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												Political Economy Report English F
P a g e | 1 P a g e | 2 P a g e | 3 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY And ITS SOCIAL RAMIFICATIONS IN THREE SYRIAN CITIES: TARTOUS, Qamishli and Azaz Economic developments and humanitarian aid throughout the years of the conflict, and their effect on the value chains of different products and their interrelation with economic, political and administrative factors. January 2021 P a g e | 4 KEY MESSAGES • The three studied cities are located in different areas of control: Tartous is under the existing Syrian authority, Azaz is within the “Euphrates Shield” areas controlled by Turkey and the armed “opposition” factions loyal to it, and most of Qamishli is under the authority of the “Syrian Democratic Forces” and the “Self-Administration” emanating from it. Each of these regions has its own characteristics in terms of the "political war economy". • After ten years of conflict, the political economy in Syria today differs significantly from its pre-conflict conditions due to specific mechanisms that resulted from the war, the actual division of the country, and unilateral measures (sanctions). • An economic and financial crisis had hit all regions of Syria in 2020, in line with the Lebanese crisis. This led to a significant collapse in the exchange rate of the Syrian pound and a significant increase in inflation. This crisis destabilized the networks of production and marketing of goods and services, within each area of control and between these areas, and then the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated this deterioration. • This crisis affected the living conditions of the population. The monthly minimum survival expenditure basket (SMEB) defined by aid agencies for an individual amounted to 45 working days of salaries for an unskilled worker in Azaz, 37 days in Tartous and 22 days in Qamishli. - 
												
												G Secto R Objective 1: Improve the Fo Od Security Status of Assessed Foo D Insecure Peo Ple by Emergency Humanita
PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE IN NEED SO1 RESPONSE JANUARY 2017 CYCLE 8 7m Food & Livelihood 9 7 6.3m 6.3m 6.3m 6.3m 6.3m million Assistance Million 5.01 ORIGIN Food Basket 6 Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) - 2017 SO1 6.16m 3.35 M 1.631.79 MM 5.96m 5.8m 5.89m 3.35m 1.63m Target 5.45m 5 From within Syria From neighbouring September 2015 8.7 Million 5.01m countries June 2016 9.4 Million WHOLE OF SYRIA 4 September 2016 9.0 Million 459,299 Cash and Voucher 3 LIFE SUSTAINING AND LIFE SAVING OVERALL TARGET JAN 2017 PLAN RESPONSE Reached FOOD ASSISTANCE (SO1) TARGET SO1 Food Basket, Cash & Voucher BENEFICIARIES Beneficiaries Food Basket, 2 Cash & Voucher - 7 Additionally, Bread - Flour and Ready to Eat Rations were also Provided 5.01 1 life sustaining MODALITIES AND Million 9 Million Million 0 Emergency 2 (72%) of SO1 Target AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN BENEFICIARIES REACHED BY Response Million 291,911 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) - 2017 2.08million 1.79 M 36°0'0"E 38°0'0"E 40°0'0"E 42°0'0"E From within Syria From neighbouring Bread-Flour countries 7 Cizre- 1 g! 0 Kiziltepe-Ad Nusaybin-Al 2 T U R K E Y Darbasiyah Qamishli Peshkabour T U R K E Y g! g! g! Ayn al Arab Ceylanpinar-Ras Al Ayn Al Yaroubiya Islahiye Karkamis-Jarabulus g! - Rabiaa 635,144 g! g! Akcakale-Tall g! Bab As Abiad g! Emergency Response with 11,700 580,838 Salama Cobanbey g! Ready to Eat Ration From within Syria From neighbouring g! g! countries Reyhanli - A L --H A S A K E H Bab al Hawa g! N A L E P P O " A L E P P O 0 Karbeyaz ' 0 Yayladagi ° g! A R - R A Q Q A 6 g! A R - R A Q Q A 3 1,193,251 Women IID L E B L A T T A K IIA 1,374,537 2,567,787 Girls Female Beneciaries H A M A Mediterranean D E II R -- E Z -- Z O R Sea T A R T O U S II R A Q T A R T O U S Al Arida g! 1,081,796 Abu Men H O M S Kamal-Khutaylah H O M S g! 1,360,733 L E B A N O N 2,442,530 Boys N " Male Beneciaries 0 ' 0 ° 4 3 Masnaa-Jdeidet Yabous *Note: SADD is based on ratio of 49:51 for male/female due to lack of consistent data across UNDOF g! partners. - 
												
