Hutnan Ethology Newsletter Editor: Glenn Weisfeld Department ofPsychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, M148202 USA 1-313-577-2835 (office) 577-8596 (lab), 577-2801 (messages), 577-7636 (Fax), 393-2403 (home)

VOLUME 9, ISSUE 4 ISSN 0739-2036 DECEMBER 1994

© 1994 The International Society for Human Ethology

any criticisms or suggestions for the new SOCIETY NEWS publication. Is there a forum topic that you would like to see addressed? Can we provide Nancy Segal was re-elected as any information that we now neglect? How can Membership Chair, and Karl Grammer as the format be improved? Secretary. Congratulations to both. Their new three-year terms begin in January. Nancy is For the Bulletin to be a success, I am working on the Membership Directory, which particularly counting on the continued services should be sent to you soon. of Linda Mealey, North American Book Review Editor, and Bob Adams, Current Karl has offered to send out invoices to Literature Editor. But many others also those who have not renewed the ir contribute to this publication--those who send memberships for 1995. We hope you will announcements of meetings, who report on forgive us if we request a payment that you meetings, who send items for Current Literature have already sent in--just ignore the notice and (that have not yet appeared there), who please accept our apologies. Please remember, patiently inform us of errors in the membership dues are now $25 for one year, $60 for three list, who have asked their library to subscribe years. Students and emeriti still pay $10/$25. (successfully or not), who show the newsletter Barbara Fuller, as Treasurer, has reorganized to colleagues who might join ISHE, and of and corrected our membership list, as well as course who contribute articIes and book handling finances. Please keep her job as reviews. For example, the photos on these uncomplicated as possible by paying on time pages were taken at our Amsterdam meeting in and at the correct rate. August by Frank Salter.

This is the last issue of the Hum an One point of clarification may be Ethology Newsletter. Starting in March it helpful. Acceptance of book reviews or articles will be called the Human Ethology Bulletin. is not automatic. Although submissions usually However, the sequence of volume numbers will are reviewed by one of us alone, this does not be uninterrupted. The officers think that the mean that no selection process occurs. new name will be more suitable for what the Furthermore, just because someone offers to publication has become: more than simply a review a particular book does not mean that society newsletter, but one that includes the offer will always be accepted. Sometimes articles and commentary as well as book we already have a reviewer, and sometimes we reviews and annoUlJcements. have someone else in mind that we think will be more suitable. But when we do ask you to This is a good time for you to send me write a review, please do so in a timely 2 fashion. Otherwise the book may not be interests of their own species or their own reviewed at all. group, or do they behave as if designed to spread their own genes, or do they behave as if Another point: we reserve the right to each of their genes is designed to spread itself, possibly at the expense of other genes of the edit your review as we see fit without same organism? consulting you about the changes. These are usually minor, but even with more substantive What is seen as the appropriate 'level changes we simply do not have the time to of selection' determines the answers given to discuss them. We have had very few explanation-seeking questions. As explanations may be different and even contradictory complaints about editing; I ask your continJled depending on the 'level of selection' that is indulgence of us in using this system. chosen, it seems justified to try to have an explicit view of this subject. Lastly, it is a great help if reviewers include the publisher's mailing address cmd My purpose here is to state how li ving the book price. We like to provide this organisms are assum.ed to behave from an information to readers and you can save us a lot evolutionary point of view. The word 'assumed.' is of course not used as a moral imperative, but of time by keeping this in mind. as an expectation of behavior, based on our knowledge of how natural selection has shaped Best wishes to all for the new year. living organisms. As I see it, what I will say is Mayall your gene-environment interactions raise your inclusive fitness. in agreement with what most modem biologists already accept.

A key word in evolutionary theory ARTICLES (besides natural selection) is reproduction, that is, producing offspring or passing on hereditary information. Perhaps some of the confusion about the 'level of selection' stems from the fact How Are Living that living organisms reproduce in such diverse Organisms ways. Asexual organisms simply make 'copies' of themselves, b!lt sexual organisms cannot Assumed to reproduce without members of the opposite sex. Plants often possess several sexual organs of the Behave? same sex that may compete among themselves within the same plant. Workers of eusocial 11 By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127 , 1016 RK animal species such as honeybees and termites Amsterdam, The Netherlands don't have sexual organs at all, yet these spe- cies reproduce sexually. Then there are a few One can read about the selection of species with more than two sexes, there are genes, of memes, of genomes, genotypes, clades, species that alternately reproduce sexually and individuals, groups and even of species. After I asexually, there are species where a change of read the fIfth chapter of Trivers' book (titled sex is a common phenomenon, and there are 'The group selection fallacy'), I. thought: species where members are both male and "Right, this issue is settled once and for all". female. And I am sure one could list several But in a letter to the editor of the newsletter of other methods organisms employ while the Human Behavior and EvolutiQn Society, we reproducing themselves. are warned by David S. Wilson that if human evolutionary biologists ignore group selection, Historically speaking, it seems safe to. it will be "at their own expense". suppose that asexual reproduction came first. As all other modes of reproduction can The relevance of the 'level of selection' therefore be looked upon as adaptations that boils down to questions such as: Do organisms have evolved at a later stage, I feel free to behave as if they are designed to promote the ignore them here. I do not believe that the 3

'level of selection' suddenly changed when genes that are benevolent to higher units (such species evolved that reproduced in a non- as groups or species), yet lower the reproductive asexual manner. success of the organism itself. Imagine a recipe that results in an awful meal. Somehow, howe- While it is here thus assumed, for ver, this recipe has the effect of people using reasons of convenience, that 0 rganisms recipes more often--perhaps because the awful reproduce asexually, what then in stich orga-- meal reminds people how useful recipes in nisms is selected for by natural selection? In the general may be. This is good for recipes in gene- first place this is heredity. Organisms usually ral (it is 'good for the species'), yet only the live in about the same environment as their competitors of the altruistic awful recipe will parents do or did. Those parents succeeded in profit, not the particular recipe itself. "Wie reproducing, so offspring are likely to reproduce nun sollten sich innerhalb einer Population again if traits are shared with the parents. solche Individuen genetisch durchsetzen, die Imagine how ill-adapted organisms would be if ihre eigene Reproduction zugunsten der their characteristics resulted from a lottery of Gemeinschaft, also nattirlich auch und vor an endless number of random traits. Natural aHem zugunsten ihrer Kunkurrenten selection favors heredity, because inherited und damit gegeniiber diesen traits are likely to be adaptive. reduzieren?" (Vogel, 1989: 23).

Hereditary information is transferred Natural selection therefore favors from one generation to the next by genes. A gene organisms that solely behave as if designed to is a packet of information, and as such it can be strive for reproductive siiccess (or fitness). That compared with words written in a book. Just is, they are designed to replicate their com- like paper and ink are the medium but not the plete set of genes or their genotype--the message, DNA is the medium but not the replication of the entire recipe, no more, no less. message. "A gene is not a DNA molecule; it is And living organisms strive for not just an the transcribable information coded by the unquantified amount of .reproductive success. molecule" (Williams, 1992: 11). All genes Organisms, in their natural environments, potentially transferred by an individual to the behave as if designed to maximize their next generation may be called the 'genotype' (or fitness. This must be so because reproductive the genome) of the individual. success is always relative. An organism X may do: very well by producing ten new copies, but if In contrast to what appears to be a competing organism Y can make eleven of the suggested by the title of the best-sold same quality, the Y's will slowly dominate the sociobiological book (Richard Dawkins' The field. Natural selection therefore tenus to Selfish Gene), genes are not selfish. That is, stretch the reproductive efforts of organisms to natural selection does not favor genes that try their limits. to replicate themselves at the expense of other genes of the same organism. This would only result in ill-adapted Qrganisms. "Selection At first sight, refutations of the among whole organisms...acts to suppress proposition that organisms behave as if any...within organism selfishness" (Williams designed to maximize their reproductive success 1992: 41). Compare the genotype with a recipe seem close at hand. Sexually reproducing for a meal, the different genes with ingredients organisms usually pass on not 100%, but only such as pasta, tomatoes and salt, and half of their genotype to each individual reproductive success with the frequency people offspring. A female chimpanzee raises only one use this recipe to prepare meals. If one of the new chimp every five years or so. The eusocial ingredients (say salt) for some reason or another worker honeybee devotes her entire lifetime gets 'selfish' (leading to the prescription to use serving the reproductive interests of another enormous amounts of salt), the meal as a whole organism, her 'queen' (and a few males). And gets distasteful. This recipe will therefore not ants may freely 'milk' aphids. Suc_h be very popular (nor will it, for that reason, phenomena look like refutations, but it just so result in the use of much more salt). happens that evolutionary theory is quite capable of explaining them with the same Natqral selection also acts against proposition they appear to refute. 4

