DOCSLIB.ORG

Call Variation in Cercopithecus Mona As a Possible Proxy for Genetic Relatedness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Call Variation in Cercopithecus Mona As a Possible Proxy for Genetic Relatedness ‘Boom’ call variation in Cercopithecus mona as a possible proxy for genetic relatedness Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree master of arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University. By Kaitlyn Rose Werling, B.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2015 Thesis Committee: W. Scott McGraw, Advisor Dawn Kitchen Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg Mary E. Glenn Copyright by Kaitlyn Rose Werling 2015 Abstract The mona monkey population on the island of Grenada was introduced over 350 years ago during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The source population in Africa has yet been determined. Variation in vocal ability is traditionally argued to be primarily genetic with minimal plasticity due to learned variations. If true, then similarities in vocal behaviors among populations can be used as a proxy for genetic material to estimate relatedness. I tested whether acoustic similarities in loud calls could help ascertain from which mainland African population the Grenadian Cercopithecus mona originated. Cercopithecus mona is one of nine guenon species known to emit loud call vocalizations known as ‘boom’ calls. In C. mona, these calls occur at low frequencies (Hz). They are also audibly short, tonal, double-phased calls. Booms are typically produced as responses to perceived threats, for territorial defense, or to initiate group movement. The lead males of mixed sex groups always give the boom calls. Boom call duration and bandwidth were analyzed in 18 boom calls from two Cercopithecus mona populations in Nigeria. They were then compared with previously analyzed calls recorded in Cameroon (n=19), Benin (n=17), and on Grenada (n=16). Boom calls from Nigeria had an average bandwidth of 358 Hz (range ~ 118-774 Hz), and duration of 121 ms. They are most similar to calls recorded in Cameroon. Calls from Benin and Grenada are distinctly similar, further supporting the hypothesis that mona monkeys on Grenada are descendants of a population from Benin. ii To my parents, Mark and Sara Werling for their unending support in all of my endeavors, iii Acknowledgements I wish to thank the members of my committee for their feedback and support with this project. I would also like to thank the Governments of Grenada, Nigeria and Cameroon, and the Office National du Bois and Mission Forestier Allemand du GTZ in Benin. I especially thank Thomas Struhsaker for granting access to boom calls from Cameroon, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin for access to the boom calls from Benin, Mary Glenn and Keith Bensen for access to calls from Grenada, and Carrie Vath and Fatsuma Olaleru for granting me access to recordings made in Nigeria. I also thank Matthew Medler and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Yoon Kim, Mark Hubbe, Rebekah Dickens, Amy Remer, Kena Worsham, May Patiño, as well as the many assistants who helped in the field. I am grateful to Ken Ayoob, the HSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, and the HSU Department of Anthropology for support. The Grenada research was funded by Humboldt State University, Windward Island Research and Education Foundation, National Geographic Society, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and The Rockefeller University. Research in Benin was funded by NSF (SBR-9528348), Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (Gr. 9562), Leopold Schepp Foundation, and Primate Conservation, Inc. iv Vita May 2010.................................................Rio Americano High School May 2013……………………………….B.A. Anthropology, Humboldt State University August 2013 to present………………...Graduate Student, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Publications Werling K, Ramsier M, Matsuda Goodwin R, Patiño M, Bensen KJ, and Glenn ME. (2015) Loud call variation in Cercopithecus mona: a proxy for genetic relatedness? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156 (Suppl. 60): 322. Werling K, Worsham K, Patiño M, Ramsier M, and Glenn ME. (2013). Copulations calls of Cercopithecus mona in the wild. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150(Suppl. 56):288. Patiño M, Werling K, Worsham K, Matsuda Goodwin R, Glenn ME, and Ramsier M. (2012) A new analysis of boom call variation among populations of mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) in Grenada, Benin, and Cameroon. American Journal of Primatology 74 (Suppl. 1): 38. Fields of Study Major Field: Anthropology Specialization: Primatology v Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………....ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………..iv Vita………………………………………………………………………………………...v List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...viii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 Methods and Materials…………………………………………………………………….6 Results……………………………………………………………………………………11 Discussion and Conclusion..