												National Museum of Aleppo As a Model)
Strategies for reconstructing and restructuring of museums in post-war places (National Museum of Aleppo as a Model) A dissertation submitted at the Faculty of Philosophy and History at the University of Bern for the doctoral degree by: Mohamad Fakhro (Idlib – Syria) 20/02/2020 Prof. Dr. Mirko Novák, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften der Universität Bern and Dr. Lutz Martin, Stellvertretender Direktor, Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Fakhro. Mohamad Hutmatten Str.12 D-79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen Bern, 25.11.2019 Original document saved on the web server of the University Library of Bern This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivative works 2.5 Switzerland licence. To see the licence go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ or write to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA Copyright Notice This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivative works 2.5 Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ You are free: to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must give the original author credit. Non-Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.. For any reuse or distribution, you must take clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights according to Swiss law. - 
												
												Isis: the Political History of the Messianic Violent Non-State Actor in Syria
2016 T.C. YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DISSERTATION ISIS: THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MESSIANIC VIOLENT NON-STATE ACTOR IN SYRIA PhD Dissertation Ufuk Ulutaş Ufuk Ulutaş PhD INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ankara, 2016 ISIS: THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MESSIANIC VIOLENT NON-STATE ACTOR IN SYRIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY BY UFUK ULUTAŞ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILISOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AUGUST 2016 2 Approval of the Institute of Social Sciences Yrd.Doç. SeyfullahYıldırım Manager of Institute I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr.Birol Akgün Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Birol Akgün Prof. Muhittin Ataman Supervisor Co-Supervisor Examining CommitteeMembers Prof. Dr. Birol Akgün YBÜ, IR Prof. Dr. Muhittin Ataman YBÜ, IR Doç Dr. Mehmet Şahin Gazi, IR Prof. Dr. Erdal Karagöl YBÜ, Econ Dr. Nihat Ali Özcan TOBB, IR 3 I hereby declare that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work; otherwise I accept all legal responsibility. Ufuk Ulutaş i To my mom, ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is a long list of people to thank who offered their invaluable assistance and insights on ISIS. - 
												
												HEALTH CLUSTER BULLETIN May 2021 Fig: a Health Care Worker in NWS Receiving His First Dose of Astrazeneca Vaccine
HEALTH CLUSTER BULLETIN May 2021 Fig: A health Care worker in NWS receiving his first dose of AstraZeneca vaccine, Turkey Cross-Border produced by the Serum Institute of India. Emergency type: complex emergency Reporting period: 01.05.2021 to 31.05.2021 3.1 MILLION 12.4 MILLION* 4.2 MILLION** 10 ATTACKS*** PEOPLE IN NEED OF PEOPLE IN NEED OF SYRIAN REFUGEES AGAINST HEALTH CARE HEALTH ASSISTANCE HEALTH ASSISTANCE IN TURKEY (***JAN - MAY 2021) * figures are for the Whole of Syria in 2020 IN NWS HNO 2021 ** Source UNHCR ( (All figures are for the Whole of Syria) HIGHLIGHTS ▪ On May 1st, the COVID-19 vaccination campaign 133 HEALTH CLUSTER MEMBERS was kicked off in northwest Syria (NWS). The first 42 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS REPORTING 2 batch of AstraZeneca vaccine, produced by the MEDICINES DELIVERED TREATMENT COURSES FOR COMMON Serum Institute of India, will target 21,313 health 70,318 DISEASES care workers, 25,000 non-health community FUNCTIONAL HEALTH FACILITIES HERAMS workers in addition to high-risk population groups FUNCTIONING FIXED PRIMARY HEALTH with associated chronic comorbidities. The total 181 CARE FACILITIES target to be vaccinated with the first batch is 72 FUNCTIONING HOSPITALS 855,000 people (to cover 20 % of the population). ▪ Until May 31st, a total of 137,577 RT-PCR tests 83 MOBILE CLINICS 3 carried out in NWS, 23,541 laboratory-confirmed HEALTH SERVICES cases of COVID-19 were detected, 673 were COVID- 873,258 CONSULTATIONS DELIVERIES ASSISTED BY A SKILLED 19’s associated deaths and 2,644 recovered. 8,438 ATTENDANT ▪ On May 31st, on the “World No Tobacco Day”, the 17,657 REFERRALS World Health Organization (WHO) echoed its voice 949,340 MEDICAL PROCEDURES supporting people quitting tobacco to reduce their 29,700 TRAUMA CASES SUPPORTED risk of severe COVID-19. - 
												
