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MECATX October 2019 Sky Charts Remote Video Astronomy Group

(1) Phoenix (FEE-nix), the Phoenix - October 4 (2) Andromeda (an-DRAH-mih-duh), the Princess of Ethiopia – October 9 (3) Cassiopeia (CASS-ee-uh-PEE-uh), the Queen of Ethiopia – October 9 (4) Cetus (SEE-tus), the Sea Monster (whale) – October 15 (5) (try-ANG-gyuh-lum), the Triangle – October 23 (6) Hydrus (HIGH-drus), the Southern Water Snake - October 26 (7) Aries (AIR-eez), the Ram – October 30

Revised by: Alyssa Donnell 09.29.2019

MECA RVA October 2019 - www.mecatx.ning.com – Youtube – MECATX – www.ustream.tv – dfkott October 4 Phoenix (FEE-nix), the Phoenix Phe, Phoenicis (fuh-NICE-iss)

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1 Phoenix

Meaning: The Phoenix Pronunciation: fee' niks Abbreviation: Phe Possessive form: Phoenicis (fen ee' siss) Asterisms: none

Bordering : Eridanus, Fornax, Grus, Sculptor, Tucana

Overall brightness: 5.753 (64) Central point: RA = 00h54m Dec.= —49° Directional extremes: N = 400 S = —58° E = 2h24m W = 23h24m Messier objects: none Meteor showers: July Phoenicids (14 Jul) December Phoenicids (5 Dec)

Midnight culmination date: 4 Oct Bright : a (79) Named stars: Ankaa (a) Near stars: L 362-81 (121) Size: 469.32 square degrees (1.138% of the sky) Rank in size: 37

Solar conjunction date: 5 Apr Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: S of +32° completely invisible from latitudes: N of +50°

Visible stars: (number of stars brighter than magnitude 5.5): 27

Interesting facts: (1) This is one of 11 constellations invented by Pieter Dirksz Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, during the years 1595-7.

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2 October 9 Andromeda (an-DRAH-mih-duh), the Chained Maiden And, Andromedae (an-DRAH-mih-dee)

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3 Andromeda

Meaning: The Princess of Ethiopia Pronunciation: an draw' meh duh Abbreviation: And Possessive form: Andromedae (an drom' uh die) Asterisms: The Baseball Diamond, Frederik's Glory, The Great Square, The Large Dipper The Three Guides

Bordering constellations: Cassiopeia, Lacerta, Pegasus, Perseus, Pisces, Triangulum

Overall brightness: 7.476 (37) Central point: RA = 0h46m Dec. = +37° Directional extremes: N = +53° S = +21° E = 2h36m W = 22h56m Messier objects: M31, M32, M110 Meteor showers: annual Andromedids (3 Oct) Andromedids (27 Nov)

Midnight culmination date: 9 Oct Bright stars: a (51), 3 (52), y (69) Named stars: Adhil (), Alamak (y1), Almach (y), Alpheratz (ct), Mirach (3), Sirrah (a)

Near stars: Ross 248 (9), Groombridge 34A-B (17) Size: 722.28 square degrees (1. 751 % of the sky)

Rank in size: 19 Solar conjunction date: 3 Apr

Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: N of —37° completely invisible from latitudes: S of —69°

Visible stars: (number of stars brighter than magnitude 5.5): 54

Non-traditional 'mythology': 3 And and yAnd, along with the four stars in the 'great square' of Pegasus (a And, a Peg, 3 Peg, ,y Peg) and a Per, comprise what some have termed the 'Giant Dipper.' This 'dipper,' like its 'big' northern counterpart, also has a pair of stars at the end of the bowl which point to the north celestial pole. If 3 Per (presumably at maximum) is used instead of a, one can even note a "bend" in the handle!

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4 Interesting facts: (1) Alpheratz ((x And) has only recently (1928) been assigned to Andromeda. Since ancient times it has been a common with Pegasus lying, as it does, at the northeast corner of the Great Square. It was also known as 8 Peg, but did not have any other common name which specifically linked it to Pegasus. (2) The Andromeda , M31, is often referred to as the most distant visible naked- eye object. Some observers, however, are able to detect M33, the in Triangulum which is about one and one-third magnitudes fainter than M31. (3) M31 is 2.3 million light years away and is approaching us at approximately 300 km/sec. It is the closest known spiral galaxy. (4) Almach (y And) is a multiple star system. Three stars may be telescopically detected, although small instruments will only show the two brightest. These two show a remarkable contrast in color, as one is orange and the other blue.