……………………………………………………………..16 References………………………………………………………………………………..19 Appendix A: Map of field location in Benin…………...………………………………..26 Appendix B: Map of field locations in Nigeria………………………………………….28 Appendix C: Map of field location in Cameroon………………………………………..30 Appendix D: Map of field location in Grenada………………………………………….32 vi List of Tables Table 1. Sample size and source location of genetic material…………………………….3 Table 2. Sample size and location of boom vocalizations……………………………….11 Table 3. Tests of normality, call duration and bandwidth…………….…………………13 Table 4. ANOVA, boom call duration…….……………………………………………..14 Table 5. Post-hoc LSD multiple comparison, boom call duration……………………….15 Table 6. Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis test, unit bandwidth…………………….15 Table 7. Post-hoc pairwise comparison, boom call bandwidth on Grenada (GD) Benin (BJ), Cameroon (CM), and Nigeria (NG)……………..………………………….16 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Geographic map of endemic and introduced populations of C. mona………….2 Figure 2. Spectrogram of Cercopithecus mona boom call on Grenada…………………...7 Figure 3. Analysis chart of boom call unit………………..………………...……………12 viii INTRODUCTION Cercopithecus mona (mona monkey) is a species of arboreal monkey endemic to West Africa. The original range of Cercopithecus mona spanned forested areas from eastern Ghana to central Cameroon (Booth 1955, 1956; Struhsaker 1970; Oates 1988). Mona monkeys are generalists in diet and habitat, thriving in most forest types including seasonally dry forests and mangrove swamps (Glenn 1996; Matsuda Goodwin 2007). Approximately 300 years ago, during the transatlantic slave trade, mona monkeys were introduced to the island nations of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and Grenada in the West Indies (Glenn et al., 1999 unpub. report). Sailors often brought back exotic animals from their travels to sell to colonists or to keep as pets (Eaden 1931; Sade and Hildreth 1965; McGuire 1974; Denham 1982, 1987). São Tomé and Príncipe were trans-shipping points during the Atlantic slave trade. It is hypothesized that Cercopithecus mona was first introduced to São Tome and from there, a single, possibly pregnant female Cercopithecus mona was taken to Grenada where she escaped and founded the present island population (Horsburgh et al., 2002). 1 Figure 1. Geographic map of endemic and introduced populations of C. mona The ability of Cercopithecus mona to be a generalist has allowed them to successfully survive these island introductions, despite experiencing extreme genetic bottlenecks (Glenn and Bensen 2013). The most recent extreme bottleneck occurred in 2004. Hurricane Ivan destroyed Grenada, leveling nearly all of the Grand Etang National Park and Forest Reserve along with most of the forested and urban sections of the island. A census to determine how many monkeys remain on the island has not been conducted post-Ivan. In order to understand the effect of the genetic bottlenecks on variation in the Grenada mona monkey genome, Horsburgh et al., (2002) examined the mitochondrial DNA control region. This was used as a measure of intraspecific variability. Tissue samples were collected during field seasons on Grenada between 1992 and 1994, and on São Tomé and Príncipe in 1998 (Glenn, 1996; Glenn et al., unpub. report). No fresh 2 tissue samples were available for mainland populations. Skins collected by naturalists during the 1900s were used (samples made available by the Powell-Cotton Museum, Kent, and the Museum of Natural History, London) (Table 1). Table 1. Sample size and source location of genetic material. Country n Grenada 21 São Tomé 12 Príncipe 4 Cameroon 9 Benin 1 Total 47 Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from samples, amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and then sequenced (Horsburgh et al., 2002). To estimate genetic variation of the three island populations and mainland Africa populations, Horsburgh and associates calculated a diversity index using Nei’s number. Only shorter chains of DNA could be extracted from the African Cercopithecus mona samples. Therefore, longer and shorter sequences of DNA were indexed separately (Horsburgh et al., 2002). Due to degradation of the mainland African genetic samples, the colonizing source of the São Tomé population cannot be determined. The results of Horsburgh et al.,’s analysis (2002) suggest that mona monkeys on Grenada were brought there from São Tomé. We do not know, however, from which mainland Africa population the Grenada lineage stemmed before their arrival to São Tomé. As viable genetic samples from mainland Africa are unavailable, a proxy to 3 determine relatedness is needed. Vocalization recordings, however,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Population Density and Structure of Primates in Pandam Wildlife Park, Plateau State, Nigeria
    Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, (ISSN: 0719-3726) , 6(2), 2018: 18-35 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V6N2-art1503 ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION DENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF PRIMATES IN PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL Y ESTRUCTURA DE PRIMATES DIURNOS EN EL PARQUE DE VIDA SILVESTRE EN PANDAM, ESTADO DE PLATEAU, NIGERIA. Gabriel Ortyom Yager*, James Oshita Bukie and Avalumun Emmanuel Kaa, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. *Correspondent author email & Phone: [email protected]; 08150609846 ABSTRACT A survey of diurnal primate species in Pandam Wildlife Park, Nigeria was conducted to determine its population density and structure. Eight transect lines (2.0km length, 0.02km width) at interval of 1.0km were located as representative samples in the Park within the Three-range stratum (riparian forest, savannah woodland and, swampy area) based on proportional to size of the strata in providing information on the primates’ species present in the Park which include Cercopithecus mona, Erythrocebus patas, Papio anubis and, Chlorocebus tantalus. Direct method of animal sighting was employed. Data was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and diversity indices. The results showed that savannah woodland strata had more number of individual species encountered (132) and the lowest was the swampy area. Also the savannah woodland had the highest species diversity and richness while the riparian forest strata had the highest number of species evenness. More so, Cercopithecus tantalus was widespread throughout the Park among other primates and Cercopithecus mona is most likely to decline even more rapidly than others since they inhabit the very tall trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Composition and Density of Mona Monkey in Lekki Concervation Centre, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria
    Olaleru et al., 2020 Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment Vol. 12(3) September, 2020 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe This work is licensed under a jfewr ©2020 - jfewr Publications 259 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ISBN: 2141 – 1778 Olaleru et al., 2020 POPULATION COMPOSITION AND DENSITY OF MONA MONKEY IN LEKKI CONCERVATION CENTRE, LEKKI, LAGOS, NIGERIA *1, 2Olaleru, F., 1Omotosho, O. O. and 1, 2Omoregie, Q. O. 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. 2Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. * Corresponding Author: [email protected]; + 234 807 780 0748 ABSTRACT The mona monkey (Cercopitecus mona) is the only non-human primate in Lekki Conservation Centre (LCC), a 78 hectares Strict Nature Reserve located in a peri-urban part of Lagos, Nigeria. This study aimed to of population composition and density of mona monkeys in LCC. Total count method using woods walk ways and perimeter road as line transects was used for the enumeration. The censuses were conducted for 27 days in October, November, and December, 2018. Counts were carried out between 06:30 and 10:30 hours for 22 days, and between 16:30 and 19:00 hours for five days. Monkeys were enumerated by counting all sighted individuals on both sides of the walk ways, and other study points. Data was subjected to analysis of variance to compare the monthly means, and statistically significant means (P < 0.05) were separated using Tukey post hoc test.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandrillus Leucophaeus Poensis)
    Ecology and Behavior of the Bioko Island Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Jacob Robert Owens in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 i © Copyright 2013 Jacob Robert Owens. All Rights Reserved ii Dedications To my wife, Jen. iii Acknowledgments The research presented herein was made possible by the financial support provided by Primate Conservation Inc., ExxonMobil Foundation, Mobil Equatorial Guinea, Inc., Margo Marsh Biodiversity Fund, and the Los Angeles Zoo. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Teck-Kah Lim and the Drexel University Office of Graduate Studies for the Dissertation Fellowship and the invaluable time it provided me during the writing process. I thank the Government of Equatorial Guinea, the Ministry of Fisheries and the Environment, Ministry of Information, Press, and Radio, and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for the opportunity to work and live in one of the most beautiful and unique places in the world. I am grateful to the faculty and staff of the National University of Equatorial Guinea who helped me navigate the geographic and bureaucratic landscape of Bioko Island. I would especially like to thank Jose Manuel Esara Echube, Claudio Posa Bohome, Maximilliano Fero Meñe, Eusebio Ondo Nguema, and Mariano Obama Bibang. The journey to my Ph.D. has been considerably more taxing than I expected, and I would not have been able to complete it without the assistance of an expansive list of people. I would like to thank all of you who have helped me through this process, many of whom I lack the space to do so specifically here.