												Housing, Land and Property and Access To
Reality of Housing, Land, and Property Rights in Syria HLP Working Group - Research 2020 Housing, Land and Property and Access to Documentation Outside of Regime-Held Areas in Syria Case Studies of Six Areas in Syria Housing, Land and Property and Access to Documentation Outside of Regime-Held Areas in Syria December 2020 - Copyright © The Day After (TDA) is a Syrian organization that works to support democratic transition in Syria, and its scope of work is focused on the following areas: Rule of law, transitional justice, security sector reform, electoral system design and Constituent Assembly election, constitutional design, economic reform and social policies. Istanbul - Turkey Pürtelaş Hasan Efendi Mahallesi, Cihangir Caddesi, No:3, D:1 - İstanbul. Tel: +90 (212) 252 3812 Website: www.tda-sy.org Email: [email protected] Operations and Policy Center (OPC, formerly Orient Policy Center) is an independent think tank and service provider based in Gaziantep, Turkey. Established in 2014, OPC conducts original research and provides consulting services to enhance policymaking, development programs, and humanitarian response projects. Syrian-led and owned, OPC combines local knowledge with technological and scientific expertise, utilizing in-house statisticians and graphic designers to create original and intuitive final products. Between 2014 and 2018, OPC was an exclusive service provider to the Orient Research Center (ORC) in Dubai. Since then, OPC has focused on cultivating relationships with governmental and non-governmental bodies working in Syria or with the Syrian diaspora. Currently, OPC is in a stage of growth after significantly upscaling its capabilities due to increased demand from a growing clientele. - 
												
												PDF | 706.35 KB | English Version
United Nations S/2017/445 Security Council Distr.: General 23 May 2017 Original: English Implementation of Security Council resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015) and 2332 (2016) Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is the thirty-ninth submitted pursuant to paragraph 17 of Security Council resolution 2139 (2014), paragraph 10 of resolution 2165 (2014), paragraph 5 of resolution 2191 (2014), paragraph 5 of resolution 2258 (2015) and paragraph 5 of resolution 2332 (2016), in which the Council requested the Secretary-General to report, every 30 days, on the implementation of the resolutions by all parties to the conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. 2. The information contained herein is based on the data available to United Nations agencies on the ground and from the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic and other Syrian and open sources. Data from United Nations agencies on their humanitarian deliveries have been reported for the period from 1 to 30 April 2017. Box 1 Key points in April 2017 (1) Notwithstanding the ceasefire declared as at 30 December 2016, fighting in multiple areas resulted in continued civilian deaths and injury and the destruction of civilian infrastructure. (2) The United Nations estimates that, as of the end of April, some 624,500 people were living under siege in the Syrian Arab Republic, the overwhelming majority of sieges being imposed by Government forces and their allies (82 per cent) and by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Dayr al-Zawr (15 per cent). Furthermore, the United Nations estimates that some 3.9 million people are in hard - to-reach areas. - 
												
												2.4 Public Spaces
Master’s degree In Architecture for the Sustainability Design Master Thesis Post War: Architecture of Peace and Reconciliation Tutors Prof. Daniela Ciaffi Prof. Mario Artuso Candidate Karim Chaitani February 2019 Preface This volume discusses solutions and procedures that can be taken in the process of rebuilding, after a war period. War does not only destroy buildings and cities, but also economies, and most importantly societies. It creates different divisions between citizens. People can be divided according to ethnicity, religion, or ideology. Thus, recovery should not only be restricted to consider reconstructing buildings and infrastructure, but also economy and society. The objective here is to recreate and encourage coexistence after the impact of war which resulted a rupture in the society. Society is one of the most important factors in building cities and countries. To understand the major issues and problems, we must look at examples of cities that had experienced war and post reconstruction war phases. Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, had experienced a severe civil war which was followed by a reconstruction process. From this experience, architectural and urban design and solutions, that were implemented, will be analyzed to carry out what were the successes and the gaps, the considered problems and the neglected ones, the effective solutions and the weak gaps. The analysis carried out will be considered in the implementation of design and solutions for the city of Aleppo in Syria. Experts in the field were interviewed on these problematics and the solutions, including Dr.Nahas Dr.Hallaj, Dr.Badr and Dr.Fawaz. Prefazione [Italiano] Il seguente volume si prepone come obiettivo lo studio dei problemi legati alla ricostruzione post-bellica di Aleppo, in Siria. - 
												
