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Natural Farming As Therapeutic Landscape Experience in Chengdu Plain, China

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Natural Farming As Therapeutic Landscape Experience in Chengdu Plain, China Coming Home to the Land: Natural Farming as Therapeutic Landscape Experience in Chengdu Plain, China Jiawen Hu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee: Robert Mugerauer, Chair Miriam Kahn Daniel B. Abramson Jeffrey Hou Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Built Environment ©Copyright 2015 Jiawen Hu University of Washington Abstract Coming Home to the Land: Natural Farming as Therapeutic Landscape Experience in Chengdu Plain, China Jiawen Hu Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Robert Mugerauer Department of Urban Design and Planning This ethnographic-phenomenological research aims to explore the phenomenon of peri-urban farming, rural-urban integration, and community building that are crystallized in Chengdu Plain, China in recent years. Through the lens of therapeutic landscape experience, individual and community well-being is examined with these questions: (1) what are participants’ experience of farming in this landscape; (2) if this experience benefits well-being on physical, psychological, and spiritual levels; (3) how do elements in the landscape contribute to this experience; (4) how was a healthy grassroots community formed around the farm and what are the implications for the broader society. The phenomenology of embodied experience, reflections on urbanization and urban life, and therapeutic landscape experience compose the theoretical framework. In line with this perspective based on the lifeworld experience, an ethnographic-phenomenological method is applied to this research, with specific instruments of case study, open-ended interview, and participatory observation. Emergent themes from the field work are summarized according to Freire’s theory of critical dialogues. I argue in this study that the case of Ningyuan in Chengdu Plain provides an alternative to current policies and processes of urbanization in contemporary China. In this specific context, connections are built between individuals, humans and nature, urban and rural sectors, and different social groups. A community based on shared ideas is formed and emplaced in this landscape. The distress from the fragmented life experience in post-reform China is relieved by resisting institutions and caring for the self, reconnecting to the land, empowering grassroots efforts, and disclosing themselves to one another in public spaces. Based on these discoveries, I suggest that to improve well-being of both rural and urban residents, planners and policy makers should recognize and consider the qualitative differences of each case in planning, and urbanization process should allow space for grassroots engagement, therefore to allow real homecoming for individuals and communities, physically, psychologically, and spiritually. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Food safety ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 Urbanization and social disparity between urban and rural sectors ............................... 4 1.1.3 Struggle for survival and meaning ................................................................................. 6 1.2 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Theoretical framework .......................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Embodied experience of place ....................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 Anti-urbanism: a reaction to decreasing embodied experience and contemporary homelessness ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.3 Therapeutic landscape experience ............................................................................... 14 1.4 Methods and Research Design ............................................................................................ 18 1.4.1 Phenomenology as the theoretical paradigm ............................................................... 19 1.4.2 Case study as the research strategy .............................................................................. 20 1.4.3 Data collection tools .................................................................................................... 20 i 1.4.4 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 22 1.4.5 Clusters of themes ........................................................................................................ 22 1.4.6 Writing style................................................................................................................. 23 1.5 Academic and social implications of this study .................................................................. 26 1.6 Situated researchers and field experience ........................................................................... 28 1.7 Chapters .............................................................................................................................. 37 Chapter 2 Current Policies and the Overlook on the Health Aspect ............................................. 38 2.1 Chengdu as a Case of Rapid Urbanization in China ........................................................... 40 2.2 Policy making effort to coordinate urban and rural development in Chengdu ................... 45 2.3 Urgent issues on human well-being in urban areas ............................................................ 50 2.4 The gap between existing policy and practice and pressing issues in health/well-being of everyday life.............................................................................................................................. 55 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 3 Situating Ningyuan Village in Chengdu Plain ............................................................. 62 3.1 Environmental recovery and natural farming in Ningyuan ................................................ 62 3.2 Unique history and culture of Chengdu .............................................................................. 64 3.3 Geography and local economic background ....................................................................... 67 3.4 A tour of Ningyuan Village ................................................................................................ 71 3.5 Vegetable subscription and distribution.............................................................................. 87 ii 3.6 Cooperation with schools and education programs ............................................................ 87 3.7 A day in Ningyuan Village ................................................................................................. 88 Chapter 4 Individual Well-being and the Experience in the Landscape ....................................... 92 4.1 A depiction of research participants ................................................................................... 93 4.2 Themes emerging from interviews ..................................................................................... 97 4.2.1 Physical well-being ...................................................................................................... 97 4.2.2 Psychological Well-Being ......................................................................................... 102 4.2.3 Social Well-Being ...................................................................................................... 117 4.2.4 Existential Well-Being ............................................................................................... 120 Chapter 5. Community Well-being and the Experience in the Landscape ................................. 129 5.1 The participants and the forming of the community ......................................................... 129 5.1.1 A-actors ...................................................................................................................... 131 5.1.2 The core family .......................................................................................................... 136 5.1.3 Other human actors .................................................................................................... 138 5.1.4 Artifacts ...................................................................................................................... 145 5.2 Analysis of processes and emergent themes ..................................................................... 148 5.2.1 Connections among individuals ................................................................................. 148 5.2.2 Connections between generations .............................................................................
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