DOCSLIB.ORG

Some of the Exclusively Phytophagous Stick Insects Are Known to Defoliate Fruit Trees Like

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Some of the Exclusively Phytophagous Stick Insects Are Known to Defoliate Fruit Trees Like 5. Evolution and Classification 101 Economic and ecological significance: internally. External wing buds, typical for Some of the exclusively phytophagous stick immature hemimetabolous insects, appear insects are known to defoliate fruit trees like only during the last larval instar. Guava and tree crops like Eucalyptus, and Economic and ecological importance: Web- therefore have to be considered as pests. and Footspinners mainly occur in the Tropics and subtropics. They live aggregated under loose bark, stones, on the ground or are associated with dung. They are not considered as pests, thus of no economic significance. 5.6.3.14 Psocoptera (Psocids, Bark-, Booklice) [biting wings] General biology: Small, free-living exo- pterygote Neoptera with large mobile head. The chewing mouthparts bear asymmetrical mandibles. The compound eyes are large or reduced. The long and filiform antennae are composed of 13 to 50 segments. The pro- thorax is small, the legs are slender with 2- or 3-segmented tarsi in adults and 2-segmented tarsi in nymphs. The wings are present, Fig. 5-22: Embioptera (Web-, Foot-Spinners): reduced or absent. If present, the membranous Notoligotoma sp. X (Notoligotomidae) (repro- wings show reduced venation and are held duced from CSIRO, 1991) roof-wise over the abdomen. The forewings much larger than the second pair of wings. Cerci are absent. Gradual metamorphosis with 5.6.3.13 Embioptera (Web- or Footspinners) relatively short life span. [lively wings] Economic and ecological importance: The General biology: Small, elongate, flattened mostly fungivorous Psocoptera can be exopterygote Neoptera with large, strongly encountered in many habitats, associated with prognathous heads possessing chewing mouth- rotting plant material. However, some species parts and noticeable jaws. The eyes are well are common pests of stored products such as developed, ocelli are absent. The antennae are food stuff and can occur in insect collections, elongate, multisegmented and filiform. The libraries and herbaria, encouraged by poor legs are short and stout with enlarged front storage methods. There they feed on mould, tarsi. The females are wingless, the males cereals, starches, glue and paper, Well known either winged or wingless. Wings, if present, representatives of this order are the common are equal, membranous and have reduced booklice Liposcelis divinatorius and Trogium venation. The cerci are one or two-segmented pulsatorium. See fig. 5-23. and asymmetric in males (fig. 5-22). Embio- ptera, also called Embiidna, are so tiny that they are often only recognised by the presence of the tubular silk galleries which they weave wherever they go. The silken thread is spun by approximately 200 silk glands housed in the enlarged tarsi of the forelegs. The nymphs undergo incomplete development. The immature stages are remarkably similar to the adults, particularly in the wingless species. Fig. 5-23: Psocoptera (Booklice): Myopsocus The wing pads of the winged males develop sp. (Myopsocidae) (reproduced from CSIRO, 1991) 102 5. Evolution and Classification 5.6 3.15 Zoraptera Ischnocera, like the Amblycera with a [purely wingless] reduced type of chewing mouthparts: General biology: Minute exopterygote Neo- · Philopteridae like the introduced ecto- ptera with chewing mouthparts and monili- parasites of domesticated poultry Columbi- form, 9-segmented antennae. Alate forms are cola columbae and Goniocotes gallinae blind, winged forms possess compound eyes · Trichodectidae occurring on mammals, and distinct ocelli. The tarsi are 2-segmented. and introduced with their respective hosts. Wings, when present, are membranous with Pests on livestock and pets are Bovicola only one or two veins. The wings are shed by bovis on cattle, Bovicola ovis on sheep, adults, leaving only small buds. The cerci are Bovicola caprae on goat, Trichodectes