Indeed, sexually reproducing organisms aphids get protection against predators: reci- usually pass on only half of their genotype to procal altruism. each offspring, but by 'mixing' their genes with that of another organism, some of the offspring Therefore, as long as better refutations are likely to be adaptive in changing environ- are still missing, I will probably continue to ments. In the words of George Williams (quoted believe that liVing organisms, in their natural in Trivers 1985: 320) "the asexual parent is like environment, behave as if designed to maximi- someone with several tickets in a lottery, all of ze their own reproductive success. This is how them having the same number, while the living organisms are assumed to behave, at sexual parent has a different number on each least from an evolutionary point of view. ticket (but, due to the cost of sex, has fewer tickets)". Several species, such as chimpanzees, References raise only a few offspring. But sometimes it is better to invest a lot in only a few offspring Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. than to produce many that are ill-adapted (r- Oxford University Press. and K-selection). In some conditions the animal's own genotype is reproduced by helping Trivers, R. (1985). Social Evolution. Menlo kin like the worker honeybee does (ki n Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. selection), and while feeding the ants, the Vogel, Chr. (1989). Yom Toten zum Mord. Das wirklich Bose in der Evolutions- geschichte. Munchen: Hanser.

Williams, G.c. (1992). Natural Selection. Newsletter Submissions Domains, Levels, and Challenges. Oxford University Press. Anything that might be of interest to ISHI members is welcome: Society matters; articles; Wilson, D. S. (1993). The problem with The replies to articles; suggestions; announcements Ant and the Peacock (letter to the editor). of meetings, journals or professional societies; Newsletter of the Human Behavior and etc. These sorts of submission should be sent to Evolution Society, II, 3. the editor. Book review inquiries should go to the appropriate book review editor (the British editor covers English-language books published in Europe). Submission should be in English, on paper and, if possible, also on diskette. Please include complete references for Membership Renewals for 1995 all publications cited. For book reviews, please include publisher's mailing address and the It is time to renew your membership for 1995 if price of hardback and paperback editions. you have not already done so. Membership is Newsletter submissions are usually reviewed by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the only by the editorial staff. However, some first of the year. If the date on your mailing submissions are rejected. Political censorship is label is earlier than the current year, it is time avoided, so as to foster free and creative to renew your membership. For financial exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among reasons, renewal notices are not usually sent. scholars. The fact that material appears in the Those who do not renew their memberships newsletter never implies the truth of those will be removed from the membership list. ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or support Please report any errors, change of address, etc. for any policy implications that may be inferred to the editor. Current dues and directions for from them, payment are given on the last page. 5

.i,,->

.,N ?' Gail Zivin, Linda Mealey, Nancy Segal (US)

Dan Freedman (US)

Klaus Atzwanger, Karl Grammer (Austria)

Marian Eals, Krista Phillips (Canada), Katrin Schafer (Austria) Tom Shellberg (US) 6

, - J, Eibl-Eibesfeldt (Germany), Grazia Attili (Italy), Bill Charlesworth (iJS)Frank Salter (Australia)

... Charles Crawford (Canada) Carol Weisfeld (US)

Russell Gardner (US), Eric Salzen (Scotland) 7

· Roger Masters (US) Irwin Silverman (Canada)

