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学校编码：10384 分类号______密级 ______学 号： 25520121154236 UDC

硕 士 学 位 论 文

菲律宾达沃华人社会：移民历史、生活与适应 The Chinese Filipinos in Davao City:

Their Migration, Way of Life and Adaptation in the Philippines

Jackielou Niña R. Dellosa

指导教师姓名： 施雪琴教授

专 业 名 称： 国际关系学院

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2014 年 04 月

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摘 要

总的来说，本文是首次对菲律宾达沃市的华人与菲律宾人之间关系进行研 究，文章将解析华人迁移至达沃市的原因和动机，通过描绘他们的生活方式来

了解他们在当地的生活状况，以及探究他们是如何适应和融入到菲律宾社会。 具体而言，本文特别运用迁移理论中的“推拉理论”，对那些早年迁移并 定居在菲律宾达沃市的华人进行调查和分析，了解他们迁移至此的普遍和特殊 原因。“推拉理论”是新古典主义理论，该理论认为迁移行为通常同时受积极 的（拉力）和消极的（推力）因素相互作用而成。外部积极的“拉力”推动人

们向外迁出，而内部的“推力”则吸引着区域内的人迁往他处。 当迁入达沃市后，华人们便开始定居，建立自己生活。他们的生活状况通 常在家庭、社区、组织、教育、商业、贸易和工业、政治、政府、宗教、语言 和文学等各个方面表现出来，以此同时，也展现出他们的生活当中的态度、信 念、文化、习俗、惯例以及传统。鉴于此，本文将主要从文化与传统、社区和 社团、教育、贸易和工业、政治、政府、宗教、语言以及文学几个方面描绘达

沃市华人的生活状况。 描述他们的生活状况将是一种了解达沃华人是否在生活中依然延续中华性

的可行途径，并且知道他们在哪些方面具有更强的中华性。 通过描述他们的生活状况，本文探究了他们是如何的适应新环境。迁移后适 应环境通常有“融合”和“同化”两种方式。融合是指个体保持其原有的文化

特性，整合到居住国的社会文化中（约翰·贝里 1997）；另一方面，同化是指 完全的融入到居住国的社会文化中，排斥原有的文化特性。本文采用约翰·贝 里“文化适应模式”的概念，分厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库析达沃市的菲律宾华人究竟是通过融合还是同 化的方式融入到菲律宾达沃市的社会生活中，与此同时，强调保持迁移族群的

文化的特性，和保持与移居国社会的关系都非常重要。 研究发现，达沃市的华人（以及他们的祖先）出于对迁移至达沃市将有更

加美好生活（经济的原因/财产保障的未来）的向往和允诺，被吸引拉动迁移至 此。他们迁移达沃市也是出于在那有着更多的机会。 对于那些早前便迁移至达沃市的人群，他们大多是因为亲戚或朋友在那有

着更好地生活而拉动至此。 ii

他们迁移至达沃市后并开始定居下来，这为他们每天的生活奠定了基础。 本文研究发现，达沃市华人在其生活过程中，在许多方面既保留了其原有的华 人文化传统，与此同时也通过合作与联合融入到菲律宾社会中，而且这一现象 非常普遍。具体来看，在家庭、宗教、商业、语言和文学方面，他们保留并延 续着原有的文化特性，在这些方面，他们都倾向于保持原来的文化，特别是在 家庭方面，他们保持有很强的中华文化，与此同时也掺杂些居住国文化。在合 作与联合方面，主要体现在社区、政治和政府方面，为保持华人与菲律宾人保

持良好关系，并且融入到菲律宾社会。 达沃市华人保持了很强的中华文化传统，与此同时也与区域内的其他族群 团结合作，和谐共存。可以说，菲律宾达沃市华人已经融入到了菲律宾社会以

