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Poética, Política E Dissenso Entre Rastas Em Kingston, Jamaica

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Poética, Política E Dissenso Entre Rastas Em Kingston, Jamaica Felipe Neis Araujo “Every Man Do His Ting a Little Way Different”: Poética, Política e Dissenso Entre Rastas em Kingston, Jamaica Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia Social, da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina como parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de Doutor em Antropologia Social . Orientadora: Profa. Evelyn Schuler Zea Co-orientadora:Profa. Vânia Zikán Cardoso Florianópolis Abril de 2018 Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Departamento De Antropologia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Antropologia Social “Every Man Do His Ting a Little Way Different”: Poética, Política e Dissenso Entre Rastas em Kingston, Jamaica Felipe Neis Araujo Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Evelyn Schuler Zea Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Vânia Zikán Cardoso Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia Social, aprovada pela banca composta pelos seguintes professores: Profa. Dra. Evelyn Schuler Zea (Orientadora e Presidente, PPGAS/UFSC) Profa. Dra. Vânia Zikán Cardoso (Co-orientadora, PPGAS/UFSC) Prof. Dr. Carlo Severi (Avaliador externo, EHESS/Paris) Profa. Dra. Viviane Vedana (Avaliadora interna, PPGAS/UFSC) Prof. Dr. Scott Head (Avaliador interno, PPGAS/UFSC ) Prof. Dr. Jeremy Deturche (Suplente interno, PPGAS/UFSC) Profa. Dra. Luciana Hartmann (Suplente externa, PPGCEN/UNB) Para Silvia e Emiliano. Amor é uma coisa. “You have to pay for the shackles and chains And pay for these washing of the brain And pay for these guns and cocaine The sick and the lame Alright! That day will come when I shall stand and see All those wicked man in the fire getting bun That day will come When they'll try to escape and there will be Nowhere to run” — Capleton, “That day will come” * “Or, il est bien vrai qu'une discipline dont le but premier, sinon le seul, est d'analyser et d'interpreter les différances, s'épargne tous les problème en ne tenant plus compte que des ressemblances.” — Claude Lévi-Strauss, “Histoire et ethnologie” * “For here is the truth: each day contains much more than its own hours, or minutes, or seconds. In fact, it would be no exaggeration to say that every day contains all of history” — Kei Miller, “August Town” * “Yeah, man! Him a good good Rasta! But wi is different, seen? Trod wi a trod thru different paths, yuh understand?” —Bongo Future, falando sobre um outro ancião Rastafari * “If yuh are a big tree wi are a small axe” —Ditado popular jamaicano —RESUMO— Esta tese é uma etnografia dos modos de diferenciação mobilizados por Rastas em Kingston, Jamaica. Não se trata apenas de pensar em como Rastas se diferenciam de não-Rastas, mas também, e especialmente, como Rastas se diferenciam de outros Rastas. O foco está voltado para os modos como diferentes pessoas e coletivos Rastafari em Kingston e seus arredores articulam conceitos e práticas relacionados ao tropo do Retorno à África – ou Repatriação –; como narram e mobilizam histórias sobre o passado e o futuro na Jamaica e na África e como fazem diferentes usos e reflexões sobre os usos da ganja. A abordagem destes temas sob o viés dos modos de diferenciação dialoga com um dos objetivos centrais desta tese: criticar a ideia recorrente na literatura sobre o Rastafari jamaicano que postula a existência de um núcleo comum de crenças ou princípios subjacente às variações pragmáticas. Como conclusões eu afirmo que as parte percebidas por pesquisadores como pertencentes a um núcleo comum – aquilo que se reivindica como raízes africanas, a vontade de Repatriação, a divindade de Haile Selassie I e, certamente, o uso da ganja – são pensadas e mobilizadas de modos diferentes de acordo com as motivações políticas e afetivas de cada pessoa ou coletivo Rastafari. Além disso, eu mobilizo a ideia de que os dissensos semióticos e políticos entre Rastas não são características negativas ou prejudiciais ao Movimento Rastafari. São justamente estes dissensos que lhe dão vida e estimulam diálogos constantes entre o presente, o passado e o futuro, fazendo de seu repertório simbólico não um arquivo estático, mas sim um arquivo generativo que, ao ser acionado, alimenta as dinâmicas reflexivas de transformação do Movimento. Palavras-chave: Rastafari; Kingston; Diferenciação; Política; Poética; Dissenso. —ABSTRACT— This dissertation is an ethnography of the modes of differentiation mobilized by Rastas in Kingston, Jamaica. I am not interested only in how Rastas differentiate from non-Rastas, but also, and especially, in how Rastas differentiate from other Rastas. The focus is on the modes through which different Rastafari individuals