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This dissertation has been 65-4954 microfilmed exactly as received LITTLEFIELD, Valgene, 1925- AN EVALUATION OF JOSEPH EMERSON I BROWN*S INVENTION, 1857-1880. | The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1965 | i^eech- Theater | University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan A - . \ THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE AN EVALUATION OF JOSEPH EMERSON BROWN'S INVENTION, l857-l880 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE (KADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY VALGENE LITTLEFIELD Norman, Oklahoma 1965 AN EVALUATION OF JOSEPH EMERSON BROVm»S INVENTION, l857-l880 APPROVED BY PU m / ru_ <^. jSyyo (11ÂJ —' DISSERTATION3 0 ^ COMMITTEE ACKNOV/IEDGMENTS The preparation of a study of this kind enlists the skills and aid of many individuals. To the people who gave so freely of their talent and understanding, the author wishes to express his appreciation. The author wishes to express gratitude to his committee for their time and assistance in this study. Sincere appreciation is extended to Dr. John S. Ezell for motivating the author's interest in Southern history and for the interest he shared in this study. Special thanks are due Dr. Wayne E. Brockriede for his encouragement and aid in directing this study. Appreciation must be expressed to Gloria Young for her typing assistance of both rough and finished copy. Finally, to the author's wife, Ruth, grateful appreciation for her understanding and encouragement while this study was being completed. A list of all the individuals who gave so generously of their assistance would be too long to name. But, to these people the author's gratitude is indeed very real. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter ' Page I.............. INTRODUCTION............................... 1 Background and Subject of the Study........ 1 The Purpose and Method of the Study.................... 7 Sources of the Study.................................. 13 Plan of the Study . ................ ........... ....... l6 II. A REVIElf OF BROWN'S BACKGROWUD, CHARACTER TRAITS, AND SPEAKING CAREER.................................... 20 Brown's Background...................... 20 Brown's Personal Traits . .............................. 31 Brown's Speaking Career............................... 39 III. BROWN'S RHETORIC OF SECESSION....................... U5 Introduction......................................... LS The Political Context, I8SO-I86I...... U6 An Evaluation of Brown's Rhetoric, 1857-1861............ 61 Conclusion.......................... 85 IV. BRŒJN'S RHETORIC OF RECONSTRUCTION....................... 87 Introduction....................................... 8? Background to Reconstruction........................ 89 Evaluation of Brown's Rhetoric, 1865-1872........ 103 Conclusion.................. ....;................... 127 V. BROWN'S RHETORIC OF RESTORATION........... 128 Introduction.... .......... ............. ............ 128 The Political Context, 1872-1880....................... 131 An Analysis of Brown's Rhetoric, 1872-1880............. 138 VI. BROm'S RHETORIC IN RETROSPECT....................... 162 Introduction.... ........ ........................... 162 A Description of Brown's Ideas............. 163 An Evaluation of Brown's Invention................... 176 Conclusion ..... l85 BIBLIOGRAPHY........... .... ............................... I89 iv AN EVALUATION OF JOSEPH EMERSON BROWN'S INVENTION, 18$7-1880 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background and Subject of the Study Ernest J. Wrage has written that public speaking courses require a body of speech material idiich should include not only the speaking careers and skills of individual speakers, but a collection of their ideas that serves as "solid intellectual residual.Dickey further amplifies Wrage's thesis and singles out Southern oratory as being an area overlooked by public address scholars. He not only believed that more public address data should be gathered, but specifically material describing careers, skills, and ideas of Southern speakers.^ The purpose of this study is to contribute to the goals of both Dickey and Wrage by evaluating a representative selection of Joseph Emerson Bfown's rhetorical effort from 1857 through 1880. The justification for selecting Brow's rhetoric for investigation can perhaps be explained by reviewing the role this ^Ernest J. Wi-age, "Public Address: A Study in Social and Intellectual History," Quarterly Journal of Speech, XXXIII (December, 19U7), U56. ------ ------------ -- ^Dallas C. Dickey, "Southern Oratory: A Field for Research," Quarterly Journal of Speech, XXXIII (December, 191*7), U58-U63. 