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Phil Charles1 Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) 24595por.indd 1 21/12/09 16:38:35 Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 2 Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 3 Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 4 Scientific Organizing Commitee Francisco Sánchez Martínez José Miguel Rodríguez Espinosa Rafael Rebolo López Coordinador de la edición Campbell Warden Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias - IAC Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 5 Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro pueden reproducirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, graba- ción magnética, o cualquier almacenamiento de información y sistema de recuperación, sin permiso escrito de Editorial Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, S.A. © Editorial Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, S.A. Tomás Bretón, 21 - 28045 Madrid Teléfono: 915061190 Fax: 915390730 Correo: [email protected] Web: www.cerasa.es © Fundación Ramón Areces Vitruvio, 5 - 28006 Madrid Web: www.fundacionareces.es Diseño y maquetación: Gotzon Cañada Foto portada: Pablo Bonet Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias 38200 La Laguna Tenerife - Spain +34 922 605 220 [email protected] Fotocomposición e impresión: Fernández Ciudad, S.L. Science with 8-10m Coto de Doñana, 10 - 28320 Pinto, Madrid telescopes in the era of ELTs and Depósito Legal: M-5.621-2010 the JWST 6 Impreso en España Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 7 Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 8 Francisco Sánchez Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Preface The inauguration of any state of the art telescope is always a matter of joy for the astronomy community. That is also the case for the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), currently the World’s largest IR-optical telescope. Such an inauguration is also a good place to meet colleagues, experts, friends, etc. So we asked the directors of the large telescopes currently in operation, as well as to the leaders of the future extremely large telescopes, that they join us for such an event. Then, we also thought, what a waste bringing together all these great minds, all these great people, for just a few hours. And here is the solution, a Workshop on the Future, when we just had finished inaugurating the “past”. We thought it was important to grab the opportu- nity to think about the science to be done with the current facilities, to offer a space to ponder on strategies in preparation for the extremely large facilities of the future. The response to our invitation was great, and I can only be thankful to the many participants for your generosity both with your time and with your ideas. We knew that the GTC, a 10.4m, segmented primary mirror telescope, was the last to join this exclusive club of large telescopes already in operation. We knew that Spain had never built even a medium size telescope of its own. For these and other reasons, the GTC, the most advanced telescope of its class, represents a great achieve- ment by Spanish Astronomy, so you will understand that we feel very proud of it. Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 9 Indeed the GTC was designed to achieve excellent image quality, to be operation- ally efficient and very robust against failures. We have already seen the high image quality, the rest is still to be seen… Yes, we knew that the GTC was a late addition to the club, for this reason the GTC was also meant to pave the way for the future extremely large telescopes. Indeed, telescopes larger than about 8 m in diameter will always be built using segmented mirror technology. The GTC has refined the state of the art in segmented mirror production and in the optical control of the image quality of segmented telescopes. One aspect was clearly undisputed during the meeting. The 8-10 m telescopes will be the most demanded and used tools by the astronomy community in the next 10- 15 years. In fact many of the people participating in the Workshop will likely finish a successful career in astronomy using these telescopes. It was realised that the shear number of 8-10 m telescopes, with their phenomenal suit of state of the art instru- mentation, spread across both hemispheres, represents the most powerful astro- nomical facility ever available to the current community of astronomers. So indeed, for the time being, and for at least the next 15-20 years, the right approach is to exploit the current large telescopes to produce the best astronomy. For two days we had thought provoking presentations, and lively discussions. For instance, the question as to whether the 8-10 m telescopes should devote their ca- pacities to catering for their respective communities, or whether they should agree and complement each other in the offer of instrumentation, was extensively discussed. Some successful ongoing collaborations were presented as examples to be fol- lowed. Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 10 Inevitably however, the new facilities loom over the horizon. Larger and larger telescopes are now on the drawing table. New and imaginative solutions are being thought out with regards to the size of the telescopes in the making, with regards to the new instrumentation, to the operational aspects, etc. Then on top of it there is the James Web Space Telescope, the successor to the extremely successful Hubble Space Telescope. The strength of the new projects is high. The enthusiasm too! The TMT, GMT, E-ELT, the LSST, etc. are here to stay. Their leaders showed us the power of their projects and the smartness of their solutions to difficult technological problems. These facilities are meant to be the drivers of Astronomy in the 20’s and beyond. This book, I hope, captures the essence of what was said and discussed during the meeting and we are very grateful to each of the contributors for their manuscript. I also hope that the book is useful to the current and future users of the 8-10 telescopes so that they realise the huge potential of the facilities they have within their reach. I also hope the book prepares the path for the new generation of telescopes, and most of all, sets the mood for cooperation amongst the 8-10 m facilities, as well as between these and the new extremely large telescope projects now on the horizon. Finally I should acknowledge and thank the sponsors of the meeting; the Fundación Ramón Areces, the Red de Infraestructuras de Astrofísica, the Grupo Santander (by means of the Encuentros Astrofísicos “Blas Cabrera”) and of course the hard work of Campbell Warden in organising the meeting and publishing these proceedings. Francisco Sánchez IAC Director Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 11 Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 12 William S. Smith, Jr. Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, 14 Bruno Leibundgut European Southern Observatory, 32 Jerry Nelson University of California at Santa Cruz, 52 Taft Armandroff W. M. Keck Observatory, 64 Jean-René Roy Gemini Observatory, 78 M. Iye National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo, 96 Thomas Henning Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, 110 Phil Charles Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) , 124 Alfonso Serrano Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) Mexico, 142 Anthony Tyson University of California, Davis, 160 José Franco Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM, 178 Matthew Greenhouse JWST Science Working Group, 198 Alvaro Giménez Science Policy Coordinator, ESA and Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), 216 Pedro Álvarez Gran Telescopio CANARIAS - GTC, 232 Science Artemio Herrero with 8-10m telescopes Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias - IAC, 244 in the era of ELTs and the JWST Acronyms List, 254 13 AURA Suite 350 1200 New York Avenue, NW Washington DC 20005 USA [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 2. Strategic Paths for Observatory Development 2.1. Type I: Full Service 2.2. Type II: Vertically Integrated 2.3. Type III: Laterally Integrated 3. Strategies for the Future: A “Flat World” for Astronomical Research 4. Information 5. Economics 6. Sociology 7. New Directions Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 14 William S. Smith, Jr. Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Strategies for Optimizing Scientific Productivity for Future Observatories: A “Flat World” for Astronomical Research “...the world needs you to be forever the... generation of strategic optimists, the generation with more dreams than memories, the generation that wakes up each morning and not only imagines that things can be better but also acts on that imagination every day.” Thomas L. Friedman Science with 8-10m telescopes in the era of ELTs and the JWST 15 Abstract: During the course of an observatory’s life, the strategy adopted for maintaining productivity must change as scientific ideas evolve, technologies change, and other observing facilities evolve. This paper examines the convergence of trends that may lead to a “flat world” for astronomical research and a landscape dominated by factors other than aperture size. These trends include: a data enabled research capability fueled by rapid technology advances which will democratize access to information; shifting telescope economics that focus new investment strategies, and an evolving trend towards larger highly multi- plexed research teams that cross institutional lines and national affiliations.
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