canis short and one-segmented. Females with or on dog and dingo and Felicola subrostratus without ovipositor. Gradual metamorphosis. on cat Fewer than 20 species are known, most of Ischnocera and Amblycera were formerly in them occurring in tropical America. Zoraptera the group Mallophaga. do not occur in Papua New Guinea. Economic and ecological importance: Anoplura (sucking lice) with piercing- Zorapterans live in rotten wood or under dead sucking mouthparts to penetrate the host’s bark, often in ‘colonies’ of a few to a hundred skin and to suck its blood: animals. The insects feed on small arthropods · Linognathidae on pets and livestock like like mites. Linognathus vituli on cattle, L. pedalis and L. ovillus on sheep and L. setosus on dog and dingo 5.6 3.16 Phthiraptera (Lice) · Haematopinidae on ungulates like Haem- [wingless lice] atopinus suis on pig, H. asini on horse, H. General biology: Small, exoparasitic, wing- eurysternus and H. quatripertusus on cattle less, dorsoventrally flattened, exopterygote · Pediculidae on primates like the body louse Neoptera. The head is sessile or with limited Pediculus humanus, shown in fig. 5-24 B, movement, bearing chewing or piercing- and the head louse P. capitus on man sucking mouthparts, depending on the sub- · Phthiridae with only one sibling species, order. The antennae are 3 to 5-segmented, the human crab or pubic louse Phthirus filiform or capitate and are sometimes hidden pubis. in a groove of the head. The compound eyes Rhyncophthirina with only one known are reduced or absent, ocelli are always species not occurring in PNG. absent. The thorax is small and sometimes Economic and ecological importance: As indistinct, the legs short, stout, but well ectoparasites found only on mammals and developed. The tarsi are 1- or 2-segmented birds, lice are of medicinal and veterinary bearing a single or two claws for clinging to significance. Lice spend their entire life more feathers or hair of the host. Wings are always or less specifically on one particular host. absent. The abdomen has 5 to 8 segments. They prefer warmer, hairy body parts of their Gradual metamorphosis with three instars respective host, eg. the pubic region for the only. There are a few important families in pubic or crab louse Phthirus pubis. The four suborders: minute eggs called nits are firmly attached to Amblycera with a reduced type of chewing feathers or hair of the host and are hard to mouthparts feeding upon shed skin and dried remove. Apart from the fact that lice are a blood associated with wounds of the host: nuisance for the host causing severe skin · Boopiidae found with a few exceptions on irritations, they are vectors for various Australian and Papuan marsupials diseases of man and livestock, especially · Menoponidae found world-wide on wild poultry. For instance the body louse or cooty species of birds and domestic poultry, like Pediculus humanus can transmit typhus and Menopon gallinae other severe diseases in humans. 5. Evolution and Classification 103 during rest in Stenorrhyncha and Auchenor- rhyncha, or lie flat over the abdomen, or are coleopteroid (as in beetles). The forewings are homogenous, transparent or translucent, membranous in Stenorrhyncha, Auchenor- rhyncha and some other groups. In most Heteropterans, the true bugs, the forewings may be entirely or at basal portion (corion) of harder consistency than the thinner, trans- parent or translucent and membranous hind- wings (name: different wings, see fig. 5-26). If winged, the wing venation is in general reduced and the base of the wings is separated by a large conspicuous scutellum. Cerci are A B absent. The abdomen of females of many Fig. 5-24: (A) Zorotypus sp. (Zoraptera), (B) species bears a well-developed sheath-like or Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae, saw-like ovipositor. Gradual metamorphosis Lice) (reproduced from CSIRO, 1991) with two to seven, commonly five larval instars (fig. 2-37). Parental care occurs in some species (fig. 2-34). Auchenorrhyncha 5.6.3.17 Hemiptera (Aphids, Leafhoppers, like cicadas have complex sound producing Scale