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Hutnan Ethology Newsletter Hutnan Ethology Newsletter Editor: Glenn Weisfeld Department ofPsychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, M148202 USA 1-313-577-2835 (office) 577-8596 (lab), 577-2801 (messages), 577-7636 (Fax), 393-2403 (home) VOLUME 9, ISSUE 4 ISSN 0739-2036 DECEMBER 1994 © 1994 The International Society for Human Ethology any criticisms or suggestions for the new SOCIETY NEWS publication. Is there a forum topic that you would like to see addressed? Can we provide Nancy Segal was re-elected as any information that we now neglect? How can Membership Chair, and Karl Grammer as the format be improved? Secretary. Congratulations to both. Their new three-year terms begin in January. Nancy is For the Bulletin to be a success, I am working on the Membership Directory, which particularly counting on the continued services should be sent to you soon. of Linda Mealey, North American Book Review Editor, and Bob Adams, Current Karl has offered to send out invoices to Literature Editor. But many others also those who have not renewed the ir contribute to this publication--those who send memberships for 1995. We hope you will announcements of meetings, who report on forgive us if we request a payment that you meetings, who send items for Current Literature have already sent in--just ignore the notice and (that have not yet appeared there), who please accept our apologies. Please remember, patiently inform us of errors in the membership dues are now $25 for one year, $60 for three list, who have asked their library to subscribe years. Students and emeriti still pay $10/$25. (successfully or not), who show the newsletter Barbara Fuller, as Treasurer, has reorganized to colleagues who might join ISHE, and of and corrected our membership list, as well as course who contribute articIes and book handling finances. Please keep her job as reviews. For example, the photos on these uncomplicated as possible by paying on time pages were taken at our Amsterdam meeting in and at the correct rate. August by Frank Salter. This is the last issue of the Hum an One point of clarification may be Ethology Newsletter. Starting in March it helpful. Acceptance of book reviews or articles will be called the Human Ethology Bulletin. is not automatic. Although submissions usually However, the sequence of volume numbers will are reviewed by one of us alone, this does not be uninterrupted. The officers think that the mean that no selection process occurs. new name will be more suitable for what the Furthermore, just because someone offers to publication has become: more than simply a review a particular book does not mean that society newsletter, but one that includes the offer will always be accepted. Sometimes articles and commentary as well as book we already have a reviewer, and sometimes we reviews and annoUlJcements. have someone else in mind that we think will be more suitable. But when we do ask you to This is a good time for you to send me write a review, please do so in a timely 2 fashion. Otherwise the book may not be interests of their own species or their own reviewed at all. group, or do they behave as if designed to spread their own genes, or do they behave as if Another point: we reserve the right to each of their genes is designed to spread itself, possibly at the expense of other genes of the edit your review as we see fit without same organism? consulting you about the changes. These are usually minor, but even with more substantive What is seen as the appropriate 'level changes we simply do not have the time to of selection' determines the answers given to discuss them. We have had very few explanation-seeking questions. As explanations may be different and even contradictory complaints about editing; I ask your continJled depending on the 'level of selection' that is indulgence of us in using this system. chosen, it seems justified to try to have an explicit view of this subject. Lastly, it is a great help if reviewers include the publisher's mailing address cmd My purpose here is to state how li ving the book price. We like to provide this organisms are assum.ed to behave from an information to readers and you can save us a lot evolutionary point of view. The word 'assumed.' is of course not used as a moral imperative, but of time by keeping this in mind. as an expectation of behavior, based on our knowledge of how natural selection has shaped Best wishes to all for the new year. living organisms. As I see it, what I will say is Mayall your gene-environment interactions raise your inclusive fitness. in agreement with what most modem biologists already accept. A key word in evolutionary theory ARTICLES (besides natural selection) is reproduction, that is, producing offspring or passing on hereditary information. Perhaps some of the confusion about the 'level of selection' stems from the fact How Are Living that living organisms reproduce in such diverse Organisms ways. Asexual organisms simply make 'copies' of themselves, b!lt sexual organisms cannot Assumed to reproduce without members of the opposite sex. Plants often possess several sexual organs of the Behave? same sex that may compete among themselves within the same plant. Workers of eusocial 11 By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127 , 1016 RK animal species such as honeybees and termites Amsterdam, The Netherlands don't have sexual organs at all, yet these spe- cies reproduce sexually. Then there are a few One can read about the selection of species with more than two sexes, there are genes, of memes, of genomes, genotypes, clades, species that alternately reproduce sexually and individuals, groups and even of species. After I asexually, there are species where a change of read the fIfth chapter of Trivers' book (titled sex is a common phenomenon, and there are 'The group selection fallacy'), I. thought: species where members are both male and "Right, this issue is settled once and for all". female. And I am sure one could list several But in a letter to the editor of the newsletter of other methods organisms employ while the Human Behavior and EvolutiQn Society, we reproducing themselves. are warned by David S. Wilson that if human evolutionary biologists ignore group selection, Historically speaking, it seems safe to. it will be "at their own expense". suppose that asexual reproduction came first. As all other modes of reproduction can The relevance of the 'level of selection' therefore be looked upon as adaptations that boils down to questions such as: Do organisms have evolved at a later stage, I feel free to behave as if they are designed to promote the ignore them here. I do not believe that the 3 'level of selection' suddenly changed when genes that are benevolent to higher units (such species evolved that reproduced in a non- as groups or species), yet lower the reproductive asexual manner. success of the organism itself. Imagine a recipe that results in an awful meal. Somehow, howe- While it is here thus assumed, for ver, this recipe has the effect of people using reasons of convenience, that 0 rganisms recipes more often--perhaps because the awful reproduce asexually, what then in stich orga-- meal reminds people how useful recipes in nisms is selected for by natural selection? In the general may be. This is good for recipes in gene- first place this is heredity. Organisms usually ral (it is 'good for the species'), yet only the live in about the same environment as their competitors of the altruistic awful recipe will parents do or did. Those parents succeeded in profit, not the particular recipe itself. "Wie reproducing, so offspring are likely to reproduce nun sollten sich innerhalb einer Population again if traits are shared with the parents. solche Individuen genetisch durchsetzen, die Imagine how ill-adapted organisms would be if ihre eigene Reproduction zugunsten der their characteristics resulted from a lottery of Gemeinschaft, also nattirlich auch und vor an endless number of random traits. Natural aHem zugunsten ihrer Kunkurrenten selection favors heredity, because inherited und damit gegeniiber diesen traits are likely to be adaptive. reduzieren?" (Vogel, 1989: 23). Hereditary information is transferred Natural selection therefore favors from one generation to the next by genes. A gene organisms that solely behave as if designed to is a packet of information, and as such it can be strive for reproductive siiccess (or fitness). That compared with words written in a book. Just is, they are designed to replicate their com- like paper and ink are the medium but not the plete set of genes or their genotype--the message, DNA is the medium but not the replication of the entire recipe, no more, no less. message. "A gene is not a DNA molecule; it is And living organisms strive for not just an the transcribable information coded by the unquantified amount of .reproductive success. molecule" (Williams, 1992: 11). All genes Organisms, in their natural environments, potentially transferred by an individual to the behave as if designed to maximize their next generation may be called the 'genotype' (or fitness. This must be so because reproductive the genome) of the individual. success is always relative. An organism X may do: very well by producing ten new copies, but if In contrast to what appears to be a competing organism Y can make eleven of the suggested by the title of the best-sold same quality, the Y's will slowly dominate the sociobiological book (Richard Dawkins' The field. Natural selection therefore tenus to Selfish Gene), genes are not selfish.
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