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Heading North: the Zimbabwean Diaspora in Canada Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Southern African Migration Programme Reports and Papers 2012 No. 62: Heading North: The Zimbabwean Diaspora in Canada Jonathan Crush Balsillie School of International Affairs/WLU, [email protected] Abel Chikanda University of Kansas Belinda Maswikwa Southern African Migration Programme Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/samp Part of the African Studies Commons, Economics Commons, and the Migration Studies Commons Recommended Citation Crush, J., Chikanda, A. & Maswikwa (2012). Heading North: The Zimbabwean Diaspora in Canada (rep., pp. 1-35). Waterloo, ON: Southern African Migration Programme. SAMP Migration Policy Series No. 62. This Migration Policy Series is brought to you for free and open access by the Reports and Papers at Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Southern African Migration Programme by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. tHe soutHern afriCan migration programme Heading nortH: tHe Zimbabwean diaspora in Canada migration poliCy series no. 62 Heading nortH: tHe Zimbabwean diaspora in Canada JonatHan CrusH, abel CHikanda and belinda maswikwa series editor: prof. JonatHan CrusH soutHern afriCan migration programme (samp) 2012 aCknowledgements The authors wish to thank the following for their contributions to the research on which this report is based: Mary Caesar, Cassandra Eberhardt, Ashley Hill, Wade Pendleton and Sujata Ramachandran. Thanks also to Bronwen Dachs, Cassandra Eberhardt and Julia Seirlis for their editorial assistance. The research was funded by the IDRC. © Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) 2012 ISBN 978-1-920596-03-3 First published 2012 Production by Bronwen Müller, Cape Town All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publishers. Printed by Megadigital, Cape Town Contents page exeCutive summary 1 introduCtion 4 leaving Zimbabwe 4 Zimbabwean migration to Canada 6 metHodology 9 Zimbabweans in Canada: a profile 12 Comparing Zimbabwe and Canada 15 Zimbabwean identity 17 frequenCy of visits 18 remitting beHaviour 19 diaspora engagement 21 return migration 26 ConClusion 29 endnotes 30 migration poliCy series 32 list of tables table 1: provinCe of destination of Zimbabwean immigrants to 8 Canada, 1980-2009 table 2: loCation of total and survey Zimbabweans in Canada (%) 10 table 3: Class of entry into Canada 12 table 4: demograpHiC profile of respondents 13 table 5: eduCational profile of respondents 14 table 6: Current status in Canada 15 table 7: Comparison between Canada and Zimbabwe 16 table 8: attitudes to Zimbabwean Culture 18 table 9: main uses of remittanCes in Zimbabwe 21 table 10: membersHip or partiCipation in diaspora organiZations 24 in Canada table 11: future linkages witH Zimbabwe 25 list of figures figure 1: Zimbabwean immigrants in Canada, 2006 6 figure 2: Zimbabwean immigration to Canada, 1980-2009 7 figure 3: Zimbabwean immigration to Canada by Category of entry, 8 1980-2009 figure 4: maJor Cities of settlement of Zimbabweans in Canada 9 figure 5: year of migration to Canada of respondents 11 figure 6: most important reason for Coming to Canada 13 figure 7: inCome profile of respondents 15 figure 8: frequenCy of return visits to Zimbabwe 18 figure 9: volume of remittanCes sent to Zimbabwe annually 19 figure 10: frequenCy of remitting to Zimbabwe 20 figure 11: diasporas and development 23 figure 12: likeliHood of returning to Zimbabwe 26 MMIGRATIONigration PPOLICYolicy SERIESerieS NnOo. 4562 eExeXECUTIVECutive sSummaryUMMARY tudies ofealth the Zimbabwean workers are onediaspora of the tend categories to focus of on skilled migrants profession- in South SAfrica andals themost United affected Kingdom. by globalization. This is the Over first majorthe past study decade, of Zimba- bwean migrationthere tohas Canada. emerged The a substantial report presents body and of research discusses that the findingstracks of a SAMP patternssurvey conducted of international across Canadamigration in of2010. health It first personnel, discusses the Hrecent history of migration from Zimbabwe to Canada and then provides assesses causes and consequences, and debates policy responses at global aand demographic national scales. and socio-economicWithin this literature, profile theof thecase Zimbabwean of South Africa diaspora is inattracting Canada. growing The report interest. also Forexamines almost the15 yearslinkages South that Africa Zimbabweans has been in Canadathe target maintain of a ‘global with raiding’Zimbabwe, of skilled and the professionals potential for by return several migration. devel- opedAccording countries. to How the 2006 to deal Canadian with