Dorothy Tennov (US) Jack Beckstrom (US) 8 Race and Crime: murder, was 13, 5, and 3; for rape, 17, 6, and 3; and for serious assault, 213, 63, and 27. International Data 1990 Summing the crimes gave figures, respectively of 240, 75, and 32 per 100,000. By J. Philippe Rushton, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, The racial pattern is not due to the London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. particular selection of countries. If other, more homogeneous sets are chosen, contrasting north-east Asia, central Europe, and sub- A debate has arisen over whether the Saharan Africa, the proportions remain similar. disproportionate race differences in U.s. crime Nor does the pattern alter when comparing statistics, i.e., Asians, Europeans, Africans, are black Central American or Caribbean countries generalizable internationally. Building on with white/ Amerindian ones. earlier work, Rushton (1990) collated data from the 1984 and 1986 Interpol yearbooks and found that African and Caribbean countries reported In sum, these new data are consistent twice the rate of violent crime (an aggregate of with the evidence from Ellis (1989), Rushton murder, rape, and serious assault) as do (1990, 1994a), and Wilson and Herrnstein (1985), European countries and three times the rate as that people of Asian descent commit relatively do Pacific Rim countries. Summing the crimes fewer acts of violent crime than do those of and averaging the years gave significant European or African descent. Explanations differences per 100,000 population of, include socioeconomic factors influencing respectively, 143, 74, and 44. socialization, prenatal insult, and gene-based factors of testosterone, temperament, cranial These results have been contested. The capacity and IQ. main empirical reasons given for rejecting them are that (a) the category of race is too poorly References defined to allow reliable classification, (b) the data in the source books contain too many errors Cernovsky, 2.2., & Litman, L.c. (1993a). Re- to be reliable, and (c) the predicted direction of analyses of J.P. Rushton's crime data. Canadian the results do not always occur (Cernovsky & Journal of Criminology, 35, 31-36. Litman, 1993a, 1993b; Gabor & Roberts, 1990; Roberts & Gabor, 1990). For example, -- (1993b, June 13-17). Interpol crime statistics, Cernovsky and Litman (1993b) selected a subset race, and Rushton's racial comparisons. Paper of countries from the 1984 and 1986 Interpol presented at the XIX International Congress of yearbooks, extended the crime base to include the International Academy of Law and Mental breaking and entering and theft of motor cars, Health, Lisbon, Portugal. and showed that some African countries had lower crime rates than some European countries. Ellis, 1. (1989). Theories of Rape. New York: Hemisphere. These and other critiques have been discussed, along with many additional data, in Gabor, T., & Roberts, J.V. (1990). Rushton on my book Race, Evolution and Behavior (1994a). race and crime: The evidence remains Because the figures for some crimes are highly unconvincing. Canadian Journal of dependent on the availability of goods to be Criminology, 32, 335-343. stolen (e.g. , 'Theft of Motor Cars") it seemed INTERPOL (1990). International Crime best to focus on the less ambiguous categories of Statistics, 1989-1990. Lyons, France: Interpol violent crime where definitions had been General Secretariat. provided in the Interpol yearbooks. To ensure a replicable pattern existed I consulted the most Roberts, J.V., & Gabor, T. (1990). Lombrosian recent (1990) yearbook and tabulated the rate of wine in a new bottle: Research on crime and murder, rape, and serious assault per 100,000 race. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32, 291- population for 76 countries (Rushton, 1994b). 313. The 23 predominantly African countries reported a statistically higher rate than 41 Rushton, J.P. (1990). Race and crime: A reply to Caucasian countries or 12 Asian countries. The Roberts and Gabor. Canadian Journal of rate per 100,000 population, respectively, for Criminology, 32, 315-334. 9 -- (1994a). Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A .by examining prevailing social science Life-History Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: explanations. This literature seems thus far not Transaction Publishers. to have produced a generally accepted definition of politics, although competition for -- (1994b). Race and crime: International data, resources and power is a recurring theme. 1990. Under submission. Vanhanen argues that this competition, which varies both historically and cross-culturally in Wilson, J.Q., & Herrnstein, R.J. (1985). Crime form and intensity, may be conceptualized and Human Nature. New York: Simon & ultimately as an expression of the more general Schuster. Darwinian competition for scarce resources. A strong point of the author's analysis is its adherence to the scientific dictum of focusing initially upon the recurring features of a BOOK REVIEWS phenomenon (e.g., behavior). and explaining them in uruversally appl.Icable On the Evolutionary Roots of terms. Vanhanen's emphasis on ultImate causation thereby augments traditional social Politics science analyses that are more temporally and spatially restricted. By Tatu Vanhanen. Sterling Publishers, 387 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10016 USA, The second chapter opens by proposing 1992, $30 (hdbk.). that the "evolutionary roots of politics are in our assumed behavioural predispositions to Reviewed by Penny Anthon Green, Dept. of adopt and learn particular [adaptive] Sociology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC behaviour patterns in the political struggle for 29643-1513, USA power and resources" (p. The predispositions are as .the evolved causes of certam recurring The basic thesis of Vanhanen's book can "mechanisms" and "strategies" of political be stated as follows: Politics is "constrained by competition. Vanhanen identifies four its evolutionary roots and...a theory on the mechanisms: individual competition, evolutionary roots of politics might explain cooperation, reciprocity, and aggression: He many important aspects of contemporary then discusses three related, more highly politics, particularly universal regularities in specialized strategies: the for political behaviour and structures" (p. 17). dominance and power, territorial behaVIOr, and This thesis develops in two stages, which nepotism. Taken together, the mechanisms and correspond to the organization of the book. Part strategies "function as links between the One introduces the basic components of evolutionary roots of politics Vanhanen's theoretical model concerning the political structures and behaVIOr In evolutionary foundations of politics. Part Two the sense that they "canalize polItical applies this model to contemporary political behavior into certain regular patterns and problems: hierarchical power structures, ethnic constrain the variation of political structures" conflicts, multipartism, democratization of (pp.31£). political systems, women's under- representation in politics, global political I found Vanhanen's discussion of disorder, and the growth of world population predispositions, mechanisms, and to and consumption. Under each of these be interesting, though somewhat confusmg. The headings, Vanhanen uses his model to generate conceptual distinction between mechanisms and predictions, some of which are tested using strategies is unclear, as is the rationale for cross-cultural data. My comments will be claiming that mechanisms are mOre general directed toward the theoretical section, Part than strategies. I can easily see how the One, which is divided into four substantive opposite might be argued. chapters and a summarizing outline. V. on several occasions equates strategIes WIth the "predispositions" that cause them (e.g., Chapter 1 focuses on the evolutionary "Nepotism is another important evolved underpinnings of political behaviQr. It begins behavioural predisposition, which has a great 10 political relevance"). He initially (and genetic diversity of individuals and correctly, I think) conceptualizes in the necessity to struggle for scarce predispositions and their associated strategies resources, although most inequalities as analytically distinct, though causally in contemporary societies are related, phenomena (p.29). In light of this probably due to social and other initial conceptualization, his interchangeable environmental factors (pp. 61£). usage of the terms makes his argument difficult to follow. Vanhanen also suggests that genetic diversity can help explain political I was also disturbed by the relative indeterminacy. "Because of their genetic neglect of Lopreato's (1984) seminal analysis of differences, people do not necessarily behave human behavioral predispositions, some of the same way, even under similar which are directly relevant to Vanhanen's environmental conditions" (p. 63). I would not thesis (e.g., "the climbing maneuver," disagree with this very important statement, "territoriality," "reciprocation," and but it clearly needs elaboration. Vanhanen "predispositions of dominance and deference"). seems to move toward a clarification by writing Lopreato's volume is cited in several instances, that, in principle, "behavioural but only in passing. predispositions are the same for all members of our species but, in fact, they vary between The neglect of Lopreato's work is individuals just like their morphological unfortunate for another reason. The validity of characteristics do" (p. 63). This is a confusing Vanhanen's thesis rests largely upon his statement. Is the author suggesting that some ability to convince his readers that there are people, but not others, are predisposed to strong theoretical grounds for predicting that struggle for dominance and power, to engage in the predispositions exist. After all, these territorial behavior, and/ or to practice hypothesized behavioral forces are the nepotism? Or is he proposing, as I suspect, alleged evolved causes of the politically- that human genetic diversity causes some relevant mechanisms and strategies. individuals to pursue the aforesaid strategies Unfortunately, this aspect of his argument is with a higher average level of intensity than somewhat weak. This may not be a problem for other individuals? already evolutionarily-oriented readers. But I can easily see how readers who are interested The final theoretical chapter focuses on in, but unfamiliar with, evolutionary logic evolved behavioral differences between men might come away with the impression that the and women and the hypothesized relevance of predispositions are variables created ad hoc to these differences for male dominance in visible explain the recurring mechanisms and political structures. The chapter opens by strategies. Lopreato makes a much stronger examining prevailing social science argument for the existence of the se explanations for male dominaJ}ce and identifies predispositions, and Vanhanen's case would some of their shortcomings. Drawing upon have been strengthened had he built upon traditional sociobiological reasoning, Lopreato's foundations rather than trying start Vanhanen proposes an alternative, ultimate anew. explanation based upon male-female behavioral differences arising from anisogamy third chapter discusses genetic (i.e., differences in both the size and number of diversity among individuals and its sex cells produced by females and males). The hypothesized relevance to political author does not claim that evolved behavioral competition: differences between men and women explain "everything in male dominance [or that First, because the genetic interests of sociocultural theories] do not explain individuals are different, they have anything." Rather, considerable "cultural to compete with each other for variations in male dominance may be due to resources; second, this struggle leads various factors mentioned in [sociocultural] to inequalities beca,use the theories." He does, however, "assume that capabilities of individuals differ, cultural variation is constrained by the partly owing to their genetic evolutionary roots of male-female differences, diversity. So the origin, of and it would be difficult, if not impossible, to inequalities seems to lie in the eradicate it [i.e., male dominance] completely 11 by any cultural manipulations" (pp. 7f). The grounds for theorizing that "male dominance" is an evolved trait are considerably I fOund the discussion of male-female weaker. The reason involves female behavioral differences to be the weakest of the competition--a relatively neglected research theoretically-oriented chapters. I come to this focus, but one that has recently received conclusion not on polemical grounds, but rather considerable attention. The logic behind on the strength (or lack thereof) of the author's female competition derives ultimately from argument. Vanhanen begins by discussing the large somatic investment that females anisogamy, differential parental investment make in their children (see e.g., Hrdy, 1983; for males and females, and how this Hooks and Green, 1993). Since females have differential investment causes male intrasexual much to lose if a youngster dies or is otherwise competition for mates typically to be more reproductively unsuccessful, they are predicted intense than its female counterpart (pp. 74f). to compete both inter- and intrasexually for So far, so good. But with no additional access to the power and resources that explanation, he concludes that "it seems facilitate survival and long-term reproductive reasonable to assume that physical and success. One aspect of this competition involves behavioural differences between the sexes and resisting male competitors' efforts to male dominance are indeed cumulative monopolize positions of political and economic consequences of anisogamy and male advantage (see Gowaty [1992] for a general competition for females, shaped by natural discussion of female resistance to male selection" (p. 75). If anisogamy is causally dominance). related to male dominance (and I suspect that it is), Vanhanen does not provide the logic But females' ability to resist males' indicatinghow the two are related. He monopolizing efforts depends largely upon buttresses his conclusion primarily by quoting sociohistorical influences. Vanhanen clearly other evolutionists who also assert that the implies an awareness of these influences by hypothesized relationship exists. The reader hypothesizing that women's representation in is asked to make an enormous "leap of faith." politics will increase as does their control over political, economic, and coercive resources (pp. I was especially troubled by 170-174). As women's political representation Vanhanen's failure to differentiate between increases, so will their ability, among other males' efforts to dominate females and the things, to pass and enforce sexual objective condition of "male dominance." He discrimination laws, channel governmental writes that we "have good reason to assume funds toward developing alternative that male dominance is an evolved trait reproductive technologies, and use the media to because it seems to be [a] universal convey female expectations concerning characteristic of human societies" (p. 79). I acceptable male behavior. The important will assume for purposes of discussion that male point is this: Humans use cultural means to dominance refers to a condition whereby males prompte and defend their frequently conflicting enjoy preferential access to material resources reproductive interests. And it is precisely and sources of power that facilitate resource through the control and manipulation of culture acquisition. Evolutionists have strong (e.g., laws, technologies, media portrayals) theoretical and empirical grounds for that the balance of power between women and predicting that males have evolved strategies men is affected. To suggest that male aimed at excluding females from positions of dominance cannot be eradicated through political and economic advantage. For "cultural manipulations" is to miss this very example, by securing imperious control over important point, the understanding of which is political processes, males can pass laws that critical to evolutionary analyses of human reinforce their reproductive interests (e.g., laws behavior. stating that husbands, by definition, cannot rape their wives or that wives are the property My final comments concern the wording of their husbands). Male control over vital of Vanhanen's volume. First, I agree with economic resources increases female dependence Falger's (1993) conclusion that the author's on males, thereby improving the latter's writing style leaves itself open to politically- chances of acquiring and retaining access to motivated misinterpretations. I will not dwell female reproductive potential. on this point, as it is a major focus of Falger's 12

