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Socio-Economic Context of Migration in Zimbabwe

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Socio-Economic Context of Migration in Zimbabwe MMigrationigration in Zimbabwe A COUNTRY PROFILE 2009 Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency (ZIMSTAT) P.O. Box CY 342, Causeway, Harare Zimbabwe Telephone: +263 4 706681/ 8 and +263 4 703971/ 7 Fax: +263 4 728529 or +263 4 708854 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.zimstat.co.zw International Organization for Migration (IOM) 142 King George Road, Avondale, P.O. Box 2570 Harare, Zimbabwe Telephone: +263 4 335044/ 335048/ 303514 This publication has been Fax: +263 4 335055 financed by the EU The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this working draft do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. Omissions and errors remain responsibility of the authors. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Publisher Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency (ZIMSTAT) P.O. Box CY 342, Causeway, Harare Zimbabwe Telephone: +263 4 706681/ 8 and +263 4 703971/ 7 Fax: +263 4 728529 or +263 4 708854 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.zimstat.co.zw International Organization for Migration (IOM) 142 King George Road, Avondale, P.O. Box 2570 Harare, Zimbabwe Telephone: +263 4 335044/ 335048/ 303514 Fax: +263 4 335055 _____________________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-588-3 © 2010 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 54_10 Migration in Zimbabwe A COUNTRY PROFILE 2009 Prepared by Dr Lazarus Zanamwe and Alexandre Devillard A study commissioned by The Acting Director General, Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) and International Organization for Migration with financial support from the European Union This publication has been financed by the EU Contents List of tables ........................................................................................5 List of figures .......................................................................................6 Acronyms ............................................................................................7 Foreword .............................................................................................9 Executive summary ............................................................................13 PART A: Introduction .........................................................................17 A.1 International migration: Global, regional and national trends ................. 17 A.2 Scope and relevance of the Zimbabwe Migration Profile ........................ 19 PART B: Socio-economic context of migration in Zimbabwe ...............21 B.1 Zimbabwe economic indicators ............................................................... 21 B.2 Zimbabwe population indicators ............................................................. 22 B.2.1 Population size ................................................................................. 22 B.2.2 Rate of natural increase ................................................................... 23 B.2.3 Population density ........................................................................... 24 B.2.4 Crude death rate ............................................................................. 25 B.2.5 Total fertility rate ............................................................................ 26 B.2.6 Composition of the population by age group and sex ..................... 27 B.2.7 Literacy ............................................................................................ 29 B.2.8 Highest level of education completed ............................................. 29 PART C: Overview of migration trends and statistics ..........................31 C.1 Data collection and management ............................................................ 31 C.2 Immigration to Zimbabwe ........................................................................ 33 C.3 Emigration of Zimbabwean nationals ...................................................... 35 C.4 Tourists ..................................................................................................... 37 C.5 Refugees .................................................................................................. 40 C.6 Asylum-seekers ....................................................................................... 41 C.7 Circular migration: Day trippers ............................................................... 41 C.8 Detentions, deportations, prosecutions and repatriations, 2008............ 43 C.9 Remittances ............................................................................................ 43 C.9.1 Introduction of the Homelink Scheme, 2004................................... 45 C.9.2 Introduction of the volume-based tradable foreign currency balances system, 2005–2006 ............................................ 45 C.9.3 Payment of remittances in foreign currency by money transfer agencies, 2007–2008 ......................................................... 46 Migration in Zimbabwe: A Country Profile 2009 3 PART D: Migration management: Legal regimes and policies .............47 D.1 International instruments, regional cooperation and bilateral agreements ......................................................................... 47 D.1.1 International legal framework for the protection of migrants: Universal instruments ................................................. 47 D.1.2 Regional cooperation ....................................................................... 49 D.1.3 Bilateral labour agreements ............................................................ 52 D.2 National legislation and policies .............................................................. 53 D.2.1 Immigration legislation and policies ................................................ 55 D.2.2 Emigration legislation and policies .................................................. 57 PART E: Migration challenges and opportunities ...............................65 E.1 Migration of highly skilled nationals ........................................................ 65 E.1.1 Migration flows and patterns of highly skilled nationals ................. 66 E.1.2 Causes of highly skilled migration ................................................... 68 E.1.3 Impact of highly skilled migration.................................................... 71 E.2 Remittances .............................................................................................. 72 E.2.1 Extent of remittance flows to Zimbabwe ......................................... 73 E.2.2 Transfer mechanisms ....................................................................... 75 E.2.3 Impact of remittances...................................................................... 76 E.3 Transit migration through Zimbabwe ....................................................... 78 E.4 Irregular migration and the human rights situation of Zimbabwean migrants ......................................................................... 78 E.4.1 Causes and factors of irregular migration ........................................ 79 E.4.2 Human rights at risk ........................................................................ 80 E.5 Trafficking in persons ............................................................................... 82 E.6 Migration and HIV .................................................................................... 86 E.6.1 Particularly vulnerable groups ......................................................... 87 E.6.2 Migrants’ access to health services in destination countries in the Southern African Development Community ......... 89 PART F : Conclusions and recommendations .....................................91 F.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 91 F.2 Recommendations ................................................................................... 92 References .........................................................................................93 4 Migration in Zimbabwe: A Country Profile 2009 List of tables Table 1: Percentage distribution of population by province and sex, 2002 ............................................................ 23 Table 2: Crude birth and death rates and rate of natural increase by province, 2002 ........................................................... 24 Table 3: Distribution of population by province,
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