Aspetti Del Primitivismo in Italia

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Aspetti Del Primitivismo in Italia Alessandra Borgogelli Raffaella Bonzano Francesco Cavallini Pierluca Nardoni Aspetti del Primitivismo in Italia ARTYPE | aperture sul contemporaneo collana diretta da Silvia Grandi volume uno ARTYPE | aperture sul contemporaneo collana diretta da Silvia Grandi La collana nasce dalla necessità di riflettere sulle complesse problemati- che artistiche ed estetiche sorte dalla fine dell’Ottocento fino ai giorni no- stri, perseguendo un approccio multidisciplinare a favore del dialogo tra i saperi, per una più ampia visione d’insieme. Comitato scientifico Pierpaolo Antonello (University of Cambridge), Elisa Baldini (Università di Bologna), Renato Barilli (Università di Bologna), Guido Bartorelli (Università degli Studi di Padova), Lucia Corrain (Università di Bologna), Sandra Costa (Università di Bologna), Pasquale Fameli (Università di Bologna), Paolo Granata (University of Toronto), Silvia Grandi (Università di Bologna), Clau- dio Marra (Università di Bologna), Anna Rosellini (Università di Bologna), Gian Luca Tusini (Università di Bologna), Giuseppe Virelli (Università di Bo- logna) Politiche editoriali Referaggio double blind http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/it/ 2015 Volume uno Aspetti del Primitivismo in Italia Alessandra Borgogelli, Raffaella Bonzano, Francesco Cavallini, Pierluca Nardoni ISBN 9788898010240 ISSN 2465-2369 Edito da Dipartimento delle Arti visive, performative, mediali Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Silvia Grandi, ricercatore confermato presso il Dipartimento delle Arti dell’Università di Bologna, è docente di Fenomenologia dell’arte con- temporanea per il Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Arti visive. In copertina: Alberto Magri, La casa colonica, 1912 Indice Prefazione, Giuseppe Virelli 5 Primitivismo e deformazione, Alessandra Borgogelli 9 Appunti per una linea sintetica toscana, Pierluca Nardoni Sinteticità e ‘originarietà’ 33 L’infanzia dell’arte 67 Il caso Soffici: un modo ‘altro’ di intendere le origini 78 Alberto Magri espressionista, Raffaella Bonzano Gli anni della formazione 1899-1910 103 La fase espressionista 1911-1916 125 Osvaldo Licini 1908-1920, Francesco Cavallini Bologna 189 Da Firenze a Parigi 218 Il primitivismo fantastico 235 Bibliografia 269 Abstract 291 Aspetti del Primitivismo in Italia Prefazione GIUSEPPE VIRELLI Solo negli ultimi anni, gli studi più avveduti hanno fatto emer- gere in maniera sempre più chiara come nei primi due de- cenni del Novecento si sia sviluppata in Italia una schiera di ar- tisti impegnati a superare i vari indirizzi stilistici dominanti sul ter- ritorio nazionale, da quelli ancora legati alle formule tardo ot- tocentesche d’ispirazione realista e impressionista a quelle più avanzate proposte dal Simbolismo, per giungere a soluzioni in- centrate sulla volontà di recuperare un linguaggio di stampo neo-primitivista. In breve, a partire dal primo decennio del ven- tesimo secolo si è sviluppata anche nel nostro paese una cor- rente fauve-espressionista forte, benché mai formalmente uni- ta sotto un’unica bandiera. A differenza dei colleghi d’oltralpe, infatti, i Nostri non si coagularono mai in un gruppo compatto come quello della Die Brücke in Germania, né eles- sero un luogo preciso dove operare come accadde per i Fau- ve a Parigi. Questa situazione per così dire a maglie larghe, dove le singole personalità appartenenti a un’intera genera- zione hanno saputo mantenere un alto grado d’indipendenza, se da un lato rispecchia la peculiarità di un paese da sempre diviso in realtà regionali, dall’altro è stata anche la causa del ritardo con cui la critica è giunta a riconoscere una via italiana al primitivismo. La maggior parte degli studiosi, invero, si sono limitati a prendere in esame soltanto alcuni casi di grande rilie- vo (Gino Rossi, Umberto Moggioli, Aroldo Bonzagni, Tullio Gar- bari, Lorenzo Viani, Arturo Martini ecc.) senza però riuscire a inquadrarli all’interno di un contesto più generale, il solo in grado di restituirci la complessità di un fenomeno nel suo in- sieme. ARTYPE | aperture sul contemporaneo 5 Giuseppe Virelli Il primo e più importante contributo scientifico che ha avuto il merito di riunire sotto un unico fronte le varie “membra sparse” di questo espressionismo nostrano si deve a Renato Barilli e Alessandra Borgogelli, curatori della pionieristica mostra L’Espressionismo Italiano tenutasi nel 1990 a Torino presso la Mole Antonelliana. In quella occasione i due studiosi ricostrui- rono efficacemente i confini di quel “continente sommerso”, pur rispettando i diversi ‘dialetti’ regionali o i singoli ‘accenti’ personali. Per questo motivo, è sembrato opportuno ripartire in questa raccolta di saggi proprio da quel primo e fondamentale stu- dio. In particolare, si