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1 Know Before You Go: A Survival Guide t o Havana, Cuba As part of your cross-cultural experience, you will find that you will encounter different cultural attitudes and behaviors while you are abroad. This is a guide to help you better understand the cultural norms of where you will be studying, as well as to offer useful information about the city and country. The Havana Handbook, on the other hand, relates to Spanish Studies Abroad’s policies and program-related information, and it is equally important to review that information as well. Think of this as an insider’s guide to help you quickly and effectively acclimate to your new city and become a Habanero in no time. ¡Buena suerte y buen viaje! Country Profile: Cuba At the end of your program, you will know more about Cuba than you ever could have expected. The following is information that will give you some idea about Cuban life before you go. Further up-to-date details on Cuba and other Latin American countries can be found on the website of the U.S. Department of State at http://travel.state.gov. BRIEF HISTORY OF CUBA The first residents of Cuba were the Arawak, the Guanahatabeyes and Taíno Indians, who migrated there between 1050 and 1450. The Spaniard Diego Velázquez led the battle to conquer Cuba between the years of 1511 and 1515, founding Havana in 1514. It was later moved to its current location on the northwestern side of Cuba in 1519. A cursory view of Cuban history can break it down into two periods: pre-1959 and post-1959. But in reality the historiography is much more profound and complicated than that. For many Americans Cuban history is demarcated by a number of important years and events. In 1492 Christopher Columbus landed on the easternmost point of the island Cabo Maisí and began exploring Cuba in the name of Spain. Much later in 1895 Cuba went to war against Spain for its independence and the US intervened on its behalf in 1898. The year 1903 witnessed the introduction of the Platt Amendment, an enactment whose consequences reverberate today. The Platt Amendment allowed Cuba to lease land to the US leading to the establishment of the US military base in Guantánamo. In 1959 Fidel Castro came to power after leading an uprising against the dictator Fulgencio Batista. Shortly, thereafter, the US placed an embargo on Cuba which preceded an ill-fated invasion of the island (Bay of Pigs invasion) in 1961. The world was focused on Cuba during the tension-filled days of October 1962 in what came to be known as the Cuban missile crisis. Echoes of that semi-confrontation still reverberate today. In 1980 the Castro government allowed thousands of Cubans to leave the island for Florida via the Mariel boatlift. Since that time, the country has maintained a complicated and oftentimes antagonistic relationship with the US, but has never had any problems exporting its music, as evidenced by the “Rumba Diplomacy” of the early 2000s. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Cuba entered what Castro termed “the Special Period,” in which the government asked its citizens to make sacrifices as the country adapted to its new situation without the chief subsidizer of its economy. With the arrival of the age of social media and increasing advances in communication technology, Cuba has entered new terrain. Digital activists are becoming active and numerous blogs have appeared with a variety of views and opinions spreading throughout the blogosphere. This blend of history, social media, technology and the Cuban’s “choteo” provide an interesting environment for students to learn about this unique country and its people and to gain a better understanding of this country that finds itself at the crossroads of the historical and the modern. COUNTRY OVERVIEW Cuba has a total area of 42,426 square miles. It is 780 miles long and 191 miles wide at its widest point. It is 93 miles south of Florida, 130 miles east of Mexico and is the 17th largest island in the world. It has several impressive mountain ranges: the Sierra Maestra (southeastern part of the island), Sierra Cristal (south east), Escambray Mountains (center of the island), and the Sierra Rosario (northwest). The oldest city in Cuba is Baracoa, founded by Diego Velázquez in 1511. Cuba is divided into 15 provinces: Camagüey, Ciego de Ávila, Granma, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Guantánamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara. Over the last few years, Cuba and China have become close. China sends many students to Cuba to study Spanish. Federal Capital Havana National Population 11,116,396 (as of July 2018) Health Physician density: 6.399 physicians/1,000 population 73 deaths/100,000 live births Health expenditures: 11.8% of GDP Obesity-adult prevalence rate: 11.8% Religions nominally Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jewish, Santeria Native Languages Spanish Ethnic Groups white 64.1%, mulatto and mestizo 26.6%, black 9.3% Time Difference UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time). Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; NOTE - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting Principal Government Officials Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez o President of the Council of State o President of the Council of Ministers Salvador Valdés Mesa o First Vice President of the Council of State o First Vice President of the Council of Ministers The president and vice president are elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held on March 11, 2018 (next to be held in 2023) National Government & Legislature Cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State and appointed by the National Assembly or the 28-member Council of State, elected by the assembly to act on its behalf when it is not in session Unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (number of seats in the National Assembly is based on population; 605 seats; members elected directly elected by absolute majority vote and serve 5-year terms) Elections: last held on March 11, 2018 (next to be held in 2023) Election results: Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed. Political Parties Cuban Communist Party or PCC Judicial Highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and lay judges; organized into the "Whole," State Council, and criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts) Judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly to serve 2.5- year terms; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year Subordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts Local Government & Administration Each province has a capital that serves as the administrative center for the entire region. Named the Local Organs of People’s Power (Organos Locales del Poder Popular), the 169 local government authorities (municipios) allow citizens to nominate candidates for public office and to elect representatives by direct ballot to a government body. This was unheard of before 1976 when the decree was promulgated to give citizens this voice in political affairs. Only at the local level is there a degree of completion allowed between candidates. Policies are decreed through municipal assemblies which have executive structures known as municipal administrative councils or consejos de administración municipales that is elected by assembly members. Local governments manage restaurants, garbage pickups, street cleanings and other local services in addition to finding ways to fulfill the regional equity goals of the revolution. For years the main task of the local governments was to implement centrally planned development, but now they face new challenges such as the rise of unequal social and regional development in the country. Many younger inhabitants want to leave the rural areas for Havana and it remains a challenge for the local governments to reduce this outflow of people. Educational System total: 14 years School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) male: 14 years female: 14 years (2016) Education expenditures 12.8% of GDP (2010) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.8% male: 99.9% female: 99.8% (2015 est.) Education School/Level Grade Grade Age Age Years Notes From To From To Primary Escuela primaria 1 6 6 11 6 Secondary education is divided into basic secondary education and pre-university secondary education. At the end of basic secondary education, pupils can choose between pre-university education and Escuela Tecnologica/Technical 15 18 3 Secondary technical and professional education. Those Secondary who complete pre-university education are awarded the Bachillerato. Technical training leads to two levels of qualification - skilled worker and middle-level technician. Secundaria Basica/ Basic Secondary Secondary School Completion Diploma Secondary 7 9 12 15 3 awarded Ciclo medio Secondary superior/preuniversitario/ 15 18 3 Upper Secondary Higher Intermediate Cycle Technical/vocational studies are provided in Vocational Technical/Vocational 3 Institutos superior politécnicos. Studies last for two-and-a-half to three years. The first and main stage of higher education usually lasts for four or five years. In Medicine, studies last for five or six years.
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