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«Φυτοχημική Μελέτη Του Αιθερικού Εκχυλίσματος Του Είδους Thymus Vulgaris Var

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«Φυτοχημική Μελέτη Του Αιθερικού Εκχυλίσματος Του Είδους Thymus Vulgaris Var ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ «Φυτοχημική μελέτη του αιθερικού εκχυλίσματος του είδους Thymus vulgaris var. varico ΙΙΙ (Lamiaceae)» ΤΗΣ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗΣ ΦΟΙΤΗΤΡΙΑΣ ΜΙΧΑΗΛΙΔΟΥ ΦΩΤΕΙΝΗΣ ΕΠΙΒΛΕΠΩΝ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ: ΕΥΓΕΝΙΟΣ Κ. ΚΟΚΚΑΛΟΥ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΦΑΡΜΑΚΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ-ΦΑΡΜΑΚΟΓΝΩΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗ ΦΥΤΙΚΩΝ ΦΑΡΜΑΚΕΥΤΙΚΩΝ ΠΡΟΪΟΝΤΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ, ΜΑΡΤΙΟΣ 2016 0 ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΕΣ Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Φαρμακογνωσίας – Χημείας Φυσικών Προϊόντων του Τομέα Φαρμακογνωσίας – Φαρμακολογίας, του τμήματος Φαρμακευτικής του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης. Ευχαριστώ εγκάρδια τον Καθηγητή Ευγένιο Κοκκάλου, επιβλέποντα της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής για την υπόδειξη του θέματος, την ουσιώδη και ανεκτίμητη συμβολή του σε όλα τα στάδια εκτέλεσης αυτής και για την δυνατότητα που μου έδωσε να ασχοληθώ με το αντικείμενο της Φαρμακογνωσίας ως συνέχεια των σπουδών μου στην αγαπημένη μου επιστήμη της Φαρμακευτικής. Θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω θερμά την Κα Αναστασία Καριώτη, Λέκτορα της Φαρμακογνωσίας του Α.Π.Θ. για την πολύτιμη καθοδήγηση της, την καίρια βοήθειά της και την συμπαράσταση που μου προσέφερε κατά τη διάρκεια της εκπόνησης της μεταπτυχιακής μου διατριβής. Ευχαριστώ ιδιαιτέρως τα μέλη της τριμελούς εξεταστικής επιτροπής, Κο Ευγένιο Κοκκάλου, Κα Μαντώ Λάζαρη Κα Αναστασία Καριώτη για τη διόρθωση της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας. Πολλές ευχαριστίες στις συμφοιτήτριες και "συναγωνίστριες" Ακριτίδου Τριανταφυλλιά και Μαντά Παρασκευή για τις όμορφες αλλά και δύσκολες στιγμές που περάσαμε μαζί, στηρίζοντας η μία την άλλη. Σημαντική ήταν και η βοήθεια από το εργασιακό μου περιβάλλον, για τις διευκολύνσεις αλλά και για την ηθική στήριξη για να έρθει εις πέρας η μελέτη αυτή. Τέλος, θέλω να ευχαριστήσω ειλικρινά από τα βάθη της ψυχής μου, την οικογένειά μου και τους φίλους μου, που με στήριξαν, πίστεψαν σε εμένα και μου συμπαραστάθηκαν και δίχως αυτούς και με τη βοήθεια του Θεού, δεν θα τα είχα καταφέρει. 1 ΠΕΡΙΕXΟMΕΝΑ MΕΡΟΣ Α: Εισαγωγικό Α1. Σκοπός-Εισαγωγή.............................................................................................5 Α2. Ιστορία.............................................................................................................6 Α3. Βοτανική...........................................................................................................8 Α3.1 Μορφολογία..................................................................................................8 Α3.2 Γεωγραφική κατανομή...................................................................................9 Α3.3 Περιβαλλοντολογικές συνθήκες.....................................................................9 Α3.4 Συστηματικη βοτανική..................................................................................10 Α3.5 Συνώνυμα.....................................................................................................12 Α3.6 Πολυμορφισμός............................................................................................12 Α3.6.1 Πολυμορφισμός στο Thymus vulgaris varico III..........................................13 Α4. Συγκομιδή και επεξεργασία............................................................................18 Α4.1 Συγκομιδή.....................................................................................................18 Α4.2 Επεξεργασία.................................................................................................21 Α4.2.1 Αποξήρανση...............................................................................................22 Α4.2.2 Καθαρισμός...............................................................................................23 Α4.2.3 Θρυμματισμός και επιλογή μεγέθους σωματιδίων....................................25 Α4.2.4 Περεταίρω κατεργασίες.............................................................................26 Α5 Φυτοχημεία.....................................................................................................28 Α5.1 Αιθέρια έλαια: παραγωγή και χαρακτηριστικά.............................................28 Α5.1.1 Γενικά........................................................................................................29 Α5.1.1α Φυσικές ιδιότητες....................................................................................29 Α5.1.1β Χημική συσταση ......................................................................................29 Α5.1.1γ Μέθοδοι απομόνωσης ............................................................................ 