review. Secondly, Vanhanen sometimes writes author has raised many important issues that in a manner that seemingly denies the existence will undoubtedly stimulate additional of maladaptive behavior. For example, he research. I commend him for his effort. writes that "territorial behavior is adaptive. Animals resort to it only 'when the vital References resource is economically defensible: the energy saved and the increase in survival and Falger, V.S.E. (1993). Review of On the reproduction due to territorial defense Evolutionary Roots of Politics (Tatu overweigh the energy expended and the risk of Vanhanen). European Sociobiological injury and death'" (p. 51, emphasis added). To Society Newsletter, No. 32, 12-15. suggest that individuals always behave in Gowaty, P.A. (1992). Evolutionary Biology and optimally adaptive ways is to deny the Feminism. Human Nature, 3, 217-249. existence of maladaptive behavior and to deny, Hooks, B.L. and Green, P.A. (1993). Cultivating by implication, that humans and other species Male Allies: A Focus on Primate Females, evolved through the means that Darwin Including Homo sapiens. Human Nature, proposed. This is an error in logic that 4,81-107. evolutionists cannot afford to make. Hrdy, S.B. (1983). Behavioral Biology and the Double Standard. In S.K. Wasser (ed.), My criticisms notwithstanding, I found Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates. the Vanhanen volume to be a useful first New York: Academic Press. attempt to address a very complex problem. Lopreato, J. (1984). Human Nature and SUell attempts, by definition, are incomplete Biocultural Evolution. London: Allen & and contain areas needing refinement. T11 e Unwin.

The Evolution ofDesire: Strategies of realities; he would disabuse his readers of the Human Mating folklore and common belief that mated couples live in wedded bliss. Although the facts are not in keeping with cherished values, we must face By David M. Buss. Basic Books, 10 E. 53rd St., our true nature, Buss warns. Evolution has New York, NY 10022 USA, 1994, $22 (hdbk.) decreed that the sexual goals of women oppose the goals of men, making conflict inevitable. Buss's "breakthrough" findings point Reviewed by Dorothy Tennov, R. D. 2, Box 251, unequivocally to sex differences that make Millsboro, DE 19966 USA inevitable the marital discord indicated by divorce, wife-beatings, movies of the week, and The Evolution of Desire, like other all the other exceptions to the myth of happily contributions to what Kitcher (1985) calls "pop ever after. In the male, promiscuity is an sociobiology" (Symons, 1979; Kendrick and adaptation by which he spreads his seed Keefe 1992; Thornhill and ThornhiJI, 1992), through as many copulations as circumstances claims that human psychology is not sexually allow. In contrast, the higher costs of monomorphic. In "rutWess pursuit of sexual reproduction (fewer gametes, pregnancy, goals," sexual strategies clash: women seek parturition, suckling, and rearing) oblige human men who can provide resources, while men are females to look for long-term unions with males attracted by the nubile and comely. For Buss, who will commit to, protect, and provide for these preferences were wrought by selection them. In short, men choose youth and beauty; pressures during evolutionary eons; they are women bargain for men with resources. evolved aspects of fundamental human nature, not products of culture. But it seems likely that little real choice has ever existed in mate selection. There In Desire, Buss combines results of is plenty we do not know about the ancestral previously published reports--the one on 37 conditions, but one thing is fairly certain: cultures (six continents, five islands, 10,047 population aggregates were small. In a lifetime, surveyed individuals), plus fifty additional a person might not meet more than a hundred or studies. His declared mission is to crack the so members of the tribe. Considering the shell of ignorance and denial of biological problems of the single unmarrieds in dties of 13 millions, can we actuall ..-imagine Although in some ways Desire is a from reasonable introduction to evolutionary thinking ch.QQs-.e? about human mating patterns, Buss' conclusions would be bolstered by (1) specification of, or Although in the main Buss gives explicit recognition of the need for specification monogamy short shrift, he recognizes that at of, proximate mechanisms, such as those for least half of marriages endure and that falling in love, a topic Buss almost completely monogamy is the de facto norm in nearly all disregards; (2) an evolutionary analysis of human societies (Flinn, 1987; Bixler, 1989; human monogamy; (3) consideration of the Chisholm, 1991; Buss, 1991). Rampant universal appreciation of female pulchritude; condemnation of promiscuity among cultures and (4) recognition of the theoretical suggests that in the environment of evolutionary implications of the facts that most actual adaptation such matings may have produced matings have been arranged by others than the fewer viable offspring as compared with more partners themselves (Irons, 1989) and that enduring partnerships. choices between principals, even when "free," always have been extremely limited, even for In this connection, Buss fails to speculate the exceptionally well-endowed (with beauty on the possible role of sexually transmitted or wealth). disease in forging adaptations (Gladue, 1989; Immerman, 1986). AIDS furnishes a dramatic In regard to the last point, the case is reminder of how epidemic of a lethal weak for female preference for older and more sexually transmitted disease could wipe out the powerful men having been selected. Social and 'j)fO(fuctSOfan entire generation of economic reality also predicts female caution Perhaps ancient plagues caused (Byrne & Kelly, 1992; Wallen, 1989). For inclinations toward monogamy to have evolved bedding down, I suspect that women as one of the unconscious forces that mold the of any age would, despite what they say in practices of societies. questionnaires, choose handsome and virile youths if they had a truly free choice not More convincing is Buss's discussion of threatened with punishment. As van den menopause as a possible adaptation. Many Berghe (1992) has observed, choice is often no writers have suggested that menopause was choice; it is a matter of taking what you can get probably unknown among ancestors due to their (Bayer, 1992). abbreviated life spans. But since the termination of female reproductive viability at Since the findings cited in Desire have around age 45-55 is a universal phenomenon tied already appeared in scientific journals and the closely to reproduction, it may have been book is aimed at nonscientific readers, it is selected. Buss notes that female sterility in appropriate to comment on its likely reception later life facilitates the provision of aid by by its intended audience and on the grandmothers. Although the average life span responsibility a scientist assumes when writing of hunter-gatherers was short, some individuals for those unfamiliar with the argot of the disci- lived well beyond the age at which menopause pline. Despite the inclusion of disclaimers, a occurs today. Furthermore, the age of menopause sentence or two does not easily overcome may have changed in a manner similar to the language that seems to imply conscious intention way the age of menarche has been observed to and that appears on every page. Even the term shift. The kind of direct assistance to children "strategy" seems to the uninitiated to attribute given by older women once they are no longer purpose to natural events, and does not well themselves burdened with additional pregnan- serve the cause of evolutionary thinking in a cies would appear to make a clear and direct book geared to unsophisticated readers (Bixler, 'contribution to their . cce s. t may 1992; Glenn, 1992). Although Buss's stated even be that the lesser attractiveness and sexual intentions are otherwise, it is likely that Desire desirability of older women who have not yet will be received by students and general readers reached menopause serves to protect them from as a polemic distingUished by its manifest exul- males whose attentions might reduce their tation over the male's evolutionarily-given ability to protect the genetic line through basic philandering nature. Some sections could arenting and grandparenting. be excerpted for use in a manual for budding Don 14

Juans.. Flinn, M. V. (1987) Resources, reproduction, and mate competition in human populations. The same applies to Buss's warning Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 305-306. against the assumption that what is, therefore ought to be. The naturalistic fallacy is not Gladue, B. A. (1989) Missing link in mate easily overcome. Scientists may believe they preference studies: Reproduction. Behavioral are not subject to it, but unless they take and Brain Sciences, 12, 21. responsibility, the point will be missed by readers who cannot have rid themselves of Glenn, N. D. (1992) Toward a more complete teleological thinking or of the pervasive view integration of evolutionary and other that if it's in our genes it's unchangeable, or if perspectives in mate selection. Behavioral and it's natural it's God's will and therefore good. Brain Sciences, 15, 100.