è voluto qui riproporre il testo Primitivismo e deformazione della Borgogelli, il quale, per il forte impianto metodologico e la capacità di analisi con cui la studiosa pas- sa in rassegna i principali artisti coinvolti in questo fenomeno artistico, funge ancora oggi da premessa imprescindibile per chiunque voglia affrontare il tema in questione. Lo snodo cen- trale su cui ruota l’intera disamina, riguarda per l’appunto le origini e lo sviluppo della corrente primitivista nel territorio ita- liano all’aprirsi del XX secolo. Nello specifico la Borgogelli, at- traverso la ricostruzione del grande dibattito che sorse nei cir- coli culturali e artistici del tempo, individua un atteggiamento peculiare del nostro modo d’intendere le ‘origini’ rispetto a quello francese o tedesco. A differenza di questi ultimi, la ri- cerca di forme primigenie non prende affatto le mosse dalle influenze che ebbero sul continente europeo le culture primiti- ve extra-occidentali, ma scaturisce da una regressione auto- gena compiuta dai nostri artisti e che affonda le sue radici su gli esempi autoctoni del Trecento e del primo Quattrocento. Su queste importanti riflessioni, fa leva il saggio di Pierluca Nar- doni, il quale concentra la propria analisi sul fecondo territorio della Toscana. Lo studioso, partendo da quel “corredo geneti- co” che impone un ciclico ritorno agli antichi a partire sin 6 volume uno Aspetti del Primitivismo in Italia dall’Ottocento (in primis i Puristi e, successivamente i Mac- chiaioli), traccia dei precisi profili di quegli artisti che nei primi anni del XX secolo operarono sotto l’egida di un sintetismo or- todosso: Lorenzo Viani, Spartaco Carlini, Antony de Witt, Moses Levy e Amedeo Modigliani (pre-parigino). Accanto a questa linea ‘selvaggia’, l’autore ne affronta an- che un’altra, parallela, ossia quella della regressione infantilista dove la ricerca del primitivo si riallaccia alle coeve espressioni artistiche degli infanti e degli incolti. Infine, Nardoni dedica l’ultima parte del suo studio ad Arden- go Soffici. L’artista e critico fiorentino, incline a mediare il ritor- no al nostro passato con l’esperienza degli Impressionisti, di Cézanne e di Rousseau, si pone in aperta polemica con gli ar- tisti sopra citati, ma proprio per questo ci è utile per compren- dere fino in fondo l’originalità del loro percorso. Il terzo saggio qui presentato, redatto da Raffaella Bonzano, approfondisce la linea infantilista attraverso lo studio dell’opera di Alberto Magri, indiscusso deuteragonista del campione dei ‘selvaggi’ nostrani, Lorenzo Viani. Al pari di quest’ultimo, infatti, Magri impone un deciso riscatto degli sti- lemi medioevali, ma a differenza dell’amico e collega viareg- gino per lui l’età di mezzo non è fonte d’ispirazione per la mes- sa in scena di contemporanee danze macabre popolate da diseredati, straccioni, prostitute e simili. Al contrario, le figure ‘stecchite’ del barghigiano sono semplici contadini, artigiani, bottegai e borghesi, maschere stereotipate di un “piccolo mondo antico” sospeso in un luogo senza tempo. Si tratta, in altre parole, di una visione candida che dà origine a un espressionismo ‘incantato’ nel quale l’arte degli antichi coin- cide con quella dei bambini. A chiudere, l’intervento di Francesco Cavallini intorno alla figu- ra di Osvaldo Licini, vero e proprio outsider dell’espressionismo italiano in quanto fautore, secondo le sue stesse parole, di un ARTYPE | aperture sul contemporaneo 7 Giuseppe Virelli “primitivismo fantastico” in cui regressione e tensioni contem- poranee convivono in un continuo e fecondo confronto dia- lettico. Per ricostruire questo primo periodo dell’artista, molto oscuro a dire il vero per via del fatto che molte delle sue opere di quell’epoca sono andate perdute, lo studioso segue le esili tracce lasciate da Licini seguendo una rigorosa struttura cro- nologica. La prima parte dello studio è dedicata quindi al pe- riodo bolognese dell’artista, vissuto fra l’Accademia e i circoli avanguardisti locali e sfociato nella famosa mostra dei seces- sionisti all’Hotel Baglioni. Emblematica sempre in questo sta- gione è poi la stesura dei Racconti di Bruto, testo in prosa in cui l’autore evidenzia come la presunta dimensione futurista di Li- cini di quegli anni sia, in realtà, subordinata ad una dimensio- ne squisitamente primitiva. La seconda parte si sofferma invece sui soggiorni compiuti dall’artista a Firenze (1915-1916), a Parigi (1917) e poi di nuovo nel capoluogo toscano (1918-1919). Sono questi anni cruciali per Licini caratterizzati da una sorprendente convergenza d’intenti con i colleghi Garbari e Magri, oltreché da un ina- spettato incontro a distanza con l’opera di Mirò. Infine, anche Cavallini offre una panoramica del dibattito ita- liano nel periodo pre e postbellico intorno al concetto di ‘pri- mitivo’,
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