    [Show full text]
  • Bonobo (Pan Paniscus)
    Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Conservation Strategy 2012–2022 About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature- based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,200 government and NGO Members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. IUCN Species Survival Commission The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions with a global membership of 8,000 experts. SSC advises IUCN and its members on the wide range of technical and scientific aspects of species conservation and is dedicated to securing a future for biodiversity. SSC has significant input into the international agreements dealing with biodiversity conservation. www.iucn.org/themes/ssc IUCN Species Programme The IUCN Species Programme supports the activities of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and individual Specialist Groups, as well as implementing global species conservation initiatives. It is an integral part of the IUCN Secretariat and is managed from IUCN’s international headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Guide
    Reference Guide A practical tool to support implementation of the Wildlife Trade Regulations of the European Union December 2020 This is a revised and updated version, based on the previous edition of the Reference Guide to the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations originally produced in 1998 by the European Commission, TRAFFIC Europe and WWF. Support from UNEP-WCMC to this revision is gratefully acknowledged. This document does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Commission and is not a legal interpretation of European Union legislation. The contents of this document may be freely reproduced provided that the source is adequately recorded: European Commission and TRAFFIC (2020). Reference Guide to the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations. Brussels, Belgium. More details and information relating to the implementation and enforcement of CITES and the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations can be found on the website of the European Commission or by contacting the relevant authorities in EU Member States. Reference Guide to the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations (December 2020) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ......................................................................................... 7 1. HOW DO I USE THIS GUIDE? ........................................................................................ 9 2. WHAT SPECIES ARE COVERED BY THE REGULATIONS, AND IN WHAT WAY? ............. 12 2.1 The CITES Appendices ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Widespread Behavioral Responses by Mammals and Fish to Zoo Visitors Highlight Differences Between Individual Animals
    animals Article Widespread Behavioral Responses by Mammals and Fish to Zoo Visitors Highlight Differences between Individual Animals Sarah A. Boyle 1,*, Nathan Berry 1, Jessica Cayton 1, Sarah Ferguson 1, Allesondra Gilgan 1, Adiha Khan 1, Hannah Lam 1, Stephen Leavelle 1, Isabelle Mulder 1, Rachel Myers 1, Amber Owens 1, Jennifer Park 1 , Iqra Siddiq 1, Morgan Slevin 1, Taylor Weidow 1, Alex J. Yu 1 and Steve Reichling 2 1 Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA; [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (T.W.); [email protected] (A.J.Y.) 2 Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoo, 2000 Prentiss Place, Memphis, TN 38112, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-901-843-3268 Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 13 November 2020 Simple Summary: It is important to understand the impacts that humans have on zoo animals to ensure that zoo animal welfare is not compromised. We conducted multiple short-term studies of the impact of zoo visitors on 16 animal species and found that 90.9% of the mammal species and 60.0% of the fish species studied exhibited some change in behavior related to zoo visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN PRIMATES the Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group