In sum, Buss gives readers infra-human Immerman, R. S. (1986) Sexually transmitted examples and cross-cultural data on dimorphism disease and evolution: Survival of the ugliest?: in mate selection, but the differences are not Human Ethology Newsletter, 4, 6-7. well demonstrated to be driven by an evolved mechanism as opposed to being a reasonable Irons, W. (1989) Mating preference surveys: response to socia-environmental conditions. Nor Ethnographic follow-up would be a good next do they pass the critical test of relationship to step. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 24. true reproductive success as measured by offspring that bear reproductively successful off- Kendrick, D. T. & Keefe, R. C. (1992) Age spring. preferences in mates reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75-133. References Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting Ambition: Bayer, B. M. (1992) On the separation of Sociobiology and the QuestJor Human Nature. reproduction from mating preferences. New York: MIT Press. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75-133. Symons, D. (1979) The Evolution of Human Bixler, R. H. (1989) A historical/comparative Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press. perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 15-16. Thornhill, R. & Thornhill, N. (1992) The evolutionary psychology of men's coercive --- (1992) Men: A genetically invariant sexuality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, predisposition to rape? Behavioral and Brain 363-421. Sciences, 15, 381. van den Berghe, P. L. (1992) Wanting and getting Buss, D. M. (1989) Sex differences in human mate ain't the same. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, preference: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 15,116-116. cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1- 49. Wallen, K. (1989) Mate selection: Economics and affection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, --- (1991) Response to continuing comment. 37-38. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 520-521. Membership Renewals for 1995 Byrne, D. & Kelly, K. (1992) Differential age preferences: The need to test evolutionary versus It is time to renew your membership for 1995if alternate [sic] conceptions. Behavioral and you have not already done so. Membership is Brain Sciences, 15, %. by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the first of the year. If the date on your mailing Chisholm, J. S. (1991) Whose reproductive label is earlier than the current year, it is time value? Behavioral and_Brain Sciences, 14, 520- to renew your membership.. 521. 15 Law, Pieces in the Biological Sciences", investigates Biology and Culture the origin of human-like societies from the point of view of socioecology. Monkey societies Edited by Margaret Gruter and Paul Bohannan, have an upper boundary of 30 to 60 members, McGraw-Hill Primis, Princeton Rd., S !, and also have a definite territory. After a Hightstown, NJ 08520 USA, 2nd edition, 1994, discussion of behavior in non-human primate pb. societies by Jane Fordalland and Junichiro Itani, Paul MacLean summarizes the Reviewed by Zoltan Taganyi, Institute for implications of the 'triune brain' model. Then Social Conflict Research, The Hungarian Hubert Mark! and Richard Alexander describe Academy of Sciences, Budapest. VI. Benczur u the biological connections between evolutionary 33, H-1068 Hungary. theory and the study of human society: inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, and The present volume, a set of reprinted further benefits of mutual cooperation. as well as newly contributed articles, is an update of a collection of works compiled by the The third part is devoted to "Missing Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Pieces in the Social Sciences". According to Research and originally published in 1983. In Chris Boehm, after the organization of human four parts, the volume has a wide scope. The society came "prescribed and prOScribed rules of first part raises theoretical questions: What human conduct"--so-called 'customary law'. are the connections between biology and law? Boehm addresses the problem of symbolic How does law contribute to the creation and verbal communication in proto-human societies regulation of human society? What is the since Homo erectus. Then Donald Campbell relationship of human groups to individual follows societal development from face-to-face interests? The second part fills in the missing groups to the formation of bureaucracy and the links between the animal and human social appearance of the state. Formerly, non-literate worlds with papers on sociobiology and societies were regulated by principles 0 f socioecology. The third part presents the basic customary law, but later, at the more complex principles of animal and human societies from stages of development, they became controlled the perspective of the social sciences. The last by legal and market rules. In part three there part consists of empirical papers contributed by is also a piece by Roger Masters entitled associates of the Gruter Institute and presented "Evolutionary Biology, Political TJleory and at the 1991 meeting of the American the State". Masters considers the basic Anthropological Association. principles of human sociobiology--reciprocal altruism, the benefits of mutual cooperation, In part one, entitled "Foundation in cohesiveness of the group, and inclusive fitness- Law and Morality", Margaret Gruter analyses -from the point of view of We stern the phenomenon of 'proto-morality'. philosophical traditions. He addresses the Principally, biological beings are individually philosophical theories of Hume, Rousseau, motivated and directed, but with the formation Kant and Hegel, relating them to contemporary of society comes the necessity of establishing models such as the 'prisoner's dilemma' game. 'moral' and 'legal' principles. Gruter traces the age-old problem of individuality versus The fourth and final part, "New Lines collectivity. According to her argument, 'law' of Research", contains empirical contributions. is the most important condition for maintaining Included are chapters by Richard Alexander organization in society. Next, Adamson Hoebel (the relationship between biology and law), discusses the th-eory of the 'collective Margaret Gruter (the dynamics of ostracism as conscience' put forth by Emil Durkheim, as well a mechanism of social control, illustrated by as the 'functionalist credo' of anthropologists the case of the Amish), Robin Fox (the Gruter Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, and Talcott Institute's amicus curiae brief in the celebrated Parsons. Also in part one, Richard Schwartz Baby M surrogate mother case), Michael and Manfred Rehbinder address the role and Raleigh and Michael McGuire (a summary of limits of biological explanations of law. recent work on serotonin and dominance behavior in primates), Frans de Waal (the role The second part of the volume, "Missing of expectations of social regularity in 16 chimpanzee groups), and Roger Masters The Gene Wars: Science, Politics, (responses to televised nonverbal displays of political leaders). and the Human Genome

