, various shades ploitation of the goods and raw materials, main- of paternalism, depending upon the temperament taining the populations in the most degrading of the colonizer. But this long practice of paterna- poverty and dependence. There is no longer any, lis mbrought no valid progress to Africa. On the need to conduct the trial of colonialism in so contrary, this paternalism has taken from certain much as events and history have clearly pro- African leaders their sense of dignity and re- nounced themselves for its complete disappear- sponsibility, that is, it has rendered them less fit ance. One could add, moreover, that even had to translate the original virtues of their civiliza- the balance-sheet been different, even that tion. For such creatures, corrupted by the colon- would not have permitted that the will of the ial Powers, is it not shameful to be used in these colonized peoples for independence and their decisive hours against the most legitimate aspira- legitimate right of self-determination be defied. tions of their peoples? It is in this view that we wish ardently to Unknown until yesterday, or rather, known see colonialism cut short, once and for all. It. only through the humiliating prism of the colon- is in this spirit that we call upon each nation to ial system, Africa today is expressing itself clear- pronounce itself - not upon the right to self- ly and will not admit that those who had taken determination, a right already recognized anil control of Africa's children and resources may acquired - but upon its real application, with- still speak in its name and against its own will. It out trickery or manoeuvres, without illusionary N thus evident that today more than ever, while facades or false reserves. This affects, of Africa needs help to liberate tiself completely and course, the interest of Africa, but it is even more to rebuild itself, it will not tolerate any form c in the interest of the world which cannot deli- paternalism . We have absolutely no need for an-% - berately deprive itself of the creative contribu- one to bring us ready-made civilizations, since it tion of 200 million men and women or play with is not through ignorance of our civilizations by the destiny of our peoples in order to safeguard the imperialists during several centuries that the material interests of the colonial Powers. these civilizations can be said not to exist. The safety and the survival of the indenpen- Not only do these civilizations exist, but we dent countries of Africa are tied to the social. are convinced that to further their development, economic, cultural and political unity of Africa. the free actions of Africans themselves are in And wee see clearly that the independent coun- dispensable. As to those who have not yet reach- tries of Africa cannot be islands of good fortune ed this level of understanding and respect to-

wards our peoples, to consider them as equal to value cannot yet even be estimated. other peoples and to recognize that our civiliza. We can never stress enough the necessity of tion is as valid as any other, they had better considering the fight against misery as equally abstain from helping Africa. . What we ask in important as the struggle to maintain world the name of international solidarity, and with peace; that is to say, we consider the struggle the deep conviction that the development of the against imperialism in Africa a determining factor world results from the contribution of all peoples, in the world's struggle for peace. I will not at- is a fraternal assistance which will permit Africa tempt to elaborate on this before your Assembly to be completely liberated from foreign pressure which is well aware of the illegality and the in- and exploitation. We do not think at all in terms human character of imperialism . In fact, nothing of any narrow separatism which would isolate can justify the use of force to invade and control Africa from the other continents. Our deep con- the destiny of so called uncivilized peoples, or viction is that the destiny of the other continents those said to be unfit to run their own affairs. and acts upon the equilibrium of the world Africa is the continent which has most suffered either in the direction of peace and good mutual from imperialism, and where civilizations and understanding or in the direction of war. moral values have been trampled upon in the Especially since the last world war, experts name of the most absurd racism. The experience far more qualified than myself have emphasized of the independent nations of Africa clearly the tragic disequilibrium which divides the world proves that there are no inferior peoples, that the into two parts : on the one hand, the group of only incapable peoples are the colonized ones but fully developed countries whose societies have this only during the period of colonization, as reached a high standard of living and of social long as that lasts. Colonialism is not only the organizations, and on the other hand, the non- enemy of Africa, it is also an enemy of interna- developed or under-developed countries whose tional understanding which must necessarily be populations are the permanent victims of sick- based upon the equality of peoples unambiguously ness, malnutrition and ignorance. As far as the based upon the equality of peoples unambiguously world's under-developed countries are concerned and the mutual respect of their political, govern- experts have ascertaind the high rate of infant mental and moral institutions. mortality and the extraordinary lof life expec- I believe I am expressing here the choice of tancy which are the direct consequences of a the under-developed peoples of the world when I misery which can be shown in statistics. Besides affirm that, with the m,Africa has risen to meet these factual elements which are now submitted the world not as an antagonistic power but as a before a world conscience, which must become new force, hitherta unutilized, and a comple- the responsible trustee of the moral and intellect- mentary element without which the human ual values of human society, the most serious family would be incomplete and disabled. studies undertaken in an effort to find apracticai Here logic joins the nature of our behaviour, solution for the various problems posed by the " considered suspect by some, vague to others. under-development of two-thirds -of the world On the contrary, colonialism falsifies the have failed. Moreover, it is inconceivable that ruet sentiments of the peoples. It imposes a feel- even with the consent of their peoples, 50 per ing of superiority on some, and on others, the cent of the resources of the fully-developed coun- acceptance of their inferiority, of their incapa- tries could be used to solve the problems facing city to change their condition . We know that the the under-developed countries . reason for colonization is far from being senti- For, while theoretically this would succeed in mental or moral. Colonization results from eco- correcting the balance, we would be effecting an nomic necessity with the distinction that it does equalization at the lowest level and this could not differentiate between material wealth and only be listed as a loss and a liability for the human beings. This is the most shameful and entire society of peoples. the most dramatic aspect of foreign opporession . Since the modern world has reached a very At the very moment that the peoples of Africa high level of development, this kind of evolutioi are convinced hat nothing can prevent them by the under-developed countries would be at all from reconquering their independence, they be- events very insufficient. come aware of the evils exerted by the system under-developed The human misery of the under which they had suffered, upon the very world is not due to any lack of wealth ; it is the peoples in whose name this opression was ap- of means consequence of the almost total lack plied. to exploit the enormous natural resources whose is no people, no nation, no group of nations which In the perspective of the affirmation of the have found themselves in the same historic, geo- African personality, there is as well the free graphic or human conditions, absolutely identical choice and the free operation of national insti with those of Africa and which therefore could tutions as the safeguard for the development effectively presume to point to Africa the path of characteristics proper to the black man. which it should follow. These characteristics are the consequences of Populations which include more than 80 per the economic and social conditions, of the hu- cent of illiterate peasants, with an annual indi- man and geographic framework in which he vidual income of less than $100, and therefore, lives and which give him a philosophy, a menta- with the most precarious living conditions - lity, in brief, a conception of life which is pecu- these are the harsh realities of Africa, when it is to him. Have not the same causes created the no longer masked behind the ridiculous veil of originality of the cultures of the other human exoticiism which hides from unaware eyes he communities that we know? colossal misery of our vast under-developed It is evident that if we impose upon a certain countries at present sparsely populated because society structures which are incompatible with of centuries of slavery. And yet in this poverty, this society's conditions, its economic or cultu of which all humanity should be ashamed, there ral necessities, its perfect internal equilibrium, is man, with his invincible faith in the destiny of its means and its goals, we will not only distort mankind ; there is his hope, his determination to the man of this society but we constrain him, we win and grow; his immense yearning for brother- enslave him, we interrupt the development and hood and harmony, his kindness still in its purest fulfilment of his faculties in peace and harmony . form; and at the same time, his extraordinary . This is the path of assimilation. We have catego- energy and his sharp sense of responsibility virtues and rically and definitely rejected this path. There is also the incalculable sum of 200 million Africans, and the We consider that the tremendous effort values of almost possibilities which this represents which our peoples are called upon to put forth tremendous and the intellectual potential which this may hold. in order to achieve their full emancipation can Should we not affirm here that, conscious be given only in total freedom and through the of the importance of its contributions to the moral complete willingness of each man, each woman, and material happiness of the world, Africa pre each child and elder person. It is not necessary fers co-operation and fraternity to charity. We such participation of individuals to stress that can consider that until humanity has incorporat- force, or by constraint. cannot be obtained by ed this immense mass of proletarian peoples into complete but can be acquired only in the most the life of the universe, the family of mankind liberty and with complete awareness. There is will remain incomplete and unsure of reaching no other alternative : to reject force, and favour its ultimate perfection in unity, progress and the free participation of the people in the work freedom. of emancipation, or to accept force and reject It is thus in the name of the international the participation of the people in this emanci- solidarity of all peoples that we will repeat here pation of the people in this emancipation. a famous phrase, a phrase whose significance has It is important not to overlook the fact that often escaped the political leaders of certain cou- and the rhythm of development in the fully developed ntries who have jeopardized the economis people by leading countries digs and widens daily the gap which cultural chances of their own colonialism. I separates the under-developed peoples from them along the inhuman path of who oppress another their emancipation . For the emancipation of quote this phrase "A people that the most developed nations, Africa we have chosen liberty and democracy, of us can me development presents the greatest popular and dynamic action, the use of all our those whose of stability are today far from being resources, of all our means, the assistance of all guarantees the colonial nations. We are convinced that the systems, the help of all peoples, the contribution nobles task which the United Nations will have of all, the teachings of every type of experience, to accomplish in the immediate future is the task the lassor~s of all techniques, in one word - all of liberating colonized peoples. Today, this task fruits of the world to which we would like the seems easy because under the pressure of an ir- own. to add our resistible movement, the Members of the United to me that these things needed It appears Nations are growing daily in number. And be- here, frankly and courageously, in to be said coming more numerous, we note that they ex- it understood by all people that order to have press more and more freely the real sentiments must and will find its own paths of de- Africa of their peoples. velopment towards its full emancipation. There I want to go further than a mere allusion and It was starting from an existing situation in- say that what is primarily of interest today in compatible with its deep sense of dignity that Africa is not to count the number of independent Africa arose against colonialism. We must stress nations nor to enumerate the millions of liberated that our enemies often attempt to have it believed Africans. It is to now that, more and more, Africa that Africa is being taken in ow either by the can, in its own name, express its own aspirations. West or by the USSR - in any event, that it Those who no longer dare present themselves in obeys a foreign force or concept. Such incom- their true colours, that is, in their trappings as prehension is explained by the fact that their own imperialists, because they know that this is no propaganda against the peoples they had tempo- longer attractive. Still hope deep in their hearts rarily held in servitude ended by convincing the that they can salvage the essential elements of colonizers of the congenital inferiority of their their privileges. In the aim of delaying the move- colonized peoples. But often their peoples, in their ment of liberation of the peoples they'' dominate, own history, have known the same situation the colonial Powers create communities which, through which Africa is now passing, and in no resembling the union of the rider and the horse, way gave credence to this mendacious propag- foster diversion and systification . Can the fact anda. They forget that the future of Africa is of sticking a new label on old merchandise change already totally distinct from that which they had the quality of this merchandise? dreamed for it and that the Africa of tomorrow The colonialists are ready to "finance" as will be what its own sons will want to make it. much independence as one wants ; they are ready Of course, Africa is not unaware of the exis- to flatter the African Governments and to wax tence of two blocs which influence world politics. enthusiastic before the 3 million free Guineans, What it is of interest to know today is the doct before the 50 million Nigerians, etc. , But their rine of Africa. The East-West conflict often Machiavellian plan still aims at dividing the Afri- makes one lose sight of the necessity of putting cans in order to remain the masters of the con- this question to Africa, at least for those who tinent. In this, too, they will be disappointed, for are not aware of whether or not this continent the progress achieved by our populations no long- has its own views and doctrine and, consequently, er makes it possible for them to be opposed one whether it represents a coherent system distinct against the other or for them to be led into a war from the other systems. We believe that it is in or competition against one another. What count the interest of each of the two blocs o forget this or competition against one another. What counts quarrel if only for the time needed to achieve the for the Africans is not to know if Sekou Toure real Imperatives of African evolution and the fin- or N'Krumah have more prestige than Tubman ality of this evolution in the basic domain of or Bourguiba, far less to know whether the re- human activity. gime in Ghana will be more democratic than that in Nigeria. We know that for the imperialists, Africa i3 a minor continent whose only interest is as Having affirmed during the referendum or- a coveted object more or less open to this or that ganized by France that Guinea prefers liberty in foreign propaganda. This view is an error which poverty to opulence in slavery, we consider it I feel it my duty to emphasize before it is too another duty to declare before the representatives' late for certain nations who risk alienating all friend- of the United Nations that, in the perspective of ship in Africa if they continue to judge a swift and democratic evolution of Africa, we, events in Africa without regard for the the national leaders of the Republic of Guinea, concrete realities of our continent. For some, would prefer to be the last in a united Africa there are but two cardinal points ; East and rather than the first in a divided Africa. West. They submit that Africa will fall under In effect, that which counts in the sum of the influence eithher of Europe or of liberty regained throughout the continent to the the USSR and that, as a result, Africa will live within the framework of the con- detriment of those who oppress or exploit Africa. cepts and civilizaio of thtne East or West. They Yes it is certain that those who drem of guiding willingly forget that the world did not begin with the independence of Governments of Africa by the colonial system or with its division into two remote control will suffer bitter disappointments. hostile blocs. They willingly forget that one Africa is ripe for its real independence, that is, hundred years ago no people know that for the end of the supremacy of foreign Powers, the United States of America and the for the effective exercise of its own sovereignty, USSR would become the two biggest nations in the for the control of its wealth and the development world. They willing forget that life is an uninterrupted flow of all its faculties, not only for the development and that the future of Africa will be first of all of its own personality but also for the enrich- what the African people will want, despite all the ment of the world's heritage. obstacles which may be placed in the path of their of their involvement and the extent of history. the res- ponsibilities which they will take in the building In remaining fathful to the anti-colonialistic of the universal society, as well as in the building spirit of the Conferences of Banding, Cairo, Accra of a new world. and Sanniquellie, we clearly declare that the That is why, from this rostrum, I make an Afro-Asian action which we undertake in the appeal to all those men who are aware. I appeal conviction of acting for the acceleration of the to the nations who hold the greatest share of total liberation re of peoples and the end of racial sponsibility for the affairs of the world, to all discrimination the in all parts of the world in no way peoples ready to participate in the building prevents of a us from concerning ourselves with world new world, the world of the victory of peace intelli- . In this respect, it is not Africa which should gence and of human values. be asked whether it belongs to one camp or anot- I appeal particularly to France, the United her ; it is rather to the two camps, to the East as Kingdom, Belgium, Portugal and' Spain, to our to the West, that we must put the question which brother peoples, and to friendly nations, so that, we consider as fundamental and of paramount breaking the of myths, shadttering the old idols, importance : Yes or no, are you for the liberation the selfishness and privileges of the past, they of Africa? raise their conscience to the level of the interde- In other words, we must put the following pendent interests of mankind and conceive of and question clearly to the two systems : "Are you act for this universal future by helping Africa to ready i o help the people of Africa so that they free itself from colonial force, from social misery may break the chains which bind them and pre- and indignity - this Africa which awaits only vent them from playing their role as free peop- the goodwill, the understanding, the committ- les?" The answer to this question will determine ment, faith and co-operation of other peoples to the attieude of Africa vis-avise the existing sys- safeguard and develop the human civilization tems. Those who will be our allies will be all which was slowly and painfully built up, century those who, as we do, consider the colonial ques- by century, by human virtues, intelligence and tion as a question of international interest and sciences one directly related to the question of world As for us, we are too sure of ourselves, too peace. We shall guage the sincerity of the two confident in the future, we have too much faith, blocs with regard to fraternity and the respect to bring any rancour or envy, any petty interests for all peoples by the . efficacity of their contribu- or obscure intentions, to the fore. We are of the tion to the struggle against the oppression of one generation of Africa which holds out fraternal people by another. hands to all peoples to advance toward the greater As the most representative statesmen of and real happiness of man, through a full utiliza- Africa have often affirmed, Africa, once free, will tion of all his virtues, through the economic re- co-operate with all the systems for its economic sources and social and cultural possibilities of all, development and the full development of its cul- which the interdependent concepts of the world tural values. The practical difficulties of life have will harness for the benefit of one and all. taught the African virtues which are daily exer- The challenge of the century is the challenge cised by the most humble of these men. These of security against war and against want, the are the virtues of solidarity, love of justice, faith challenge of liberty against slavery, that of reason in man, the sense of brotherhood, and respect for against force, of equity against privilege . Finally, society. Africa intends to cultivate and foster it is the challenge of the future to the past. these virtues and to bring them to the world as a The differences which divide conceptions and first token of its participation in universal life. peoples can only be resolved in a new spirit and Africa has undoubtedly other contributions to by new avenues which have no precedent in his make. It has also much to ask, in particular in the tory. We must strive towards this first, dare to do technical, scientific, cultural and financial fields. it thereafter. The very quality of the life of peo- But first, Africa must be in a position to give and ples is henceforth inscribed in this fundamental to receive. pledge : To want to live, to dare to live in the pre- I sincerely believe that this period of history sent for the future, and no longer to live in the will witness the beginning of a new phase in the past turned against the future. development of humanity, one which will con I could not end this brief address which I tinue, without overturning either the present regard as a cordial talk between our peoples ab- structure of the world or the system of values out their fundamental problems, concerning their nations and peoples . security and well- being, without touching upon I sincerely believe that the final destiny of the points of conflict which today are a cause of nations will depend principally upon the nature anguish to the conscience of the world. 7 Continued on Page Sixteen "HARLEM -CITADEL OF THE CASTE ."

