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Campinas 2020 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS FELIPE SEVILHANO MARTINEZ OS IRMÃOS VAN GOGH E O MERCADO DE ARTE DO SÉCULO XIX CAMPINAS 2020 FELIPE SEVILHANO MARTINEZ OS IRMÃOS VAN GOGH E O MERCADO DE ARTE DO SÉCULO XIX Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em História, na Área de História da Arte. Orientador: JORGE SIDNEY COLI JUNIOR ESTE TRABALHO CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO FELIPE SEVILHANO MARTINEZ E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. JORGE SIDNEY COLI JUNIOR CAMPINAS 2020 Ficha Catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Paulo Roberto de Oliveira - CRB 8/6272 Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: The van Gogh brothers and the art market in the nineteenth- century Palavras-chave em inglês: Market of art works Modern Art Área de concentração: História da Arte Titulação: Doutor em História Banca examinadora: Jorge Sidney Coli Junior [Orientador] Ana Gonçalves Magalhães Samuel de Vasconcelos Titan Junior Paulo Sérgio Fracalanza Arthur Gomes Valle Data de defesa: 06-03-2020 Programa de Pós-Graduação: História Identificação e informações acadêmicas do(a) aluno(a) - ORCID do autor: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-1807 - Currículo Lattes do autor: http://lattes.cnpq.br/0536394960772726 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa de Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 6 de março de 2020, considerou o candidato Felipe Sevilhano Martinez aprovado. Prof. Dr. Jorge Sidney Coli Junior Profa. Dra. Ana Gonçalves Magalhães Prof. Dr. Samuel de Vasconcelos Titan Junior Prof. Dr. Paulo Sérgio Fracalanza Prof. Dr. Arthur Gomes Valle A Ata de Defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros encontra-se no SIGA/Sistema de Fluxo de Dissertações/Teses e na Secretaria do Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Aos meus alunos e à universidade pública no Brasil Janeiro de 2020 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao CNPQ pela bolsa de estudos concedida, nº de processo 140219/2018-8. Agradeço ao Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo por ter me liberado para fazer os créditos das disciplinas enquanto eu ainda era funcionário da instituição. Agradeço aos professores Louis van Tilborgh, do Museu Van Gogh, e Chris Stolwijk, do Nederlands Insitituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis (RKD), pela orientação no período em que passei na Holanda. Agradeço especialmente ao professor Jorge Coli por ter me orientado neste trabalho e em minha carreira. RESUMO Esta tese trata da relação dos irmãos Vincent e Theo van Gogh com o mercado de arte do século XIX. Entre as principais características deste mercado estão a importância dada ao temperamento do artista no processo de venda de obras de arte e a associação dos marchands com o sistema financeiro. Assim, será mostrado como Vincent e Theo foram exemplos da atuação de um artista e de um marchand neste contexto. Também será mostrado que, no caso do pintor, o mercado foi um dos elementos centrais na criação de seu mito. Palavras chave: Van Gogh, Mercado de Arte, Marchand, Arte Moderna, Temperamento ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the relationship of the brothers Vincent and Theo van Gogh with the nineteenth-century art market. This market "dealt in temperaments" and was very close to the financial system. Vincent and Theo are examples of how an artist and an art dealer acted in this framework. Besides, we will show that the art market was fundamental in the process of the formation of the legend van Gogh and how it is impossible to understand the artistic personality of modernity without taking commercial practices into account. Keywords: Van Gogh, Art Market, Art dealer, Modern art, Temperament SUMÁRIO Introdução...............................................................................................................11 Capítulo 1 – Profissão Artista, Profissão Marchand.......................................... 24 1.1 – Repetições, réplicas e contratos...................................................................... 31 1.2 – O Salão e o mercado....................................................................................... 35 1.3 – O Capitalismo francês no século XIX............................................................ 39 1.4 – Carreiras, telas e sistemas............................................................................... 44 1.5 – Oferta e demanda........................................................................................... 48 1.6 – Liberdade artística, mercado e divisão social do trabalho............................. 55 1.7 – O comercialismo............................................................................................. 61 1.8 – Vendendo biografias....................................................................................... 63 1.9 – O marchand ideológico...................................................................................71 Capítulo 2 – Theo................................................................................................... .81 2.1 – O número 9 do Boulevard Montmartre............................................................87 2.2 – Primeiros passos com os impressionistas........................................................ 94 2.3 – Reid e Monticelli............................................................................................ 102 2.4 – Impressionistas High Society......................................................................... 108 2.5 – Contratos e exposições................................................................................... 112 2.6 – Gauguin vai a Arles........................................................................................ 119 2.7 – As heterogeneidades do Grande Boulevard................................................... 125 2.8 – Um marchand de Corots................................................................................. 132 2.9 – Os dois lados da barricada.............................................................................. 137 2.10 – O Boulevard Montmartre sem Theo (ou os últimos dias de Theo) ............. 142 2.11 – Compras, vendas e lucros............................................................................. 146 Capítulo 3 – Vincent.............................................................................................. 159 3.1 – Borinage e os trabalhadores............................................................................ 163 3.2 – O peregrino..................................................................................................... 173 3.3 – Millet...............................................................................................................179 3.4 – Trabalho coletivo, trabalho individual............................................................ 186 3.5 – Van Gogh e os independentes.........................................................................198 3.6 – O sucesso em vida.......................................................................................... 208 Capítulo 4 – O temperamento e mercado............................................................ 214 4.1 – Depois do suicídio.......................................................................................... 217 4.2 – Johanna na Holanda........................................................................................ 221 4.3 – O contexto francês.......................................................................................... 228 4.4 – O contexto holandês....................................................................................... 239 4.5 – O contexto alemão.......................................................................................... 243 4.6 – Depois da guerra............................................................................................. 257 4.7 – Um breve panorama de preços....................................................................... 263 Conclusão............................................................................................................... 272 Bibliografia..............................................................................................................283 Anexos..................................................................................................................... 297 Cronologia................................................................................................................297 Tabelas..................................................................................................................... 299 11 INTRODUÇÃO Em 1990, a casa de leilão Christie’s vendeu o Retrato do Doutor Gachet (figura 1), pintado pelo artista holandês Vincent van Gogh, por 82,5 milhões de dólares1. A venda marcou o início de uma era de valores milionários pagos por artistas consagrados2. Já havia um precedente do mesmo pintor. Três anos antes, na mesma Christie’s, a obra Iris tinha sido vendida por 53,9 milhões de dólares. O retrato foi comprado pelo colecionador japonês Ryoei Saito, que também comprou a pintura Baile no Moulin de la Gallete, de Pierre-Auguste Renoir, dois dias depois, por 78 milhões. Pouco antes de morrer, em 1997, Saito revelou o desejo de ser cremado
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