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1 Collection of the Qur'ān: a Critical and Historical Study of Al-Farāhī's View 'A Thesis Submitted to the University O

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1 Collection of the Qur'ān: a Critical and Historical Study of Al-Farāhī's View 'A Thesis Submitted to the University O 1 Collection of the Qur’ ān: A Critical and Historical Study of Al-Far āhī’s View ‘A thesis submitted to the University of Wales Lampeter in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy’ 2010 Shehzad Saleem 2 Abstract According to Muslim history, the Qur’ ān was revealed piecemeal. It is also known that it was not collected and arranged in its chronological sequence. The question then arises: When was the text of the Qur’ ān collected and given its final shape and who was responsible for this task? The answer to this question has been given by many scholars and researchers of the past and present. In recent times, H am īd al-Dīn al-Far āhī (1863-1930), a scholar, thinker and exegete of the Indian sub-continent has examined this issue in the light of some specific verses of the Qur’ ān, and, contrary to the stance of most Muslim scholars, has concluded that the Qur’ ān was collected and arranged in its current sequence in the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad under divine supervision. This thesis conducts a critical and historical study of his view on the collection of the Qur’ ān with the help of some recent critiques by both Muslim and Non- Muslim scholars on the traditional Muslim accounts of this collection. This historical study includes a critical evaluation of the matn and isn ād of the collection reports attributed to each of the first four caliphs of Islam: Ab ū Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthm ān and ‘Al ī as well as of reports which mention the details of the codices of two close companions of the Prophet: ‘Abdull āh ibn Mas‘ ūd and Ubayy ibn Ka‘b. A report on the placement of two sūrahs of the Qur’ ān: S ūrah al-Anf āl (8) and S ūrah al-Tawbah (9) is also analyzed. All these reports are shown to stand at variance with the account of the collection of the Qur’ ān related by the Qur’ ān itself. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr Dawood El-Alami for helping me out in my thesis. I am no less indebted to the guidance provided by my mentor Javed Ahmad Ghamidi who has remained a great source of inspiration to me. Gratitude is also due to my colleagues: Ammar Khan Nasir, Iftikhar Tabassum and Abdullah Rahim whose invaluable advice and critical feedback have helped me tremendously. I have also received valuable inputs from my colleagues Muhammad Rafi Mufti, Sajid Hameed, Asif Iftikhar, Izhar Ah mad and Tariq Mahmood Hashmi. I am also grateful to Azeem Ayyub for his great help in formatting the thesis. To my mother, wife, and son I owe special thanks for showing sustained patience on numerous occasions and letting me work even in the time I should have spent with them. 4 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ...................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ..................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and abstract to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ..................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ 5 Contents General Introduction 10 I. Objective of the Study 11 II. Historical Perspective 12 III. Literature Review 15 IV. Research Methodology 20 V. Brief Summary of the Chapters 27 Chapter 1: Al-Far āhī’s View: Presentation and Analysis 29 I. Introduction 30 II. Al-Far āhī’s View 30 III. The General Interpretation 36 IV. Critical Analysis 39 V. Conclusion 45 VI. Shape of the Qur’ ān at the Prophet’s Death 46 Chapter 2: Narrative on the Collection of the Qur’ ān by Ab ū Bakr 71 I. Introduction 72 II. A Typical Text 72 III. Criticism and its Analysis 75 A. Matn 76 1. Improbable Cause of Collection 76 2. Unofficial Status of the Collection 86 3. Questionable Methodology of Collection 89 4. Rarity of the Missing Verses 91 5. Khuzaymah or Ab ū Khuzaymah or … 92 6. Lack of Authoritative Record of Muh ammad’s Revelation 96 7. The Narrative is Ghar īb 97 8. Absence of the Narrative in Sah īh Muslim and in al-Mu’at t a’ 98 6 9. Absence of the Narrative in some Major Works on Muslim History 99 B. Isn ād 104 1. The Isn ād is Broken (Munqat i‘ ) 104 