By Carlos A. Cooks Rights, rants and rave about Jim Crow, and Civil Harlem has been the source of many books, its existence, the N.A.A.C.P. commentaries by people who on the in the 50 years of articles, and President. All of the Harlem or actually made a has never had a Black main never livied in Social pattern Presidents of this great Civil Rights and searching study of the life and behavior great Civil Rights and Social populate it. This writer has Presidents of this of the caste who whitemen . and to a Equality Organization, have been lived in Harlem for over thirty years and raised wonder that the caste man remains certain measure contributed his ideas Is it any and material scorn in American Society - One of his voice against the moral decay the object of reflects. He has systems of government in the world, stagnation that the community the greatest from a com- the Jews has made it, the China- witnessed the expansion of Harlem a setup where within the Irishman and other minorities have munity of 200,000 to one of 525,'000 man, Italian, rate in the advantages the system has to of- last thirty years. Despite the rapid utilized all the backward, same retained' their ddeatity - rise of population, the same grimey, fer, and at the time' thirty years affinity with the old SOD. In macabre picture Harlem presented and preserved an of the caste man, doped on bankrupt ago, is still in focus today. the case cloaks its oriented organizations such Here we have a community that advice from white sophistica- League and the Christian ignorance and lethargy in a coat of as the N.A.A.C.P. Urban precedence over all denominations, the caste man has tion where appearance takes Churches of circus, where mendicant's psychology where his intelligence. One is reminded of the developed a to enter- in America is "Please let me the antics of the clowns are designed national pastime all an act to next to you - Mr. Whiteman." tain ; Only with th circus clown it is sit on the stool audiance, but in move into your neighborhood," arrest the passing fancy of his Please let me the stable pat- sit in the same clossroom with Harlem buffoonery seems to be Please let my child let me join your tennis club." tern of the caste way of life. your child," Please black people nauseating nonsense that is Here we are over a half million This is the kind of living hud- Faggots, imps, Dope fiends, with the same common background, responsible for the approximately 4 Muggers, Vagabonds and in gene- dled and congested in an area Crapshooters, 168 Street, bet- rowdies that we have with us to- square miles from 98 Street to ral all around . People who belts throughout America. ween the East and Hudson Rivers day in major caste the most expensive) to break wear clothes (sometimes The one chance thecaste man had sell any clothes. People who psychology of do but do not make or the tenacles of a strangulating do not make or sell shoes. enunciated by wear shoes but they nothingness and Uncle Tomism as but they do not own any by Mar- People who eat food the N.A.A.C.P. was offered energetically 92 percent of the retail Garvey's doctrine wholesale houses. Indeed .,us Garvey in the early 1920's. owned and controlled by Black masses stores in Harlem are made a tremendous impact on the Chamber of Commerce with orations white people. The Harlem of Harlem and America at large, Uptown Chamber of Com- his primitive better known as the designed to restore the blackman to white controlled organization. group an affinity merce, is a strickly dignity and re-kindle within the caste occupy the same lackey Africa. Politically The for the larger Mass-Race Body of in other phases of life. and position as same miserable cadre of stooges caste politicians are The Two of the leading who wrecked the Garvey "Hamburger i-tellectual prostitutes under indictment on the hopes of an currently lovement and thereby frustrated was squeezed out of his job T Raps," a caste judge people, are back in action today, of parking un-fortunate on the bench not so long ago because thwart the construc- his Going their damnable best to caste man was sacked from Afri- tickets. Another and designs enunciated by the Police Commissioner t"ve purpose job as 4th. or 5th. Deputy Movement . Harlem is the a white can Nationalist Pioneer he resented the manner in which are launch- because from where all of their activities a caste woman of his Pub policeman manhandled for racial advancement are the Harlem ed. Unity by the race acquaintance . Thus it is shown that as a menace to l^oked upon by these hirelings fix a parking ticket or even keep politician cannot life which is based on their ability all. Their leading their mode of himself out of jail - flunkies White Folks" into sub- white people to hoodwink the "Good organizations were organized by jailer who would give his (it is only a foolish on Page Seventeen the N.A.A.C.P. Continued prisoners the key) and as much as 8 The African Nationalist Pioneer equality, miscegenation, and the rest Plans Have Been Movement is pending its hopes on the of the cat trap foisted on them by the construction of this building prepare hegemony of international Jewery, Filed For The tory to the launching of an all out whose only purpose is to use the Black campaig to organize and implement Race in America as their butressing a pioneer project designed to en- shield, while they who encourage the "Garvey Memorial courage homesteading of black people blacks to scorn and disown Africa, in the Americas -- in Africa, where work sidiously to perpetuate the im Building" it is the considered opinion of the possible state of Israel . The African Nationalist Pioneer leaders of this movement based on The erection of the Garvey Memorial Movement have filed plans for the past and present conditions of destitu- Building will se a stone monument erection of the "Garvey Memorial tion, hardship and in-equality, endured that spiritually testify to the admira- Building." by people of African descent here in tion and respect that the people of Pe nding the approval of the Build- America, that the fortunes and destiny Harlem have for the life efforts, deeds, ing Authorities of the City of New of those people who are interprising man. York. enough to avail themselves of the ad- doctrine and memory of this great Plans were filed on June 1, 1960. vantages that Africa has to offer, This Building - every phase of it, The Building will be located on 141 must find outlets and utility for those shall be a real manifestation of our Street, approximately 100 feet East of talents that they possess but is ignor- understanding of Garvey's doctrine of 8th Avenue. ed, throttled and denied expression in Self Determination, In that the Archi- The demensions of the Building will this setup predicted on White Supre- tect, Mr . Philbert B. Hill, is a Black be 38 by 65 feet consisting of a Re- macy. man, the work shall be contracted by creation Center in the Basement. The We realize that many of our people a Black man, the work shall be con- main auditorium will consist of Office are the misguided dupes of the bank tracted by a Black man, and the la- and Library. rupt doctrine of civil rights, social bourers shall be Black people.

There Is Going To Be A New Day BY CARLOS A. COOKS "LUMUMBA FOILS COLONIALIST PLOT TO well trigger a Race War, sending all Africa up in arms. PARTITION THE CONGO." We hear a great deal about the Congolese One of the greatest African personalities to not being ready for Self - Government, but such appear on the stage of world affairs today is nonsense should not be seriously entertained as Patrice Lumumba. This sagacious leader by a a subject matter for discussion. Belgium's re- series of adroit maneuvers thwarted the scheme cord in the Congo is one of the most fiendish of the Colonialist exploiters of the Congo (of and despotic the world and history shall ever which in this case - Belgium is the fronting record. Eighty five years ago when hey went power) to balkanize that country and thereby into the Congo, they found over twenty five mil- perpetuate their leecherous policy of colonial lion black people living a happy and carefree exploitation with its accompanying evils, abuse life. Between the advent of the Belgium Butchers and the tyranic dramatization of white supre- into the Congo, and their expulsion, the pages macy. of history is replete with some of the most Lumumba threw the entire mess into the grisly tales of torture, mutiliation, sadism and lap of the United Nations thereby forcing the outright genocide the world has ever known. We white world to either take off the cloak of in read hysterical accounts in the racist white ternational morality and justice for all, or sit press of a handfull of white women being raped, in and pass judgement on themselves. The bur- but what about the millions of Black girls and den of proof is now upon the shoulders of the women whose breast were cut off under the United Nations, since it has resolved to urge the reign of that monster from the lairs of hell? Belgium Army to get out of he Sovereign e- "Leopold - King of the Belgiums" between the Rpublic of the Congo. Should the United Na- years 1885 and 1905. What about the millions tions fail, the entire existence of that organiza- of cripples he made when they did not produce tion will be in jeopardy, and indeed world war enough work milking the rubber trees on his three might very likely start. private plantation which included the entire The forces that is encouraging that "Dean of 900,000 square miles of the Congo? Ah - But it Uncle Toms" Moise TsMehmbe, could well be lighting the fuse to an explosion that could very Please Turn To Page Seventeen 9

they conceived them to possess ; And it was FROM THE RUINS OF EMPIRE from them tha this are passed, still in an im- the Egyptians . Those piles of ruins, which you see in that narr perfect state, to ow valley, (Proof positive, that civiliza- Watered by the Nile, are the remains of opulent EDITORS NOTE : Central Africa, and traveled Cities, tion started from "UP" the Nile.) The pride of the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia. Behold the wrecks of her metropolis, of Thebes, With her hundred palaces, the parents of cities, THE RUINS OF ZIMBABWE And monument of the caprice of destiny. The ruins of Zimbabwe, the only remaining There a people, now forgotten, discovered, evidence of the once Martial, Magnificent and Mighty Zighn empire lies seventeen miles from While others were yet barbarians, the elements Victoria South Africa, a hundred and seventy- the arts and sciences. of two miles from Bulawayo. The ruins consists of A race of men now rejected from society for an elliptical temple surrounded by walls from their sable skin and frizzled hair, founded on twenty to thirty feet in height ; two coincal the study of the laws of nature, those civil and towers ; symbolical of the generation of life ; an religious systems which still govern the universe. acropolis that was an ancient treasure-house and fortress, artificially strengthened by massive down those dusky points are the Pyramids, Lower ramparts. Lower down those dusky points are the Pyramids, Culture some ,Whose masses have astonished you. Zimbabwe was the seat of Bantu three thousand seven hundred years ago. Zim- and refine- "The Ethiopians," Says Lucian, were the first who babwe was in its noonday of culture Germanic invented the science of the stars, and gave names ment two thousand years before the feast- to the planets, not at random and without Tribes abolished the gruesome practice of meaning, but descriptive of the qualities which ing on the flesh of their conquered dead.

Help Your People Who Are Not Allowed To Help Themselves Give Your Old Unwanted South West African BUT USEABLE CLOTHES TO Relief Committee

ATTENTION : Members of Religious and Fraternal Organizations Condition Strike Your Blow With a Sincere Attempt to Ameliorate This Deplorable If interested mail a Post Card with this information

Your Name

Address

City Phone State Best Time to be Contacted TO : SOUTH WEST AFRICAN RELIEF COMMITTEE Care Of AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT NEW YORK CITY 315 LENOX AVENUE

`African Nationalist Pioneer Movement'

A call for implementation of the agenda adopted by the "African Nationalist Pioneer Move- ment" in convention on the 16th day of August 1959 1) The total mobilization of all the material resources of the Black race in all areas of the world, binding them together into one grand racial hegemony, whose only purposes shall be the welfare and security of Black people everywhere 2) The activation of African-Community Leagues in all communities where people of the African ethnic group are in the majority . The economy of all African communities must be marshalled, controlled, and chanelled in a progressive direction, so that the commerce business life, and body politics of the community be controlled totally by the resident majority. 3) The synchronization of all organizations, regardless of religious passions, or sectional sentiment, to one overall aim and endeavor towards the complete freedom of Africa, for the benefit of the African peoples of the world. This should include moral, physical and material support to the needy cause of the valiant Africcans at home who are fighting against tremen- dous odds. We demand that all the leading Black organizations in the world delegate representatives to meet with the "African Nationalist Pioneer Movement" in a conference for positive action, to be held on Monday, January 2, 1961 . The "African Nationalist Pioneer Movement" is clarioning a call to marshall all those or- ganizations who are interested in racial progress, solidarity, and freedom For further information, contact the "African Nationalist Pioneer Movement", 315 Lenox Avenue, N. Y. C . 27, N. Y. Carlos A. Cooks-Administrator. All organizations interested in restoring our noble race back to the position of esteem and dignity it once enjoyed, (when other races were still barbarians,) may fill the form below.

