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Literary History of Ancient India, in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations

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Literary History of Ancient India, in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations CANDRA CAKRAVARTI LITERARY HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA In Relation to its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations l.—RIK-SAMA-TAJUR-ATHARVA VEDAS—BRAHMANAS—DHARilA- SUIRAS—UPANISHADS—RAMAYANA - MAHABHARATA— THE ETHNIC AND HISTORICAL BACK GROUND. 2. — SCRIPT. 3.— STELLAR MYTHS 4. —ASTRONOMY. 5,—ARTS. 6, — COINS. 7. —INDIAN KINGDOMS IN KHOTAN AND INDONESIA —BUDDHIST AND HINDU TANTRA CULTS. VIJAYA KRISHNA BROTHERS OMIN CO. INC. 81, Vivckananda Road New York CALCUTTA-6 U. S. A. PREFACE There are plenty of materials of anthropological, ethnic, sociological and cultural importance, scattered through the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, archeological finds, architectural monuments, coins, sculptures and . inscriptions. These have been investigated to v^^rite this Literary History of Ancient India which naturally connotes also the History of its Civilization, and Culture— Krishti Ev. 1. 4. 6. Literature embraces various subjects of studies, including animal husbandry, af^roaomics, crafts, and sciences which have been hardly dealt with ia these pages. The soil regarded as the precious gift of the Mother Earth, and like her boundless love, is inexhaustible if properly maintained with the rotation of leguminous herbs and sustained by an year old residual sludges of the dung pits where cattle droppings and human excreta (sakrt — Gk. skatos = Lat. cacare) mixed with human and animal food remnants, vegetable and agricultural wastes were converted within G-9 mDnths into excellent nourishing fertilizing inocuous humus. Irrigation by canals and drawing water through water wheels from the rivers and wells were known even in Vedic 3. 4. 3-5 12 • 10. 99. 4) so the periods (Rv, ; 7, 69, ; improvements of seeds of desired characteristics through cross-breeding, by proper selection and acc^amatizing them to exposures to alternate heat and cold, and enveloping them with a kind of mud mixture pellet to prevent their destruction through insects and to facilitate their quick germination in contact with water, were known (Parasara Krishi Tantra of 6th century). I am well aware therefore of the disproportion which exists between the magnitude of my task and the imperfections of this book. I have simply tried in this work to focus attention from divergent angles of vision to avoid the errors from the study which is made from one point of view only -a thing which has been generally neglected. THE LITERARY HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA = Arm. = Rk (-rch-arka erg (praisel-Gk. orego ; i:ta Zd. arta- Gk. arti — Lat. artas— Ger. recht = ritual) Veda (Zd. vaeda -=Lat. video (to seel-OSlav. vede-Ger. Wissen) Samhita is the oldest literary collection in India next to Mohenjodaro and Hirappa ideographic seals. But in Purusha Snkta (x, 90), wa find that "from the universal Jajiia (Zd. Yasna) originated Roah=»Rk3, Chaudansi (Zd. zend -chants — Sama), Yajus (Zd. yazai — G-k. agos, agizo) and Ajayata-Ni (Zd. ni-Gk. eni — - Slav. nizu = Ger. ni-dar- beneath) Vids — Atharva Magic Spells," X 90.9. "His mouth was the Brahmana (Flamen), his arms, Rajanyah (regnants — Lat. regnum), his thighs Vaishyah (Bessi), and his legs, Sudra (Chudes), x,. 90, 12, though the First and Teath Mandalas of the Rk Veda are supplements. Vajain — sacrifice = (Vagienni= Vajji) Yajnavalkya (Zd. yasna ; varcas Zd. varecah = strengthener), a contemporary of Parikshita'a grand- son Sataniki, Abhira (Avar) Cando Pradyota of Avanti, Udena- Udayana (of Udes tribe) of Kausambhi, and Sakya (Sacae = Chin. Sek) Gotam Buddha, is reputed to be the compiler of the Yajus. especially Vajasenayi Samhita. The vedic compilations are ascribed to Vyasa = Lat. vates (poet and prophet). Rk Veda has Suktas Bala 10L7 (hymns ; including (Lith. vaikas)- Khilays (Cymr. coel = (3-ael. cel = OSlav. heil = Gk. koilo- youngest supplements. iUJ8), 10, l35J Rks = stanzas, 1053, 826 Padas- liuealfeat- verses, and 4,32.000 soaras — words of which 24oO Padas are repetitions, excluding the refrains (nodarka), divided into 10 sections (Mandalasi. The family 6ections-2 to 8-are the oldest. These Prakrit family collections were revised and Sanskritized (Rv. 10, 71, 2) many times.* But in final redaction, all the hymns of the refreshing and stimulating Pavamana = = (clearly flowing) Soma (Zd. haemo-S. Chin, huo-ma hemp *As food grains are refined through a sieve, the learned after delibera- tions have developed this language so that the a3S9ciates may communicate with each other in assemblies with this enriched ennobled speech (saktum iva nitaun\ punanto yatra dhira manasa vacam akrata atra sakhayah sakhyani j^nate bhadraish^m lakshmir nihitadhi v5ci Rv. X. 71. 