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Ethnobotanical Survey and Biological Screening of Medicinal Plants from Vanuatu

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Ethnobotanical Survey and Biological Screening of Medicinal Plants from Vanuatu Ethnobotanical Survey and Biological Screening of Medicinal Plants from Vanuatu Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät IV – Chemie und Pharmazie – der Universität Regensburg vorgelegt von Gesine Bradacs aus Frankfurt am Main 2008 Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand in der Zeit von Juni 2004 bis August 2008 unter der Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. J. Heilmann am Institut für Pharmazie der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät IV - Chemie und Pharmazie - der Universität Regensburg. Promotionsgesuch eingereicht im August 2008 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26. September 2008 Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. S. Elz (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. J. Heilmann (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. P. Poschlod (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. J. Schlossmann (Drittprüfer) 2 Für meinen Opa. Gewisse Bücher scheinen geschrieben zu sein, nicht damit man daraus lerne, sondern damit man wisse, daß der Verfasser etwas gewußt hat“ – J. W. von Goethe, Maximen und Reflexionen (1833) 3 DANKSAGUNG Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Jörg Heilmann danke ich ganz herzlich, daß er mir die Durchführung dieses Projekts (meines Lebenstraums) ermöglicht hat, sein stetiges Interesse am Fortgang der Arbeit, das entgegengebrachte Vertrauen und daß er sich sogar anfangs sein Büro mit mir geteilt hat. Tankyu tumas long ol man mo woman, wanem givim informasion long ol plant meresin long mi: Father Andrew, Diana, Pita, Aguster, William, May, Alice, Lilian, Willi, Bretin, Elsie, Lina, John, Chief Ramleng, David, Philippa, Frank Inhat, Ruth, Kay, Samwi, Therry, Steven, Maoton, Ben, Phillip Tepahae mo Mr. Tabu Tankyu tumas long ol filwoka mo ol famili blong filwoka: Philippa Tarila blong Anelghowat long Aneityum, Elsie Lilon blong Lélé long Ambrym mo speseli long Diana May, William, Amlyn, Trevis mo Albert blong Loh long Torres Tankyu tumas long ol man mo woman helpem mi long kolektem plant mo blong draem plant: speseli Frank Inhat mo Philippa blong Aneityum, Elsie mo Lina blong Ambrym mo speseli Diana, William, Yvonne mo Mary-Ann blong Torres Tankyu tumas long ol worka blong kaljoral senta long Port Vila, speseli long Ralph Regenvanu, Rebecca Johns, Jean Tarisesei, Abong Marcellin mo Anne Naupa Tankyu tumas long Mr. Ernest Bani blong Ministri blong Environment Unit Tankyu tumas long Sam Chanel blong Herbarium long Vila Tankyu tumas long ol pipol long Vila blong mekem taem long Vanuatu wan naes mo gudfala taem, speseli long Franch mo Françoir Py, long Anna, long Adrien Mourgues blong European Community, Katharina mo Bernard Faro, Takashi mo Rebecca I’m further very thankful to Dr. Gwil Lewis, Dr. Paul Wilkin, Dr. Gemma Bramley, Dr. Tim Utteridge, Dr. Bernard Verdcourt, and Dr. Rogier deKok from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, Great Britain for final plant identification Many thanks to the Prof. L. Maes and An Mattheeussen of the LMPH, Antwerp, Belgium for conducting the antimicrobial and antiprotozoal assays, Prof. M. Decker und seinem Team am Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische/ Medizinische Chemie, Jena für die Durchführung der AChE- and BChE-Assays und Kai-Uwe Schmidtke am Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie für die Testung der Extrakte bezüglich ihrer Aktivität als potentielle NMDA-Rezeptor Antagonisten. Weiterhin danke ich den Mitarbeitern und Wahlpflichtstudenten der Pharmazeutischen Biologie Regensburg, die mich bei der Entstehung dieser Dissertation unterstützt haben bzw. für eine angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre gesorgt haben, vor allem Gabi Brunner, Sarah Geiger, Matej Barbič, Martin Rothenhöfer und ganz besonders Kerstin Fisch. Außerdem möchte ich den Mitarbeitern der Zentralen Analytik für die Aufnahme der NMR-Spektren und Durchführung der Elementaranalysen danken. Ein großes Dankeschön auch an Kathrin Nickl und Susanne Ohmayer für das freundschaftliche Arbeitsmikroklima und Verschönerung meiner Zeit in Regensburg. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt meinen Eltern und meinen Freunden für den Rückhalt, die stetige Ermutigung und Unterstützung in ideeller - und im Fall meiner Eltern - auch finanzieller Hinsicht. Aber in erster Linie möchte ich dir, Daniel, danken für die kontinuierliche Motivation, deine unendliche Geduld (weißt schon bei was), die konstruktive Kritik, die fruchtbaren Diskussionen und nicht zu vergessen deinen tatkräftigen Einsatz als Ersthelfer, Köhlermeister, Bodyguard und „Sherpa“ in Aneityum, die sehr viel zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .................................................................................8 SAMARI......................................................................................8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG..............................................................9 ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................11 INTRODUCTION......................................................................15 1. PLANTS IN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN MEDICINE ............ 