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NSIAD-88-167FS Military Personnel: Experience of Prominent Generals and Admirals

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NSIAD-88-167FS Military Personnel: Experience of Prominent Generals and Admirals . United States General Accounting Office Fact Sheet for the Chairman, GAO Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Armed Services,House of Representatives August 1988 MILITARY PERSONNEL Experience of Prominent Generals and Admirals RESTRlC’kELNot to be released outside the General Accounting Office except on the basis of the specific approval by the Offke of CongressionalRelat,io~ l GAO/NSLAD-8&167m United States General Accounting Office GAO Washington, D.C. 20648 National Security and International Affairs Division B-229366 August 4,1988 The Honorable Bill Nichols Chairman, Subcommittee on Investigations Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: As you requested, we analyzed the career experience of prominent generals and admirals selected by the Subcommittee. You asked us to provide this information for your use in considering the impact of a joint duty tour on the career uaths of officers. As a result of title IV of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, a joint duty assignment is a prerequisite for promotion to brigadier gen- eral or rear admiral (lower half). This fact sheet provides information on the experience of the 18 promi- nent generals and admirals of the World War II era identified by your Office. As you requested, it focuses on their experience during their field grade years. i We obtained records for these officers from the historical centers of the military services. Using these records, we classified the field grade ser- vice of the selected officers by the types of assignments, such as com- mand assignments, currently used by the Department of Defense (DOD) to evaluate the experience of candidates for promotion to general and admiral ranks. The assignment experience of the 18 officers is summarized in appendix I. Appendixes II-VI contain more detailed information on the field grade service of the selected officers. The field grade time for 11 of the officers ranged from 18.1 to 23.3 years. The field grade time for the other seven was 1.8, 2.6, 2.7,3.5,6.7,8.6, and 17.6 years. All the Navy and Marine Corps officers and several of the Army officers spent 18 years or more as field grade officers. ‘Field grade refers to the grades of major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel (Navy lieutenant com- mander, commander, and captain). Page 1 GAO/NSIAD-W-167Fs Prominent Generals and Admirals 5229366 Navy officers spent the highest proportion of their field grade years in war-fighting assignments. On average, the Navy officers spent 12.3 years in war-fighting assignments and 8.0 years in non-war-fighting assignments during their field grade years. Historical records also showed that two Air Force generals and two Army generals were never assigned to any of the key war-fighting positions DOD currently consid- ers essential for assuming higher level commands. The maximum period of consecutive non-war-fighting assignments showed a median of 4.4 years overall with a median of 3 years for the Navy to a median of 6.9 years for the Army. Nearly all of the 18 officers served in the headquarters of their service and generally spent in excess of 3 years of their total field grade time in headquarters positions. With regard to both these statistics, it should be noted that 3 of the 6 Air Force officers had less than 3 years total field grade service and one Army officer had just 3-l/2 years field grade service. Some of the field grade service, which began prior to World War I for several of the officers, is not comparable to current conditions. For example, one Air Force general who did not have any key operational assignments spent over 16 years as a company grade officer prior to the entry of the United States into World War II.’ However, he served only 2-l/2 years as a field grade officer before being promoted to brigadier general during the rapid wartime expansion of the military. Quite apart from field grade experience, 11 of the 18 were promoted to brigadier general between 1939 and 1943, and one was promoted to brigadier gen- eral during World War I (see app. I). We discussed the information we obtained with DOD officials. They urged that caution be exercised in using the experience of these officers as a basis for determining what officers should be doing now. The careers of these officers largely spanned World War I and World War II; the force structure and opportunities were much different then than they are now. As arranged with your Office, we plan no further distribution of this ” fact sheet until 30 days from the date of this letter. At that time, we will send copies to interested parties and make copies available to others ‘Company grade refers to the grades of second lieutenant, first lieutenant, and captain (Navy ensign, lieutenant junior grade, and lieutenant). Page 2 GAO/NSLAD-88-167FS Prominent