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El Problema Del Narcotráfico Y La Intervención Del Ejército En Tareas Policiacas"

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El Problema Del Narcotráfico Y La Intervención Del Ejército En Tareas Policiacas INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY ESCUELA, DE GRADUADOS, EN ADMINISTRACIÓN ,PÚBLICA Y POLITICA PUBLICA, CAMPUS CIUDAD DE MEXICO "El problema del narcotráfico y la intervención del ejército en tareas policiacas" ~~ TECNOLÓGICO • 0E MONTERREY •br teC~icardo lván Martínez López 8 I ds Mé1dcc campus c!~d-- Proyecto de Investigación Aplicada Maestría en Administración Pública y Política Pública Asesor Dr. Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya Diciembre de 2008. ÍNDICE RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................. 5 PRIMERA PARTE .............................................................................. ............................................... 7 1.1 Seguridad Pública ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Diferencia entre seguridad pública y seguridad nacional. ......... ... ... .......................................... 8 1.3 Definición de delincuencia organizada ..................................................................................... 9 1.4 Principales Instituciones Civiles Encargadas de la Seguridad Pública y Nacional ................. 10 1.4.1 Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional ................................................................ 10 1.4.2 Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública ......................................... .................................. 12 1.4.3 Secretaría de Seguridad Pública ....................................................................................... 14 1.4.4 Agencia Federal de Investigaciones ................................................................................. 15 1.5 Definición de Ejército ............................................................................................................. 15 1.6 Marco Jurídico ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.6.1 Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos ................................................. 16 1.7 Fuerzas Annadas ......................................................................... .. .... ........... .. ... ............ .. ........ 18 1.7.1 Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional... ........... ...................................................................... 18 1. 7 .2 Secretaria de Marina ......................................................................................................... 19 1.8 Tesis Jurisprud·enciales ................................................................. .. ......................................... 22 SEGUNDA PARTE .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Antecedentes de la utilización del ejército en el combate al narcotráfico ............................... 26 2.2 Programa Sectorial de Defensa Nacional (2007-2012) ................................................. .. ........ 38 2.3 Cuerpo de Fuerzas de Apoyo Federal ..................................................................................... 41 2.4 Incremento de la violencia ............................................................................................. ......... 43 TERCERA PARTE ........................................................................................................................... 50 2 3.1 Conclusión ................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Propuesta ................................................................................................................................. 57 3.3 Costos y beneficios de la intervención del t:iército ................................................................. 58 3.4 Cuadros c01nparati vos ............................................................................................................. 60 3.4. 1 Carrera Policial en Francia ............................................................................................... 61 3.4.2 Carrera policial en Alemania ................................. .. .... ..................................... ...... .......... 62 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................................... 63 Referencias Legales ...................................................................................................................... 63 Referencias periodísticas ............................................................................................................... 64 Referencias electrónicas ................................................................................................................ 66 ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Anexo 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Anexo 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 70 3 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO En el presente trabajo se analiza la fom1a paulatina en la que se ha recurrido a las Fuerzas Armadas para combatir al narcotráfico. Se hace una distinción entre seguridad nacional y seguridad pública para comprender y ubicar el problema que se trata en este trabajo. Se hace un análisis histórico sobre el aumento progresivo de las tropas para tratar de erradicar este flagelo. También se realiza un análisis sobre el peligro de recunir al ejército y los pocos beneficios. Se encontrará también un breve análisis de las instituciones civiles encargadas de combatir al narcotráfico y del porqué se decidió recurrir al ejército para esta tarea policiaca. De igual manera se presenta un análisis jurídico de la intervención del cuerpo castrense. Se analizan las violaciones sistemáticas a los derechos humanos por parte de elementos del ejército, provocadas por su intervención en esta lucha. Se analizan los diversos factores que han generado un aumento significativo en la violencia y generada por la delincuencia organizada. Finalmente, dentro de las propuestas que se realizan en este estudio, se encuentra la creación de una Policía Federal con preparación técnica eficaz para combatir el grave problema del narcotráfico. 4 INTRODUCCIÓN Preocupantemente hemos sido testigos de que el Estado Mexicano ha sido rebasado por la delincuencia organizada. El Estado ha sido incapaz de hacerle frente a este terrible problema que cada vez crece más. El país está sufriendo una ola delictiva sin precedentes. Cada vez la violencia por parte del crimen organizado va creciendo más, hemos sido testigos de acciones criminales que antes no se veían. El incremento de la inseguridad y la falta de acción por parte del Estado han propiciado reacciones enérgicas por parte de la sociedad civil. Un ¡Ya basta! Hace eco en todos los rincones del país. La obligación del Estado para proporcionar seguridad ha resultado deficiente y se les ha salido de las manos el control sobre las bandas de delincuencia organizada. El Estado ha perdido el monopolio de la fuerza, y lo que es peor, se han convertido en el blanco del crimen organizado las instituciones y el presidente de la República. La delincuencia organizada ha alcanzado niveles nunca antes vistos, se está infiltrando no solo en los cuerpos policiacos, sino ahora también en el ejército. Esto se debe a la corrupción policiaca que tanto ha crecido pero además a la corrupción política. Aunado al problema de la corrupción política está el de la impunidad que es el motor de la delincuencia organizada. La violencia por estas bandas criminales ha aumentado significativamente en lo que va del año. Tan solo en el mes de agosto de 2008 se reportaron 547 homicidios. En el año 2007 el número de víctimas de la delincuencia organizada fue de 2673; en lo que va del 2008, la 1 cifra supera los 3000 homicidios (El Universal ). 1 Nota 1 5 En un intento de hacer frente a este problema, se ha hecho uso del ejército, fuerza aérea y marina nacionales, sin embargo se ha demostrado que no se está cumpliendo con el objetivo y que además el poder económico de los cárteles de la droga ha alcanzado a altos mandos militares. El uso indebido del ejército en labores policiacas también ha propiciado varias muertes. Según un reporte de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional (SEDENA), en las últimas tres décadas han muerto más de 560 elementos en la lucha contra el narcotráfico, más de 60 2 bajas en el sexenio de Calderón (El Universa/ ). En el contexto temático de este trabajo se analizarán aspectos que debido al escaso material bibliográfico, se establecen propuestas en la materia. Se analizaran las actuales políticas en el combate al crimen organizado, así como la militarización en la lucha contra el narcotráfico. Detallando y puntualizando, este trabajo se conforma de tres partes: en la pnmera se plantea el marco conceptual, donde se analizaran las diferencias entre seguridad pública y seguridad nacional, las funciones del ejército y su fundamentación o marco jurídico aplicable. En la segunda parte se realizará un análisis de la progresiva militarización
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