Please register two delegates .

Name of organization

Address

City

State

Country

Name of President

Name of Secretary

Registration Fee $5.00

Delegate's cards will be sent to all organizations that register.

Address all inquiries to the "African Nationalist Pioneer Movement"

315 Lenox Avenue-N. Y. C. 27, N. Y.

Carlos A. Cooks-Administrator OF MEMORANDUM OF THE COMPULSORY JURISDICION OVER SOUTH THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE UNDER ITS AFRICA WITH RESPECT TO ITS OBLIGATIONS AFRICA MANDATE FOR THE TERRITORIES OF SOUTH WEST hoc committee in its report to the negotiation, shall be submitted to THE BASIC FACTS General Assembly (13th Session, the Permanent Court of Interna- Supplement No. 12, A/3906), stated By Declaration dated the 17th tional Justice provided for by Ar- as follows,, in paragraph 79. of December, 1920, the Council of ticle 14 of the Covenant of the Lea- The Committee, in examining the League of Nations confirmed gue of Nations ." the continued trend of the adminis- and defined the Mandate of the South Africa having contended tration, maintains its opinion 'chat Union of South Africa over the that the Mandate had lapsed be- the administration of South West territory of South West Africa. cause the League had ceased to Africa, in which political, economic, This was in accordance with the exist, an advisory opinion of the social and educational rights are agreement of the Principal Allied International Court of Justice was governed by the Practice of apar- and Associated Powers establish- sought pursuant to resolution of theid, operates to the detriment of ing the Mandate System under the General Assembly of December the population, particularly the Article 22 of the Covenant of the 6, 1949 . The Court arrived at the 'Native' majority, and is contrary League of Nations. Under Articles conclusion that the Mandate had to the Mandate, the Charter of the 2, 6 and 7 of the Mandate, it was not lapsed and that South Africa United Nations, and the Universal provided as follows : continued to have international Declaration of Human Rights . The obligations under the Mandate . It "Article 2 Committee again recommends as a further determined that even matter of urgency that the Mana- Mandatory shall have full though the League's functions with The tory Power take steps to repeal all of administration and le- regard to the Mandated territor- power racially discriminatory legislation gislation over the territory sub- ies had come to an end, the General and practices in the Territory and to the present Mandate as an Assembly of the United Nations is ject that it take urgent measures to of the Union of legally qualified to exercise the integral portion revise the existing policies and and may apply the supervisory functions previously South Africa, practices of 'Native' administration the Union of South exercised by the League of Nations laws of in a manner which will ensure the subject to regard to the administration Africa to the territory, with fulfillment of its obligations and re- as circum- the territory, and the Union of such local modifications of sponsibilities under the Mandate ." stances may require. South Africa is under an obligation The Committee further stated, The Mandatory shall promote to submit to supervision and con- and with respect to economic conditions to the utmost the material and trol of the General Assembly in paragraph 119 of its report: moral well-being and the social to render annual reports to it (1) "The Committee reiterates that progress of the inhabitants of the (1) International Status of South it considers as inadmissible the territory subject to the present West Africa, ICJ Reports 1950, practice of allocating to the 'Euro Mandate . " p. 128 Advisory Opinion July minority progressively in- "Article 6 11, 1950 pean' land to the detri- South Africa has failed to com- creasing areas of make to 'Non-European' majo- The Mandatory shall ply with the opinion of the Inter- ment of the of Na- the Territory . It urges that the Council of the League national Court of Justice, as set rity of to the satis- policy applied in the Terri- tions an annual report forth in various reports of the ad the land containing revised with a view to en- faction of the Council, hoc committee on South West tory be to the a more equitable distribu- full information with regard Africa to the General Assembly. suring the mea- tion of land to the 'Native' majority territory, and indicating South Africa has failed to carry out security of ten- sures taken to carry out the obli- either its substantive obligations and affording them they occupy ." gations assumed under Articles 2, under the Mandate to promote the ure on the lands further stated, 3, 4, and 5." material and moral well-being and The Committee labor conditoins, in "ARTICLE 7 the social progress of the inhabi- with respect to relating to paragraph 134 : The consent of the Council of tants, or its obligation implementation "The Committee is deeply con- the League of Nations is required the machinery for under the Mandate, cerned that the limitations and for any modification of the terms of its duties the obligation to sub- conntrols placed on 'Native' work of the present Mandate. particularly and control ers have become increasingly se- The Mandatory agrees that, if mit to the supervision General Assembly as the vere, particularly in recent years. any dispute whatever should arise of the of the Council of the The Committee therefore againn between the Mandatory and another successor by rendering reiserates its previous recommen- Member of the League of Nations League of Nations accordance with dations for the revision of labour relating to the interpretation of the annual reports in Covenant, and legislation in the Territory and provisions of the Mandate, such Article 22 of the Mandate. The ad the improvement of conditions of dispute, if it cannot be settled by Article 6 of the 12

equal rights and oppor- ,..L, L950 that the Union of South labour. As a first step toward the principle of for all of the inhabitants ." Africa is under an obligation to ac- improvement of labour conditions tunities cept the compulsory jurisdiction of relaxation of Government (Note : The foregoing is in- and the the Court in reference to disputes over 'Non-European' tended as a summary of South controls between the Mandatory state and in the Territory, the Com- Africa's violations of the Mandate . workers another member of the League of recommends that workers It would be possible to summarize mittee Nations . The Court stated as fol- given the freedom to seek em- these facts in a somewhat differ- be lows : with employers of their ent manner, as for example, the ployment "According to Article 7 of the summary of the Committee in the choice." Madate, disputes between the Man- views as to freedom of above mentioned report, paragraph It datory State and another Member were stated in para- 35, which outlines these under two movement of the League of Nations relating report, as follows : separate headings, namely, acts re- graph 141 of this interpretation or the appli- lating to the international status to the "The Committee deeply de- the provisions of the of the Territory, and Acts relating cation of plores the continued existence and if not settled by negotio- to the moral and material well- Mandate, enforcement of these restrictions should be submitted to the being and social progress of the in- tion and urges the Mandatory Poper to of International habitants of the Territory.) Permanent Court revise the legislation applicable in Justice. Having regard to Article 37 In accordance with the resolu- the Territory with a view to repeal- of the Statute of : the International oppres- tion establishing the Committee on ing such discriminatory and Court of Justice, and Article 30, of South West Africa, the Committee sive restrictions on the freedoin paragraph 1, ryof the Charter, the inhabi- was authorized to continue negotia- movement of the majority of Court is of the opinion that this Africa in order to tants." tions with South clause in the Mandate is still in fully the Advisory Opin- With respect to its views on implement force and that, therefore, the International Court of educational conditions, it stated as ion of the Union of South Africa is under an of 11 July, 1950. In its above follows in paragraph 167 : Justice obligation to accept the compulsory mentioned report, the Committee "In that light, the Committee jurisdiction of the Court according referred to its previous reports de- recalls and repeats its previous re- to those provisions." efforts it commendations : that the Manda scribing the results of the The International Court of Jus- negotia- tory Power should take all the had made to carry out such tice has compulsory jurisdiction South Africa, and re- necessary steps to eliminate the tions with over disputes submitted to it as those efforts had met present racial discrimination from called that contentious cases only on the con- favorable response from the educational system ; that it with no sent of the parties . The consent should establish a programme for the Union goverflment, which de- can be given in one of three cases : the progressive unification of the clined to cooperate in any way with a. A declaration recognizing discharge ot system with the object of provid- the Committee in the the compulsory jurisdiction of the This report ing equal access by all children, its functions (par 7.) . Court under the so-called "optional the according to merit, to the facilit- also refers to the decision of clause" of Article 36, subdivision Committee at its 88th Meeting on 9 ies for education ; . . . . 2 of the Statute of the Court. January, 1953, that in the light of The Committee gave its gener- b. By aggreements recognizing the fact that the Assembly had al estimate of the situation as fol- the jurisdiction of the Court with established a Good Offices Com- lows, in paragraphs 171 and 172 : respect to various classes of dispu mittee to undertake discussions 171. "The Committee there- tes. such as those arising under the with South Africa, it would wtih- fore reaffirms its conclusion that term of treaties (Article 36, subdi- hold for the time being any further existing conditions in the Territory vision 1 of the Statute of the approach to South Africa . (In or- and the trend of the administration Court) . der to satisfy the requirement of represents a situation not in accord c. By an agreement to submit Article 7 of the Mandate that the with the Mandates System, the a particular dispute to the Court. parties should first attempt to Charter of the United Nations, the The jurisdiction of the Court in settle the dispute by negotiation, it Universal Declaration of Human the present case would fall under will be necessary to make some re- Rights ; the advisory opinions of the second category of cases, name- ference to the negotiations conduct- the International Court of Justice ly the obligation accepted under ed by the Good Offices Committee, and the resolutions of the General the terms of the Mandate . There- which would show either that nego- Assembly." fore it is not relevant whether thus far have been fruit- 172. "The Committee consi- tiations South Africa or the state which less, if that is the case; or that no ders its essential . for the preserva- seeks to institute the proceeding negotiations at all have been car- tion of the sacred trust undertaken has accepted the compulsory juris- ried on or are likely to be.) by the Union of South Africa on diction of the Court generally un- behalf of the League of Nations, II . THE LEGAL ISSUES der the so-called optional clause that the manner of administration (Article 36 of the Statute of the of of the Territory should be changed, 1. Compulsory Jurisdiction Court), and if so, to what cases of Justice in order to ensure the political, eco- the International Court such compulsory .jurisdictoin would nomic and social development of The International Court of Jus- apply. the whole of the population and re- tice expressly determined in its 2. To What States Legal Action cognition and applicaation of the above mentioned judgement of July is Open in a Contentious Case 13

94 the Char- While some doubt has been ex- pute between the Mandatory and Under Article of ter of the United Nations, all mem- pressed as to the right of members former members of the League negotia- bers undertake to comply with deci of the United Nations, who were which cannot be settled by sions of the International Court in not former members of the League, tion and which relates to the inter- all cases to which they are parties . to invoke the compulsory jurisdic- pretation or application of the If any party fails to perform the tion of the Court in a contentious Mandate. As define dby the Per- obligations incumbent upon it un- proceeding, there seems to be no manent Court of International Jus- der a judgement rendered by the doubt whatsoever that a former tice, a dispute is "°a disagreement Court, the other party may have member of the League of Nations on a point of law or fact, and con- recourse to the Security Council is vested with such a right under flict of legal views or of interests which may make recommendations Article 7 of the Mandate . This fol- between two persons ." (3) The re- or decide upon measures to be ta- lows clearly from the above quoted port of the Committee on South ken to give effect to the judgement . language of the International Court West Africa to the Thirteenth Ses- Consequently, South Africa could of Justice. sion of the General Assembly made not ignore decisions of the Interna-  It appears that former mem- it unequivocally clear that the dis- tional Court with impuniity. bers which ceased to be such prior pute between member states and III . NATURE OF RELIEF to the dissolution of the League South Africa cannot be settled by apparently lost all rights there- negotiation . TO BE REQUESTED In under, including those in relation There is also no doubt that the accordance with well esta- blished legal principles, the to Article 7 of the Mandate . Simi- dispute in question relates to the Inter- national Court of Justice could be larly, former members of the Lea- interpretation o rapplication of the requested either to call upon the gue which are not now members Mandate, as it deals with various Mandatory to comply with the of the United Nations or otherwise clauses of the Mandate and the parties to the Statute of the Court Mandate as a whole in relation, for terms of the Mandate after having would apparently not be entitled example, to the present status of determined that he Mandatory had to enjoy this right. (2) The Report the territory. violated same, or in the alter- cited makes it clear that the right 4. Further Legal Issues native, to determine that if the Mandatory failed 'to invoke Article 7 of the Mandate If South Africa should question to comply with the Court's judgement within cited makes it clear that the right the jurisdiction of the Court over some is enjoyed at any rate by those any contentious case brought be specified period, that the Mandate former members of the League fore it, the Court has the power should be forthwith terminated. which were members at the date of under Article 36, paragraph 6 of The gravity of the violations dissolution of the League and which its Statute to settle the issue by committed by the Mandatory, and are now members of the United its iown decision (Paragraph 36, its absolute refusal to comply with Nations or are otherwise parties to Special Report of the Committee the determination of the Court, as the Statute of the Court. the Session of the General Assem- expressed in its Advisory Opinion, (2) Special Report of the Com- on South West Africa to the Twelf- would appear to give ample ground mittee on South West Africa bly) . for judgement by the Court that General Assembly Official Under Article 53 of the Sta- South Africa had forfeited any Records, Twelfth Session, tute, if a party to a contentious rights to exercise the trust imposed Supplement No. 12 (A/3625), case does not appear or fails to de upon it by the Mandate . Paragraph 31 fend its case, the other party may 3. What May be Submitted to the ask the Court to decide in its fa- International Court it satisfies itself that it has juris- Under Article 7 of the com- vor, and the Court may do so if pulsory jurisdiction of the Court diction and that the claim is well Robert Delson, General Counsel may be invoked if there is a dis- founded . American Committee on Africa 801 Second Ave ., New York 17, N. Y.

