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Full Article (Pdf) ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY DISCOVERIES ISSN : 2456-1045 VOL.35 I ISSUE-1 I CHAPTER-11 PUBLISHER : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOUNDATION (IJF) Sacred Forests in the Western Highlands-Cameroon : Ethnobotany Role and Indigenous Conservation of Biodiversity Bertine Tiokeng1, Louis Zapfack2, Victor François Nguetsop1, Zacharie Saha3, Chofong Gilbert Nchongboh4, Roland Nnomo Douanla1* 1 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon, 2Department of Plant Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 3History Department, Faculty of letters and social science, University of Dschang; 4Jianghan University, School of International Education, Quhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hanyang Sanjiaohu, Wuhan, Huei, China ABSTRACT Deforestation in tropic and sub-tropical regions can be attributed to the change in land use system from forests to agriculture and industrialization. The social and scientific role of Ethnobotany are becoming more consistently defined. Its importance as a tool for complementing management and conservation strategies of biodiversity is now well recognized. In this work, ethnobotanic exploration was undertaken in the Western Highlands of Cameroon in 2017, specifically sacred forest of “Mbing Mekoup”, “Bamendjinda” and “Bamendjo” counties. It assesses the importance of ethnobotany role of species conservation in these forests. A total of 62 species belonging to 31 families and 57 genera were identified using 20m x 20m quadrat method. Among the identified species, 34% represents those with a socio-cultural importance, with numerous non- timber forest products being collected for multiple uses (Piper umbellatum used during the twin’s ritual ceremony, Bridelia speciosa, Prunus africana and Albizia gummifera being used for therapeutic purposes). Survey via interviews with indigenous from these counties revealed that these sacred forests have been protected by oral tradition for centuries. They also considered it as prioritized places reserved for traditional healers. In spite of this indigenous conservation effort, rapid increase of population, poverty and lack of arable farm land have ushered the way to degradation of these relic forests though very important in maintaining biological balances. Keywords : Cameroon conservation, diversity, endogenous ethnobotany, Sacred Forest, tradition western. ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE I. INTRODUCTION ISSN : 2456-1045 (Online) (ICV-PECO/Impact Value): 72.30 Extinction is a threat to world’s natural resources (GIF) Impact Factor: 5.188 in general and particularly forests which constitute the Publishing Copyright @ International Journal Foundation basis of biodiversity longevity [3]. Forests play an Journal Code: ARJMD/PECO/V-35.0/I-1/C-11/MAR-2019 important role in traditional folk medicine and ritual Category : PLANT ECOLOGY ceremonies in most Africa communities. Traditional Volume : Chapter Issue 35.0/ - XI/ -1 (MARCH-2019) medicine occupies an important place in African culture Journal Website: www.journalresearchijf.com where accessibility to modern medicine is hindered Paper Received: 26.03.2019 probably by high cost of drugs or treatment. Numerous of Paper Accepted: 06.04.2019 rural populations have resolved this by sourcing to Date of Publication: 15-04-2019 medicinal plants and traditional healers. Plants are also Page: 54-59 used as sources for food, energy and building materials. In Name of the Corresponding author: Africa and other parts of the world, there are plant-related cultural practices. Most communities in Benin and Togo Roland Nnomo Douanla* believed support or success in their specific businesses can Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of science, University be attained by performing rituals at the base of specific of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon tree trunks species [7]. In the same light, thanksgiving is CITATION OF THE ARTICLE equally in case of good benefits [6]. In formerly Western Cameroon, the settlement occupied by the Bamilékés was Tiokeng B, Zapfack L, Nguetsop VF, Saha chosen after a tree of the genus Ficus sp. planting it on the Z, Nchongboh CG, Douanla RN; (2019) piece of land where houses will be built. Where ever this Sacred Forests in the Western Highlands- plant grows normally is believed to be void of spiritual Cameroon: Ethnobotany Role and enemies [12]. These trees and forests have been kept Indigenous Conservation of Biodiversity.; Advance Research Journal of Multidisciplinary according to their character says “sacred”. These are important in the maintenance of the natural species and Discoveries; 35(11) pp. 54- 59 environmental protection. Indeed, Tahoux [14] reported Open access, Peer-reviewed and Indexed international