及达沃市的生活之中。

关键词： 迁移；生活方式；适应；整合；同化；推拉迁移理论；文化适应模式

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

iii

Abstract

Generally, as it would be the very first time to present a study about the Chinese Filipinos in Davao city, the study prompted to find out their reasons and motivation for migration, describe their way of life and from describing how they live, the study discovered how they adapted well in the Philippine society. Specifically, this study investigates the main motivating factors/reasons as well as the degree of motivation of the Chinese-Filipinos in Davao City to migrate and settle in the Philippines generally and specifically in Davao City using the Push-Pull Theory on Migration. Push-Pull Theory on Migration is a neoclassical theory that emphasizes a migratory move is being stimulated by positive (pull) and negative (push) factors. Pull (positive) factors are opportunities attracting in-migration to a place. Push (negative) factors stimulate out-migration from a place. After migration, settlement takes place in which way of life could be established. One’s way of life can be seen or reflected in the attitude, belief, culture, customs, practices and traditions on various aspects of life like family, community, organization/ associations, education, business trade & industry, politics and government, religion, language and literature. In line with this, the study describes the Davao City’s Chinese Filipino’s way of life on the following aspects mentioned above. Describing their way of life could be a way to know if they are still imbibing Chineseness in every aspect of their life, and what aspect in their life that has more Chineseness.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 From describing their way of life, the study identifies how they have adapted to their new environment. Adaptation of migrants can be in two ways, it can be integration or assimilation. Integration is when individuals maintain their culture of origin and adapts to the culture of the host society (John W Berry, 1997) Assimilation on the other hand, is the full adaptation to the host society’s culture and rejecting the culture of origin (John W Berry, 1997). This study borrows the concept of Quadri-Modal Acculturation Model adopted from Berry (1997) (Figure 1) to

iv

determine whether the Tsinoy in Davao city has been integrated or assimilated to Philippine’s way of life through focusing on the two fundamental issues, the maintenance of the migrants’ culture of origin and the maintenance of relationships with members of the host society. The study found out that the Chinese-Filipinos (and their ancestors) in Davao city were prompted or pulled to move to Philippines due to a promise of a better life (economic reasons/financially secured future). Their migration was motivated by the many opportunities presented to them by Philippines. As for the ones who internally migrated to Davao city, they were pulled to transfer to the city due to close affinity to family and friends who might have a better living condition in the city. Their transfer to Davao city was motivated by following their family and friends who might have a better life in the city. Their settlement after migration paved the way of living their day to day life as Davao City Tsinoy and the study can describe their way of life as this - in almost of the aspects in their lives, preservation of Chinese heritage/culture and cooperation and unity with the Philippine society is prevalent. Among the aspects that gears towards preservation of culture are family, religion, business, language and literature. These aspects have all the inclinations from the Davao city Tsinoy to maintain their origin’s culture especially the family aspect that is surrounded more with traditional Chinese cultures. As for cooperation and unity, it is the aspect on organization/association, community, politics and government that gears toward achieving good relationship and cooperation with the Philippine society as well as with fellow厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 Chinese Filipino. As Davao City Tsinoy’s way of life is gearing to maintaining their origin’s heritage and culture and at the same time achieving cooperation and unity with other members of community, it is more likely to say that Davao city Tsinoy are integrated to the Philippines and Davao city’s way of life.

Keywords: Migration; Way of Life; Adaptation; Integration; Assimilation; Push and Pull Theory on Migration; Quadri-Modal Acculturation Model (Berry) (1997) v

Table of Contents

Abstract (Chinese) ------ii

Abstract (English) ------iv

Table of Contents ------vi

List of Figures ------ix

List of Tables ------ix

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background ------1

Section 1 Introduction------1 Section 2 Historical Background ------4 2.a Chinese Diaspora in the Philippines ------4 2.b PHI Chinese Settlement and Chinese Immigrant Generations ------9 2.c Tsinoy’s Way of Life in the Philippines ------10 2.d Tsinoy in Davao City ------12

Section 3 Theoretical Framework ------14

3.a Motivation to Migrate/Migration Theory ------14 3.b Adaptation Mode – Is it Integration or Assimilation ------14 Section 4 Statement of the Problem ------15 Section 5 Significance of the Study ------16 Section 6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ------17 Section厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 7 Definition of Terms ------18 Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies ------21

Section 1 Migration ------21 Section 2 Way of Life ------22 Section 3 Adaptation – Integration or Assimilation? ------31

vi

Chapter III Research Methods and Procedures ------32

Section 1 The Area of Study ------32 Section 2 Sources of Data, Sample and Sampling Technique ------32 Section 3 Data Gathering Techniques ------33 Section 4 Research Methods ------34

Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Results ------35

Section 1 Sample Profile Results ------39 Section 2 Motivation/Reasons for Migration Results ------47 Section 3 Way of Life Results ------55 Section 4 Adaptation Mode – Integration or Assimilation ------77

Chapter V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation ------85

Section 1 Summary ------85 1.a Sample Profile ------85 1.b Motivation/Reasons for Migration ------86 1.c Way of Life ------89 1.d Adaptation Mode – Integration or Assimilation ------99 Section 2 Conclusion ------102 Section 3 Recommendation ------106

References ------107

Appendices厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 ------117

Appendix 1 Survey Questionnaire to the Chinese Filipinos in Davao City------117 Appendix 2 Permission Letter to Do Survey to Davao City Tourism Office ------130 Appendix 3 Permission Letter to Do Survey to Chinese Schools ------131 Appendix 4 Behavior/Attitude on Family Aspect ------132 Appendix 5 Behavior/Attitude on Community Aspect ------134 vii