BUY BLACK HISTORICAL FACTS

A Race without a true knowledge of its history is like a ship without a rudder, guidelessly drifting on the reefs to wreckage.

Black men through the ages have made outstanding contributions in' man's evolvment from cannibalism to the civilization of today. The African concept of morality their philosophic understanding of human nature, their great knowledge of chemistry, chronology, biology, physics, mathematics, architecture, engineering, agriculture, animal husbandry,' and militarism had created for the African flourishing empires with mag; nificent cities, temples, shrines and castles thousands of years ago before the European man learned the art and custom of civilized behavior, Afri- can empires had reached their maturity long before the Mongolian man embaced the practice of social order, the luxurious city of Luxor in whose valley repose the remains of some of the wdrld's most spectacular cha- racters, Mereo from whence humane African kings sent their armies to civilize the savage backward people of Arabia, Persia, Europe and India. Debra Tabra in central Ethiopia (with its rugged temples hewn out of solid stone) it was from that city that Assymendesse gave the Cushites the rudiments of civilization . Oxum, a city in northern Ethiopia, was the seat of religious worship long before Jerusalem was built, the glorious city of Ninevah, Memphis and Tyre had reached the peak of their glory long before Athens, Rome or Mecca was built. All the puzzling unsolved problems challenging the wisdom of the selfstyled superior man today was built by black men.- The Sphynx, the Pyramids, the well preserved mummy of King Tut-ANkh-amen and the Ethiopian Pharaoh Seti is unto this day a cynical rebuke to the Caucasians' claims to sophisticated and advanced knowledge, so, why should the black man be ashamed of Africa? Did not our ancestors civilize the Greeks, Persians and Romans? Through that the evil machinations of untruthful Caucasians in his schools, movies and even his bible have so propagated the minds of the people of African descent that they have become ashamed to be called Africans -How pathtic ; SEKOU TOURE ADDRESSED THE UNITED NATIONS lity and the friendship of peoples, for internation- Continued from Page Seven al co-operation in peace and justice, long live I want to refer to the fupture of Algeria, to the United Nations. which, I know, you have devoted and will con- The PRESIDENT (interpretation from Spani- tinue to devote much effort and time. You should sh) : The United Nations General Assembly has know simply that the peoples of the entire world listened with all due attention to the statement follows your efforts and count on you, so that which your excellency has just made. smiles may return to the lips of the Algerians - The meeting rose at 4:25 p. m. mothers of families, old men and children who are full of hope and who must not be disappoint- ed. Know that all of Africa has its eyes turned 'The Awakening Call' towards you. What is of concern to Africa is the Hail Lumumba! man of Africa height to which your Assembly will carry the Who stands like a mighty dam sense of universal dignity and understanding. Our Against the floods of oppression brothers of the Cameroons hope also to regain A granite wall of reality before peace in the liberty which is promised to them. The white man's dream of madness. Concerning the future of this Territory, the inde- To keep the African his slave and Africa of pendent African States, at the conferences His feasting ground of exploitation Sanniquellie and Monrovia asked for the applica- tion of the Charter of the United Nations and Hark! the Congo is free nothing more. The heart of Africa beats again at last In effect, only the Cameroonian people are The pulsating throbs of Freedom is felt qualified to receive, before the lifting of trustee- Throughout the land ship, the naitonal power which it will then confer The giant awakens and lifts His mighty hand upon those elected by universal suffrage. What To smite the leeches who sucked does it matter whether the present leadership or His blood while so long he slept. essen- another be thus given this mandate? The For centuries his blood having flowed to foreign the tial point is that, freely and democratically, lands people will pronounce themselves under the super Leaves him weak as first he stands- vision of the United Nations. The United Nations But lo! as this vital substance is retrieved will provide the only guarantee that this consul- And the source of his weakness is thus relieved tation will be carried out in a spirit of loyalty. He will give each son a pound of gold already Other peoples still under domination For every tear in slavery wept feel the breath of liberty. Let us help them. Reprsentatives of the sovereign nations of So now he pleads, " come home my sons." the world, permit me to affirm solemnly before Your againg father needs your strength. you that the young Republic of Guinea, in con- For with your youth - l,m young again ducting its revolution in peace and unity, desires And will learn from you the things nothing else but to live in brotherhood and in I've missed in slumber. solidarity with all the peoples who love justice Arise Black sons of Africa on foreign soil and who desire to contribute to the consolidation Decaying tools of empires created by your peace of the foundations for a real and lasting blood and toil. In the world. Cast off your tattared robes of slavery unity of tries or peoples. It wants the equality and Return as free men to your father's home of peoples and of men, without consideration In united vastness of your number remains totally aware that colour or religion. It matched by your patriotism and bravery" fraternal co-operation, peaceful coexistence, and peace between poples constitutes a clear indica- "Come home my sons" Africa calls - and - tion of human progress in work, justice and de- Bring my daughters with you mocracy, and expresses the wish that all the To work, to build, to teach, to bask peoples of the world commit themselves firmly to In the glory that is due." the harmonious development of the destiny of Blackmen from every point across the sea mankind. Send back their answers to this plea : The African continent represents a question- `FATHER AFRICA, OPEN WIDE YOUR DOOR mark. May our message and that of all the THIS DAY honest people of the world contribute to find the FOR WE ARE READY - WE ARE ON OUR just response to the question which Africa ad- WAY!! .--- m you about its destiny. For liberty, equa- R. Waldo Williams, New York City, N. Y. THERE IS GOING TO BE A NEW DAY is running out on the likes of Lackey's like Moise Continued from Page Nine Tshembe, the Puppet of a Puppet. Lumumba's cadre from this writer's obser- is alright as long as the victims are Black and vation of them, seems to be more oriented to- the offenders are white. ward orthodox African Nationalism, along the Lumumba need not apoligize to anyone for Garveyan pattern, than any of the other African the behavior of his people. The world's honest officials I have had the privilege to converse men and history will say that all things being with. Their grasp of the problems and the steps considered, the Congolese behaved with remark- to be taken for the industrialization and stabli- able restrain. However! if the Belgiums continue zation of the Congo, gives cause to be optismis- to vacillate, and the United Nations continue to tic for a bright and glorious role to be played by procrastinate, the Belgiums and their stooge the people of the Congo and its leadership in the Tshembe may well yet get the burial that they interest of human justice racial dignity and ad- are bucking for. The will of the people of the vancement. Congo is for a United Nation. The sands of time

"HARLEM-CITADEL OF THE CASTE" was no attempt made by the white unions to Continued from Page Eight unionize the workers in clerical and service jobs in Harlem ; Due to the untimely death of Ira sidizeing them as the self appointed leaders of Kemp, and the corrupt and incompetent men the caste opinion. who succeeded him, the Harlem Labor Union The Garvey Movement with its emphasis on stagnated to a point where Big fat Freeman self determination, racial initiative, and a collec- who knew nothing about the reason why the tive racial outlook based on and anchored to the Harlem Union was organized, or the purpose it freedom of Africa, was repugnant to their para- was intended to serve, actually approached this sitical schemes, hence- no stone was left un- writer at a Street Meeting on 125 Street and turned to stop Garvey and discredit his doctrine, 7th Avenue, berating my efforts for suggesting but today with Africa for the Africans illuminat- that the business life of Harlem should be con- ing the world horizon, and the masses of black trolled by the people who constitute the resident people rapidly becoming fascinated by the pro- majority in Harlem. He was very excited and gress of the African, made so because of Nationa- evidently under orders from the white mer- lism. We find these termites and chronic enemies chants to see what he could do to discourarage of black oportunity climbing on the band wagon, the campaign. about their long at- mouthing eloquent phrases Today the idea of "Buy Black" is catching for the Africans. tachment to the idea of Africa on, it was used with damageing effect in Ugan- premiers come to When African potentates and da. It brought about marvelous results for the these bootlickers New York, you can always find black people of Tuskeegee . and proffessional Uncle Toms - or Tshembo's worming their way into the limelight. Here in Harlem the parasites have com- When Sufi Abdul Hamid started the job menced to use the slogan "Buy Black" in a dis- torted sort of way as a means of keeping up campaign to get clerical jobs for the caste in the with the masses, and at the same time - con- white stores on 125 Street. They fought it, fusing the issue. But' Harlem will until the masses of Harlem began to support one day soon come of and rally to the slogan "Don't spend your money age, and when that happens, many many where you can't work," then they began to co- Preachers, Fakers, Leeches and the pro- fessional Race Hustlers or Chronic Uncle Toms nive with the white merchants to rob Sufi of (Tshembos) will have to get a job. That also the credit of his efforts. When Ira Kemp organized the Harlem include many charlatans now speaking on the Streets of Harlem. Labor Union, after the merchants on 125 Street was able to secure an injunction against the The rags published and circulated in the picketing of their stores based on race, Kemp community - those fellows also will have to decided to file for a Labor Union Charter. find something else to do. The quacks peddling Tshembo attacked it as segregation, and the destructive opium of superstition and ig- worked with the A. F. of L. to destroy or neu- norance, they too will be out of business when traliz the purpose of the Harlem Labor Union. Nationalism engulfs Harlem, and engulf it - it Indeed prior to the Harlem Labor Union, there will.

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What Is The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement is an Educational, Inspirational, Instructive, Constructive and Expansive Society. It is composed of people desirous of bringing about the establishment of a progressive, dignified, cultural, fraternal and Racial confraternity amongst the African People of the world. The members pledge themselves to devote their knowledge, physical energy, private fortunes, and sacred honor to ameliorate the tragic inequalities and medieval backwardness that the universal status of the Race reflects. We hold these conditions to be a challenge to our manhood and an insult to the aristocracy of our noble race. Whereas every sovereign state in Europe ismass of Asia is governed by Asiatics, Arabs domi ruled and controlled by Europeans, the landnate Arabia, Jewish aspirations have been satis- fied by the creation of the state of Israel ; Africa is the only continent that is completely domina- ted by the tyrannic alien yoke of European plunders with the approval of the so-called United Nations, and the active support of the Christian Churches of all denominations . Certainly, no Black man with blood of Africcans coursing through his veins can live in good conscience, accepting these conditions that a power-drunk white world has conspired to per- petuate on an unoffending people. The African Nationalist Pioneer Movement realizes that the world is organized in homoge- neous segments. In the light of existing circumstances, the A. N. P. M. advocates as a matter of self defense and survival, a Racial Hegemony of the African at home and abroad that will resur rect the nobility courage and resoucefulness that once typified African character; rejecting all ideas for racial improvement that do not animate from within the group, denying all standards of beauty that do not represent the vibrant characteristics cf the African race, heeding no voice but our own on the issue of racial policy, denouncing all religions that perpetuate the myth of white supremacy and the fallacy of divine adjudication. We believe in the principle of self-determination for all races and submit that the Black people of Harlem and all other homogeneous African communities have the same moral and natural right to be clannish in their patronage as other people have dramatized that they are . We advo cate as a matter of sound racial economy, the "Buy Black Campaign." Patronize your own race, build a solvent foundation for your children. Help create employment and independence for your race.

WANTED WANTED

The Conao Wants Youna Black Men - Talented and Intelligent Young Black Men of Trades - Interested in Opportunity For Advancement

Artisans Doctors Tanners Architects Dynamo Operators Veternarian Contractors Electricians Pioneers Carpenters Engineers Plumbers Canal Engineers Farmers Milliners Chemists Foundry Operators Mineralogists

Homesteaders Nurses Pharmacologists

AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT CARLOS A. COOKS, Administrator 315 Lenox Avenue New York City THE July

August

a STREET Edition SPEAKER VOL. 1 NO. 3 1956

SPECIAL FEATURE

r~F rR~G~c caNSC~vFNCr ar w~~rF psyc~acacy

~eafure !'irficles

MURDER WITHOUT REPENTENCE

NEGROES & NEGRO GOALS

PSYCHOSYNTHESIS

I AM MY BROTHERS KEEPER

SLAVES VS FREE MEN

ESCAPE VS CURE

IT'S BEEN THERE ALL THE TIME!

l~'Larcu~ ~aruey FATHER OF SLACK NATIONALISM

The Street Speaker Magazine is a Bi-Monthly Publication, reflecting the opinions of that ele- ment within the ~Ifrican race that believe in Self-determination and the unconditional freedom of all Africa. It is published by the ~LN.P.M., Carlos A. Cooks, Editor. 315 Lenox Ave., New York 37, N. Y. Subscription: $2.00 for two years in the United States. Foreign Countries: $2.80 '"".'"'""'~"""'~ "~'"'~- 1 "~"'O~'`'"'`"'"~ "'"""1- "~"~"1~'"1'"'~'"'"" ~"~"'""'"