15 2. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT WORK........... 17 THEORETICAL PART..............................................................18 1. VANUATU ................................................................................... 18 1.1 GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND CLIMATE ...............................................................................18 1.2 HISTORY ............................................................................................................................19 1.3 POPULATION AND LANGUAGES............................................................................................20 1.4 TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND ITS USES.....................................................................................22 1.5 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND ITS PLANTS..............................................................................27 2.BACCAUREA STYLARIS MUELL. ARG. (PHYLLANTHACEAE)29 2.1 THE PHYLLANTHACEAE.......................................................................................................29 2.2 TAXONOMIC POSITION OF B. STYLARIS MUELL. ARG.............................................................29 2.3 MORPHOLOGY OF B. STYLARIS MUELL. ARG: ...................................................................30 2.4 ECONOMIC USES OF B. STYLARIS MUELL. ARG. AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PHYLLANTHACEAE....................................................................................................................30 2.5 ETHNOBOTANY OF B. STYLARIS MUELL. ARG.......................................................................31 2.6 PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF BACCAUREA LOUR. AND OTHER PHYLLANTHACEAE....................................................................................................................31 EXPERIMENTAL PART ...........................................................33 1. ETHNOBOTANY......................................................................... 33 1.1 LEGAL COVER OF THE SURVEY............................................................................................34 1.2 COLLECTION OF DATA ........................................................................................................34 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.3 PREPARATION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS...........................................................................35 1.4 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIMENS ....................................................................................35 1.5 COLLECTION OF PLANT MATERIAL.......................................................................................35 1.6 QUANTITATIVE ETHNOBOTANY ............................................................................................36 2. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS............................................................... 36 2.1 CYTOTOXICITY ASSAY ........................................................................................................37 2.2 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ASSAYS ...........................................................................43 2.3 ANTIPROTOZOAL ASSAYS....................................................................................................45 2.4 INFLICTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) - ASSAYS ......................................48 3. EXTRACTION ............................................................................. 52 4. ISOLATION ................................................................................. 52 5. STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION..................................................... 57 5.1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS.................................................................................................57 5.2 MASS SPECTROMETRY........................................................................................................59 5.3 PHYSICAL METHODS ...........................................................................................................60 RESULTS.................................................................................61 1. ETHNOBOTANY......................................................................... 61 1.1 SELECTION OF THE STUDY AREAS .......................................................................................62 1.2 ETHNOTAXONOMY ..............................................................................................................62 1.3 DISEASES AND THEIR CURES...............................................................................................63 1.4 RESULTS ETHNOBOTANY....................................................................................................66 1.5 SELECTION OF PLANTS
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