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s Case Re te po e r b t Nole et al., Diabetes Case Rep 2016,1:2 s ia D Diabetes Case Reports DOI: 10.4172/2572-5629.1000110 ISSN: 2572-5629 ResearchReview Article Article Open Accesss Ethnomedical and Ethnopharmacological Study of Plants Used For Potential Treatments of Diabetes and Arterial Hypertension by Indigenous People in Three Phytogeographic Regions of Cameroon Tsabang Nole1*, Tsambang Djeufack Wilfried Lionel2, Tsambang Fokou Stheve Cedrix3 and Agbor Agbor Gabriel1 1Center for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaounde, Cameroon 2High Institute of Medical Technology, Yaounde, Cameroon 3Institute of the Arts of Foumban, University of Dschang, Cameroon Abstract Diabetes and arterial hypertension, two of the most important multifactorial, metabolic and chronic diseases, with fatal complications, remains two public health problems worldwide. So far, no studies have investigated the ethnomedical surveys to record plants used for both treatments of diabetes and arterial hypertension and their common derived manifestations. The objective of the present study was to collect and document information on herbal remedies traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and arterial hypertension and their signs, symptoms and complications in Cameroon. Detailed botanical prospection and ethnopharmacological thorough preparation was conducted nearby 1131 interviewers from 58 tribes of Cameroon, in a random distribution developed in [1]. In total, 71 species of plants belonging to 58 genera in 30 families were reported to be used in the preparation of the herbal remedies. Plants that include Azadirachta indica, Momordica charantia, Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus niruri, Laportea ovalifolia, Ceiba pentandra, Allium cepa, Persea americana and Catharanthus roseus were revealed interesting in the potential management of diabetes and arterial hypertension. Many plants like Irvingia grandifolia, Copaifera religiosa and Strombosiopsis tetrandra are documented for the first time for their uses in the treatment of diabetes and arterial hypertension complications. Eighteen plants species are recognized by some informants in the direct or usual treatment of diabetes and arterial hypertension. The results provide the basis for further preparation of phytodrugs for diabetes and arterial hypertension and their complications. Keywords: Indigenous people of Cameroon; Ethnomedical and currently two chronic un-tidyness associated in elderly persons. Their Ethnopharmacological study; Potential treatments; Diabetes and real causes are not perfectly known. They are linked to our genetic hypertension; Symptoms and complications; Diabetes with arterial patrimony, to our life-style that includes sedentary, excessive and hypertension; Symptomatic treatment; Indigenous knowledge; unbalanced alimentation, consumption of toxic agents like alcohol, Cameroon tobacco, and certain drugs. The characteristics of these pathologies are a glycosuria (presence of glucose in the urine) persisting with Introduction an hyperglycemia (excessive glucose concentration in the blood) for Hypertension affects approximately 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes and the systolic blood pressure values superior or equal to diabetes, 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes and it is approximately 140 mmHg for and diastolic blood pressure values superior or equal twice as common in persons with diabetes as in non-diabetics [2]. The to 90 mmHg [6] for arterial hypertension. These parameters which prevalence of coexistent hypertension and diabetes substantially varies are easily highlighted in occidental medicine for diagnosing diabetics across different socio-cultural and racial groups. The overlap between with hypertensive patients are failed to appreciate in traditional hypertension and diabetes provokes the risk of vascular complications medicine. However, in the indirect way, the traditional healers, mostly in this population, and together both pathologies predispose to chronic of the hinterland, control these diseases by treating rather their signs, nephropathy, retinopathy and sexual dysfunction [3]. Diabetes mellitus symptoms and/or some complications. So in this present study we is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, and the risk is focused a particular interest on plants used in the treatment of common markedly increased when hypertension is present. The incidence and signs, symptoms and complications of these two pathologies. prevalence of type 2 diabetes are increasing (Public Health Agency of The diabetic with arterial hypertension patients’ monthly cost of Canada 2009-2010 to 2014-2015). The total number of people