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Gender and Natural Resource Management This Page Intentionally Left Blank Gender and Natural Resource Management Livelihoods, Mobility and Interventions Gender and Natural Resource Management This page intentionally left blank Gender and Natural Resource Management Livelihoods, Mobility and Interventions Edited by Bernadette P.Resurreccion and Rebecca Elmhirst London • Sterling,VA International Development Research Centre Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2008 Copyright © Bernadette P.Resurreccion and Rebecca Elmhirst, 2008 All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-580-5 IDRC publishes an e-book version of Gender and Natural Resource Management (ISBN 978-1-55250-398-0) For further information, please contact: International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9 Canada Email: [email protected] Web: www.idrc.ca Typeset by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK Printed and bound in the UK by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Cover design by Yvonne Booth For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street London, EC1N 8XA, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7841 1930 Fax: +44 (0)20 7242 1474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling,VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for The paper used for this book is FSC-certified and totally chlorine-free. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents List of Figures,Tables and Boxes vii List of Contributors ix Preface xiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 Gender, Environment and Natural Resource Management: New Dimensions, New Debates 3 Rebecca Elmhirst and Bernadette P.Resurreccion Part 1 Contextualizing Gender and Natural Resource Governance in Neo-liberal Times 2 Gender, Doi Moi and Coastal Resource Management in the Red River Delta,Vietnam 23 Hue Le Thi Van 3 Intensification Regimes in Village-Based Silk Production, Northeast Thailand: Boosts (and Challenges) to Women’s Authority 43 Barbara Earth, Patcharin Lapanun, Nit Tassniyom, Benjawan Narasaj, Patcharin Ruchuwararak and Soutthanome Keola 4 Multi-Local Livelihoods, Natural Resource Management and Gender in Upland Indonesia 67 Rebecca Elmhirst 5 Women’s Land Rights in Rural China: Current Situation and Likely Trends 87 Linxiu Zhang, Chengfang Liu, Haomiao Liu and Lerong Yu vi Gender and Natural Resource Management Part 2 Gender Interventions:Targeting Women in Sustainable Development Projects 6 Autonomy Reconstituted: Social and Gender Implications of Resettlement on the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia 109 Carol Yong Ooi Lin 7 Do Women-Only Approaches to Natural Resource Management Help Women? The Case of Community Forestry in Nepal 127 Marlène Buchy and Bimala Rai 8 Gender, Legitimacy and Patronage-driven Participation: Fisheries Management in the Tonle Sap Great Lake, Cambodia 151 Bernadette P.Resurreccion 9 Gender, Microcredit and Conservation at Caohai: An Attempt to Link Women, Conservation and Development 175 Melinda Herrold-Menzies Part 3 Responding to Intervention: Gender, Knowledge and Authority 10 Insider/Outsider Politics: Implementing Gendered Participation in Water Resource Management 195 Kathleen O’Reilly 11 Gathered Indigenous Vegetables in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Gender Asset 213 Lisa Leimar Price and Britta Ogle 12 Religion, Gender and the Environment in Asia: Moving Beyond the Essentialisms of Spiritual Ecofeminism 243 Emma Tomalin Index 261 List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Mangrove and the intertidal areas of Giao Lac village 25 3.1 Overview of the Thai silk industry 50 5.1 Estimated proportion of household farm labour force that is female, 1990–2000 90 5.2 Land expropriation and change before and after land adjustment in the small group 94 5.3 Land expropriation and change before and after adjustment in small group by province 95 8.1 Informal ownership and rights structure of a fishing lot 158 Tables 2.1 Distribution of sample households by access leased to shrimp pond area in 2000 33 2.2 Distribution of sample households by access to clam farming area in 2000 33 2.3 Mean cash income per household in each category from mangroves and mangrove-related resources in 2000 34 2.4 Sources of household income from mangroves and mudflats in 2000 34 2.5 Income earned by different groups of women and men 36 2.6 Monthly income earned by different groups of women and men 37 3.1 Sampling frame of silk villages 45 4.1 Migrant livelihoods in Lampung: A schematic trajectory 74 5.1 Time lapse between two land reallocations 92 5.2 Decision makers for land reallocations in rural China, 1991–2004 93 5.3 Changes in land area in small groups after land reallocations 93 5.4 Percentage of households whose plots and area changed after land reallocations 94 5.5 Landless villagers at the village level, 1998 and 2004 96 5.6 Availability of subsidies for landless women 97 5.7 Village leaders, can newly married women get land in your village? 