    Volume 9 2014 ISSN 1093-8966 AFRICAN PRIMATES The Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Editor-in-Chief: Janette Wallis PSG Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier PSG Deputy Chair: Anthony B. Rylands Red List Authorities: Sanjay Molur, Christoph Schwitzer, and Liz Williamson African Primates The Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group ISSN 1093-8966 African Primates Editorial Board IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Janette Wallis – Editor-in-Chief Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier Deputy Chair: Anthony B. Rylands University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA Simon Bearder Vice Chair, Section on Great Apes:Liz Williamson Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Vice-Chair, Section on Small Apes: Benjamin M. Rawson R. Patrick Boundja Regional Vice-Chairs – Neotropics Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo; Univ of Mass, USA Mesoamerica: Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Thomas M. Butynski Andean Countries: Erwin Palacios and Eckhard W. Heymann Sustainability Centre Eastern Africa, Nanyuki, Kenya Brazil and the Guianas: M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Fabiano Rodrigues Phillip Cronje de Melo, and Maurício Talebi Jane Goodall Institute, Mpumalanga, South Africa Regional Vice Chairs – Africa Edem A. Eniang W. Scott McGraw, David N. M. Mbora, and Janette Wallis Biodiversity Preservation Center, Calabar, Nigeria Colin Groves Regional Vice Chairs – Madagascar Christoph Schwitzer and Jonah Ratsimbazafy Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Michael A. Huffman Regional Vice Chairs – Asia Kyoto University, Inuyama,
    [Show full text]
  • Cercopithecus
    Edinburgh Research Explorer New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) Citation for published version: Bibollet-Ruche, F, Bailes, E, Gao, F, Pourrut, X, Barlow, KL, Clewley, JP, Mwenda, JM, Langat, DK, Chege, GK, McClure, HM, Mpoudi-Ngole, E, Delaporte, E, Peeters, M, Shaw, GM, Sharp, PM & Hahn, BH 2004, 'New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus): Evidence for a Cercopithecus monkey virus clade', Journal of Virology, vol. 78, no. 14, pp. 7748-7762. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748-7762.2004 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748-7762.2004 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of Virology Publisher Rights Statement: Free in PMC. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 2004, p. 7748–7762 Vol. 78, No. 14 0022-538X/04/$08.00ϩ0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748–7762.2004 Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Diminutive Pliocene Guenon from Kanapoi, West Turkana, Kenya
    Journal of Human Evolution xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol A diminutive Pliocene guenon from Kanapoi, West Turkana, Kenya * J. Michael Plavcan a, , Carol V. Ward b, Richard F. Kay c, Fredrick K. Manthi d a Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA b Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA c Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC, 27708, USA d Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya article info abstract Article history: Although modern guenons are diverse and abundant in Africa, the fossil record of this group is sur- Received 15 May 2018 prisingly sparse. In 2012 the West Turkana Paleo Project team recovered two associated molar teeth of a Accepted 22 May 2019 small primate from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi, West Turkana, Kenya. The teeth are bilophodont and the Available online xxx third molar lacks a hypoconulid, which is diagnostic for Cercopithecini. The teeth are the same size as those of extant Miopithecus, which is thought to be a dwarfed guenon, as well as a partial mandible Keywords: preserving two worn teeth, previously recovered from Koobi Fora, Kenya, which was also tentatively Miopithecus identified as a guenon possibly allied with Miopithecus. Tooth size and proportions, as well as analysis of Nanopithecus Cercopithecini relative cusp size and shearing crest development clearly separate the fossil from all known guenons.