Appendix 6 Behavior/Attitude on Organization/Association Aspect ------135 Appendix 7 Behavior/Attitude on Education Aspect ------136 Appendix 8 Behavior/Attitude on Business Trade and Industry Aspect ----- 137 Appendix 9 Behavior/Attitude on Politics and Government Aspect ------138 Appendix 10 Behavior/Attitude on Religion Aspect ------140 Appendix 11 Behavior/Attitude on Language Aspect ------141

Acknowledgment ------142

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

viii

List of Figure and List of Tables

List of Figure

Figure 1 Quadri-Modal Acculturation model adopted from Berry (1997)------15

List of Tables

1. Sample Profile Results Table 1 Gender Distribution ------39 Table 2 Age Distribution ------40 Table 3 Citizenship ------40 Table 4 Birthplace ------41 Table 5 Parentage ------42 Table 6 Place of Residence ------42 Table 7 Highest Educational Attainment ------43 Table 8 Occupation ------44 Table 9 Annual Family Income Level ------45 Table 10 Religion ------46 Table 11 Migrant’s Generation ------47

2. Motivation/Reasons for Migration Results Table 12 Place of Origin ------48 Table 13 Migration and Settlement Motivation – Philippines ------49 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库Table 14 Degree of Motivation in Migration – Philippines ------50 Table 15 Direct Settlement in Davao City ------51 Table 16 Places of Settlement before Davao City ------52 Table 17 Top 3 Reasons of Migration and Settlement in Davao City -- 53 Table 18 Main Reason in Migration and Settlement in Davao City ---- 54 Table 19 Degree of Motivation in Migration – Davao City ------54 Table 20 Driving Factor to Migrate ------55

ix

3. Way of Life Aspects Attitude/Behavior Results Table 21 Family ------132 Table 22 Community ------134 Table 23 Organization ------135 Table 23-A Membership in an Organization ------59 Table 23-B Kind of Membership Organization/Association ---- 60 Table 23-C Top 3 Reasons in Joining an Organization ------61 Table 23-D Most Important Reason in Joining an Organization --61 Table 24 Education ------136 Table 24-A Number of Davao City Tsinoy Attended Chinese School per level ------63 Table 25 Business Trade and Industry ------137 Table 25-A Top Three Industries Best Managed by Tsinoy Businessmen in Davao City ------65 Table 26 Politics and Government ------138 Table 26-A What Country Do You Call Home? ------67 Table 26- B Do You See Yourself Staying on in Philippines? ---- 67 Table 26 –C Do You See Yourself Staying on in Davao City? ---- 67 Table 27 Religion ------140 Table 28 Language and Literature ------141 Table 28-A Language Used At Home ------70 Table 28-B Language Used Outside ------70 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 Table 28-C Language Ability ------71 Table 28-D Chinese Language Learning in School ------71 Table 28-E Chinese Language Learned/is Learning ------72 Table 28-F Level of Schooling Where Mandarin is Learned/Learning ------72 Table 28-G Rating of Mandarin Language Learning Per Level -- 73 Table 28-H Which is More Important to Learn- Mandarin or Hokkien? ------74 x

Table 28-I Is Mandarin Learning Important? ------74 Table 28-J Top 3 Main Problems/Hindrances in Learning Mandarin Effectively ------74 Table 28-K Knowledge About Chinese Literary Works ------75 Table 28-L Does Davao Chinatown Have Chinese Newspaper? 75 Table 28-M Do You Read the Chinese Newspaper? ------76 Table 28-N What Newspaper Do You Read? ------76 4. Adaptation – Integration or Assimilation? Table 29 Adaptation Mode per aspect- Is it Integration or Assimilation ------100

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

xi

Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background

CHAPTER I

The Problem and its Background

1. Introduction

Human migration is a constant phenomenon. At one point in man’s life, for various important reasons and some degree of motivation be it economical, political, social, political, etc., migration would be an option for an individual. “Human migration is the process of going from one place, region or country to settle in another.”1 It is also a temporary or permanent move of individuals or groups of people from one geographic location to another for various reasons ranging from better employment possibilities to persecution.”2 It is also important to mention when deciding to migrate, the migrants are either freely choosing to leave their home country in pursuit of achieving specific goals or are forced to leave their country for a number of various reasons such as escaping from war violence. Human migration is multifaceted and it involves four different aspects when studying about it, these are origins of migration, the directionality and continuity of migrant flows, the utilization of immigrant labor and the socio-cultural adaptation of migrants (Portes, 1999). The present study would just touch on the first and last aspect since it involves reasons/causes and motivation for migration, migrant’s way of life once being settled in the chosen destination and integration or assimilation. Studying migration also offers multiple level of analysis and there are various and multiple migration theories being conceptualized when investigating about it. The migration theory厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 that is being used to the present study is the push-pull framework/theory (an elaboration on the theory used would be dealt on the theoretical framework).