Insects, Cicadas, True Bugs, etc.) mechanisms, discussed in chapter 3.1.1. A [half wings] fundamental feature of true bugs (Hetero- General biology: Diverse, very small to ptera) is the presence of scent glands or stink medium-sized exopterygote usually winged glands that release an unpleasant deterrent Neopteran insects with piercing-sucking odour when disturbed (chemical defence). mouthparts. The mouthparts consist of a Mimicry by means of imitating ants, thorns hinged stylet-like beak (proboscis) formed by or other distasteful stink or assassin bugs is mandibles and maxillae (figs. 2-11, 2-13 and common. Hemipteran defence and the mutual- 2-14). The proboscis is held backwards and istic relationships between ants and homo- rested in an anterior ventral groove between pterans like plant lice or scale insects are the coxae when not in use. The mouthparts outlined in chapter 3.2.3 and 4. are absent in adults of some species of aphids Economic and ecological importance: Most (Aphididae) and scale insects (Coccoidea). species are phytophagous sucking on plants. The antennae are usually 3- to 10-segmented, A number of predacious or parasitic species the compound eyes are various and large but feed upon animal body juices, sucking blood sometimes absent, the number of ocelli varies of mammals or fish, or hemolymph of insects. from two to three. The legs are usually Hemipteran predators of insects play an cursorial and similar. The forelegs of some important role in the natural control of their predacious Heteroptera like Reduviidae are prey populations and are therefore considered raptorial, in aquatic Gerromorhpa adapted as beneficial insects. However, many species for swimming or walking on the surface of are of agricultural, veterinary and medicinal water, others have forelegs or hindlegs significance since they are common and developed for jumping. In females of scale severe ectoparasites of man and domesticated insects (Coccoidea) the legs are reduced or animals or destructive pests of cultivated absent. The coxae are free, the tarsi are 2- to plants. Moreover, many of the pest species are 3-segmented, the pretarsal structures are capable of transmitting diseases.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Homology of Wing Base Sclerites and Flight Muscles In
    Arthropod Structure & Development 36 (2007) 253e269 www.elsevier.com/locate/asd The homology of wing base sclerites and flight muscles in Ephemeroptera and Neoptera and the morphology of the pterothorax of Habroleptoides confusa (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) Jana Willkommen*, Thomas Ho¨rnschemeyer1 Blumenbach-Institut fu¨r Zoologie & Anthropologie, Abt. Morphologie & Systematik, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Go¨ttingen, Germany Received 9 November 2006; accepted 11 January 2007 Abstract The ability to fly is the decisive factor for the evolutionary success of winged insects (Pterygota). Despite this, very little is known about the ground-pattern and evolution of the functionally very important wing base. Here we use the Ephemeroptera, usually regarded as the most ancient flying insects, as a model for the analysis of the flight musculature and the sclerites of the wing base. Morphology and anatomy of the pterothorax of 13 species of Ephemeroptera and five species of Plecoptera were examined and a detailed description of Habroleptoides confusa (Ephemero- ptera: Leptophlebiidae) is given. A new homology of the wing base sclerites in Ephemeroptera is proposed. The wing base of Ephemeroptera possesses three axillary sclerites that are homologous to the first axillary, the second axillary and the third axillary of Neoptera. For example, the third axillary possesses the axillary-pleural muscle that mostly is considered as a characteristic feature of the Neoptera. Many of the muscles and sclerites of the flight system of the Ephemeroptera and Neoptera can be readily homologised. In fact, there are indications that a foldable wing base may be a ground plan feature of pterygote insects and that the non-foldable wing base of the Ephemeroptera is a derived state.