Each chapter of this book stands alone, but there are overlapping themes throughout. By Robert Cook-Deegan. W. W. Norton, 500 For example, the concepts of human Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10110 USA, 1994, sociobiology appear first in part two on $25 (hdbk.). "Missing Links from Biology" and once again in part three, "Missing Links in the Social Reviewed by David Alan Munro, 802 Bluebird Sciences". Likewise, the philosophy of law Canyon Dr., Laguna Beach, CA 92651 USA. and the topic of the existence of the state are analyzed by Masters in part three, but were As your designated explorer: I have also addressed earlier by Manfred Rehbinder in done every page and paragraph of The Gene an article on the sense of justice. Wars-- surely the most comprehensive and authoritative detailing of this realm to date-- Editor's notes: This submission was edited for looking for the spot or spots where ethology fits the newsletter by Linda Mealey. Roger Masters in. For, granting that the human universals presented an introduction to the Cruter Institute spelled out from Darwin to Eibl are innate, then Reader in the teaching workshop of ISHE's they must e.xist in the human genome. But no. August meeting in Toronto. The Institute Dr. Cook-Deegan, a researcher himself, reports welcomes members' input regarding updating discovery of no site or chromosome which future editions of the Reader, and is open to dictates the universals of expression found by putting together individually tailored Darwin, of behavior found by Eibl, or of collections as well. language found by Chomsky. But this is not surprising, given the scope of the project. You cannot read Cook- Call for Research Assistance Deegan or any other report on the Gene Project without a sense of awe at the sheer size. of the Our Membership Chair, Nancy Segal, is world of data now being uncovered, with most seeking subjects for a study of same-age, of it still to be reveaked. Cook-Deegan uses unrelated siblings reared together. Her "millions" and "billions" to describe the extent request: "Pairs of unrelated Siblings of the same of the raw data yet to be collected. He nowhere age , reared together from infancy, uniquely mentions the directives for behavior that must replicate th.e rearing situations of monozygotic also be in the DNA, but he does assert that all and dizygotic twins. Study of these dyads our social sciences will have to adjust to the (same-age, unrelated partners) offers a Qew genome data--when collected, and when behavioral genetic research design for interpreted. examining hereditary and environmental influences on behavior. I have been collecting Nevertheless, an obstacle to answering psyChological test data on these pairs for the the ethological questions lies in the prevailing past few years, and would be interested in Genome Project emphasis: It is geared to identifying more sets. If anyone is aware of disease, hereditary disease. Its home base in families with such children, please contact the US is NIH (National Institutes of Health), Nancy Segal at: CSU Fullerton, Psychology with similar emphases in the nations abroad Dept., Fullerton, CA 92634 USA, 1-714-773- where this research is carried on. This has 2142, [email protected]. It is fine skewed the findings away from what an to pass my telephone number on to the families." scholarly purposes. The rate is $0.35 each, or Mailing Labels of ISHE Members about $175 for the entire list. This is a good means for publicizing a book or journal. ISHE Sets of mailing labe.ls of the membership, over members pay the reduced rate of $0.25. For 500 in number, are for sale for legitimate information, contact the editor. 17 ethologist might ask of these biologists. surmounted criticisms from anti-abortionists, Typically, researchers have looked for an anti-fetal research people, and anti-eugenicists anomaly in the DNA of members of a family to hew to the simple objective of furthering known to be prone to cystic fibrosis, human self-knowledge by science. Alzheimer's, or some other disease. This process, as Cook-Deegan shows, logically leads Because of this dedication to basic to therapy and/or pharmaceuticals. And research, it is inevitable that the Genome disease-prevention is the clear justification for Project will someday the that the billions spent on the Genome Project, here make our universal behaViOrs umversal, and abroad. If researchers into the genome perhaps by comparison of our genes with the were to look for species-specific behavioral chimpanzee's, etc. If so, then DNA research genes, they would be concerned with will do far more than verify the existence 0 f regularities, not anomalies, requiring a genes for language, for facial expressions, for different methodology as well as a different the cultural residual. rationale for funding. Ethologists might do well to foresee-- But here let me re-invoke my awe. with the first evidence that our species- Surely humanity has never faced--and specificity is indelibly writ in the knowingly faced--so wide-open a change in blip that signals the end of the basic thinking. This is as broad a new sea as acceptance of a new (Kuhnian) paradigm. For ever Columbus sailed. The scientists this paradigm shift is not a matter only. for the themselves have felt it, and have responded graybeards of science, tucked away. 111 with enthusiasm and dedication. They devised Byzantium. This ethological paradIgm wIll and accepted ELSI, acronym for the Ethical, replace the popularly accepted behaviorism Legal and Social Implications of genome and psychoanalysis of James B.Watson and research, and devoted a fixed percent of their Sigmund Freud. These still contracts to it. They likewise accepted the public policy in matters of major leadership of Chicago's James Dewey Watson-- education it's still the hickory stIck, In "Honest Jim" to Cook-Deegan--the overly criminal justice the guillotine, in foreign policy frank, incorruptible theme-leader of the entire the atom bomb. The mantra repeated from Genome Project. He was the discoverer, of punitive mothers to thought-starved pre.sidents course, with Francis Crick, of the "double is 'lorce is the only thing they (the child, the helix" shape of the DNA molecule in 1953, at Somali, the criminal) understand." And in age 25. Thus from its outset the Genome Project truth it is a question of understanding: in has had high purpose, an exalted leader, and education, of imprinting; in criminal justice, of no end of mystery. revenge; in foreign policy, of territoriality.

Watson, now 66, has compulsively Thus, the Genome Project has the adhered to a pro-science, pro-internationalist, potential to advance an ethological pro-bono publico line, and made it stick. He understanding of our species, which in turn may insisted that the project not be sidetracked into replace our free-swinging and da.ngerous commerce by either Reagan or Bush. He was in approaches to social problems WIth more on the founding of E15I, and wants to see 10% of empirical analyses. The new thing t.he Genome contracts devoted to "implications." Project has brought forth upon this planet IS itself cultural: a coordinated, monumental, Here Cook-Deegan reminds us of the international effort by scientists in their labs, similarity of the Genome Project and the and by people everywhere through their Manhattan Project, an equally-awesome legislatures and their taxes, to find out who we cooperative scientific endeavor. In the latter are. case the scientists, when they had the bomb, formally petitioned President Roosevelt to stop No one could possibly have predicted the project in the interests of humanity. In the this would ever happen here, for we have yet genome case scientists have successfully to set sail upon this next mystic sea. 18

Editorial Staff ANNOUNCEMENTS Associate Editor Laurence J. Stettner European Sociobiological Society Department of Psychology Wayne State University The 18th annual meeting of the European Detroit, MI 48202 USA Sociobiological Society is scheduled for tel. 1-313-577-2866 Cambridge, England 3-6 August 1995. The main Current Literature Editor theme will be "Darwin's Heritage and Robert M. Adams Sociobiology." Local organizer is Robin Allott, Department of Psychology 5 Fitzgerald Park, Seaford, East Sussex, BN25 Eastern Kentucky University 1AX,U.K. Richmond,.KY 40475-0937 USA ESS Newsletter American Book Review Editor Linda Mealey The quarterly European Sociobiological Society Department of Psychology St. John's University Newsletter is available for D.fl. 40 (about $20 Collegeville, MN 56321 USA US) from Vincent S. E. Falger, Dept. of tel. 1-612-363-3135 International Relations, University of Utrecht, fax 1-612-363-3202 Janskerkhof 3, NL-3512 BK Utrecht, The E-mail [email protected] Netherlands. Payment may be made by VISA/Euro(master)card. Subscription is by British Book Review Editor A. Stuart Laws calendar year, so now is the time to begin or Department of Psychology renew your subscription. The University Newcastle uponTyne NEl 7RU, England Gruter Institute Seminars tel. 44-91-222-6000 fax 44-91-261-1182 The third annual faculty seminar on Telex 53654 (UNINEW G) "Biological Perspectives in the Social French Book Review Editor Sciences" will take place at Dartmouth Peter Lafreniere College 5-11 August 1995. Directed by ISHE Universite de Montreal members Roger D. Masters and Michael T. C. P. 6128, succursale A, McGuire, visiting lecturers will represent Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada diverse fields in the biological and social German Book Review Editor sciences. Invited lecturers are McGuire, Robert Karl Grammer Trivers, Lionel Tiger, Helen Fisher, Robert Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Frank, E. Donald Elliott, and Edward Berger. Urban Ethology/ Human Biology A limited number of grants covering expenses Althanstrasse 14 exclusive of travel (estimated at $300) are A-I090 Vienna, Austria available to scholars or graduate students. For information or applications write: Ms. Spanish and Portuguese Book Review Editor Eduardo Gudynas Kimberly Watson, Nelson A. Rockefeller c/o ASMER Regional Office Center for the Social Sciences, 6082 Rockefeller Casilla Correo 13125 Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755- Montevideo, Uruguay 3514 USA, tel. 1-603-646-3874, fax 1-603-646- 1329. 19 At last summer's seminar, the following topics cultural/social anthropology, and linguistics, were among those addressed: facial symnetry and stand-alone guides to local level and parasite resistance, a sex-linked gene for observation in various world regions. These male homosexuality and female reproductive guides are unified by a common structure and success, serotonin levels and leadership, the massive cross-referencing. The 385-page guide effect of experience on the brain, fitness is available from American Library benefits to grandmothers of daughter's Association, 155 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL unmarried teen motherhood, the competition- 60606-1719 USA for $45. Phone 1-800-545-2433, inducing effects of conventional economics, and press 7, fax 1-312-836-9958. effects of politicians' nonverbal behavior on men and onwomen. European Anthropological Officers of the Society Association President William R. Charlesworth The Tenth Congress of the European Institute of Child Development Anthropological Association has been 51 East River Road scheduled for 19-22 August 1996 in Brussels, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Belgium. Contact Prof. C. Suzanne or Dr. R. Hauspie, Free University of Brussels, Lab. Vice-President/ President-Elect Anthropogenetics, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Charles B. Crawford Belgium, tel. 32-2-641-34-26, fax 32-2-641-33- Department of Psychology 89, E-mail [email protected]. SimonFraser University Burnaby, B. C. V5A 156 Canada IUAES Vice-President for Information Glenn Weisfeld The Inter-Congress of the International Department of Psychology Wayne State University Institute for the Study of Man (IUAES) on Detroit, MI 48202 USA Biodemography and Human Evolution will be held in Florence, Italy either 19-26 April or 5- Secretary 12 Ju.y 1995. Write to Prof. A. B. Chiarelli, Karl Grammer IUAES Inter-Congress, Instituto di Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Anthropologia, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 UrbanEthology/ Human Biology Althanstrasse 14 Firenze, Italy. A-1090 Vienna, Austria