98 viii Gender and Natural Resource Management 5.8 How village leaders deal with divorced women’s land 99 5.9 How village leaders deal with widowed women’s land 100 5.10 Cross-tabulations between covariates and percentage of landless female villagers 101 5.11 Summary statistics of main variables 102 5.12 Determinants of women’s land rights at the village level 103 7.1 Quality of forests allocated to women-only FUGs (in five districts of Rapti zone) 135 8.1 Selected descriptors of differences between the most involved and least involved women in CFs in Kanleng Phe 162 8.2 Selected socio-economic descriptors of female-headed households in two sets of survey data,Tonle Sap region 165 11.1 Collection areas for NTFPs, ranked according to relative importance by men and women in three villages on the Nakai Plateau, Lao PDR, March 1997 223 11.2 Wild food plant species with gathering restrictions on privately owned land 228 11.3 Frequency of consumption of individual species of rau dai 229 11.4 Some examples of therapeutic uses of wild vegetables and reported phytochemical constituents 232 Boxes 7.1 Levels of awareness of rights and responsibilities in FUGs 137 List of Contributors Marlène Buchy is a senior lecturer in rural development, population and environmental studies at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands. She has worked for many years in South and Southeast Asia on community-based natural resource management issues from a gender and social equity perspective. She works within a participatory action research framework. Barbara Earth is an independent scholar currently based in Honolulu, Hawaii after over 30 years of health-related research and teaching in the US, Africa and Asia. For the past ten years, she was a health social scientist in gender and devel- opment studies at the Asian Institute of Technology. She is now learning American Sign Language at Kapiolani Community College, a branch of the University of Hawaii that contains the Asia-Pacific regional centre of Gallaudet University. Rebecca Elmhirst is senior lecturer in human geography at the University of Brighton, UK. Her research focuses on resource politics, migrant livelihoods and gender. She has worked closely with communities in resettlement areas of Lampung, Indonesia for many years. She is co-editor (with Ratna Saptari) of Labour in Southeast Asia: Local Processes in a Globalised World (2004). Melinda Herrold-Menzies is assistant professor of environmental studies at Pitzer College, a member of the Claremont University Consortium in California. She completed her doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley in environ- mental science, policy and management and her masters at Yale University in international relations. Her research focuses on natural resource conflicts in China and Russia. Soutthanome Keola is a 1999 graduate of gender and development studies at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), and is currently working towards a PhD in urban environmental management at AIT. Patcharin Lapanun is a lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, KKU, Thailand. Before joining the Department she was a researcher at the RDI, KKU. Her research is mainly in areas of gender and the socio-cultural aspects of natural resource management, and local organizations x Gender and Natural Resource Management and networks in rural Thailand. Her PhD research (in progress) is on transna- tional marriages of rural Thai women and the consequences for local communities. Hue Le Thi Van is a lecturer with the Faculty of Environmental Sciences at Hanoi University of Science in Vietnam. She is also a researcher with the Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies at the Vietnam National University in Hanoi. Her research interests are natural resource management, land tenure and gender. She has worked closely with ethnic groups in the north of Vietnam to improve their livelihoods while preserving their cultural identity and the local environment. Chengfang Liu is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of California, Davis. Her research interests include development economics, public economics and applied econometrics. Her current research work is on public goods investment, land tenure, education and gender. Haomiao Liu is a senior research assistant with the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her major research area covers a wide range of rural development issues in China, including community governance and public goods investments, rural fiscal reform, and gender and tenure. Benjawan Narasaj is a lecturer at the Department of History, Khon Kaen University (KKU),Thailand. Before joining the History Department she worked as a researcher at the Research and Development Institute (RDI), KKU. Her research work is mainly on the cultural and social aspects of economic activities in rural communities in Thailand.
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