Std l3eess %!suns flll %l.Q %.»e! Writes Solomon Johnson - course, this was like a friendly jesture. We black kids !'1LL MY life, or at least two-thirds of it, (I am would friendly jesture them right back by chasing them now Twentyfive) deep down-way deep down inside, I home, then their Mothers-Sisters-Aunts-Grandmas- knew that something was wrong with things. I don't Fathers and even St. Patrick would start a friendly jest- mean the fact that our family wasn't rich, or that we ure by heaving differznt things out of the windows, nat were having a hard time scratching to make ends meet, urally we returned the various articles Then all of a No; that wasn't it, because nobody minds scratching to sudden the red cars would show, with the big nose Irish make ends meet if the two ends finally start meeting. For cops who would immediately, without question start example: the place where I was born and partially throwing us into the red car. They would send us home raised, Philadelphia . It is an industrial city with many wondering if throwing things ran in the Irish people's factories and plants, all run and controlled by the white blood. race. There are many homes and hotels built by various There was another group of people who didn't have groups of white people. Many roads and bridges, in fact any Factories or Stores around there, and they didn't a whole city. I won't go into a long harangue about sell anything much. The white people called them Ne what people or tools built it, but I can say that various groes, Niggers and Colored people, but most of the time groups of white people made the policy. they called them Black so and so's. Most of these peo- When I was a small boy running up and down 8th ple were ashamed, they didn't know what they were, St. in Philadelphia, I use to see the Jewish people always while every other group around them was making it selling something, all the time, all over the sidewalk, in very plain what they were themselves. Not knowing the streets; blocking traffic, selling all kinds of junk. anything about organizing in order to get themselves And I often wondered where they got all the stuff to sell straight, they just got drunk and cut up each other. all the time. Sometimes I would wish that my father They hated the word: Black, which was their true class- had a store so that I could eat candy free. The Italians ification racially. They attempted to act more and more didn't like the Jews because the Jews had more stores like Irish, Jews and Italians and various other Euro- The Italians did some selling too, and some stealing. peans. They did nothing of any importance such as Mussolini at that time hadattacked Ethiopia, used poison establishing Factories and Stores. All they did was talk gas on women and children, this is the general character funny and straighten their hair. Later on I met some of the Italians, they will foul you in a minute. of these funny people and to my surprise they had suc- ceeded, they were Jewish, Italians and even Irish. I use to go to a store on the corner to buy bread. This store was operated by a big fat funny looking My family, being racial, moved to an all black neigh- Italian. The place was usually crowded with cut throats borhood when I was ten years old . So early in lifer, I Grown men who would say, "Black Nigger, let me rub had found out about three master con-men; the Jew, the your head" or "Hey Sambo." When I was alone, or Italian, and the Irish. These three white groups who with other Black kids, I would call them all kinds of were fighting a relentless war on the blacks propaganda "Wops and Dago's," and then fd run like hell. Some- wise and even physically, each playing his part method- - times we black kids would go down there, just so we ically in an endless effort to keep the sucker negro, a could call some names. In the window of this same no - race - flunky, let me know just where they stood. store, there was a big picture with all kinds of Italian And that's on your head if you let them. Today the flags draped around it, and IL Duce printed at the bot- same condition prevail . So those of you who are second tom of it. I often wondered who the jerk was. I found -hand-white-men, you are not kidding anybody but out later. Paisan use to give parades with big pictures yourself, ultimately you will be eliminated as is the fate of the IL Duce and statues of the Virgin Mary, with of all fools and flunkies. dollar bills stuck all over them. That money probably Those of you who are not ashamed of your Afxican went straight to Italy. descent, and don't flinch when you hear the word: Black There we were, a few black families, smack dab in you really have a vast future when chain reaction occurs the middle of a bunch of fascists. The light-headed Irish from the blackness of thought. Don't fight it! It's bean kids were always throwing things at us, such as bricks, there all the time. bottles and tin cans. They didn't want to harm us 'of BECOME A BLACK NATIONALIST.

~ pRap~Fr is pasr~v~ovs~y NoNaRF~ iN iris ~aMF Writes Carlos A. Cooks - He was dean of the school of African Fundamental- ~N AUGUST 17, 1956 in Elouise Park, Kingston ism, published the Negro World Newspaper, Black man Jamaica, B.W.I. at a birthday celebration of the Honor- Magazine and counciled such outstanding African Pa- able Marcus Garvey, a bronze statue of Garvey will be triots as Jomo Keriyatta and a host of others. unveiled. While in England on the program of African re- Marcus Garvey organized the "Universal Negro demption, he lectured in Hyde Park. He also lectured Improvement Association," the "African Community in El Hyde Park, Jamaica B.W.I. and spoke on Lenox League," the "Black Star Line," and "Negro Factory, and Seventh Avenues in New York. Garvey gave a Inc." He recruited the leading engineers of the African program in Madison Square Garden, on African redemp- race and sent them to Liberia on a mission, for the pur- tion. He was President General of the Universal Negro pose of aiding and abetting that republic. Improvement Association . A most thought provocating He floated the Black Star Line with the following orator, he went into the strongholds of the Klu-Klux- ships, S.S. Orion which was the mother ship and was Klan and fearlessly announced the program of his re-christened the S.S. Phyllis Wheatly, the S.S Yarmouth organization, conceeding that Europe belongs to the re-christened S.S. Fredrick Douglas. The S.S. General Europeans and Asia to the Asiatics, and insisting that G.W. Goethals, re-christened the S.S. Booker T. Wash- Africa must and shall be for the Africans, both those at ington. The S.S. Kanawha had formerly served as a home and those abroad. Yacht but was re-fitted to serve as an Inter-colonial passenger boat along with the larger ships. There was Marcus Garvey's birthday is observed in Africa, also the S.S. Shady Side, a river boat. South and Central America, The Caribbeans and here Marcus Garvey addressed the League of Nations in in New York there will be a parade in his honor through the interest of the black race's right to control their own the streets of Harlem on the 17th day of August, 1956 destiny.

"THE BLACK WOMAN" By the Honorable Marcus Garvey

Black Queen of beauty, thou has't given preferring death than to leave thy presence color to the world. their foes to meet. Among other women, thou art royal and the fairest, You as in all ages have attracted the adoring world, Like the brightest of jewels in the regal diadem, causing many a bloody banner to be unfurled. shinest thou Eminence to see a world fight in your ancient Goddess of Africa natures purest emblem African defense Black men worship at your virtuous shrine Today you are dethroned through weakness of your men of truest love, While with frenzy those of us crave your smiles Because in throe eyes are virtues steady and your hands, A holy mark as we see in no other, Those who were all monsters and would not Clothed in silk and fine linen from ancient Venus with love approach you the Goddess to mythical Helen. Have insulted your pride, and now attack When Africa stood at the head of the elder nations your good virtue The Gods use to travel from foreign lands Through disunion, you became the mother of the world to look at thee, Giving tinge of robust color to five continents. On coach of costly Eastern materials Making a greater world of millions of colored people All perfumed reclineth thee Whose claim to beauty is reflected through As in thy path flowers were strewn sweetest that bloom our black faces. Thy transcendent marvelous beauty From the handsome Indian to the European brunette. whole world made the mad, There is a claim for that credit of their sunny beauty Bringing Solomon to tears as he viewed Which none can never take from thee thy comeliness, Queen of all women, who hast borne trials and Anthony and the elder Caeser at thy royal feet troubles of racial burden.

PATRONIZE YOUR RESIDENT MERCHANTS ! !

J~r~~I~J vs r~~~~ !~l~~l Writes Oscar Brown - whites. Six days later, led by Boukman, the slaves of Turpin Plantation massacred every white man, woman, ~AITI, IS A Black republic, where there is a black or child they could get their hands on. This inaugurated democracy. There are 10,000 square miles of land, and a general insurrection, and within a few weeks, the some 4,000,000 people. These people are happy, though plantations of the Plains Du Nord were in ruins. The poor. They have long debunked the propaganda that white population was either murdered or couped up in "blacks cannot rule themselves efficiently." the larger cities. Blood poured in torrents, the earth These Haitians have also debunked the story that was blackened with ashes; the captured blacks were was being told about civilizing the savages. If this were burned alive, broken on wheels, or buried to their necks true, they would never have revolted. They would have in sand and hot melted wax was poured into their ears. been too busy enjoying their new found culture. The United States noted that these atrocities were These so-called negroes are always telling us that paralled by equally revolting exhibitions of black slavery was a blessing in disguise; this is usually said by savagery. It was computed that within two months some of our negro Christians who are so inferior that after the revolt began, about two thousand whites had they have to be washed in the blood of some lamb until been massacred, and hundreds of plantations destroyed. they become as white as snow, as black as they are. Jean Francois, Biasson, and Boukman completely I deliver medicine occasionally to some negroes controlled the insurgent blacks of the north. The who live in a private house, owned by a white doctor. country was in a state of confusion. Although the blacks It would do your heart good to see these savages, always had no definite plans for the abolition of slavery, the in slippers, tipping around on their toes and speaking mulattoes lacking organization and able leadership, were in whispers. I am willing to bet that the day the doctor in no position to assert their claims, but opposed gran- moves out of there and leaves those negroes alone, the ting freedom to themselves. The whites engaged in police wagon will be there in short order to load up and fractional quarrels were united in only one determin- take negroes to jail for cutting up each other. And you ation; to suppress revolt. The mulattoes considered the tell me that this negro is civilized? He was never a refusal of the whites to recognize the decree of the bigger savage than he is now. He fights tooth and nails National Assembly which gave certain political rights to against organization. Brother, I don't blame them for men of color. Defiant of the home government, their fighting against it, because the day we become organized leaders assured of the support of France, were deter- is the day civilization will really begin. mined to get their rights by force. After their defeat in 1697, the Spaniards ceded Haiti This movement was organized in the western to France. Spain introduced sugar cane, which was to province, where many of the mulattoes were rich and eventually become Haiti's main export. The combined had slaves. The whites strengthened their claims, not exports of Haiti exceeded the thirteen American colonies wanting to fight both blacks and mulattoes. They figured and the colonies of Spain to the tune of some one hun- they could control the mulattoes. This was the state of dred and forty million. the colony in September, 1791. The inability of the The next in line of privilege were the mulattoes. National Assembly to restore order, drove a large Some twenty-eight thousand of them owned one third number of mulattoes into the camp of the blacks. This of the land, and owed their very existence to Louis XIV's so hopelessly discouraged the commissioners, that they code which stated that any slave acquiring his freedom left the colony. Mulatto soldiers were brought from the by purchase or gift, was to become a full French citizen, south, fearing a civil war between white soldiers and the with all rights, including the right to own slaves. mulatto soldiers. The governor resigned. A quarrel The mulattoes feared the large mass of blacks. broke out between the mulatto and white soldiers; this The whites discriminated against the mulattoes; the added more revolt, into which the blacks were called as blacks were from several parts of Africa, and spoke the mulattoes were outnumbered. The governor retired many different languages. Their hatred of the white to his ships and sailed for the United States. slave masters, and their ancestral worship kept them Over fifteen thousand blacks entered the city, and close together. Their ceremonial worships furnished real the whites who could not escape, stood in the hills and means of communication between escaped and chained watched the town being destroyed in flames, and the fall slaves, and organized rebellion. of French supremacy in the island. From every port, In the year 1758, the ablest of the escaped slaves, ships crowded with refugees sailed for the United States, Macandel, almost succeeded in a plot to poison the Europe, or other West Indian Islands; while the Spanish reservoir supplying the Plains DuNord. On the night of border ports received streams of terrified and destitute Aug. 14, 1791 at a meeting disguised as a voodoo cere- whites, all of whom were glad to escape with their lives. mony, Boukman, Biasson and Jean Francois, three lead- Since early in May 1793, a number of Spanish troops ers of the blacks, adopted definite plans against the had been operating on the (Continued on Page 9)

BUY BLACK ! ! PSYCHOSYNTHESIS THE CONVERSION OF BLACK MEN INTO NEGROES Writes R. W. Williams - ence to the first law of nature, he must sustain a perpet- ual desire to be free to take part in chartering his own ~HE WHITEMAN has developed a new science destiny; that destiny being to protect, defend and pro- which might best be termed "Psychosynthesis"-through mote the welfare of his family and his race. which the processor is enabled to synthesize the mental- Ways and means of destroying these traits of man- ity of a human being and thereby make him into what hood in the blackman therefore, became item No. 1 on ever he will have him be. The guinea pigs for the de- the slave master's agenda in his plan to build America velopment of this science as well as its target victims for a builder cannot perform his work well unless his has been the black race. What was the motive behind tools are in order. Thus the whiteman decided long ago, an alleged civilized race engaging in such a diabolical that when the first generation of our forefathers with is no the practice as the destruction of the human mind? It memory of their country and freedom still vivid in their mystery. minds, had died out, future generations of black people, Unlike any other segment of the American popula- if they are to remain under white domination, must tion, our forefathers did not come here of their own free never be allowed to re-establish, or reunite themselves will as imigrants seeking a better way of life, they were with Africa, their homeland; their way of life, their arts, uprooted from their homes in the land of plenty, and their languages, their religions, their history, and their brought to America by force, deceit, and trickery, to people; hence, their hope for freedom and racial inde- serve as slaves in building a nation, not for themselves, pendence. but as a haven for the pauperized white race which was They must be taught that their history has been dying out from disease, wars, and starvation in poverty one of slavery, dating only back to 1619. They must stricken Europe. To carve a nation out of a wilderness, never know that their history is that of the oldest and the whiteman learned, was a job beyond his ability. He first civilized people on earth; that their black forebear- then tried the Indians, with equal failure. The only man ers were builders of empires and creators of civilizations whose physical excellence could conquer this herculean in Africa centuries before the white race in Europe task was the African, so he was elected. emerged from the stage of savage cannibals . They must When the whiteman went into Africa, he found be taught that they were the savages whom the kind- Africans there, not "Negroes," he kidnapped Africans, he hearted whiteman through his Christian benevolence transported Africans to the Western Hemisphere . We brought out of darkness and allowed to share his civi- are the decendants of those Africans, then why and lization; and for such generosity on the part of the white- when did we become "Negroes?" The answer is quite man, the blacks should be eternally grateful, and simple. The Africans, after thousands of years of enjoy- contented to be his slaves. ing freedom and prosperity in their own country, in their The whiteman then, has based his policy on the own civilization, were in no mood to become slaves of unshakable conviction that black people must never be anybody, and especially the whiteman. Their distaste allowed to consider themselves equal, or even potentially for the idea was forcibly demonstrated by the valiant equal to the whites, and thereby become a threat to battles in warfare put up in Africa, when these invading white supremacy. Therefore, they must be made to parasites' real aim became apparent; and by numerous admire and respect white people and to hate themselves. of resistance as mass suicides, mutiny on other forms Since the mind is the master of the body, gain con- ships, and bloody rebellions against their white the slave trol of his brains, and you automatically have control of enslavers . the man. By this simple law of psychology our race has The whiteman soon realized that it would require been laid to waste. By consistent and systematic propa- more than his savage brutality and iron chains to hold ganda and formal mis-education over many generations, these proud black people in slavery. He further realized this professional enslaver has succeeded in reducing the that as long as the mind remains free, the body cannot minds of our people to the level where they have accep- be kept indefinitely enslaved. Hence, if a man is to be ted this nonsense; and as ironic and incredible as it may made into a slave, he must first be stripped of the things sound, have joined him in perpetuating it. that make him a man. What are the ingredients of man- From a race of proud, creative and courageous hood? To be a man, a person must have pride and con- black people (Africans) the whiteman through "Psycho- fidence in himself, his race, his heritage. He must synthesis" has created the confused, frustrated, spineless possess a willingness to die if necessary to defend this creatures to whom he has given the insulting names of heritage, his homeland, to perpetuate his ideals, his "Negroes" and "Niggers ." And as if to add insult to the culture, his way of life, he must maintain a close adher- injury of black dignity, these (Continued on Page 10)