Treasurer Literature Search Guide Barbara F. Fuller School of Nursing A guide to literature searches in anthropology University of Colorado and related fields has been published by 4200 E. Ninth Ave. Robert C. Westerman: Fieldwork in the Denver, CO 80220 USA Library: a Guide to Anthropology and Related Area Studies. It uses HRAF (Human Relations Membership Chair Nancy L. Segal Area Files) indexing but does not require one to Department of Psychology consult the files themselves. There are California State University separate chapters on general anthropology, Fullerton, CA 92634 USA machine readable data bases, archaeology, 20

graduates in psychology, biology, ASCAP Award and Meeting anthropology and related disciplines. Participants should send three copies of their The ASCAP Society is sponsoring a competition paper (deadline: postmarked by 31 March) to for the best previously unpublished paper on Mark Erickson, MD-ASCAP Beck Award, c/o evolutionary biology and psychopathology. Rossell Gardner, Jr., MD, Dept. of Psychiatry & The Across-Species Comparisons and Behavioral Sciences, 4.450 Graves Bldg. (D28), Psychopathology Society is honoring Dr'. Aaron Dniv. of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX T. Beck with this award. Possible topics 77555-0428 USA. For information about the include comparative psychology and award or ASCAP, call 1-409-772-7029. The psychiatric illness, comparative neuroanatomy Society publishes a monthly newsletter. and behavior, attachment proceses and social hierarchie!', psychiatric drugs as probes of The $1000 travel award will be presented at system function, psychotherapy from an the annual meeting of ASCAP in Santa evolutionary perspective, and contemporary Barbara, CA 27 June 1995. The meeting will evolutionary theory and psychoanalysis. The precede the convention of the Human Behavior award is open to residents and fellows in and Evolution Society there, scheduled for 28 psychiatry and related clinical fields, and to June-2July 1995. graduate students and recent (within 7 years)

Beroldi, G. (1994). Critique of the Seville CURRENT LITERATURE Statement on violence. American Psychologist, 49,847-848. (Dept. of Psychology, Simon Fraser December 1994 Univ., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 156. Interested in possibly reviewing one of the books below or some other suitable book? Boesch, C. (1994). Cooperative hunting in wild Please contact the appropriate book review chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 48, 653-667. editor (See Editorial Staff box). (lnst. of Zoology, Univ. of Basel, Rheinsprung 9; 4051 Basel, Switzerland).

Boinski, S. & Mitchell, c.L. (1994). Male Avital, E. & Jablonka, E. (1994). Social residence and association patterns in Costa learning and the evolution of behaviour. Rican squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi). Animal Behaviour, 48, 1195-1199. (Dept. of American Journal of Primatology, 34, 157-170. Nat. Sci., David Yelin Teachers College, P.O. (Univ. Florida, Dept. Anthropol., 1350 B. 3578, Jerusalem, Israel). Turlington, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA).

Berczkei, T. (1992). Biological evolution, Calafate, L. C. (1994). A etologia da genotropism, psychopathology: A una perspeetiva descritiva do comportamento reinterpretation of a psychoanalytical theory. do homem. 0 Professor, No. 39 (3.a Serie), 63- SZONDIANA, 12. Jahrgang, 32-52. (Inst. 74. In Portugese. (Instituto de Botanica "Dr. Behav. Sci., Medical Dniv. of Pecs, H-7624 Sampaio", Universidade do Porto, Rua Pees, Szigeti u 12.) This paper deals with a do Campo Alegre 1191, 4100 Porto, Portugal). possible connection between evolutionary biology and a school of psychoanalysis which Campbell, Anne. (1993). Men, Women and may be interesting for human ethologists and Aggression. Basic Books, 10 E. 53rd St., New those interested in related topics. York, NY 10022 USA. $22 (hdbk.), $13 (ppr.). 21 Cherny, s. 5., Fulker, D. W., Corley, RP., , Flew, A. (1994). E.O. Wilson. After 20 years: Is Plomin, R., & DeFries, J.c., (1994). Contin!1ity human sociobiology possible. Philosophy of and change in infant shyness from 14 to 20 the Social Sciences, 24, 320-335. (Harvard Univ., Museum Comparative Zoology, months. Behavior Genetics, 24, 365-380. (Univ. ot Cambridge, MA 02138 USA). Colorado, Inst. Behav. Genet., Boulder, Co., 80309, USA). Ford, S.M. (1994), Evolution of sexual dimorphism in body weight in platyrrhines. Dewsbury, D.A. (1994). A final word on the inheritance of dominance. Animal Behaviour, American Journal of Primatology, 34, 221. 48, 984-985. (Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Illinois Univ., Dept. Anthropo1., Carbondale, Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA). IL, 62901, USA). Frost, P. (1994). Preference for darker faces in Dietz, J.M., Baker, A.J. & Miglioretti, D. photographs at different phases of the (1994). Seasonal variation in reproduction, menstrual cycle: Preliminary assessment of juvenile growth, and adult body mass in golden evidence for a hormonal relationship. lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Perceptual & Motor Skills, 79, 507-514. American Journal of Primatology, 34, 115-132. (Universite Laval, Dept. Anthropo1., Ste.-Foy (Uuiv. Maryland, Dept Zoo1., College Park, . PQ, G1K 7P4, Canada. MO, 20742, USA). Friedan, B. (1994). Afterward: Feminism as a Dumas, C. & Brunet, C. (1994). Object step in human evolution. American Behavioral permanence of capuchin monkeys: A study of Scientist, 37, 1138. (Univ. So. Calif., Fac. invisible displacements. Canadian Journal of SocioL, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA). Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Experimentale, 48, 341-358. Garber, P.A. (1994). Phylogenetic approach to (Univ. Quebec, Dept. Psycho1., CP 8888, the study of tamatin and marmoset social Montreal H3C 3P8, Quebec, Canada.) systems. American JO(lrnal of Primatology, 34, 199-220. (Univ. Illinois, Dept. Anthropol., 109 Davenport Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA). Dumas, J.E., Blechman, E.A. & Prinz, R.J. (1994). Aggressive children and effective Getty, T. & Capaldi, E.A. (1994). Inheritance communication. Aggressive Behavior, 20, of rank requires inheritance of sociaI 347-358. (Purdue Univ., Dept. Psycho1. Sci., W. environment. Animal Behaviour, 48, 982-983. Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA). (Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State Univ., Hickory Comers, MI 49060, USA). Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.) (1994). The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. Greenwood, D. J. (1984). The Taming of Evolution: The Persistence of Non-Evolutionary Oxford Univ. Press, Walton St., Oxford OX2 Views in the study of Humans. Cornell Univ. 6DP,. U.K./ 200 Madison Ave., New York, NY Press, 512 E. State St., Ithaca, NY 14850-0250 10016 USA. $30 (ppr.). Needs Reviewer. USA., Eeduced price $14.95 (hdbk.). Ellison, P.T. (1994). Advances in human Hirotani, A. (1994). Dominance rank, reproductive ecology. Annual Review of copulatory behaviour and estimated Anthropology, 23, 255-456. (Harvard Univ., reproductive success in male reindeer. Animal Dept. Anthropo1., Cambridge, MA, 02138, Behaviour, 48, 929-936. (Primate Research USA). Institute, Kyoto Univ., Inuyama Aichi 484, Feldman, H.N., Mack; S.J., Rowell, T.E. & Japan). Thompson, N.S. (1994). Unequal inheritance: Incowplete sociobiology. Animal Behaviour, Itzkoff, Seymour W. (1994). The Decline of 48, 731 -733. (Dept. of Integrative Biology, Intelligence in America: A Strategy for Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, National Renewal. Praeger Publishers, 88 Post USA). Rd. West, Westport, CT 06881 USA. 22 Juester, J.,Paul, A. & Arnemann, J. (1994). Mackey, W.e. & Johnson, J.W. (1993). Gender Kinship, familiarity and mating avoidance in dimorphism of a visual anomaly: A deductive Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus, 48, prediction vased on an ethological model. (An 1183-1194. (Abteilung Ethologie, Zoologisches ethological model predicting g end er Institut der UniversiUi.t Bonn, Kirschallee 1, dimQrphism in myopa is confirmed. The Journal D-53115 Bonn, Germany). of Genetic Psychology, 155, 219-231. (3009 Highwood, Bryan, TX 77803, USA). Jurke, M.H. &: Pryce, e.R. (1994). Parental and infant behaviour during early 'periods of infant Nielsen, F. (1994). Sociology and SOCiobiology. care in Goeldi's monkey, Callimico goeldii. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 267-304. Animal Behaviour, 48, 1095-1112. (Center for (Univ. N. Carolina, Dept. Sociol., Chapel Reprod. of Endangered Species, Zool. Soc. of Hill, NC, 27599, USA). San Diego, P.O. Box 551, San Diego, CA 92112- 0551, USA). Notconk, M.A. & Kinzey, W.G. (1994). Challenge of neotropical frugivory: Travel Kaits, M., Shlri, S., Danziger, S., Hershko, Z. patterns of spider monkeys and bearded sakis. & Eidelman, A.I. (1994). Fathers can also American Journal of Primatology, 34, 171 - 184. recognize their newborns by touch. Infant (Kent State Univ., Dept. Anthropol., Kent, Behavior & Development, 17, 205-208. OH, 44242, USA). (Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem, Dept. Psychol., Mt. Scopus, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel.) Nyborg, Helmuth. Hormones, Sex and Society (1994). Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Rd. West, Kinzey, W.G. & Cunningham, E.P. (1994). Westport, CT 06881-9990 USA. $55 (hdbk.). hi Variability in platyrrhine social organization. the Human Evolution, Behavior and American Journal of Primatology, 34, 185-198. Intelligence series edited by Seymour Itzkoff. (CUNY City ColI. Dept.- An!hropol., Convent Needs Reviewer. Ave & 138 St, New York, NY 10031, USA). O'Connell, S.M. & Cowlishaw, G. (1994). Infanticide avoidance, sperm competition and Lappe, M. (1994). Evolutionary Medicine: mate choice: The function of copulation calls in Rethinking the Origins of Disease. Sierra Club female baboons. 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Leidy, L.E. (1994). Biological aspects of Oliver, J.5., Sikes, N.E., & Stewart, K.M., menopause: Across the lifespan. Annual (1994). Early hominid behavioural ecology: Review of Anthropology, 23, 231-254. (Univ. New looks at old questions - introduction Massachusetts, Dept. Anthropol., Amherst, (Introduction to the journal's special issue MA, 01003, USA). "Early Hominid Behavioural Journal of Human Evolution, 27, 1-6. (IllInOls Leger, D.W. & Didrichsons, LA. (1994). An State Museum, Or. Res. & Collect, Anthropol., assessment of data pooling and some Sect., 1011 E. Ash St., Springfield, IL 62703, alternatives. Animal Behaviour, 48, 823-832. USA). (Dept. of Psych. & School of BioI. ScL, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA). Perusse, D. , Neale, M.C., Heath, A.c., & Eaves, L.J. (1994). Human parental behavior: MacDonald, K. (1994). A People that Shall Evidence for genetic influence and potential Dwell Alone: Judaism as a Group Evolutionary implication for gene-culture Strategy. Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Rd. West, Behavior Genetics, 24, 327-336. (Umv. Westport, CT 06881-5007 USA. $57.95 (hdbk.). Montreal, Ctr. Rech. Fernand Seguin, 7331 Rue Needs Reviewer. Hochelaga, Montreal HIN 3V2, PQ Canada). 23

