Work, Race, and the Emergence of Radical Right Corporatism in Imperial Germany Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany Geoff Eley, Series Editor
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Work, Race, and the Emergence of Radical Right Corporatism in Imperial Germany Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany Geoff Eley, Series Editor Series Editorial Board Kathleen Canning, University of Michigan David F. Crew, University of Texas, Austin Atina Grossmann, The Cooper Union Alf Lüdtke, Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte, Göttingen, Germany Andrei S. Markovits, University of Michigan Recent Titles After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe, Rita Chin, Heide Fehrenbach, Geoff Eley, and Atina Grossmann Work, Race, and the Emergence of Radical Right Corporatism in Imperial Germany, Dennis Sweeney The German Patient: Crisis and Recovery in Postwar Culture Jennifer M. Kapczynski Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin, Sabine Hake Neither German nor Pole: Catholicism and National Indifference in a Central European Borderland, James E. Bjork Beyond Berlin: Twelve German Cities Confront the Nazi Past, edited by Gavriel D. Rosenfeld and Paul B. Jaskot The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840–1918, Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann Work and Play: The Production and Consumption of Toys in Germany, 1870 –1914, David D. Hamlin The Cosmopolitan Screen: German Cinema and the Global Imaginary, 1945 to the Present, edited by Stephan K. Schindler and Lutz Koepnick Germans on Drugs: The Complications of Modernization in Hamburg, Robert P. Stephens Gender in Transition: Discourse and Practice in German-Speaking Europe, 1750 –1830, edited by Ulrike Gleixner and Marion W. Gray Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany, Dagmar Reese Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany, Douglas G. Morris The Heimat Abroad: The Boundaries of Germanness, edited by Krista O’Donnell, Renate Bridenthal, and Nancy Reagin Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere, Keith Holz The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth- Century Germany, Michael B. Gross German Pop Culture: How “American” Is It? edited by Agnes C. Mueller Character Is Destiny: The Autobiography of Alice Salomon, edited by Andrew Lees Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich, Tina M. Campt State of Virginity: Gender, Religion, and Politics in an Early Modern Catholic State, Ulrike Strasser Worldly Provincialism: German Anthropology in the Age of Empire, edited by H. Glenn Penny and Matti Bunzl Ethnic Drag: Performing Race, Nation, Sexuality in West Germany, Katrin Sieg For a complete list of titles, please see www.press.umich.edu Work, Race, and the Emergence of Radical Right Corporatism in Imperial Germany Dennis Sweeney THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS Ann Arbor Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2009 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2012 2011 2010 2009 4321 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sweeney, Dennis, 1961– Work, race, and the emergence of radical right corporatism in imperial Germany / Dennis Sweeney. p. cm. — (Social history, popular culture, and politics in Germany) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-472-11678-2 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-472-11678-9 (cloth) 1. Corporate state—Germany—History. 2. Steel industry and trade—Germany—Saarland. 3. Iron and steel workers—Germany— Saarland. 4. Industrial relations—Germany—History. 5. Employee rights—Germany—History. 6. Paternalism—Germany—History. 7. Authoritarianism—Germany—History. 8. Conservatism—Germany— History. 9. Germany—Politics and government—19th century. I. Title. HD3616.G42S94 2009 338.6—dc22 2008033530 ISBN-13 978-0-472-02599-2 (electronic) For my parents, Mary and Don Sweeney Contents List of Abbreviations viii Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 chapter 1. Company Paternalism in the Industrial Saar 21 chapter 2. The Public Sphere and Notable Politics in the “Kingdom of Stumm” 49 chapter 3. Challenges to Paternalism: The Battle over the Insubordinate Worker from “New Course” Reform to “Stumm Era” Reaction 78 chapter 4. Workers’ Associations, the Struggle over Öffentlichkeit, and the Crisis of Paternalism 111 chapter 5. The New Managerial Rationality and the Racialization of Industrial Work 141 chapter 6. Corporatist Discourse and Saar Heavy Industry 168 epilogue: Toward a Genealogy of Fascist Corporatism 200 Notes 219 Index 269 Abbreviations ARV Allgemeine Arbeiter-Rechtsschutzverein AVBS Arbeitgeberverband für das Baugewerbe und die