Generals and Admirals B-229366 upon request. If you need further information, please call me at 275- 8412. Sincerely yours, Martin M Ferber Senior Associate Director Page 3 GAO/NSIAD-6E167FS Prominent Generals and Admirals Contents Letter 1 Appendix I 6 Assignment Experience of Selected Generals and Admirals Appendix II 10 Field Grade Experience of Selected Generals and Admirals Appendix III 11 Field Grade Service of Selected Admirals and Generals in War- Fighting and Non-War- Fighting Assignments Appendix IV 12 Air Force General Henry H. Arnold 12 General James Doolittle 13 ‘General Ira C. Eaker 13 General Curtis Lemay 14 General Carl Spaatz 14 General Hoyt Vandenberg 15 Appendix V 16 General Omar N. Bradley 16 bY General Mark W. Clark 17 i General Dwight D. Eisenhower 17 General Douglas MacArthur 18 General George C. Marshall 19 General George S. Patton 19 Page 4 GAO/NSIAD-&%167FS Prominent Generals and Admlrab Contents Appendix VI 20 Marine Corps General Holland M. Smith 20 General Alexander A. Vandergrift 21 Appendix VII 22 Navy Admiral William F. Halsey 22 Admiral Ernest J. King 23 Admiral William D. Leahy 24 Admiral Chester W. Nimitz 24 Tables Table I. 1: Experience of Selected Officers 6 Table IV. 1: Field Grade Experience of Selected Air Force 12 Generals Table V. 1: Field Grade Experience of Selected Army 16 Generals Table VI. 1: Field Grade Experience of Selected Marine 20 Corps Generals Table VII. 1: Field Grade Experience of Selected Navy 22 Admirals Figure Figure I. 1: Experience of Selected Officers 8 Abbreviations DOD Department of Defense GAO General Accounting Office Page 5 GAO/NSLAD4&167FS Prominent Generals and Admirals Assignment Experience of SelectedGenerals and Admirak The assignment experience of selected generals and admirals is shown in table 1.1 and depicted graphically in figure I. 1. Table 1.1: Experience of Selected Officers Fiaures in Years Assignment experience Dates of Company Field Admiral/ Generals/admirals service grade. gradeb general Total Air Force Henry Arnold 1907-46 10.1 17.6 ll.Oc 38.7 James Doolittle 1920-46 9.7 1.P 4.3 15.8 Ira C. Eaker 1917-47 17.6 -6.7 5.7 So.0 Curtis LeMay 1928-65 12.7 2.6 21.3 38.8 Carl Spaatz 1914-48 4.4 21.9 7.7 34.0 Hoyt Vandenberg 1923-53 16.7 2.7 10.6 30.0 Army Omar Bradley 191561 5.0 20.8 40.1e 85.9 Mark Clark 191753 15.7 8.6 11.9 38.2 Dwight Eisenhower 191552 1961-69 2.7 23.3 19.0” 45.0 Douglas MacArthur 1903-37 194164 11.5 3.5 42.4e 57.4 Georae Marshall 1901-59 16.5 19.1 23.1” 58.7 Georae Patton 1909-45 8.6 22.7 5.3 38.8 Marine Corps Holland Smith 1905-46 12.2 22.2 6.6 41.2 Alexander Vanderorift 1909-49 9.5 21.7 9.1 40.3 Navy William Halsev 1906-47 10.5 21.5 9.0” 41.0 Ernest King 1903-56 10.1 19.8 23.1e 53.0 William Leahy $3;w;g39 10.1 18.1 28.ge 57.1 Chester Nimitz 1907-66 9.6 21.7 27.8e 59.1 %ompany grade for Navy includes ensign, lieutenant junior grade, and lieutenant, and for the other ,\ mrlrtary servrces, second Ireutenant, first lieutenant, and captarn. bFreld grade for Navy includes lreutenant commander, commander, and captain, and for the other mill- tary servrces, major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel. ‘AppoInted to permanent rank of General of the Army and subsequently, General of the Arr Force. dServed as a major rn the Army Air Force Reserve from March 1930 to June 1940. eAppornted rank of General of the Army or Fleet Admrral, which provided active-duty status untrl volun- tary retirement or death Page 6 GAO/NSLAD-W167FY3 Prominent Generals and Admirals Appendix I Assignment Experience of Selected Generals and Admirals Page 7 GAO/NSIADSS-167FS Prominent Generals and Admirals Appendix I Assignment Experience of Selected Generals and Admirals Figure 1.1: Experience of Selected Officers GeneralslAdmrrals Air Force Henry Arnold James Doolittle Ira C. Eaker Curtis LeMay Carl Spaatz Hoyt Vandenburg Army Omar Bradley Mark Clark Dwight Eisenhower Douglas MacArthur George Marshall George Patton i : Marine Corps : I : Holland Smith Alexander Vandergnft Navy i I William Halsey Ernest King Willram Leahy Chester Nimrtz Legend: r11/71 Company Grade Servce Field Grade Servrce m GeneralIAdmtral I! World War I and World War II Page 8 GAO/NSLADW167FS Prominent Generals and Admirala 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Appendix II Field Grade Experience of SelectedGenerals and Admirak Average time in years Average time for all Off iCerS Air Marine All Force Army Corps Navy services Key war-fighting positions’ 3.4 3.2 1.1 9.4 4.4 Other positions in major war-fighting commandsb 0.1 1.3 5.0 2.9 1.7 Total war-fighting assignments 3.5 4.5 6.1 12.3 6.1 Non-war-fighting assignments Military service headquarters 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3 Professional military education 0.9 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.1 Positions in non-war-fiahtina commands 1.5 6.9 11.0 3.6 4.9 Total non-war-fighting assignments 5.4 11.8 15.9 8.0 9.3 Total field grade service 9.9 16.3 22.0 20.3 15.4 aKey war-fighting positlons are Identified In appendixes IV-VI.
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