Rasa, G.A.E., & Lloyd, P.H. (1994). Incest Tardif, S.D. & Garber, P.A. (1994). Social and avoidance and attainment of dominance by reproductive patterns in neotropical primates: females in a Cape Mountain zebra (Equus zebra Relation to ecology, body size, and infant care. zebra) population. Behaviour, 128, 169- 188. American Journal of Primatology, 34, I11-114. (Univ. Bonn., Inst. Zool., EthQl. ABT, (Univ. Tennessee, Dept Anthropol, S Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA). Kirschallee 1, 0-53115 Bonn, Germany). vanBeek, Y., Hopkins, B., & Hoeksma, J.B. Rivers, I., & Smith, P.K. (1994). Types of (1994). The development of communication in bullying behaviour and their correlates. preterm infant-mother dyads. Behaviour, 129, Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359-368. «REPRINT: 35-62. (Free Univ. Amsterdam, Fac. Human Smith, P.K., Univ. Sheffield, Dept. Psychol., Movement Sci., Dept. Educ. Sci., Van Der Sheffield S10 2TN, S. Yorkshire, England). Boechorststr 9, 1081 Bt. Am sterdam, Netherlands). Sanchezandres, A. & Mesa, M.s. (1994). Assortative mating in a Spanish population: Effects of social factors and cohabitation time. Journal of Biosocial Science, 26, 441-450. (Univ. Alcala de Henares, Dept. BioI. Anim., Alcala Vitzthum, V.J. (1994). Suckling patterns: Lack De Henares, Spain). of concordance between maternal recall and observational data. American Journal of Schweder, B.I.M., (1994). The impact of the Human Biology, 6, 551 -562. (Univ. Calif. face on longterm human relationships. Homo, Riverside, Dept. Anthropol., Riverside, Ca., 45, 74-93. (Univ. Vienna, Inst. Humanbiol., Althanster 14, A-l090 Vienna, Austria). 92521, USA).

Scott, J.P. & Ginsburg, B.E. (1994). The Seville Williams, L., Gibson, S., McDaniel, M., Bazzel, Statement on Violence revisited. American J., Barnes, S. & Abee, C. (1994). Allomaternal Psychofogist, 49, 849-850. (Univ. of Connecticut, interactions in the Bolivian squirrel monkey Biobehavioral Sciences Graduate Degree (Saimiri boliviensis). American Journal of Program, U-154, 3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Primatology, 34, 145-156. (Univ. So. Alabama, Storrs, CT 06269-4154, USA). Dept. Comparat. Med., Primate Res. Lab, Sicotte, P. (1994). Effect of male competition on Mobile, AL, 36688, USA). male-female relationships in bi-male groups of mountain gorillas. Ethology, 97, 47-64. Wood, J. W. (1994). Dynamics of Human (Universite Montreal, Dept. Anthropol., CP Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, 6128, Succ., Montreal H3C3J7, PQ, Canada). Demography. Aldine de Gruyter, 200 Saw Mill River Rd., Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA. $79.95 Slater, P. J. B., & Halliday, T. R. (Eds.). (1994). (hdbk.), $39.95 (ppr.). Needs Reviewer. Behaviour and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Pitt Bldg., Trumpington St., Wright, R. (1994). The Moral Animal. (1994). CB2 lRP, U.K./ 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY Pantheon Books, 201 E. 50th St., New York, NY 10011 USA. $59.95 (hdbk.), $24.95 (ppr.). Needs Reviewer. 10022 USA. $27.50 (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer.

Tardif, S.D. (1994). Relative energetic cost of Zillmann, D., Schweitzer, K.J. & Mundorf, N. infant care in small-bodied neotropical (1994). Menstrual cycle variation of women's primates and its relation to infant-care interest in erotica. Archives of Sexual patterns. American Journal of Primatology, 34, Behavior, 23, 579-598. (Univ. Alabama, ColI. 133- 144. (Univ. Tennessee, Dept. Anthropol., S. Commun., 478 Reese Phifer Hall, Box 870172, Stadium Hall, Knoxville TN, 37996, USA). Tuscaloosa, At. 35487, USA). INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY·FO·R HUMAN ETHOLOGY Membership and Newsletter

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