2 Southern speaker played in the major historical events during this period. The years 1857 through i860 might very well be divided into r three periods as a basis for describing the major historical events that transpired and the role attributed to Brown concerning these events: The first period extending from 1857 to 1865, included the events contributing to the South *s secession from the Union and the resulting Civil War. The second period, extending from 1865 to 1872, included the Civil War's end and the reconstruction program forced upon the South. The third period, extending from 1872 to 1880, included restoration of home-rule and the Democratic Party's return to power in Georgia. One major theme was prevalent in all three periods: the relationship of the states to the Union. Many Southern historians advance the thesis that Georgia played a dramatic and important role in the many events leading up to the Southern States' secession from the Ihion. These historians theorize that a majority of Southern leaders believed that no con­ federation or independent government in the South could hope to achieve success without Georgia's active support. Louise B. Hill referred to North Carolina's Governor Zebulon Vance's speeches and writings, as recorded in the Confederate Records of Georgia, for evidence to support this claim.3 Avery wrote that no state played a more vital role in secession and war than did Georgia.^ 3liOuise B. Hill, Joseph E. Brown and the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 19^9), p« 36. Ul. W. Avery, The ffiLstory of the State of Georgia (New York: Brown and Derby, 1881), p. U* 3 In the state of Georgia, one man, Joseph Bmerson Brown, played an important role in all three of these periods of that state's history. Thompson offered the following summary describing Brown's role through the periods being studied: , No enumeration of the influential leaders who determined the. work of reconstruction can be coiq>lete without fürther mention of the most signifieent of them all, the power behind thé throne, ex-Govemor Brown. Of all public men in Georgia in this period he was the most astute and the most powerful. He was first in secession, first in reconstruction, and very nearly first in the restoration of Democratic home rule.^ In the period preceding the Civil War Joe Brown was governor of Georgia. In the fight to determine whether the South would secede from the % ion Brown joined forces with Toombs, persuading Georgia to secede imned- iately.^ Historians credit Brown's speeches and letters with playing a vital role in making the secession movement a success. Governor Vance wrote that Brown's speeches provided North Carolina with the initiative to secede from the Union.? Georgia not only played an inçxnrtant role in the Southern state's revolt from the Union, but became one of the first seceded states to be readmitted to the Union. Joe Brown again played an important role in persuading Georgia to accept the Radicals' recon­ struction program. He was forced to resign as governor at the close of the Civil War, but as private citizen he began an active campaign to gain passage of the Presidential and later Radicals' program. ^Mildred C. Thompson, "Reconstruction in Georgia," Studies in History, Economics and Public Law (New York: Columbis University Press, LUV, 2B6. ^HLU, op. cit., p. 3 6 . ?Cited in ibid. h These successful ca)q)algns, and the support he gave to the Republican presidential candidate in 1868, aided in making him the most hated man in the state* Brown published a letter in 1866 advising the state to adopt the Radicals' program.8 He joined the Republican Party and became the major voice in dictating the new state constitution required by the federal government*^ After the constitution was written. General Meade submitted it to the state for ratification. Brown retained this leadership role in the Republican Party and conducted an active speaking campaign for the adoption of the constitution*^^ The success of the campaign was evidenced by the fact that the constitution was ratified with an 18,000 vote majority* The newly elected Republican governor, Rufus B. Bullock, attempted to repay Brown by nominating him for the office of United States Senator* As might be predicted, old enemies from the Whig and Democratic Parties joined forces to prevent this selection. The coalition was successful and the state legislature failed to elect Brown by only a few votes. The defeat served as the only political loss Brown ever suffered in his political career. Shortly after the defeat Bullock appointed Brown Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court* In 1870 Governor Bullock was forced to resign as governor and the Democratic Party regained control of Georgia's government* Some­ time before I87O (the exact date is not known) Brown split with the QAtlanta Daily New Era* February 26, 1867. ^Thompson, op. cit., 196-198* ^PRobert Fielder, A Sketch of the Life
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