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An Investigation of the Life History of the Gorse Pod Moth (Cydia Succedana) and Its Effectiveness at Reducing Gorse (Utex Europaeus) Seed Production

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An Investigation of the Life History of the Gorse Pod Moth (Cydia Succedana) and Its Effectiveness at Reducing Gorse (Utex Europaeus) Seed Production Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. An investigation of the life history of the gorse pod moth (Cydia succedana) and its effectiveness at reducing gorse (Utex europaeus) seed production A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Lincoln University by Craig R. Sixtus Lincoln University 2004 2mm Cydia succedana (Denis & Schi"ferrniiller) moths, male (left) and female (right). " Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science An investigation of the life history of the gorse pod moth (Cydia succedana) and its effectiveness at reducing gorse (Utex europaeus) seed production by Craig R. Sixtus Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) has been a major weed in New Zealand and other temperate countries throughout the world for over 100 years. In 1931, Exapion ulicis (Forster) (gorse seed weevil) was introduced to New Zealand in an attempt to control the spread of gorse. However, gorse in much of New Zealand has two reproductive cycles per year and E. ulicis is active only in spring. In 1992, Cydia succedana (gorse pod moth), which has two generations per year, was introduced into New Zealand to improve the biological control of gorse. Moths were collected from McLeans Island, Canterbury, and placed under laboratory conditions for egg and larval development experiments. Lower temperature threshold for egg and larval development of C. succedana was 11.5°C, which is similar to other species in the same genus. The limited results obtained indicated that C. succedana has six larval instars, again similar to other insects of the same genus. Cydia succedana larvae damaged up to three gorse pods. Moth phenology was studied at only two of the sites. At these sites, McLeans Island and Hinewai Reserve, the phenology of C. succedana was synchronised with the phenology of gorse, especially for the first flowering. However, there was less synchronicity for the second flowering. Cydia succedana was more active at the warmer site of McLeans Island had a larger population of C. succedana male moths. In addition, C. succedana was active for longer and became active earlier there. iii Seven field sites were chosen in the South Island of New Zealand, with different altitudes and climatic conditions. Monthly inspections were made of the reproductive stage of the gorse and gorse pods were sampled when ripe. Gorse at Golden Bay sites produced mature seeds throughout the study period. Sites further south had much shorter reproductive seasons with only one gorse reproductive season per year as confrrmed by gorse seed collected in seed trays. There was a wide variation in the number of seeds in the seed trays, 0 - 2 304 seeds/m . This represented a big reduction in the number of gorse seeds compared with previous reports. Viability of the seed from the seed trays and sample pods was tested. Seed from the seed trays had a viability of 60% whereas seed from sampled pods had a viability of 80%. The effectiveness of both seed feeding insects at reducing the amount of viable gorse seed produced varied from site to site, with gorse seed weevil being more effective at the southern sites. At the northern sites the gorse pod moth was more effective. However, the gorse bushes still produced a significant amount of seed at all sites. The results indicate that further gorse seed feeding biological agents could be required to assist in the biological control of gorse, especially in southern regions where C. succedana does not appear to be as successful. The implications of these results are briefly discussed. Keywords: Gorse (Ulex europaeus), gorse pod moth (Cydia succedana), gorse seed weevil (Exapion ulicis), seed viability, threshold temperature, larval development, egg development, instars, phenology. iv Contents Page 1ritle 1 Cydia succedana (Denis & SchitJermiiller) moths 11 Abstract 111 1rable of Contents v List of 1rables x List of Figures Xl List of Plates xu List of Appendices X1l1 Chapter One General Introduction 1.1 Gorse release and subsequent problems 1 1.2 Biology of Cydia succedana 2 1.2.1 Life cycle 2 1.2.2 Taxonomy 3 1.3 Impact and release of Cydia succedana in New Zealand 3 r - '--,' - .