journal (www.journalresearchijf.com) 54 ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY DISCOVERIES ISSN : 2456-1045 (ONLINE) that Zaïpobly sacred forest in Ivory Coast hosts a large Sampling method number of species endemic of to Southwest Ivory Coast. The quadrat method (Hall and Swaine 1981) African traditional practices have for a long time played a was used for inventory and identification of individuals. pivotal role in ecosystem conservation [8], [13], [5]. The Quadrats of 25 x 25 m were established and randomly sacred forests for example, protected at all times, are distributed in each plant formation. Within each plot, all considered as the only witnesses of the forest element in species including medicinal herbs and food as well as those the zones where agricultural exploitation is growing[5]. used for other purposes were considered. The specimens Nevertheless, they are today subjected to intense human were collected and some identified directly in the field. pressure which can pave wy to complete disappearance. Unrecognized species were taken to the National In Cameroon, several studies have been done in the sacred Herbarium of Cameroon for identification. In order to forests in the Western. So, the sacred forests strategies of assess the use of these forests, indigents were interviewed protection have been studied [2], [10], [15], [11] made a and ethnobotanical role of these forests in biodiversity census of all the sacred forest of Cameroun included their conservation evaluated. Interviewees were adults greater surface. The floristic composition and structure of Mbing or equal to 30 years old (men and women), youth between Mekoup sacred forests have been done [16]. This work is 16 and 29 of age (girls and boys) living in the vicinity of focus on the socio-cultural role and indigenous way of each study site. Information obtained was of an individual conservating “Mbing Mekoup”, “Bamendjinda” and nature. “Bamendjo” sacred forests in West Cameroon through flora assessment of ethnobotanical scope and shows their III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION importance in the conservation of biodiversity. Floristic Aspects II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis of the sacred forests flora reveals Study Zone relatively significant high abundance of species such as: Cassine aethiopica, Bridelia speciosa, Xymalos monospora, Nuxia The study sites are located in the Western congesta, Clausena anisata, Maesa lanceolata in Mbing 2 Highlands of Cameroon on a surface area of 13.890 km at Mekoup Trilepisium madagascariense, Cola cordifolia and an altitude of 2000 masl [9]. The sacred forests are found in Celtis zinkeri were significantly high at Bamenjinda while the department of Bambouto. Batcham district harbors Bamendjo recorded abundance of Trilepisium Mbing Mekoup forest (5 ° 37'N, 10 ° 06'E, Alt: 2183 m) while madagascariense, Celtis zinkerii, Markhamia lutea and Bamendjinda (5 ° 97'N, 10 ° 18 E, Alt 1327 m) and Bamendjo Alangium chinense. forests (5 ° 34'N, 10 ° 18'E, Alt: 1376 m) are situated at Mbouda district (Figure 1). Mbing Mekoup is an Uses of Forest Plants by Local Communities independent sacred forest away from the chief residence established on slope and valleys with rocky levelling in The interviews results revealed that these plants some places and relief marked by interfluves to steep are coveted by people for several needs. For ritual purpose, slopes, plateaus and plains. It has an area of 27.7 ha. leaves of Piper umbellatum are attached at the fore head of Bamendjinda forest with an area of 4.2 ha is marked by a twins during the ceremony where they are being taken to a flat slope partly surrounded Eucalyptus. Bamendjo sacred public square. This ceremony is literally referred to as forest is located on a gentle slope with a relatively closed "going out of twins". According to local people believe, canopy measuring a surface area of about 1.8 ha with a cool twins have some supernatural power which during this and humid climate. This is a mountain climate ceremony Piper umbellatum plant leaves purify and fortify “Camerounien” characterized by a short dry season of 4 the powers. It will equally give them honor and possibly months (mid-November to mid-March) and a long rainy would protect them from evil spirits who could season of 8 months (mid-March to mid-November compromise the power that the twins hold. Moreover, characterized by low and constant temperatures due to the these leaves are used as packaging material of dust taken high altitude. from grave of the dead during ancestral worship ceremony. Formerly, Piper umbellatum leaves were tied on slaves to differentiate native of the village and free people. These populations also use Dracaena deisteliana to testify to the "gods" the recognition of a ritual rite that has
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