PATRONIZE YOUR RESIDENT MERCHANTS ! ! 3

~ A `~1 l~1V s RO'~W ~R~S I~CCI?CR AM I MY BROTHER'S KEEPER? THIS IS SUPPOSE TO BE AN ANSWER MADE BY CAIN AFTER HE HAD SLAIN HIS BROTHER, ABEL. Writes Oscar Brown - these people who take the negroes money are aliens; thus, this money is taken out of the community to edu- ,~E HAVE LONG since realized that we are our cate, employ, and promote better living conditions for brother's keeper. There are numerous organizations people other than negroes, while the negro remains il- which take care of the old, the sick, the very young and literate, unemployed and living in a filthy community. those who are unable to take care of themselves. Relief, The things that negroes do, you'll find no other group old age pension, social security and a host of others doing. If there are one or two of his kind in a business, prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that we are our the negro is the last to patronize him. The only business brother's keeper. negroes seem to support is the negro restaurant that is In an economic system such as this, the negro open all night. These restaurants usually have a Juke should not have to be told to make some form of pre- Box that can be heard four or five blocks away. Negroes parations to do likewise; the least he can do is try to wait until four o'clock in the morning, then they decide employ himself. Why does the negro think that every to eat-or is it to play this noise maker and keep every other group is suppose to take care of him? These one else awake? I suppose that is the only reason the people are so busily engaged in creating and finding em- negro trades with these restaurants, nobody is able to ployment for each other, thai it is very unreasonable to rest; this he likes. expect them to include us in their plans. These people Why isn't the negro told to patronize his own mer- must not only find employment for each other, but also chants? Strange as it may seem, there is only one organ- the negro. If there is a porter job available after most ization among us advocating self-determination ; this is or all of them are employed, then the negro gets it, he known as the A.N.P.M., with it's "Buy Black Campaign then raises hell because he is qualified to do chores other This is the most despised group in Harlem. Why? Those than porter work. who sell merchandise to the negro naturally dislike any- We are a group of some fifteen million, who spend one trying to take their bread and butter away from sixteen billion dollars yearly! Yet, we are so poor. Our them. But why the negro dislikes the A.N.P.M ., is be- employment ratio is always very high because we have yond me. no industries. The negro is a consumer, and a very If this negro doesn't intend to do anything for him- ignorant one at that. While the negro is employed, he self, then what does he mean to do? He, surely will could pool his monies and go into some form of business; profit most from his own industrial enterprises. We had this business would employ not only one of them, but among us three people worth mentioning; an Ice cream several. Instead, the negro insists on being extravagant, manufacturer, a Clothing manufacturer and a negro he buys the best, or at least he pays the most for what woman Pharmacist. The ice cream maker and the factory he calls the best. Thus, you'll find the negro paying a making clothing were opposite each other on 135th 5t. hundred dollars for a suit, thirty dollars for a pair of between Lenox and Fifth Avenues. These people went shoes etc. out of business long before the block was condemned This money is used by those with whom the negro for projects. What I would like to know is; doesn't the trades, to make employment for everyone except the negro eat ice cream, and doesn't he wear clothing? If negro. The fine cars we own, and the luxuries we in not, why are there so many ice cream companies and so dulge in, you'll find no other race indulging in unless many people selling clothing among us? These people they are rich. Then why does the negro insist on being could have employed not only themselves, but several the only outstanding poor-rich? A people as poor as the others, had they been successful in business. The negro negro cannot afford to be careless with money. Some woman who owned the Drug Store at 119th St. and 7th of the people who trade with negroes are always telling Ave., was in a field already prejudiced to women. It them that money was made to be spent; true, but let us would seem that the negro women would have gone out examine these people, most of whom are middle men. of their way to support this woman; first, because she These people buy and sell; thus, they receive bills for was one of their kind, and secondly, because she was a merchandise purchased. You'll find them adding each woman. Despite her unusual accent, she failed in busi- item, checking and rechecking over and over to make ness. I dare say that had she been a white woman certain they aren't being overcharged one cent, but it right here in Harlem, she wouldn't have enough hands shouldn't matter that the negro is overcharged for most to serve negroes. They would be swarming all over the of the things he gets, making it possible for these mer- place to trade with her, even though she spoke little or chants to receive not only their regular profit, but in no English. Negro women could have supported the many instances, profit and a half. Yet, these people don,t negro druggist just buying a box of Kotex. She could intend to spend one cent more than is necessary. then employ herself, another druggist, a clerk and a What makes this such a sorry state of affairs, is that porter. 4 BUY BLACK ! !

Neqnoet aad Ney~o (joc%.

Writes Antonio B. Stephens - of "Black Nationalism" under the leadership of Garvey- ism and the African Nationalist Pioneer Movement, de- termined ~DLAI STEVENSON in "Look Magazine" of Nov. to accomplish that goal in the land of our forefathers, and it shall be accomplished even if it re- 15, 1955 uses the following words, "Incidentally, I never quires the annihilation of everything under the firma- once heard the word "Negro" in Africa. African, Native, ment of heaven. Bantu; yes, but "Negro," never. This word seems to be Integration in what is justly ours is inconceivable an American invention, etc." Black people were indeed with the beastly negro included; he had better remain surprised to see such a ridiculous statement from a with his white master since he inwardly is also white. statesman, a man supposedly of a high educational and intellectual caliber. Is it just an effort to side-track the truth, or is it genuine ignorance? It shonld be common knowledge of the average person, not only in America, THE I~.nieersal I'i~rican Ylnt{~em that this debasing word "Negro" is an American inven tion. The semi-human creatures who fulfill the qualifi- National Anthem of the African Nationalist Pioneer cations of that despicable word, constitutes a separate Movement and African Communities League. element, apart; regretable to admit that the only affili- Poem by Burrell and Ford ation between them and the Blacks is probably the color of the skin, but in Racial dignity and aspirations- (1) none. Africa, thou land of our fathers, I dare any man to make this contradictory state- Thou land where the Gods love to be, ment "Negro Nationalism." Whenever there is such an As storm clouds at night sudden gathers aspiration, it is "Black." Negro aspirations are namely Our armies come rushing to thee. INTEGRATION, DESEGREGATION, MISCEGEN- We must in fight ATION, SOCIAL EQUALITY, COMMUNISM, etc. the be victorious When swords The negro is not Black psychologically; therefore, are thrust outward to glean; For us will constitutes a something apart, consequently is not a the victory be glorious representative of the Black Race. When led by the Red - Black - and Green. It's indeed a tribute to the ignorance of any man Chorus who refers to my race as a whole, as negroes, or to asso- Advance, Advance to Victory. ciate in any way the aspirations of Blacks with those of Let Africa be free; bastard minded negroes. Advance to meet the foe with the might The negro is the product of that debased, dehuman- Of the Red - the Black - and the Green. izing circumstance imposed on him by his humane Christian white masters known as chattel slavery, now converted into mental slavery - a creature devoid of his Africa, the tyrant's falling, racial pride, ambition and originality; thanks to those Who smote thee to thy knees civilized white masters. Negroes were and are taught And thy children are lustily calling through every chapel of propaganda, namely the church, From over the distant seas. school, movies, radio, television, books and magazines, Jehovah, the great one has heard us that he is inferior, that he cannot make it alone. It is Has noted our sighs and our tears, impressed on him in every aspect of life and he has With his spirit of love he has stirred learned well the lesson intended for him. Is it a wonder Be one through the coming years. that he chose the undignified goal of integration? He Chorus: Advance, adheres to the whiteman's conceptions in totality; to his Advance, etc. conceptions of beauty, justice, right, religion, might, etc. In other words, this negro is an artificial being with O, Jehovah, thou God of the ages Black skin but a white mind, white ambitions, white Grant unto our sons that lead aspirations; made exactly to order by his white maker. The wisdom thou gave to the sages The Blacks inspired by racial dignity, pride and When Isaac was sore in need. ambition, combined with the knowledge of their glorious Thy voice thro' past, and the realization that Africa their natural heri the dim past has spoken Africa shall tage bequeathed to them by the God Nature, inspired by stretch forth her hand By shall the realization that theirs, the land of possibilities, the thee all fetters be broken And land of the future, and the burning desire to redeem his heaven blesses our dear Mother Land. women; his posterity is forging ahead to the racial goal Chorus: Advance, Advance, etc. PATRONIZE YOUR RESIDENT MERCHANTS ! !

THE TRAGIC CONSEQUENCE "NEGROES: A SYNTHETIC CASTE" This is the second in a series of three articles dealing with the main arteries of the race problem in the Americas. The initial article dealt with existing conditions. Here we will deal with the underlying causes responsible for bringing about the psychological metamorphosis from a proud, arrogant African Warrior: to a docile and subser- vient caste creature - now known as negroes. Writes Carlos Cooks - the Americas, became exposed to the most diabolical and THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE consistent application of mental and physical torture the world has ever known. Council of Cardinals met ~N THE YEAR 1547, the Here was the African, far away from his native land in the Hague, and sanctioned as a righteous and pro- where he was free to hunt the mighty lion, dance his tri- gressive idea, the enslavement of Black Africans for the bal dances, farm his land, commune with his great God purpose of their conversion to Christianity and to be ex- Dambulla, and offer incantations to Vudaun, Africa! ploited in the labor market as the chattel property of where he could drink freely from the sweet nectar of the white supremacy. cup of life, husbanding his wives and fathering his chil- The Princes of the Catholic Church adopted this dren, enjoying the fraternity of his friends, marching devilish scheme, it speedily gained the sanctimonious bravely with the warriors of his tribe in time of peril; he blessing of His Holiness, the Pope of Rome and became was passionately devoted to the beauty of Africa, its standard policy of the Roman Catholic; later the Protes- green fields and rich soil, its rapid flowing streams and tant Churches for three centuries. Thus was the ghastly cascading waterfalls, its serenely beautiful sunsets and traffic in human misery given the cloak of respectability golden dawns. and annointed with the oil of Pontifical righteousness- As the African reflected on his miserable state and In Jesus Name. And so the slave trade began, inaugura- the strange brutal hell of his surroundings, he became ting an era that stands out as the most gruesome and a creature of conflicting emotions, caught in the throes macabre example of man's inhumanity towards man. of nostalgia. He would recklessly gamble his life away There isn't a crime conceived by the human mind in a suicidal attack on the entire slave system. Oftimes that was not committed against those unfortunate Afri- these attacks gained limited success, in that the attack- cans who fell into the hands of the slave traders. The ing Africans achieved their objective; mainly, to kill Europeans saw in African manpower, the means where- everyone on the plantation connected with slavery. by they could secure free labor for the building of the Their prime targets during the attacks were the slave- Americas. The indigenous American Indians flatly re- masters, their families and the task-masters. fused to work for the whiteman, preferring to fight till The feudal hierarchy of the slave system soon re- death, rather than become the tool of white feudalism. alized that they were losing face and money as a con- Working in consort with Moslem-Arab marauders, sequence of these spasmodic attacks and decided that a Holland, the Christian slave ships of Portugal, Spain, full course of physical and spiritual psychology must be France and England kept their criminal rendezvous with implemented if the Black African was to be transformed Guinea Arab slave merchants along the Ivory, Gold and from a proud rebellious man to a docile (Negro) slave Coasts of West Africa; sometimes carrying a ship-load caste creature. Their plans entailed some of the most of calico and molasses to barter for a ship-load of Afri- extreme forms of physical torture. cans, on other occasions rum and guns would be ex- "Breaking On the Rack" The rack was a wooden changed for a cargo of human beings. Those caught in mechanism with a score of heavy oak poles; the poles the vortex of the Arab slave marauders were herded on would lash out in vigorous unison at the half turn of the the slave boats, crammed into the holes of slave ships; wheel and pound the black victim until every bone in upon completing loading operations, the ship's hatch his body was broken in fragmental particles, this oper- would be latched upon them and any showing a spark ation normally took four hours. of fighting spirit were shackled to their bunks, there they "Quartering of Blacks" Quartering was a more violent were left to wallow in their own waste material and Yn- but quicker form of torture. This consisted of the use of hale the asphyxiating stench of human squalor for the two young trees to which the helpless victim would be voyage. Only the most hardy survived the journey into tied, right hand and right foot to one tree, and left hand slavery. Upon arrival at the trading center in the west- and left foot to the other, the trees were bent to the ern world, they were herded down the gang plank, chain- point of tension and held in that position until the victim ed to each other and led directly to the auction blocks was securely tied, then the staying hands would be re- where they were paraded naked before prospective buy- moved, the concentric force of each tree returning to its ers and sold to the highest bidder. natural position would tear the unfortunate black man's SLAVERY body in four. "The Whipping Post" This was the most widely used The blanks upon entering into the slave system of 6 BUY BLACK ! ! ICE OF WHITE PSYCHOLOGY method of the terror apparatus of the slave system. Its ing black figure of Dambulla, who made his wrath felt, operation varied in heineousness based on the temper- the avenging spirit of Voudun; was tabooed by the ment of the task-master, some used spiked whips during Christian slave system. Any attempt by the Africans to the flogging and gloated in sadistic glee as the lashes practice their indigenous religion was considered necro- from the steel spiked whip tore into the blackman's flesh. mancy and the High Priests of Voudun were called Others favored "hot brine" after the flogging-their joy sorcerers, and fed to the hungry blood hounds. Thus came from the painful moaning of the African. with the suppression of the African native religion a "The Pit" This mode of torture was reserved for preg- fait accompli and the destruction of the Blackman's self nant black women; consisting of a hole in the ground confidence and affinity for each other becoming an evi- deep enough to house her inflated belly, with her naked dent fact, the Christian church and slave system was back exposed to the slave-master's bull-whip. If her con- ready to put into operation the next phase of their dition of pregnancy was in an advanced stage and her horrible scheme. offense against the slave system a serious one, she would STOCK BREEDING & MISCEGENATION be whipped until she prematurely gave birth to the child in her womb, or died from the excruciating pain of the At the turn of the eighteenth century, Christian bull-whip biting into her naked flesh. Feudal Slave Cartel was yielding so much profit to the "The Blood Hounds" The hounds were trained to dis- European parasites who traffiked in it (which was the embowel human beings. At the signal of an escape, they majority of nations of Europe) the white man began would be turned loose to track down their quarry, upon to envision the domination of all Africa, and the total finding their prey, the hounds would proceed to tear out enslavement of its Black population . the entrails of the fugitive blackman. In this connection, they decided to create within the These are just some of the torture methods employ- slave caste, a mongrel group that could be used to ed by the supposedly civilized white man on the repu- perpetuate a phobia of happy subservience among the tedly uncivilized blackman. The civilized Christian black slaves. To accomplish this end, the Christian slave whiteman saw humor in the misery of suffering blacks, system endorsed the use of innocent young black girls indeed! Whenever there was a quartering, or the whip- to be used as concubines of the white slavemasters. The ping of a pregnant blackwoman, or the hounds went on bastard born of this sordid union, naturally was neither a trek, plantation owners from all around came with black nor white, neither freeman or slave. This mongrel their wives and children to see the show. caste was taught to believe themselves better than the Despite the cruelty and savage atrocities inflicted black slave-based on their lighter color, they were taught on the Africans as a means to break their spirit and to read and write and enjoyed a very close relationship condition them into becoming profitable assets to the with the slavemaster. They were known as the "House slave system, the white slave-master began to realize that Nigger" and they gave valuable service to the feudal terror alone would be useless as long as the Africans slave system, acting as liaison between the slavemaster retained their proud brave spirit and native ways. There- and the field slaves. On Sunday mornings it was the fore, the Christian church came up with a program de- "house nigger" who preached to the work-weary slave signed to bring about complete subversion of the African about the blessings of Jesus and the paradise to come. to the desired Slave Caste Creature demanded by the The "house nigger" was the chief espionage agent for feudal society of the Americas. the slavemaster and in turn had his underlings in the field from whom he would get information as to plots THE PSYCHOLOGICAL and agitation to turn over to his master. But as vigilant METAMORPHOSIS and cruel as the Feudal Christian Slave System was, The plan of the Christian church called for the many blacks escaped, many died gallantly-hacking the complete destruction of the African's mind. The psycho- task master to death, many succeeded in burning the logical process was implemented in its totality to the plantation down. extent that the Bible was revised in 1659 for the express To be continued in next issue. purpose of justifying slavery and establishing as divine dogma, the fallacious assumption that the curse of God was upon the Black Race; and slavery was the intention of the Almighty God where the Africans would serve their penitence. This ecclesiastic hoax having gained currency, the entire Christian world now armed with the newly fabri- cated "Divine Dogma" (Slaves, obey thy master) pro ceeded to vilify the African Race-burlesquing their hair, color, lips, teeth, nose, eyes, head and general appearance. The Blackman's concept of God as the great tower-