the Census, consequences there were of the 8,040 resultant Zimbabwe- out- bornflow peopleof health in Canada,professionals comprising is a core 6,525 policy immigrants issue for (permanentthe national residents gov- andernment. naturalized citizens) and 1,515 non-permanent residents (students andThis temporary paper aims workers). to to examineImmediately policy after debates independence and issues concerningin Zimbabwe inthe 1980, migration there ofwas skilled an increase health inprofessionals migration to from Canada. the country The numbers and to rose brieflyfurnish again new ininsights the late on 1980s the recruitment and then remained patterns relativelyof skilled lowhealth and per- stable forsonnel. most Theof the objectives 1990s. In of other the paperwords, are although twofold: emigration from Zimbabwe increasedQ +CDFCJ=895B5I8=HC:H<9CF;5B=N5H=CB5B8D5HH9FBGC:F97FI=H in the 1990s as economic prospects deteriorated, only a small number mentmoved of to skilled Canada. professionals This changed from dramatically South Africa after in the 2000. health Betweensector. 2003 The and paper 2009, draws at uponleast 400a detailed Zimbabweans analysis perof recruitment annum were granted advertisingpermanent appearingresidence in theCanada. South The African peak Medicalyear was Journal 2004, whenfor 1,456 Zimbabweansthe period 2000-2004 became permanent and a series residents. of interviews Prior to conducted 2000, most with Zim- babweanprivate migrants recruiting to Canada enterprises. entered in the economic immigration class. AfterQ 2002, 5G98IDCBH<956CJ95B5@MG=G5B8588=H=CB5@=BH9FJ=9KGK=H< refugees came to dominate the inflow. Ontariokey stakeholdersis by far the in mostthe South popular African destination health sector,for Zimbabweans. the paper Betweenoffers 1980 a andseries 2009, of recommendations for example, nearly for addressing60% of all theimmigrants problem setof - tled firstskilled in that health province. migration. Other Thesesignificant recommendations populations of are Zimbabweans grounded are foundin inboth the Southprovinces African of Alberta experience (13% and of the an total),interrogation British Columbiaof inter- (12%) andnational Quebec debates (10%). and The ‘good Zimbabwean policy’ practice population for regulating in Canada recruit- gener- ally settlesment. in major urban centres: over 80% live in cities with populations of moreThe paperthan 350,000.is organized Toronto into fiveis the sections. most popular Section destination Two positions with 41% ofdebates all immigrants. about the migration of skilled health professionals within a widerAlthough literature immigration that discusses from the Zimbabwe international to Canada mobility is dominated of talent. by refu- gees,Section the Three survey reviews showed research that most on thepossessed global goodcirculation professional of health qualifica pro- - tionsfessionals, upon focusingentry. For in instance, particular at uponleast 30%debates had relating a university to the degree experience before leavingof countries Zimbabwe. in the developingHowever, 40% world. were Section asked Fourto re-certify moves the or focusre-train from in Canadainternational in order to Southto work African in a field issues for and which provides they newwere empirical already trained. mate- Thisrial drawn highlights from thethe moresurvey general of recruitment problem patternsof recognition and key of interviewsqualifications thatundertaken foreign-trained with health professionals sector recruiters face in Canada. operating After in Southmoving Africa. to Canada, 70%Section continued Five addresses with their the questionsformal education. of changing Immigrants policy interventions to Canada fre in- quentlySouth Africa discover towards that theirthe outflow credentials of skilled are less health desirable professionals on the job and market the orrecruitment they have ofto foreignsettle for health significantly professionals less skilled to work occupations in South thanAfrica. in theirThe countries of origin. This certainly seems to be the case with Zimbabweans, 1 kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk MIGRATION POLICY SERIES NO. 45 Heading nortH: tHe Zimbabwean diaspora in Canada EXECUTIVE SUMMARY with 35% of respondents noting that they are working in a job that does not make full use of their professional qualifications and experience. ealth workers are one of the categories of skilled profession- Once they have gained entry to Canada, many Zimbabweans acquire als most affected by globalization. Over the past decade, more secure status that enables them to stay permanently. Nearly 50% of there has emerged a substantial body of research that tracks the respondents indicated
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