												Security Council Distr.: General 14 September 2018
United Nations S/2018/845 Security Council Distr.: General 14 September 2018 Original: English Implementation of Security Council resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015), 2332 (2016), 2393 (2017) and 2401 (2018) Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is the fifty-fifth submitted pursuant to paragraph 17 of Security Council resolution 2139 (2014), paragraph 10 of resolution 2165 (2014), paragraph 5 of resolution 2191 (2014), paragraph 5 of resolution 2258 (2015), paragraph 5 of resolution 2332 (2016), paragraph 6 of resolution 2393 (2017) and paragraph 12 of resolution 2401 (2018), in which the Council requested the Secretary- General to report, every 30 days, on the implementation of the resolutions by all parties to the conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. 2. The information contained herein is based on data available to agencies of the United Nations system and from the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic and other relevant sources. Data from agencies of the United Nations system on their humanitarian deliveries have been reported for August 2018. II. Major developments Box 1 Key points: August 2018 1. Concern around the prospect of military operations in the Idlib de-escalation area grew significantly during the reporting period, with airstrikes and explosions in Idlib and Aleppo Governorates between 10 and 12 August resulting in civilian deaths and injuries. Reports were received of attacks affecting several health facilities, and school activities in a number of areas were suspended. 2. Humanitarian organizations continued to respond to needs in Idlib and across the north-west of the country, drawing on cross-border assistance channels, while coordinating readiness efforts, including the pre-positioning of aid supplies, in view of the growing threat of large-scale displacement linked to expanded military operations in the area. - 
												
												Conseil De Sécurité Distr
Nations Unies S/2012/598 Conseil de sécurité Distr. générale 9 novembre 2012 Français Original : anglais Lettres identiques datées du 2 août 2012, adressées au Secrétaire général et au Président du Conseil de sécurité par le Représentant permanent de la République arabe syrienne auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies D’ordre de mon gouvernement et comme suite aux lettres que je vous ai adressées les 16 à 20 et 23 à 25 avril, 7, 11, 14 à 16, 18, 21, 24, 29 et 31 mai, 1er, 4, 6, 7, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27 et 28 juin, 2, 3, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17 et 24 juillet et 1er et 2 août 2012, j’ai l’honneur de vous faire tenir ci-joint une liste détaillée des violations des dispositions du plan prévoyant la cessation de la violence, commises par des groupes armés en Syrie entre la soirée du vendredi 20 juillet et celle du samedi 21 juillet 2012 (voir annexe). Je vous serais reconnaissant de bien vouloir faire distribuer le texte de la présente lettre et de son annexe comme document du Conseil de sécurité. L’Ambassadeur, Représentant permanent (Signé) Bashar Ja’afari 12-58006 (F) 151112 151112 *1258006* S/2012/598 Annexe aux lettres identiques datées du 2 août 2012 adressées au Secrétaire général et au Président du Conseil de sécurité par le Représentant permanent de la République arabe syrienne auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies [Original : arabe] 2 12-58006 12-58006 12-58006 From 2000 hours on Friday, 20 July 2012 to 2000 hours on Saturday, 21 July 2012 Location No. - 
												
												Consejo De Seguridad Distr
Naciones Unidas S/2012/488 Consejo de Seguridad Distr. general 17 de septiembre de 2012 Español Original: inglés Cartas idénticas de fecha 25 de junio de 2012 dirigidas al Secretario General y al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de la República Árabe Siria ante las Naciones Unidas Siguiendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno, y en relación con mis cartas de fechas 16 a 20 y 23 a 25 de abril; 7, 11, 14 a 16, 18, 21, 24, 29 y 31 de mayo; y 1, 4, 6, 7, 11 y 19 a 21 de junio de 2012, tengo el honor de trasmitirle adjunta una lista pormenorizada de las violaciones del cese de la violencia cometidas por grupos armados en la República Árabe Siria el 19 de junio de 2012 (véase el anexo). Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento del Consejo de Seguridad. (Firmado) Bashar Ja’afari Embajador Representante Permanente 12-51182 (S) 260912 270912 *1251182* S/2012/488 Anexo de las cartas idénticas de fecha 25 de junio de 2012 dirigidas al Secretario General y al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de la República Árabe Siria ante las Naciones Unidas Tuesday 19 June 2012 Rif Dimashq governorate 1. Late in the day on 18 June 2012, sporadic firing broke out in the Halalah gardens and the Hammam quarter in Qatana city. 2. At 2000 hours on 18 June 2012, an armed terrorist group opened fire on border guards in Assal al-Ward. 3. - 
												
												When the Islamic State Comes to Town
WHEN THE ISLAMIC STATE The Economic Impact of Islamic State Governance in Iraq and Syria COMES TO TOWN Eric Robinson Daniel Egel Patrick B. Johnston Sean Mann Alexander D. Rothenberg David Stebbins C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1970 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9855-9 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover background: Sipa via AP Images. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface At its peak, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) controlled vast portions of territory in Iraq and Syria with several million inhabitants.