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From Bali to Marrakech: a Decade of International Climate Negotiations

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From Bali to Marrakech: a Decade of International Climate Negotiations FROM BALI TO MARRAKECH: A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS As told by the Earth Negotiations Bulletin Edited by Jennifer Allan, Rishikesh Ram Bhandary, Alice Bisiaux, Pamela Chasek, Natalie Jones, Mari Luomi, Anna Schulz, Cleo Verkuijl and Bryndis Woods FROM BALI TO MARRAKECH: A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS As told by the Earth Negotiations Bulletin Edited by Jennifer Allan Rishikesh Ram Bhandary Alice Bisiaux Pamela Chasek Natalie Jones Mari Luomi Anna Schulz Cleo Verkuijl Bryndis Woods INTRODUCTION © 2017 The International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development. ISBN# 978-1-894784-78-8 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is one of Head Office the world’s leading centres of research and innovation. The Institute provides practical solutions to the growing challenges and opportunities of integrating 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325 environmental and social priorities with economic development. We report on Winnipeg, Manitoba international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative Canada R3B 0T4 projects, resulting in more rigorous research, stronger global networks, and better Tel: +1 (204) 958-7700 engagement among researchers, citizens, businesses and policy-makers. Website: www.iisd.org Twitter: @IISD_news IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and from the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, foundations, the private sector and individuals. IISD REPORTING SERVICES IISD Reporting Services Division (IISD RS) provides a variety of multimedia IISD Reporting Services informational resources for environment and sustainable development 300 East 56th Street #11D policymakers, including daily coverage of international negotiations, analyses and New York, NY photos. As the publisher of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin, IISD RS is recognized USA 10022 for its objectivity and issue expertise in the field of international environment Tel: +1 (646) 536 7556 and sustainable development policy. The various products provided by IISD RS Website: enb.iisd.org make it an essential source of information for government officials, policy and Twitter: @IISDRS decision makers, UN staff, non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental @enbclimate organizations, business, industry and academia. Cover photo: IISD/Kiara Worth FROM BALI TO MARRAKECH: A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS As told by the Earth Negotiations Bulletin Edited by Jennifer Allan, Rishikesh Ram Bhandary, Alice Bisiaux, Pamela Chasek, Natalie Jones, Mari Luomi, Anna Schulz, Cleo Verkuijl and Bryndis Woods October 2017 iv enb.iisd.org FROM BALI TO MARRAKECH: A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY........................................................................................................................ vii FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................................................................................ix ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 - THE ROAD TO BALI, THE ISLAND OF BREAKTHROUGHS ........................................................................5 The First 15 Years ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................6 A Brief Analysis of COP 13 and CMP 3 – Bali, Indonesia: 3–15 December 2007 .........................................................8 CHAPTER 2 - POZNAN AND THE LONG ROAD TO COPENHAGEN ............................................................................... 15 Intersessional Highlights 2008 ............................................................................................................................................................................16 A Brief Analysis of COP 14 and CMP 4 – Poznan, Poland: 1–12 December 2008.....................................................17 CHAPTER 3 - NEXT STOP: “HOPENHAGEN” ................................................................................................................................ 23 Intersessional Highlights 2009 ............................................................................................................................................................................24 A Brief Analysis of COP 15 and CMP 5 – Copenhagen, Denmark: 7–19 December 2009 ................................26 CHAPTER 4 - CANCUN: THE DIFFERENCE A YEAR CAN MAKE ..................................................................................... 33 Intersessional Highlights 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................................34 A Brief Analysis of COP 16 and CMP 6 – Cancun, Mexico: 29 November to 11 December 2010 ................36 CHAPTER 5 - UBUNTU IN DURBAN: A NEW ERA IN CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS .....................................................41 Intersessional Highlights 2011..............................................................................................................................................................................42 A Brief Analysis of COP 17 and CMP 7 – Durban, South Africa: 28 November to 11 December 2011 .... 44 CHAPTER 6 - DOHA: GATEWAY TO A NEW CLIMATE REGIME ...................................................................................... 51 Intersessional Highlights 2012 .............................................................................................................................................................................52 A Brief Analysis of COP 18 and CMP 8 – Doha, Qatar: 26 November to 8 December 2012............................53 CHAPTER 7 - WARSAW: BIRTH OF THE INDC ...........................................................................................................................61 Intersessional Highlights 2013 .............................................................................................................................................................................62 A Brief Analysis of COP 19 and CMP 9 – Warsaw, Poland: 11–23 November 2013 ................................................63 CHAPTER 8 - LIMA: BUILDING AN AGREEMENT BRICK BY BRICK ................................................................................71 Intersessional Highlights 2014 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 72 A Brief Analysis of COP 20 and CMP 10 – Lima, Peru: 1–14 December 2014 ............................................................74 CHAPTER 9 - PARIS: A BEAUTIFUL REVOLUTION ..................................................................................................................81 Intersessional Highlights 2015 .............................................................................................................................................................................82 A Brief Analysis of COP 21 and CMP 11 – Paris, France: 29 November to 13 December 2015 ..................... 84 CHAPTER 10 - MARRAKECH: MOVING FURTHER, FASTER, TOGETHER ...................................................................91 Intersessional Highlights 2016 .............................................................................................................................................................................92 A Brief Analysis of COP 22 and CMP 12 – Marrakech, Morocco: 7–18 November 2016 .....................................93 EPILOGUE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................99 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS .......................................................................................................................................................... 100 enb.iisd.org v INTRODUCTION vi enb.iisd.org FROM BALI TO MARRAKECH: A DECADE OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Since its entry into force in 1994, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been at the centre of international efforts to address global warming and the rising risks it represents to people and economies across the globe. The adoption and early entry into force of the Paris Agreement was a monumental achievement that has put every nation on Earth on a clear pathway and with a clear destination for delivering a safer and more
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