    [Show full text]
  • Primates in Peril: the World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010
    Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 Russell A. Mittermeier, Janette Wallis, Anthony B. Rylands, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, John F. Oates, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Erwin Palacios, Eckhard W. Heymann, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Long Yongcheng, Jatna Supriatna, Christian Roos, Sally Walker, Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, and Christoph Schwitzer 2009 Cover photos (clockwise from top left): Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) © K. Anna I. Nekaris Delacour’s langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) © Tilo Nadler Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) © 2008 Lisa Hoffner Northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis) © Conservation International. Photo by Russell A. Mittermeier Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 Edited by Russell A. Mittermeier, Janette Wallis, Anthony B. Rylands, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, John F. Oates, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Erwin Palacios, Eckhard W. Heymann, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Long Yongcheng, Jatna Supriatna, Christian Roos, Sally Walker, Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, and Christoph Schwitzer Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) This publication was supported by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation Published by: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI) Copyright: © 2009 Conservation International All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA Citation: Mittermeier, R. A., Wallis, J., Rylands, A.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN PRIMATES the Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group
    Volume 8 2013 ISSN 1093-8966 AFRICAN PRIMATES The Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Editor-in-Chief: Janette Wallis PSG Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier PSG Deputy Chair: Anthony B. Rylands Red List Authorities: Sanjay Molur, Christoph Schwitzer, and Liz Williamson African Primates The Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group ISSN 1093-8966 African Primates Editorial Board IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Janette Wallis – Editor-in-Chief Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier Deputy Chair: Anthony B. Rylands University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA Simon Bearder Vice Chair, Section on Great Apes:Liz Williamson Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Vice-Chair, Section on Small Apes: Benjamin M. Rawson R. Patrick Boundja Regional Vice-Chairs – Neotropics Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo; Univ of Mass, USA Mesoamerica: Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Thomas M. Butynski Andean Countries: Erwin Palacios and Eckhard W. Heymann Sustainability Centre Eastern Africa, Nanyuki, Kenya Brazil and the Guianas: M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Fabiano Rodrigues Phillip Cronje de Melo, and Maurício Talebi Jane Goodall Institute, Mpumalanga, South Africa Regional Vice Chairs – Africa Edem A. Eniang W. Scott McGraw, David N. M. Mbora, and Janette Wallis Biodiversity Preservation Center, Calabar, Nigeria Colin Groves Regional Vice Chairs – Madagascar Christoph Schwitzer and Jonah Ratsimbazafy Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Michael A. Huffman Regional Vice Chairs – Asia Kyoto University, Inuyama,
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Classification of Nonhuman Primates
    BLBS036-Voevodin April 8, 2009 13:57 Part I: Introduction to Primatology and Virology COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BLBS036-Voevodin April 8, 2009 13:57 BLBS036-Voevodin April 8, 2009 13:57 1 Classification of Nonhuman Primates 1.1 Introduction that the animals colloquially known as monkeys and 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of primates apes are primates. From the zoological standpoint, hu- 1.2.1 Higher primate taxa (suborder, infraorder, mans are also apes, although the use of this term is parvorder, superfamily) usually restricted to chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, 1.2.2 Molecular taxonomy and molecular and gibbons. identification of nonhuman primates 1.3 Old World monkeys 1.2. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 1.3.1 Guenons and allies OF PRIMATES 1.3.1.1 African green monkeys The classification of primates, as with any zoological 1.3.1.2 Other guenons classification, is a hierarchical system of taxa (singu- 1.3.2 Baboons and allies lar form—taxon). The primate taxa are ranked in the 1.3.2.1 Baboons and geladas following descending order: 1.3.2.2 Mandrills and drills 1.3.2.3 Mangabeys Order 1.3.3 Macaques Suborder 1.3.4 Colobines Infraorder 1.4 Apes Parvorder 1.4.1 Lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs) Superfamily 1.4.2 Great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and Family orangutans) Subfamily 1.5 New World monkeys Tribe 1.5.1 Marmosets and tamarins Genus 1.5.2 Capuchins, owl, and squirrel monkeys Species 1.5.3 Howlers, muriquis, spider, and woolly Subspecies monkeys Species is the “elementary unit” of biodiversity.
    [Show full text]