2). Yaska-Nirukta 1.16 answers the objections of Kautsa that the vedic mantms are meaningless (anarthaka hi mantrah) by pointing out that the Vedas have meaning, because their words are identical with the spoken speech (arthavantah sabda s^manyat : samanyat : samana eva sabdo loke mantreshuca = identical are the words of both spoken tongue jind the Vedas ; similar words occur in both. 4 THB LITERABY HISTOBT CF ANCIENT INDIA Cannabis sativa, though some have also identified it with Ephreda which is called Hum) were taken out and gathered and miscellaneous into a separate Ninth Mandala ; popular ballads were grouped into first and tenth Mandalas. Second Mandala appears by its archaic words to be the oldest, - ascribed to Gritsa (clever) Madas (Gritsa Mada priya deveshu, called in- Kv. 2.41, 18. Medes were Mandas by Cyrus ; Assyrians Esarhaddon's inscription called the Kimmerians =Kinnara as Mandas. Naramsin had to defend the Assyrian empire against the attacks of from the north Achaem, Umman-Manda coming •, Madai Madras, Manda-Marunda Airam Mada Bv. Mada, •, j x, 146. There is a Kinnar non-Mongoloid people in Kulu valley, Xiahour and "Rampur on the left bank of the Sutlej on Tibetan border, though now practising polyandry. Yudisthira had Kinnara bodyguards). Next comes the Fifth Mandala of Atrayas (Ev. 5,40.9; Atreyas-Atrena) ; Sixth Mandala of = = Third Bharat (Brutti Phraotes)-Vaias (6.25-9 Vagienni) ; — Mandala of Gathino (1, 7, 1 Guti, Gudi-Gudea Kurds -Quadi = Gaddis of Gaderan of the Kangra valley) Visvamitra (3, 6iJ^ 13- Vispamitra Udambara = Finno-Ugrian Udmurt -coins have been found in Jallender area; — Kusika (Kosik, a Hun tribe, 71 a is mentioned MBh. 1, ; 3, 84 ; Maharaja Visvamitra Svami — east seal Mandala. in a Besnagar Malava inscription) ; Seventh of Vasishtha 7 — Fourth Mandala of Gotama (7, 7, Varisti) •, (Gothones- Goths, 4, 32, 9) Vama (Fr. femme)-deva (lords) j Eighth Mandala of Kanvasas (Chaones, 8, 4, 2). Gritsa-Mada (2, li'4) to Indra : Make us strong with Dasir = (Daci), Visah (Bessi) and Suryena (Sauro-Mat89) x, 148.2 of Prithu (Parthian) Vainya. Gritsa-Mada (2, £6"4) : It is not proper for a number of youthful maidens, humected by excite- to dote over one ment, — coquetishly youngman. Apala Atreyi (8,91,5 6): Indra, grow in these three places -my father's = head, his cultivated field, and below my belly (upodare, pubes- where there is scanty growth of hair in adreno-ovarian insuffi- the is has there is ciency ; female body glabrous or downs except on and let hairy growth head, brows, eye lashes, pubes axillae) ; crops of hair sprout up in the yon cultivated field of ours, on my private parts and on my father's head. A Hittite text of Myrselos of the middle of I4th century B. C. mentions Ahhiyava as a naval power under the leadership of Attairsiyas (Atreus=- = = Atreyas). Ahhiyava Achaeoi (Ikhaku Okkaka) as the sea people occupied Cyprus in 14th century, plundered the coast of Caria, and became the ally of the Hittite king. According to Madhuritta cuneiform text found at Boghaskoi, Cyprus with its capital Alasia was occupied by another sea roving Greek people Attarisija (Atreus) of Piggaya during the time of Hittite king Arnavanda (1225—1205). Hittite kings of 15th century were seated on lion-footed thrones (I. L, N. Dec. 1929). They were followed by Danauo i^Danae = Dans =» Danu, Danava) and Philistines. BIGVEDA 6 Syavasya —Atreya, 5, 82. 3 : May Savita and Bhaga bestow the treasures wealth on Daseshu (Dacis) = 7. 66, 4 of Vashista to Adityas : When the hero (sura — Surya) rises, sinless Mitra, Suvati Savita here suvaii ia Aryam^ Bhagah ; meaningless and seems that the Pada is borrowed from the Atreyas. Visruta 4, 10 : Give us fame on us Atreya 5, ; bestow immoriality through our dhchi amritatvam progeny fyaso asmasu ; prajabhir as}Tim). Vasisitha : Like the self-regulating inviolate order of Aditi, great kings rule (uta svara jo Aditir adabdhasya vratasya ye, maho- rajana isate. 7. 60. 6). Vasisthas wore white garments and — arranged their Jcapardas crown shaped spiral coils of the braided plaited matted hair — on the right side of the head,— I y. 5, 12 : Rv. 7, 33, ; 83. Vitihavya .in^trasa- Ancharius, l5, O Agni (there is also Agnean Kucha Tocharian clan), guard us from those that will o thou from attack us ; save us. victor, dishonour follows thee ; let wealth ; thy smoke-screened path be ours in thousands — 9 of Vasishtha. is the issue 7, 4, —Agni of the friction of two pieces of fire sticks aranis- the upper fire-drill is part male, the lower female i'3, v?9. "i, 25). The = 10 = Pramantha Gk, Prometheus ; Yavishtha, 1,22, Hephaistos ; — - Bharanyu Phoroneus. Rahugana Gotama to Ushas Eos, 1, 92, 7 : Radiant chief (netri), forerunner of good news (after long - -> Pelasgoi = Egypt. Pulasati Assyr. Pulastu Pulasta) who ushered iron = age, superceding bronze in 12th century. In Hattushash Boghazkeui inscription Pala is the language of the country Palaumniti. Anatolia was occupied by 18th century B. C. by the Hittites (Khatti in Assyrian of the Keteioi of But 14th inscriptions ; Kheta Egyptians ; Homer). by century the northern parts of Anatolia were occupied by the Bryges = (Phrygios- Phrygians Bhrigus), and the Khattis were pushed south. In 1182 B.
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