PATRONIZE YOUR RESIDENT MERCHANTS 7 ~~iri~w ~FCC~R~riaN ar iw~FpFN~FNCF PROCLAMATION OF DESSALINES, CHRISTOPHE AND CLERVAiIX Chiefs of the Liberation Armies of Haiti hearts. It was impossible, especially in the crisis in ~HE INDEPENDENCE OF ST. DOMINGUE is which the colony was, to prevent or stop those horrors. proclaimed. Restored to our primitive dignity, we have They who are in the least acquainted with history know asserted our right; we swear never to yield them to any that a people, when torn by civil dissensions, though power on earth. The frightful veil of prejudice is torn they may be the most civilized on earth, give themselves to pieces. Be it ever so! Woe be to them who would up to every species of excess; and the authority of the dare to put together its Bloody tatters! chiefs, not yet firmly based, in a time of revolution can- Landholders of St. Domingue, wandering in foreign not punish all who are guilty, without meeting with countries! By proclaiming our independence, we do not perpetual difficulties. But today the dawn of peace forbid you all, without distinction, to return to your cheers us with glimpses of a less stormy time; now that property. Far be from us so unjust a thought! We are the calm of victory has succeeded to the tumult of a not ignorant that there are some among you who have dreadful war, all affairs in St. Domingue ought to assume renounced their former errors, abjured the injustices of a new face and its government henceforward be one of their exorbitant pretentions, and acknowledge the law- Justice. fulness of the cause for which we have been spilling our Done at Headquarters, Fort Dauphin blood these twelve years. Towards those men who do November 29, 1803 us justice, we will act as brothers. Let them rely forever on our esteem and friendship; let them return among Signed Dessalines us. The God who protects us, the God of free men, Christophe bids us stretch out towards them our conquering arms. Clervaux But .as for those who, intoxicated with foolish pride, interested slaves of a guilty pretension, are blinded so much as to believe themselves the essence of human /~~io~ a~ ear~.~efx~z~iarz nature and assert that they are destined by Heaven to By La Verne Holt be our masters and our tyrants, let them never come near the land of 5t. Domingue! If they come hither, Myself do I love - honor, worship and obey they will only meet with chains of banishment . Then Myself do I live for - twenty-four hours a day let them stay where they are-tormented by their well Myself alone do I cling to deserved misery and the frowns of the just men whom Myself alone do I truly care for they have too long mocked, let them still continue to Myself nature has made so perfect live, unpitied and unnoticed by all. We have sworn Myself cannot be defined in words not to listen with clemency to any who would dare to For thousands and thousands of years speak to us of Slavery. We will inexorable, perhaps Man has labored hard, wracking his brain, be Trying to solve the mystery of myself; Ah, but never! even cruel, towards all troops who, themselves forget- For the "infinite virtue" filtrated the core ting the object for which they have not ceased fighting since 1780, should come from Europe to bring among The vision of myself is in your face Intricately woven in the "Black Race" us death and servitude. No sacrifice is too costly and The discomposure of the whole all means are lawful to men from whom it is wished to Must organize and take their place first wrest the of all blessings. Were they to cause You, Blackman! Pride of nature's creation streams and torrents of blood to flow; were they in order Adhere to the only law, "Self Preservation" to maintain their liberty; to fire seven eighths of the We are natures chosen people of the world globe, they are innocent before the tribunal of Provi- We must unify ourselves with racial love dence; which never created men to groan under so harsh Know "Myself" in daily reality and shameful a servitude. You are only dreaming, you are free In the various commotions that have taken place, It's all up to you to make it be some inhabitants against whom we have no complaints Who else can plan your destiny? have been victims of the cruelty of a few soldiers or Time? You have no more of that friend cultivators-too much blinded by the remembrance of You've lost yonr chance, "Myself" will win their past sufferings to be able to distinguish the good Who knows how many moons will pass by? Before Blackmen, will unite against the enemy and humane landowner from those who were unfeeling Fighting, side by side and cruel. We lament, together with all who feel, so de- plorable an end, and declare to the world, whatever may Oh, what a glorious day that will be It will have to be done, before we are free be said to the contrary by wicked people, that the mur- Why can't they all "understand the sign" ders were committed contrary to the wishes of our Myself is the mind, $lack unity, it will bind! 8 BUY BLACK !

t~URDCt~~~ W~~WOU'~ RCP ~~~ ~~ICC Writes Mary Kerr - we the black women who believe in the great philosophy HIS IS A STORY OF MURDER! The story of of Marcus Garvey, and the truthful and honest leadership the white man's murderous attack on the black men of of the Administrator of the African Nationalist Pioneer Africa. Movement, Mr. Carlos A. Cooks, must therefore begin We the black women of the Ladies Auxiliary of the to build a world wide Auxiliary of all black women. African Nationalist Pioneer Movement are determined We must learn to stand behind our men as other to stand behind our men, to help promulgate the politi women of the world do. We must make bold efforts to cal and moral ideals of Black Nationalism all over the back our men; give them courage, affection and the will world, wherever black people may be found. We declare to go forward; for a man only moves forward when he that "Africa must be free," and all members of African puts forth a genuine effort to gain and have control of heritage must be free. his own destiny. He must fight, he must be willing to I can remember a few short years ago, one of the devote his blood, sweat and tears. He must lay down most barbaric wars that has ever been fought in an effort his life, if need be, as did his illustrious ancestors before to gain control of other people's destiny. They called him. But a man will only fight when he has something the man who led that war, Hitler. And at that time the to fight for, and believes whole heartedly in what he is British claimed he was the most barbaric man in the fighting for, and believes in the woman who gives him inspiration . world because he was killing men, women and children. Yet today, these same British are killing black men, This should be the aspiration of all black women. women and children in the Kenya, and they are using We are constantly plagued with "House Niggers, Aunt the same methods used by Hitler when he made an at- Jemimas and Uncle Tourism," all over the world. These tempt to suppress free people. are defiant and definate nusiances to the race, and they We do hope and sincerely pray, that nature, habits, must be dealt with. Some of us will gladly sell out our and opinion will give the Mau-Mau more power and black mother to save a white man. It is such as he, who strength to kill all of their oppressors, so that Africa must be wiped out along with the white men who will be free. This is the fervent hope and desire of every oppress the African blacks, and hamper the redemption Nationalist minded black man, woman, and child the of our homeland. They must be removed from the role world over. of stumbling block which they now occupy. When this Since we know that today Nationalism is the relig- is done, the black race can once again move forward towards its ultimate goal - a free Africa from Cape to ous aspiration of the world, we feel as other people do; Cairo. A FREE RACE! that freedom is the salvation of all mankind. Therefore,

s~,w~s ~S F~~~ MAN (Continued from Page 2) French border. Thousands Domingue, and to accept submission of those who solicit of French troops deserted after the fall of Cap Francois the protection of the British. They were accepted with and joined the Spanish army. So did many of the Black great expectation, and quickly took the important town leaders. of Aux Cayes which was held by the mulatto General There were two years of confusion; the French Rigaud. wanting to keep the disastrous situation in hand, sent Two months later, the garrison at Mole St. Nicho_ commissioners to appease the three warring factions. las also fell to the British . This was composed of Irish Three deputies were sent, one a black, and 2 mulattoes and French troops. The mulattoes at Port Au Prince, They were received by the National Convention, and a fearing that they would lose their hard earned rights re- decree proclaimed abolishing slavery; this decree com- volted. At this point, came a man who completed the pleted the alienation of the mulattoes who saw them- freedom of the blacks, and finally expelled Spain, France selves deprived of slaves, and forced to accept equality and England from the island. of the Africans whom they despised. The Spanish now When war broke out in 1793 between France and reinforced, began to threaten the northern part of the Spain, Touissant joined the Spanish army with his men colony. Shortly after that, freedom was granted to the and induced a number of the regular troops to join him. entire population. By spring of 1794, he had some four thousand men. He Since 1791, the refugees had been asking the British then deserted the Spanish army. After many brilliant to send troops to take the island, preferring to be ruled campaigns, he defeated the Spanish. In fact, it is said by another white power, rather than blacks. It was stip that after de-seating the Spanish army they were so de- ulated that the colony be occupied by the British, on moralized, that they surrendered to him readily. condition that the French colony assisted in subduing Then Toussaint and Rigaud turned on the British the blacks, and restoring order to the island. The Gov. and almost eliminated them, He was then in complete of Jamaica, B .W.I. was instructed to send troops to St. (To be continued in next issue)

PATRONIZE YOUR RESIDENT MERCHANTS ! !