    [Show full text]
  • INSECTS of MICRONESIA Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea1
    INSECTS OF MICRONESIA Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea1 By HERBERT RUCKES RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK EMERlTUS PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY, CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK INTRODUCTION The Pentatomoidea consists of the families Plataspidae, Cydnidae, Pentatomidae, Acanthosomidae, Phloeidae, Urostylidae, Aphylidae, and Lestoniidae. In this classification I am following the terminology proposed by China and Miller (l955, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XII, 8: 257-267). Of these various families, representatives of the Phloeidae, Urostylidae, Lestoniidae, and Aphylidae have not, as yet, been recorded from Micronesia. The Phloei­ dae, represented by two genera, are found only in Brazil. The Urostylidae, however, are native to India; China, Japan, Australia, the Philippines, and intermediate islands such as Borneo and Java. It is rather surprising that examples of this family have not been taken from Micronesia since the other pentatomoid fauna of these islands is, for the most part, derived from the nearby Australian, Asian, and adjacent insular regions where the Uro­ stylidae occur. Aphylidae and Lestoniidae are strictly Australian families, each represented by a single genus. The remaining families have varying representation in the Micronesian fauna. I wish to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Miss Marjorie Statham, of the technical staff of the Department of Entomology of the American Museum of Natural History, for generously donating her time and ability to make the fine drawings that accompany this report. Her gratuitous services are, indeed, greatly appreciated. Thanks are also extended to Miss Setsuko Nakata, of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum staff, for editing and preparing the typescript of this article for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficiency of Antlion Trap Construction
    3510 The Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 3510-3515 Published by The Company of Biologists 2006 doi:10.1242/jeb.02401 Efficiency of antlion trap construction Arnold Fertin* and Jérôme Casas Université de Tours, IRBI UMR CNRS 6035, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 21 June 2006 Summary Assessing the architectural optimality of animal physical constant of sand that defines the steepest possible constructions is in most cases extremely difficult, but is slope. Antlions produce efficient traps, with slopes steep feasible for antlion larvae, which dig simple pits in sand to enough to guide preys to their mouths without any attack, catch ants. Slope angle, conicity and the distance between and shallow enough to avoid the likelihood of avalanches the head and the trap bottom, known as off-centring, were typical of crater angles. The reasons for the paucity of measured using a precise scanning device. Complete attack simplest and most efficient traps such as theses in the sequences in the same pits were then quantified, with animal kingdom are discussed. predation cost related to the number of behavioural items before capture. Off-centring leads to a loss of architectural efficiency that is compensated by complex attack Supplementary material available online at behaviour. Off-centring happened in half of the cases and http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/209/18/3510/DC1 corresponded to post-construction movements. In the absence of off-centring, the trap is perfectly conical and Key words: animal construction, antlion pit, sit-and-wait predation, the angle is significantly smaller than the crater angle, a physics of sand, psammophily.
    [Show full text]
  • UFRJ a Paleoentomofauna Brasileira
    Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ www.anuario.igeo.ufrj.br A Paleoentomofauna Brasileira: Cenário Atual The Brazilian Fossil Insects: Current Scenario Dionizio Angelo de Moura-Júnior; Sandro Marcelo Scheler & Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências: Patrimônio Geopaleontológico, Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista s/nº, São Cristóvão, 20940-040. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Recebido em: 24/01/2018 Aprovado em: 08/03/2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2018_1_142_166 Resumo O presente trabalho fornece um panorama geral sobre o conhecimento da paleoentomologia brasileira até o presente, abordando insetos do Paleozoico, Mesozoico e Cenozoico, incluindo a atualização das espécies publicadas até o momento após a última grande revisão bibliográica, mencionando ainda as unidades geológicas em que ocorrem e os trabalhos relacionados. Palavras-chave: Paleoentomologia; insetos fósseis; Brasil Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Brazilian palaeoentomology, about insects Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, including the review of the published species at the present. It was analiyzed the geological units of occurrence and the related literature. Keywords: Palaeoentomology; fossil insects; Brazil Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 142 ISSN 0101-9759 e-ISSN 1982-3908 - Vol. 41 - 1 / 2018 p. 142-166 A Paleoentomofauna Brasileira: Cenário Atual Dionizio Angelo de Moura-Júnior; Sandro Marcelo Schefler & Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes 1 Introdução Devoniano Superior (Engel & Grimaldi, 2004). Os insetos são um dos primeiros organismos Algumas ordens como Blattodea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera e Psocopera surgiram a colonizar os ambientes terrestres e aquáticos no Carbonífero com ocorrências até o recente, continentais (Engel & Grimaldi, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest
    INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS EDITED BY LAWRENCE I. GILBERT SARJEET S. GILL Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press, 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BU, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA ª 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved The chapters first appeared in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Kostas Iatrou, and Sarjeet S. Gill (Elsevier, B.V. 2005). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) 1865 843830, fax (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect control : biological and synthetic agents / editors-in-chief: Lawrence I. Gilbert, Sarjeet S. Gill. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests–Control. 2. Insecticides. I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), 1929- II. Gill, Sarjeet S. SB931.I42 2010 632’.7–dc22 2010010547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 Cover Images: (Top Left) Important pest insect targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides: Sweet-potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; (Top Right) Control (bottom) and tebufenozide intoxicated by ingestion (top) larvae of the white tussock moth, from Chapter 4; (Bottom) Mode of action of Cry1A toxins, from Addendum A7.