30 Α5.1.1δ Δράσεις- Χρήσεις.....................................................................................32 2 Α5.1.1ε Μέθοδοι ανάλυσης..................................................................................32 Α5.1.2 Αιθέρια έλαια στο Thymus vulgaris...........................................................35 Α5.1.3 Χρήσεις - Αντενδείξεις................................................................................50 Α5.2 Φλαβονοειδή και άλλες φαινολικές ενώσεις................................................51 Α5.2.1 Φλαβόνες..................................................................................................53 Α5.2.2 Φλαβονόλες...............................................................................................54 Α5.2.3 Φλαβανόνες και διυδροξυφλαβονόλες.....................................................54 Α5.2.4 Ακετυλιωμένα άγλυκα φλαβονοειδών......................................................55 Α5.2.5 Ανθοκυανιδίνες.........................................................................................55 Α5.2.6 Φλαβονοειδείς γλυκοζίτες.........................................................................55 Α5.2.7 Φαινολικά οξέα.........................................................................................56 Α5.2.8 Φαινολικές ενώσεις στο Thymus vulgaris..................................................57 Α6 Βιολογική δράση- Χρήσεις...............................................................................62 Α6.1 Αναπνευστικό συστημα................................................................................63 Α6.2 Γαστρεντερικό συστημα................................................................................64 Α6.3 Εξωτερική χρήση...........................................................................................64 Α6.4 Συντηρητικό τροφίμων.................................................................................64 Α6.5 Αντιβακτηριακές ιδιότητες............................................................................65 Α6.6 Αντιαλλεργική δράση...................................................................................66 Α6.7 Εντομοκτόνος δράση....................................................................................66 Α7 Tοξικότητα.......................................................................................................66 ΜΕΡΟΣ Β: ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑTΙΚΟ Β1 YΛΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ: Γενικά, όργανα, τεχνικές Β1.1 Όργανα.........................................................................................................68 Β1.2 Διαλυτές........................................................................................................68 Β1.3 Χρωματογραφικές τεχνικές...........................................................................68 3 Β1.4 Φασματοσκοπικές τεχνικές ..........................................................................71 Β1.5 Συζευγμένες τεχνικές, LC-MS.........................................................................72 Β2 YΛΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ: Εκχυλιση και πορεία απομόνωσης Β2.1 Εκχυλιση.......................................................................................................76 Β2.2 Απομάκρυνσ χλωροφυλλών.........................................................................76 Β2.3 Κατανομές....................................................................................................76 Β2.4 Εκχυλισμα διαιθυλαιθέρα- Χρωματογραφικός διαχωρισμός........................77 ΜΕΡΟΣ Γ: ΑΠΟTΕΛΕΣΜΑTΑ Γ1 Tαυτοποίηση κορυφών Oυσία 1.................................................................................................................83 Ουσία 2.................................................................................................................87 Oυσία 3.................................................................................................................91 Oυσία 4.................................................................................................................96 Oυσία 5...............................................................................................................101 Oυσία 6...............................................................................................................105 Oυσία 7...............................................................................................................109 Oυσία 8...............................................................................................................113 Oυσία 9...............................................................................................................117 Oυσία 10.............................................................................................................120 Oυσία 11.............................................................................................................125 Oυσία 12.............................................................................................................128 Oυσία 13.............................................................................................................131
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