and collectives in and around Kingston articulate concepts and practices related to the trope of the Return to Africa – or Repatriation –; how they tell and mobilize stories about the past and the future in Jamaica and Africa and how they make different uses and incur in different reflections on the uses of ganja. The approach to these themes through a perspective which emphasizes the modes of differentiation dialogues with one of the main objectives of this dissertation, which is to mobilize a critique to the recurrent idea present in the literature on the Jamaican Rastafari that postulates the existence of a common core of beliefs or principles underlying its pragmatic variations. As a conclusion, I assert that the parts perceived by researchers as belonging to a common core – what is claimed as African roots, the will for Repatriation, the divinity of Haile Selassie I, and certainly the uses of ganja – are thought of and mobilized in different modes according to the political and affective motivations of each Rastafari person or collective. Furthermore, I mobilize the idea that the semiotic and political dissents between Rastas are not negative or detrimental to the Rastafari Movement. It is precisely these dissents that give life to the Movement and stimulate constant dialogues between the present, the past and the future, making its symbolic repertoire not a static archive, but a generative archive which, when activated, feeds the reflexive dynamics of transformation of the Movement. Keywords: Rastafari; Kingston; Differentiation; Politics; Poetics; Dissent. —SUMÁRIO— Agradecimentos............................................................................xiii Introdução........................................................................................1 Nota Linguística...............................................................................9 Capítulo 1 – A Força do Dissenso: Das Propostas da Tese, Seus Caminhos Metodológicos e Teóricos.......................15 1.1 Dos Diálogos Teóricos e Políticos da Tese, Parte 1: Linguagem, Dissenso, Diferenciação e Antropologia Linguística..........................................................................15 1.2 Dissensos nos Biblicismos Rastafari...................................26 1.3 Seguindo as Diferenciações Entre Rastas, Parte 1: O Espaço- Problema............................................................................34 1.4 Seguindo as Diferenciações Entre Rastas, Parte 2: Cultura e o “Fazer Sentido”...............................................................38 1.5 “When I Talk, I Reason”: Do Papel Central do Diálogo e das Reasonings Nas Livities Rastafari......................................42 1.6 Sobre a Pesquisa: Os Trabalhos de Campo e as Outras Fontes ............................................................................................48 1.7 Dos Diálogos Teóricos e Políticos da Tese, Parte 3: Complicando a Tradição Intelectual Caribeanista................63 Capítulo 2 – “Welcome to Jamrock”: Geografia, Cosmografia e História de Kingston, ou; A Situação (Meta)Física e Temporal do Trabalho de Campo............................67 2.1 Xaymaca, Jamaica, Jamrock.................................................70 2.1.1 “Big Ships Sailing on the Ocean”, ou, “Old Pirates, Yes, They Rob I”...................................................................70 2.1.2 “They Had Us in Chains, Held Us in Bondage”.............74 2.1.3 “Blackman Redemption”.................................................77 2.2 “In My Father's House Are Many Mansions”: Coletivos e Ordens Rastafari..................................................................83 2.3 Intervalo: Sobre os Conceitos de Coletivo e Comunidade .....................................................................................103 2.4 Sedimentos de História e Memória: Fragmentos da Kingston Rastafari.......................................................105 2.5 “Jah Jah City, Jah Jah Town”.........................................122 Capítulo 3 – “Repatriation Still a Must!”..................................131 3.1 “Rasta Nuh Live Pon No Capture Land”.......................139 3.2 Repatriação e Retorno à África: Políticas, Poéticas e Dissenso em torno de um Conceito Nativo...................159 3.3 “Ethiopia, The Land of Our Fathers”.............................164 3.4 Passados, Presente e Futuros: Reparação, Repatriação, Memória e Política.......................................................167 3.5 “Wi Not Migrating, Wi a Come Back Home”................178 Capítulo 4 – “To Light Up Jah Fire”: Dissensos em Torno da Ganja.................................................................181 4.1 Fragmentos: Diálogos Sobre a Ganja............................189 4.2 A Ganja ao Longo das Histórias Rastafari.....................195 4.3 “The
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