    [Show full text]
  • André Nel Sixtieth Anniversary Festschrift
    Palaeoentomology 002 (6): 534–555 ISSN 2624-2826 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/ PALAEOENTOMOLOGY PE Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press Editorial ISSN 2624-2834 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:25D35BD3-0C86-4BD6-B350-C98CA499A9B4 André Nel sixtieth anniversary Festschrift DANY AZAR1, 2, ROMAIN GARROUSTE3 & ANTONIO ARILLO4 1Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Natural Sciences, P.O. Box: 26110217, Fanar, Matn, Lebanon. Email: [email protected] 2State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China. 3Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France. 4Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. FIGURE 1. Portrait of André Nel. During the last “International Congress on Fossil Insects, mainly by our esteemed Russian colleagues, and where Arthropods and Amber” held this year in the Dominican several of our members in the IPS contributed in edited volumes honoring some of our great scientists. Republic, we unanimously agreed—in the International This issue is a Festschrift to celebrate the 60th Palaeoentomological Society (IPS)—to honor our great birthday of Professor André Nel (from the ‘Muséum colleagues who have given us and the science (and still) national d’Histoire naturelle’, Paris) and constitutes significant knowledge on the evolution of fossil insects a tribute to him for his great ongoing, prolific and his and terrestrial arthropods over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidology. the Study of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (E-Journal) Revista Corpoica – Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (2008) 9(2), 55-61 RevIEW ARTICLE Coccidology. The study of scale insects (Hemiptera: Takumasa Kondo1, Penny J. Gullan2, Douglas J. Williams3 Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) Coccidología. El estudio de insectos ABSTRACT escama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: A brief introduction to the science of coccidology, and a synopsis of the history, Coccoidea) advances and challenges in this field of study are discussed. The changes in coccidology since the publication of the Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus 250 years ago are RESUMEN Se presenta una breve introducción a la briefly reviewed. The economic importance, the phylogenetic relationships and the ciencia de la coccidología y se discute una application of DNA barcoding to scale insect identification are also considered in the sinopsis de la historia, avances y desafíos de discussion section. este campo de estudio. Se hace una breve revisión de los cambios de la coccidología Keywords: Scale, insects, coccidae, DNA, history. desde la publicación de Systema Naturae por Carolus Linnaeus hace 250 años. También se discuten la importancia económica, las INTRODUCTION Sternorrhyncha (Gullan & Martin, 2003). relaciones filogenéticas y la aplicación de These insects are usually less than 5 mm códigos de barras del ADN en la identificación occidology is the branch of in length. Their taxonomy is based mainly de insectos escama. C entomology that deals with the study of on the microscopic cuticular features of hemipterous insects of the superfamily Palabras clave: insectos, escama, coccidae, the adult female.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • (Ceroplastes Destructor) and Chinese Wax Scale (C. Sinesis) (Hemi
    POPULATION ECOLOGY AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF SOFT WAX SCALE (CEROPLASTES DESTRUCTOR) AND CHINESE WAX SCALE (C. SINENSIS) (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) ON CITRUS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University Peter L. La Lincoln University 1994 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. POPUlATION ECOWGY AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF SOFT WAX SCALE (CEROPLASTES DESTRUCTOR) AND CHINESE WAX SCALE (c. SINENSIS) (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) ON CITRUS Peter L. La Soft wax scale (SWS) Ceroplastes destructor (Newstead) and Chinese wax scale (CWS) C. sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae) are indirect pests of citrus (Citrus spp.) in New Zealand. Honeydew they produce supports sooty mould fungi that disfigure fruit and reduce photosynthesis and fruit yield. Presently, control relies on calendar applications of insecticides. The main aim of this study was to provide the ecological basis for the integrated management of SWS and CWS. Specific objectives were to compare their population ecologies, determine major mortality factors and levels of natural control, quantify the impact of ladybirds on scale populations, and evaluate pesticides for compatibility with ladybirds. Among 57 surveyed orchards, SWS was more abundant than CWS in Kerikeri but was not found around Whangarei. Applications of organophosphates had not reduced the proportion of orchards with medium or high densities of SWS. Monthly destructive sampling of scale populations between November 1990 and February 1994 was supplemented by in situ counts of scale cohorts. Both species were univoltine, but SWS eggs hatched two months earlier than those of CWS, and development between successive instars remained two to three months ahead.