1 Bhugra, Dinesh and Becker, Mathew (2005). Migration, Cultural Bereavement and Cultural Identity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Viewed on December 2013. 2 Zanker-Hagen, Jessica. (2008). Why Do People Migrate: A Review of the Theoretical Literature (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from Munich Personal RePEc Archive. (MPRA Paper No.28197). p. 4 1

Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background

Somehow migration is the result of the spread of ethnic Chinese all over the world. Because of migration one can find ethnic Chinese in America, in Europe, in Africa, in Southeast Asia, etc. Ethnic Chinese is defined as someone with a measure of Chinese immigrant parentage who is sufficiently influence by Chinese culture, can use a Chinese language and observes Chinese customs enough to rightly call himself and to be regarded by his neighbors as Chinese (McCarthy, 1974). Examples of ethnic Chinese living abroad are the so called hyphenated Chinese such as Sino-Thais, Chinese-Americans, Chinese-Filipinos (Tsinoys) and so on.3 This study would talk about the Chinese-Filipinos. The Chinese-Filipinos (Tsinoy) are those ethnic Chinese who has acquired Filipino citizenship. They are Philippine nationals with Chinese descent, mostly born and raised in the Philippines. 4 At present, most of the Chinese-Filipinos (Tsinoy) are second to third generation (even to the extent of 4th to 5th generation) of Chinese lineage so this present study would be mostly dealing with these generations. For consistency, the study would use interchangeably the words Chinese-Filipinos or Tsinoy for the rest of succeeding chapters The focus of this study is on the Chinese-Filipinos in Davao City. Rationale of this focus is that from further research and verification, this is the first time that a study about them has been made as well as the fact that a second Chinatown in the Philippines is established in Davao city. Undertaking this study could reinforce more research and studies about them as well as the representation for the whole of Chinese-Filipino community in the Philippine could also be extended to them. In relation to this, the study is motivated to know their reasons and motivation for migration厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 in the Philippines as well as to learn how are they living their daily lives (way of life) in terms of culture, customs, practices and beliefs and how do they adapt to Philippines society. Davao city Tsinoy respondents are mostly 2nd to 3rd generation and most likely do not have the first hand experience or knowledge about migration in the Philippines, they were asked to narrate their ancestor’s reasons in migrating to Philippines and in

3 Pan, Lyn. (Ed.) (1999). The Encyclopedia of Overseas Chinese. Great Britain: Curzon Press. p.14 4 Chinese Filipino (n.d.) Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino 2

Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background

Davao city and then were asked also why they choose to settle in Davao City. After migration, settlement takes place in which way of life could be established. One’s way of life can be seen or reflected in the attitude, belief, culture, customs, practices and traditions on various aspects of life like family, community, organization/ associations, education, business trade & industry, politics and government, religion, language and literature. From these beliefs, culture, customs, practices and traditions on various aspects of life like family, community, organization/ associations, education, business trade & industry, politics and government, religion, language and literature, one could know how a migrant had adapted to its new environment Adaptation of migrants can be in two ways, it can be integration or assimilation. Integration is when individuals maintain their culture of origin and adapts to the culture of the host society (Berry, 1997) Assimilation on the other hand, is the full adaptation to the host society’s culture and rejecting the culture of origin (Berry, 1997). These two ways of adaptation, especially integration are said to be the best ways of adjusting to a new life in a totally different environment or in other words the best way to live successfully after migration. The Chinese-Filipinos in the Philippines are either integrated or assimilated in Philippines way of life. In line with these, this study aims to investigate the Davao city Tsinoy (and their ancestor’s) main reasons and degree of motivation to migrate and settle generally in Philippines and specifically in Davao City using the Push-Pull framework theory on migration. Through the mentioned framework, the study would be able to determine what pulled or pushed them or their ancestors to migrate and settle in the Philippines and Davao厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 city. It also aims to narrate or describe their way of life by knowing their attitudes/behavior to certain beliefs, cultures, customs, practices and traditions that relates to the way of life aspects mentioned before. From describing their way of life, this study would identify also what is the more prevalent mode of adaptation they have acquired, are they more integrated, or more assimilated from Philippine’s and Davao city’s way of life.

3

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厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库