2. Narrators in the Isn ād 106 a) ‘Ubayd ibn al-Sabb āq 106 b) Ibn Shih āb al-Zuhr ī 106 c) Ibn Shih āb al-Zuhr ī’s Pupils 109 IV. Further Criticism 121 1. Improbability of the Event 122 2. Critical Analysis of some Collection-Methodology Narratives 123 3. Contradiction with Other Accounts of First Collection 133 V. Summary 156 VI. Conclusion 160 Chapter 3: Narrative on the Collection of the Qur’ ān by ‘Uthm ān 162 I. Introduction 163 II. A Typical Text 163 III. Criticism and its Analysis 165 A. Matn 165 1. Issue of the Missing Verse 165 2. State-Owned Collection in the Possession of H afs ah 172 3. Mode of Writing 172 4. Faulty Methodology adopted by ‘Uthm ān 173 5. Criticism on the Committee 174 6. Absence of the Narrative in Sah īh Muslim and in al-Mu’at t a’ 175 7. Absence of the Narrative in some Major Works on Muslim History 176 B. Isn ād 177 1. Al-Tirmidh ī’s Addition 177 2. The Presence of Ibn Shih āb al-Zuhr ī and Ibr āhīm ibn Sa‘d 180 3. Criticism on the Isn ād of S ūrah al-Ah z āb Narratives 181 IV. Further Criticism 186 1. The Narrative is Ghar īb 186 2. Questionable Methodology adopted by ‘Uthm ān 187 7 3. Nature of Dispute between the Armies 190 4. Biography of the Personnel in the Narrative 213 5. Contradiction between Various Accounts of Collection 218 V. Summary 233 VI. Conclusion 234 Chapter 4: Narratives on the Collection of the Qur’ ān by‘Al ī 236 I. Introduction 237 II. Representative Texts: Sunn ī Sources 237 III. Existing Interpretations 239 IV. Analysis of Existing Interpretations and Narratives 245 A. Matn 245 B. Isn ād 249 V. Representative Texts: Shiite Sources 256 VI. Existing Interpretations 262 VII. Analysis of Existing Interpretations and Narratives 264 A. Matn 264 B. Isn ād 270 VIII. Overall Analysis and Conclusion 277 Chapter 5: Narratives on the Mas āhif of Ubayy ibn Ka‘b and ‘Abdull āh ibn Mas‘ ūd 280 I. Introduction 281 II. Scheme of the Mas āhif 281 III. Analysis of Ubayy’s Mus h af 284 A. Matn 285 B. Isn ād 294 IV. Analysis of ‘Ibn Mas‘ ūd’s Mus h af 295 A. Matn 298 B. Isn ād 299 V. Conclusion 300 Chapter 6: Narratives on ‘Abdull āh ibn Mas‘ ūd’s rejection of the Mu‘awwidhatayn 301 I. Introduction 302 8 II. Representative Texts 302 III. Criticism on the Narrative 302 A. Al-Bāqil ānī’s Criticism 303 B. Rah m ānī’s Criticism 306 IV. Ibn H ajar’s Interpretation 313 V. Analysis of the Criticism and the Interpretations 314 VI. Further Criticism on the Text 326 VII. Conclusion 327 Chapter 7: A Narrative on the Placement of Sūrah al-Anf āl and Sūrah al-Tawbah in the ‘Uthm ānic Collection of the Qur’ ān 328 I. Introduction 329 II. A Typical Text 329 III. Criticism on the Narrative and its Analysis 330 A. Matn 330 1. Internal Contradiction 330 2. Sūrah al-Anf āl and Sūrah al-Tawbah are Distinct 331 3. Against Narratives on ‘Uthma nic# Collection 4. Against the Practice of the Companions B. Isn ād 334 1. Suspect Narrators 334 IV. Further Criticism 340 V. Conclusion 342 Chapter 8: General Conclusions 343 Appendices 346 A. Brief Biographical Sketches of some Contemporary Scholars 347 B. A Brief Summary of the Views of Radical Western Scholars 352 C. Glossary of Some Jarh Terms 358 D. Materials for Writing in Pre-Islamic Arabia 365 9 E. Schematic Illustrations 375 Bibliography 383 word count = 116519 10 Transliteration Table medial : ’ : ‘ ＃ : bh final : ’ : gh ＃ : ph initial : not : f ＃ : th expressed : q ＃！ : th : a : k ＃ : jh : b : g ＃ : ch dh : ځ p : l : dh : ځ t : m : : kh : n ＃ t : ټ : th : n ＃! : gh " : j # : w $ : ch % : h (ah (e.g .sunnah : ۃ h : & ( : kh : at (in construct form : d e.g. sunnat al-Ras ūl) : d * : y + : dh : al- (’l in construct form , : r e.g. Ab ū’l ) - : r . : z VOWELS DIPTHONGS / : z Short 0 : a 0 : aw 1 : s 2 : i 3 0 : ay 4 : sh 5 : u 6 0 : ae ā Double : ا s Long : 7 8 : d *2 : ī : uwwa 9 : t # 5 : ū : iyya : : z # : ō : anna 6 : ē ;< : -o- ( A>,?@ / #, ) : -i- ( ) B@?C A>,?@ / #, 11 General Introduction Contents I. Objective of the Study II. Historical Perspective III. Literature Review IV. Research Methodology V. Brief Summary of the Chapters I. Objective of the Study To the Muslims, the Qur’ ān is the final of the series of divine scriptures revealed by the Almighty; after the Old and New Testaments, it is the Final Testament. As the ipsissima verbum of God, they believe that they have with them its urtext without the slightest of alteration.
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