with treatment is 60500F cfa in case of non-complicated arterial hypertension diabetes will rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by 2030 [4]. The number of adults with hypertension is predicted to increase by 60% to a total of 1.56 billion people by 2025 [5]. *Corresponding author: Tsabang Nole, Center for Research on Medicinal Diabetic nephropathy is the commonest cause of hypertension in Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Studies of patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes can develop Medicinal plants (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon, Tel: +237 6 78 01 73 39; E-mail: [email protected] renal disease, but hypertension commonly occurs without abnormal renal function and is often associated with central obesity. Insulin Received: July 27, 2016; Accepted: July 29, 2016; Published: July 31, 2016 resistance and diabetes can precipitate hypertension by stimulating the Citation: Nole T, Lionel TDW, Cedrix TFS, Gabriel AA (2016) Ethnomedical and sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin system, and Ethnopharmacological Study of Plants Used For Potential Treatments of Diabetes promoting sodium retention. Diabetes is also associated with increased and Arterial Hypertension by Indigenous People in Three Phytogeographic Regions of Cameroon. Diabetes Case Rep 1:110. doi: 10.4172/2572-5629.1000110 proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. High blood glucose and elevated blood pressure can impair vascular endothelial cells, leading Copyright: © 2016 Nole T, et al.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted to increased oxidative stress. Patients with diabetes also have increased use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and vascular reactivity. Therefore diabetes and arterial hypertension are source are credited. Diabetes Case Rep, an open access journal ISSN: 2572-5629 Volume 1 • Issue 2 • 10000110 Citation: Nole T, Lionel TDW, Cedrix TFS, Gabriel AA (2016) Ethnomedical and Ethnopharmacological Study of Plants Used For Potential Treatments of Diabetes and Arterial Hypertension by Indigenous People in Three Phytogeographic Regions of Cameroon. Diabetes Case Rep 1:110. doi: 10.4172/2572-5629.1000110 Page 2 of 9 and/or diabetes (Professor Nouedoui, personal communication). Material and Methods The diet increases more the financial charges of patients. Certain combinations of diabetes with antihypertensive treatments, composed The ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological survey was carried from pharmaceutical products and their cost like Hexen 50 (13 860 out beside 1131 informants distributed according to [1] and mainly Fcfa), Lodoz (10 415 Fcfa) and insulatard HM (14 525 Fcfa), Actrapid constituted by traditional healers, elderly persons and diabetic with HM (14 510 Fcfa), etc. are rare in rural zones or expensive for patients. arterial hypertension patients. These informants were divided into Then the difficulties to get drugs hold up the treatment and very groups. The first group was constituted by informants who don’t know soon can appear the redoubtable complications like: left ventricular diabetes and arterial hypertension, but who treat them through their hypertrophy, occlusion of coronary arteries (infarctus) and in the brain signs, symptoms and complications that were identified with the aid (stroke), kidney insufficiency. These complications render difficult and of a medical doctor. The second group was constituted by informants unaffordable the treatment for most diabetics with hypertension. who know diabetes and arterial hypertension. Early common signs or symptoms like sexual weakness, headache, obesity, excessive In response to the global health challenge, the WHO expert transpiration, etc. were recorded. Some of common complications Committees on diabetes and on arterial hypertension that recorded are: cardiac problems (arteriosclerosis), chronic kidney recommended further evaluation of the folkloric methods of injury, fungi skin infections, retinopathy, etc. managing the two diseases, we had identified and evaluated their treatment from their signs, symptoms and complications in traditional The survey was carried out in three main phytogeographic regions medicine; because of high mortality and morbidity arising from their of Cameroon [7,9] that include coastal humid rain forests; continental attendant complications and the draw-backs associated with the use of humid rain forests and Soudano-Zambezian and Guinean savannahs conventional hypoglycemic and hypotensive drugs [7,8]. [7] (Figure 1). These regions correspond respectively to littoral plain: dense fumid coastal forests domain; Cameroonian south plateau: dense
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