verwandten Berufe der Saargegend AVSI Arbeitgeberverband der Saarindustrie BAT Bistumsarchiv Trier BdI Bund der Industriellen BF Der Bergmannsfreund BM Bürgermeister CMV Christlicher Metallarbeiterverband Deutschlands CVDI Centralverband Deutscher Industrieller DAF Deutsche Arbeitsfront Dinta Deutsches Institut für technische Arbeitschulung DSVP Deutsch-Saarländische Volkspartei EW Evangelisches Wochenblatt GA General-Anzeiger GN Gewerkschaftliche Nachrichten HDA Hauptstelle Deutscher Arbeitgeberverbände LAS Landesarchiv Saarbrücken LHAK Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz LR Landrat MBZ Malstatt-Burbacher Zeitung NEA Neunkircher Eisenwerksarchiv NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei NSGB Neue Saarbrücker Gewerbeblatt NSZ Neue Saarbrücker Zeitung NVZ Neunkircher Volkszeitung OP Oberpräsident RDI Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie RP Regierungspräsident Abbreviations ix SAD Stadtarchiv Dudweiler SAS Stadtarchiv Saarbrücken SAN Stadtarchiv Neunkirchen SGB Saarbrücker Gewerbeblatt SGVDESI Südwestliche Gruppe des Vereins Deutscher Eisen- und Stahlindustrieller SIH Saarindustrie und Handel SJSVZ St. Johanner-Saarbrücker Volkszeitung SJVZ St. Johanner Volkszeitung SJZ St. Johanner Zeitung SP Saarpost SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SBMG Stadtbibliothek Mönchengladbach SW Saarwacht SWDWZ Südwestdeutsche Wirtschaftszeitung SZ Saarbrücker Zeitung VDA Verein Deutscher Arbeitgeberverbände VDESI Verein deutscher Eisen- und Stahlindustrieller VW Volkswacht VWGWISI Verein zur Wahrung der gemeinsamen wirtschaftlichen Interessen der Saarindustrie ZfS Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft Acknowledgments I began this book some years ago in the context of my dissertation research at the University of Michigan, where I learned from the very best and acquired numerous intellectual debts. Above all, I thank my doctoral advisor, Geoff Eley, whose knowledge of German and European history, generosity, patience, sense of humor, and unfailing support continue to amaze me; Kath- leen Canning, who commented extensively on my work and has in›uenced and supported it in so many ways; and Bill Sewell, whose quiet pedagogy, theoret- ical clarity, and work in French labor and social-cultural history were key sources of inspiration. My other committee members and teachers at Michi- gan—Peggy Somers, Ron Suny, Nick Dirks, Michael Schneider, and Heidrun Homburg—also deserve my most heartfelt thanks. I am grateful to several for- mer colleagues at the College of New Jersey: Tom Allsen, Dan Crofts, the late Alan Dawley, Joanne Gross, and John Karras, who threw a going-away party that I will never forget. At the University of Alberta, I would not have sur- vived the cold winters without my friend and colleague John Kitchen. I have also bene‹ted from conversations with a wide range of friends and colleagues, many of whom have commented on my work and helped me clarify my thinking on all kinds of issues that appear in this book. They include David Crew, Young Sun Hong, Rainer Horn, Larry Frohman, Kristin McGuire, Jean Quataert, Markus Reisenleitner, Steve Soper, George Steinmetz, and Peter Hohendahl. I am especially grateful to Keith Nield and Janet Blackman, edi- tors of Social History, who have been supportive of my work over the years. I also thank Chris Hebert, Marcia LaBrenz, and the two anonymous readers for the University of Michigan Press for their insightful and constructive com- ments on this book. Larry Cheever made the superb map. In Germany and North America, I bene‹ted from the assistance of numerous archivists, historians, and librarians at the Landesarchiv Saar- brücken, Stadtarchiv Saarbrücken, Stadtsbibliothek Saarbrücken, Stadtbib- liothek Mönchengladbach, Bistumsarchiv Trier, Stadtarchiv Neunkirchen, Acknowledgments xi Neunkircher Eisenwerksarchiv, Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz, Bundesarchiv in Koblenz, and University of Alberta. I especially thank Michael Sander of the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken, who shared with me his own research on the con- fessional labor movement in the Saar; Stefan Leiner, who gave me copies of his own work on urbanization and migration in the region; Heinz Gillenberg, who assisted me at the archives in Neunkirchen; and Klaus Ries, a historian of the Saar region with whom I shared many conversations. I thank Celia DeCastro at the University of Alberta for guiding and executing my interlibrary loan quests with such patience and thoroughness. The research for this book was supported by several organizations, and parts of it have appeared in print before. The German Academic Exchange Ser- vice (DAAD) funded my ‹rst trip