PSYCHOSYNTHESIS ~~~ail to the ~'udanese'"~ (Continued from Page 3) By Ra~fus Williams poor creatures have also accepted these vile names along the implications of inferiority that go with them. with all Hail! Black brothers of the Nile Through his religion, his press, his schools, his We salute your valiant deed. theatres, his radio, and now television, this master propa- You've shed your land of something vile unrelenting consistency, bombarded the gandist has with No single act will e're exceed . minds of our people with the notion of superiority of his race, and the inferiority of ours. You've added fuel to the fire the policy of glorifying white, Basically by employing Already burning in our hearts and degrading black. White being associated with purity, The flame of Freedom we all aspire beauty, and things that are suppose to be angelic and such imparts. godly. In all the fury that For example: A bride dresses in a white wedding Your declaration resounded here gown, symbolizing the innocence of a virgin. The angels The dead arose - the sleep' awoke to be as "white as snow." A "little in heaven are said The drums of Freedom filled the air white lie" is a justifiable lie told for a good and honor- While shouts of joy all silence broke. able purpose. A person of good standing with the law, reputation . A white woman with has a "lily white" We raise our voices across the wave blond straight hair, fairest complexion, thin lips, long To thank our brother Sudanese. keen nose, blue eyes etc. (characteristics being just the Blackman's a slave opposite of those of a black woman) is put forth as the But as long as ONE standard of beauty in womanhood. Even Jesus Christ The minds of none can be at ease. is presented as a blond, with blue eyes, and thin lips. who would be free Black, on the other hand, is associated with death, For all Black men diseases, suffering, misfortune; in short, with everything You have sound' the clarion call that is criminal, bad, ugly, unpleasant or undesirable. For there'll be no lasting Liberty Thus! A band of notorious white gangsters is called Until there's Freedom for us all. "The Black Hand Gang," or the illegal sale of commod- ities is referred to as "The Black Market," or the way- ward child is called the "Black Sheep" of the family, a criminal writes a letter of distortion the act is called "Black Mail," or a person is Blacklisted, or has a Black Reputation, the Black Cat is singled out as a symbol of bad luck, the worse plague ever recorded, which almost exterminated the white race in Europe, has been named "The Black Death," Black is worn at funerals to indi- cate grief-and the list goes on and on. The fact that the black people in the Western Hemisphere are the only people who bitterly disown their homeland and their indigenous culture, hate their color, and resort to every conceivable means to escape from their race, is ample testimony that the whiteman There is no escape from nature, nor should there has achieved astounding success in what he set out to be any desire to escape. The sooner we realize that accomplish . what is wrong with us is not the color of our skin, or the texture of our hair; but rather the condition of our Our women, having lost the ability to recognize minds, and take steps to rectify this condition, the soon- and appreciate their own natural beauty, spend millions er we can and will once again have a race of which we of dollars, and endure inhuman torture, subjecting them can feel duly proud. selves to serious danger of red-hot combs to straighten their hair, chemicals to bleach their skin white, and We must free our minds of over three-hundred years their hair blond, in an asinine attempt to look like white of mental slavery, and the only force in existence pow- women; resulting in such profane and hideous creatures erful enough to break such well forged shackles is the as Black Blonds and Black Red-heads, with men of force of AFRICAN NATIONALISM, and the only equal stupidity, falling right behind as "Conked Clowns," organization capable of harnessing that force is the and "Manicured Monkeys." AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT

10 BUY BLACK ! !

~JVrl, ~ ~~ V~ t~~ Writes Mary Kerr - faces of black men. Tojo's bullets did not bar the faces of black men. Mussolini's bullets did not bar the faces FEW DAYS AGO I was asked a question, a of black men. When they came upon a black soldier, question which all loyal members of African heritage they shot to kill. But here in free, democratic America, should be asking today; one which all Black men, women the whiteman does bar the faces of blackmen. In this and children who are aware, awake, and watching the present day and age you can't ride his buses, you can't signs of the time and reading the handwriting on the enter his fine hotels and restaurants; you can prepare wall, are asking. "How can we ever possibly hope to his meals, scrub his floors, wash his dirty linen, but you escape from our originality, and why should we want to can't eat, live, or sit near him. So I ask you once again. escape from our great African heritage? The man who "How can you ever hope to escape from your originality, asked me this question told me a very sad but interesting and why should you want to escape from your great Afri- story about his past life, and of his hopes and desires for can heritage? My friend, there is no escape, but there the future. He said, "I was born deep in the jungles of is a cure, and that cure will not be found in the Ameri- Africa, about 500 miles outside the Cameroons . I was cas, in Europe, the West Indies or any other alien land, the son of a Bacha chief. We lived a normal and happy The cure lies within the boundaries of mother Africa. life and all our hopes and desires were fulfilled com- Africa is my home, I was born there. Africa is your an- pletely; until the German army invaded our jungle cestral home, your refuge, your hope, your citadel, there haven. In 1914 or 1915, I cannot recall the exact year, is no escape." the German army moved in under the command of When I asked permission to use the gentleman's Kaiser Wilhelm. My father, the chief, was ordered to name, he said, "It is not my name. It is not my good have all members of his tribe supply the German army African name. This name is alien to me. If you must with whatever produce they desired, and to supply them have a name, just sign it, John Doe." with man power at no cost, and in general to be slaves I listened very attentively to the gentleman, and in every other conceivable way. When my father refused when he had completed his discourse, the only thing I to submit to this form of slavery; when he refused to could possibly add to what he had already said is this, order his tribe to do the biddings of the whitemen, he AMEN. was thrown into the huge jail which had been establish- ed by the Germans in Kusamba. It was in that jail that HAIL BRETHREN! By Raymond Montano the Boyangams killed him. After my father was slain, I drifted from the Came- WANT TO TALK to those men who are just roons to Pachung, from there to Fernando-Poo.A,s time sick and tired of the way our people are being pushed passed, the Germans became savage and brutal and the around. Everyday I encounter men talking of how war became worse. Kaiser Wilhelm became more deter- damn disgusted they are. How bitter they seem, and mined than ever to trod all of Africa's children under yet they still refuse to let themselves awake to our people's plight. Therefore, to those who do not know the heels of his soldier's boots. He led his army as far where to go or where to come in order to stand and as Fernando-Po and could go no further. They left death fight as men, I have written this poem : and destruction in their wake, shattered bodies, blood Hail brethren, who look like me, and tears. They pushed on along their bloody trail un- Rise O brothers, organize til at Fernando-Poo, they reached a dead end and could Whiteman here comes the judge not pass. Hail Blackman, black as tar, In some manner, which I cannot recall, I was trans- Be proud that you are of Africa. ported from Fernando-Poo to England, from there to the Now whiteman be judged West Indies and from there to the United States of Hail woman, dark as night, America where I find myself today, in an alien country Body strong and firm, answering to an alien name. But in spite of all that has Follow us and bring your young happened in the past, and is now happening in this The cause is none too great, present day and age, and in spite of all that will happen For in their midst you are queen, in the future, I still remember Africa, the land of my Come dwell the earth as you ought. father; I will never forget my home. I do not wish to Come Blackman, before it's too late, be counted among those who are now endeavoring to There's but one path, the cause is none too great lose themselves in an alien origination, and if I never Forever be rid of whitemen. realize my greatest hope and desire someday in the not You are now on the threshold of a grave decision. too distant future return to the good earth Africa, then Ifyour decision is that of a Blackman, a man of principle, it is my fervent wish that the younger generation will a man who makes a decision and sticks to it, I embrace will return." you to the cause. You and I will meet and I shall see remember Africa, and you rise with the tide and forever ours will be a land of Remember this also! Hitler's bullets did not bar the glory, upon which the sun will never set. PATRONIZE YOUR RESIDENT MERCHANTS ! !

WH'Y DOES THIS EXIST IN HARLEM ! !

Writes Osear Brown - negroes who spend four to five years in college is the biggest puzzle. In view of that fact, whenever there is " HOP HERE IN CONFIDENCE, WE ARE a discussion among negroes, you will always hear one GUARDIANS OF YOUR HEALTH!" telling the others, "You have no training, your English This is a sign that is seen in the windows of some is bad," yet, these negroes never detect the same thing of these germ infested stores, known as Drug Stores. in whites. How strange! The negro pharmacist not only Some of these stores are worst than junk shops; disorder spends his required time in school, but additional years is the order of the day. In fact, whenever I see a junk to become more efficient; his degrees say so-still these man knowing that some day he will become one of negroes prefer to go into filthy stores where untrained Harlems future Druggists, I speak with caution. To see men mix medicine for them. these un-trained un-licensed men parading as Doctors, The law says that every man mixing medicine must fooling negroes is a common thing. Any white man in have a license. Negroes make more doctors than many a white coat is a Doctor. Negroes go to them in faith, of the accredited schools, why this condition exists in with trust in them to be misled and misinformed. This Harlem in 1956 is yet another wonder. Is it that negroes misinformation that is peddled by these fellows is as- have no regards for their health, for they continue to tounding, while they distrust any and every negro . patronize these filthy dumps. If these fellows are guard- For example: Negro women use to bake cakes and ians of the negros' health, the negroes won't be around bring them for some of these Druggists, the negro clerk long enough to know it. The strange thing is that the employed there had to keep his eyes on them, if he dared negro druggist has to comply with the law. Note! A turned from them, hell would break loose after the wo- negro druggist employed a boy to run errands for him, men left because he wasn't watching them. . While in as soon as he'd employed the boy, the inspectors came the same block, the Catholic organization use to give around inquiring whether the boy had working papers. sandwiches to negroes, most of whom were men. You How strange! Is this a graver offense than a filthy store would feel guilty if you were sympathetic towards your where germs have parties at the expense of the negro. own kind, to see negroes lined up from Lenox Ave. at To see these negroes sitting around in these filthy 135th St. to the middle of the block for a sandwich. yet dumps, is amusing, they are suppose to be smart. Many never would one of these negro women give a quarter of them are so sophisticated that you wonder how such to the organization to buy a sandwich for any of these a well dressed, important person could sit around in such men who were their own kind and in need. These men a dump waiting for medicine. were not white, and most of all they were just a bunch of bums as far as the negro women were concerned. These people are so well organized that the few You see they were the upper crust living in the swanky negroes who do notice these conditions refuse to say or 5th Ave. Project do anything, fearing not only the loss of their bread and butter but that their welfare would be jeopardized. Yet! Here is another case: A negro man came into the This negro refuses to organize, to remedy these con- store and bought a bag of nuts, about fifteen minutes ditions. He is still being fooled by the phonies who run elapsed, then imagine my amazement when I looked the dumps they call "Drug Stores," in Harlem. around and saw the same negro offering nuts to the white man. The white man turned and asked me, Did he pay for the nuts? The only answer I could give was to tell him to ask the negro if he had paid for them. This precipitated an argument. But just imagine, the ~tt~tttttttt~~~~~~~tttttt~tt~~~tttt~~~~tt~~~~tttt~~~~~ negro didn't offer me any of his nuts, although I didn't want them, but out of the supposedly goodness of his heart, he was offering nuts to the white man, and to and behold he was asking if they had been paid for. tt tt tt Incidently! This or some similar incident takes ~hic{zen = hops place almost all the time. To See a negro lawyer pass- tt ing up a negro Druggist, who caught as much hell as he 165 LENOX AVENUE did to acquire his training, and go into a filthy store NEW YORK CITY where an untrained man mixes his medicine is the ninth wonder of the world. ALAN LUKE, Proprietor

How it is possible for untrained white men to fool ~tt~~tttttt~~tt~~~~~~~~~~~~~tt~tttt~~~~tt~~tt~~~tt~

1 2 BUY BLACK ! ! rrR>~N~F, isN "r ir? By Carlos Cooks

That every Race on earth can see beauty in their own women; except; You know who.

That all other women, whether they be Malay, Chinese, Caucasian or Hindu accepts their hair, and color as a natural gift; except, Can you guess who?

That everybody from the Arab to the Chinese believe in their own God, and see good in the image and like- ness of their Race - That's right, but with them God looks like somebody else.

And why is it that they are always taking the Whiteman to court to legally compel Whites to accept Them as a neighbor - Could it be that they are still suffering from an inferiority complex?

And why do they carry around such long, sharp, mobile knives to butcher each other with - Is it because they hate themselvesl°~

And doesn't it seem funny that all other people concentrate on operating banks, railroads, textile mills, steam- ship lines, airlines, trucking lines and packing houses, etc; but they concentrate on operating churches.

And why do they buy so many expensive cars and live in such dinky little coops. Wouldn't it be better if they would invest the money spent on cars, in homes and businesses - No! that would be much of a display of intel- ligence.

And why are they always begging for jobs - good jobs, more jobs, and never bother to create businesses that make such jobs possible; Because they are Flunkies at heart.

And why do they keep griping and shouting about prejudice and Jim Crow; everyone knows that they are the greatest enemy of their own opportunity - They have refused to Buy Black.

And how is it that New York is suppose to be so cosmopolitan, but we don't see them operating business in other communities. Nevertheless all species of man can be found in their community operating and controlling the business; and naturally carting the money out of the community - A fool and his money must part.

They must have an awful queer taste for entertainment ; to sit down in a movie and see a white man and a white woman enact a fantastic plot that envariably notes the essence of white supremacy - They actually laugh or applaud when their Race is held up to ridicule. Are they really human?

And how could they reject a doctrine, such as Garveyism; with all its appeal to reason, antidotes for their miserable plight, an inspiration to Racial Pride, Majesty and Manhood. Holding out to them the pomp and dig- nity of Nation, World Respect and Racial Security. Through the instrumentality of Black Nationalism, Africa could be free today, think of it! A powerful Martial Black Government in Africa controlled from Cape to Cairo by Nationalist black militarists with African ships sailing the seven seas building a universal Commercial Empire, with African generals and ministers as the watchdogs of that Empire, with Black Armies and Navies to defend the Empire. Ah but the poor devils had a porter's mentality and they scorned a doctrine of real freedom - Garvey- ism,for the bastard doctrine of miscegenation and the perverted Bolshevik Communist promises of Social Equality.

"L.r1,te !"i~ricar~ rationalist L''ioneer ./~'t.ovement PRESENTS A "" t,r ~~ ~r~ r~t~~l rY~ ~r~Y`~ .1~.,

FRIDAY, AUGUST 17, 1g56

W~G~wL~~W'~S PARADE FORM AT 315 LENO~ AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY Marching Off ~It 7 p.m.

EULOGISTIC MASS MEETING Commencing at 9 p.m . at the RENAISSANCE CASINO, 7th AVENUE ~~ 1~Bth STI;EET, N.Y.C. ~~~ N~~~ s ~~ ~ ~~t~ e~~~

DANCING 10 A.M. - 2 A.M. TO THF MUSIC O~ l3~ll~y ~~~ ~ ~. R~ Mss Expense Donation ------35c

AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE AFRICAN NATIONALIST PIONEER MOVEMENT 1 . To establish a world wide hegenomy amongst the Black Race. 2. To reclaim the fallen, administer to and assist the needy. 3, To promote Pioneering in Africa by qualified Black Youths. 4. To establish a cultural union with people of all Independent Black Nations and States. 5. To promote the development of Independence of Black nations and communities. 6. To establish agencies in the principalities of the world where members of the race reside. 7. To promote a conscientious spiritual worship in keeping with the ethnological characteristics of the race. 8. To establish Universities, Colleges, Academies and Schools for the racial education and culture of the people. 9. To conduct a world wide commercial and industrial intercourse for the good of the race. 10. To promote Economic self-sufficiency in Black communities . 11. To represent the race Locally, Nationally, and Internationally in all Knstanees where the rights of people of African decent are involved.

MASS MFFTIHG EVERY SUNDAY MIGNT AT 9 O'CCOCK 315 LFNOX AVFMUE, IY~W YORK CITY Joining Fee . . . . $1 .00 Monthly Dues . . . . 35c