- 1.3.1 Impact report 3 1.3.2 Sites of release 4 1.4 Research into effectiveness and life history of Cydia succedana 4 1.4.1 Location of sites 4 1.4.2 Soil conditions and types 5 1.4.3 Climatic records 7 1.4.4 Aim of study 7 Chapter 1rwo Literature Review 2.1 Biology of gorse 9 2.1.1 Physical attributes of gorse 9 v 2.1.2 Morphology of gorse 9 2.1.3 Phenology of gorse 9 2.2 Significance of gorse in New Zealand 11 2.2.1 Gorse growth 11 2.2.2 Agriculture 11 2.2.2.1 Beekeeping 11 I" 2.2.2.2 Goat farming 12 2.2.2.3 Nurse plants 12 2.2.3 Forestry 14 2.2.4 Chemical pollution 14 2.3 Gorse control 15 2.3.1 Cultural control 15 2.3.1.1 Burning 15 2.3.1.2 Over-sowing 15 2.3.1.3 Mechanical methods 15 2.3.1.4 Grazing management 16 2.3.1.5 Allelopathy 16 2.3.2 Chemical control 17 2.3.3 Biological control 17 2.3.3.1 Fungal pathogens 18 2.3.3.2 Further fungal options 19 2.3.3.3 Goats 19 2.3.3.4 Arthropod biological agents 19 2.3.3.5 Exapion ulicis (Forster) 20 2.3.3.6 Anisoplaca ptyoptera Meyrick 21 2.3.3.7 Agonopterix uliceteUa (Stainton) 22 ---.-- 2.3.3.8 Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday 23 2.3.3.9 Scythris grandipennis (Haworth) 24 2.3.4.0 Pempelia genistella (Duponchel) 24 2.3.4.1 Cydia succedana (Denis & Schiffermiiller) 25 2.3.4.2 Tetranychus lintearius Dufour 26 2.3.4.3 Aceria genistar (Nalepa) 26 2.3.4.4 Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kiihn) 26 VI 2.3.5 Integrated control of Ulex europaeus 27 2.3.5.1 Toxicity of herbicides to the gorse spider mite 27 2.3.6 Impact report on Cydia succedana 28 2.4 Climate 31 2.4.1 Effect of climate on insect activity 32 2.4.2 Egg and larval instar development of Cydia spp. 33 2.5 Conclusions 36 Chapter 3 Aspects of egg and larval biology of Cydia succedana 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Materials and methods 39 3.2.1 Capturing moths 39 3.2.2 Egg development 40 3.2.3 Larval development 41 3.2.4 Number of instars 41 3.2.5 Consumption of gorse pods 42 3.2.6 Data collection 42 3.3 Results 42 3.3.1 Egg development 42 3.3.2 Larval development 43 3.3.3 Number of instars 45 3.3.4 Consumption of gorse pods 45 3.4 Discussion 48 3.5 Conclusions 52 Chapter 4 Determining Cydia succedana phenology 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Materials and methods 54 4.2.1 Sampling sites 54 4.2.2 Data collection and analysis 55 4.3 Results 56 VII 4.4 Discussion 58 4.5 Conclusions 60 ChapterS Measuring the infestation of gorse pods by Exapion ulicis and Cydia succedana 5.1 Introduction 62 i 5.2 Materials and methods 62 5.2.1 Sample collecting 62 5.2.2 Climate 63 5.2.3 Plant activity 63 5.2.4 Data collection and statistical analysis 66 5.3 Results 66 5.4 Discussion 72 5.5 Conclusions 77 Chapter 6 Gorse seed viability 6.1 Introduction 78 6.2 Materials and methods 78 6.2.1 Sample sites 78 6.2.2 Seed sampling 79 6.2.3 Sterilisation 79 6.2.4 Acid scarification 79 6.2.5 Germination temperature 80 6.2.5 Data collection and statistical analysis 80 6.3 Results 80 6.3.1 Climate 80 I· 6.3.2 Comparison of results 81 I· 6.4 Discussion 81 6.5 Conclusions 85 Chapter 7 Conclusions 7.1 Conclusions 86 7.2 Evaluation against objectives 88 viii 7.3 Future research 89 Acknowledgements 91 References 92 ix List of Tables Chapter Page Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Average yearly rainfall at the different observed sites. 8 ! ' i Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Current chemicals used for gorse control. 17 Table 2.2 Fungi that have been investigated for pathogenic control of gorse. 18 Table 2.3 Status of biological agents for gorse control in New Zealand. 20 Table 2.4 Toxicity of herbicides and surfactants to adult female gorse spider mites. 28 Table 2.5 Centrifugal phylogenetic specificity testing method applied to Ulex europaeus. 29 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Daily minimum and maximl1rri temperatures inside sealed plastic containers in incubators set at various temperatures. 44 ChapterS Table 5.1 Estimated number of gorse seeds eaten by Cydia succedana. 67 Table S.2 Estimated number of gorse seeds eaten by Exapion ulicis. 67 1·······_···,,·, x List of Figures Chapter Page Chapter 1 Fig.
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