    [Show full text]
  • Redactioneel
    REDACTIONEEL Henk Viscaal Alvorens dit redactioneeltje te beginnen wil ik alle leden van Succulenta het allerbeste voor 2006 toewensen. Naast het liefhebber zijn van cactussen en vetplanten, heeft zich bij mij in de loop der tijden een tweede hobby ontwikkeld: fotograferen. Daarom ben ik onlangs lid geworden van een fotoclub. Waar dat nu voor nodig was, werd mij ogenblikkelijk gevraagd. Je maakt toch al van die mooie foto’s. Dat klopt, maar op een gegeven moment krijg je het gevoel dat je op dood spoor zit en niet verder komt. Je bent niet langer tevreden met de resultaten, want je wilt meer. Nu is het grappige van een dergelijke club, dat er heel goed vergelijkingen gemaakt kunnen worden met een vereniging als de onze. Ook hier treffen we een aantal gelijkge- stemde mensen aan die hun hobby optimaal willen bedrijven. Ook hier zie je een willen presteren op een hoger niveau. Frappant hierbij is dat men open en eerlijk praat over de eigen mogelijk- en onmogelijkheden en de wil om de grenzen, op fotografie-gebied, te verleggen. Als lotgenoot leg je dan vooral goed je oor te luisteren en probeert dat op te pikken wat voor jou van belang is om een gesteld doel te bereiken. Dat doel is natuurlijk nog mooiere foto’s te maken. Wanneer je aan alle technische eisen voldoet, zul je in de meeste gevallen een duide- lijke, maar soms steriele afbeelding krijgen. En hier zit hem nu de kneep: je wilt de foto wat extra’s mee geven. Je wilt er een bepaalde sfeer in brengen.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae) in Different Instars
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The structure and morphologic changes of antennae of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae) in different instars 1☯ 2☯ 3 3 1 Han-Ying Yang , Li-Xia Zheng , Zhen-Fei Zhang , Yang Zhang , Wei-Jian WuID * 1 Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China, 2 College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China, 3 Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong a1111111111 Agricultural Science Academy, Guangzhou, China a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae), including nymphs and OPEN ACCESS adults, are one of the dominant predators and have a significant role in the biological con- Citation: Yang H-Y, Zheng L-X, Zhang Z-F, Zhang trol of leafhoppers and planthoppers in irrigated rice. In this study, we investigated the Y, Wu W-J (2018) The structure and morphologic antennal morphology, structure and sensilla distribution of C. lividipennis in different changes of antennae of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis instars using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of both five different nymphal (Hemiptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae) in different instars. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0207551. https://doi. stages and adults were filiform in shape, which consisted of the scape, pedicel and flagel- org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207551 lum with two flagellomeres. There were significant differences found in the types of anten- Editor: Feng ZHANG, Nanjing Agricultural nal sensilla between nymphs and adults. The multiporous placodea sensilla (MPLA), University, CHINA basiconica sensilla II (BAS II), and sensory pits (SP) only occurred on the antennae of Received: August 8, 2018 adult C.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]