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5

M31: The

Explanation: What is the nearest major galaxy to our own Galaxy? Andromeda. In fact, our Galaxy is thought to look much like Andromeda. Together these two dominate the of galaxies. The diffuse light from Andromeda is caused by the hundreds of billions of stars that compose it. The several distinct stars that surround Andromeda's image are actually stars in our Galaxy that are well in front of the background object. Andromeda is frequently referred to as M31 since it is the 31st object on Messier's list of diffuse sky objects.M31 is so distant it takes about two million years for light to reach us from there. Although visible without aid, the above image of M31 is a digital mosaic of 20 frames taken with a small telescope. Much about M31 remains unknown, including exactly how long it will before it collides with our home galaxy.

M110: Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy

Explanation: Our Milky Way Galaxy is not alone. It is part of a gathering of about 25 galaxies known as the Local Group. Members include the Great Andromeda Galaxy (M31), M32, M33, the , the Small Magellanic Cloud, , several smallirregular galaxies, and many dwarf elliptical and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Pictured on the lower right is one of the dwarf ellipticals: NGC 205. Like M32, NGC 205 is a companion to the large M31, and can sometimes be seen to the south of M31's center in photographs. The image shows NGC 205 to be unusual for an elliptical galaxy in that it contains at least two dust clouds (at 9 and 2 o'clock - they are visible but hard to spot) and signs of recent . This galaxy is sometimes known as M110, although it was actually not part of Messier's original catalog.

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6 October 9 Cassiopeia (CASS-ee-uh-PEE-uh), the Seated Queen, Cassiopeia (CASS-ee-uh-PEE-ye)

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7 Cassiopeia

Meaning: The Queen of Ethiopia Pronunciation: kass ee oh pee' uh Abbreviation: Cas Possessive form: Cassiopeiae (kass ee oh pee' eye) Asterisms: The Three Guides

Bordering constellations: Andromeda, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Lacerta, Perseus Overall brightness: 8.523 (30) Central point: RA = 1hl6m Dec. = +62° Directional extremes: N = +78° S = +46° E = 3h36m W = 22h56 Messier objects: M52, M103 Meteor showers: none Midnight culmination date: 9 Oct Bright stars: a (64), 1 (70), y (88), ö (105) Named stars: Achird (i). Caph (3), Cih (y), Ksora (s), Navi (e), Ruchbah (ö), Schedar (a), Segin (E), Tsih (y)

Near stars: r Cas A-B (55), BD+56°2966 (82), jt Cas (112), Ross 318 (138), BD+630238 (140), V388 Cas (146), Wolf 46 (155)

Size: 598.41 square degrees (1.451% of the sky) Rank in size: 25 Solar conjunction date: 11 Apr

Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: N of —12° completely invisible from latitudes: S of —44° Visible stars: (number of stars brighter than magnitude 5.5): 51

Interesting facts: (1) The asterism The Three Guides, formed by the stars 3 Cas, a And, and 'y Pegmark the equinoctial colure. This is the great circle which intersects both celestial poles and both equinoxes. (2) B Cas, also known as 'Tycho's Star,' represents the of 1572, one of only four observed supernovae known to have originated in our galaxy. The others are the novae of 1006 in Lupus, 1054 in Taurus (the event which produced the Crab ), and 1604 in Ophiuchus (now known as 'Kepler's Star'). Tycho's Star was visible to the unaided eye for over 16 months and at its brightest this object could be easily detected in full daylight.

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8 The Bubble and M52

Explanation: To the eye, this cosmic composition nicely balances the Bubble Nebula at the lower left with open star cluster M52 above it and to the right. The pair would be lopsided on other scales, though. Embedded in a complex of interstellar dust and gas and blown by the winds from a single, massive O-type star, the Bubble Nebula, also known as NGC 7635, is a mere 10 light-years wide. On the other hand,M52 is a rich of around a thousand stars. The cluster is about 25 light-years across. Seen toward the northern boundary of Cassiopeia, distance estimates for the Bubble Nebula and associated cloud complex are around 11,000 light-years, while star cluster M52 lies nearly 5,000 light-years away. The wide telescopic field of view spans about two degrees on the sky or four times the apparent size of the Full Moon.

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9 Distant Open Cluster M103

Explanation: Bright blue stars highlight the open cluster known as M103. The gas clouds from which these stars condensed has long dispersed. Of the stars that were formed, the brightest, bluest, and most massive have already used up their nuclear fuel and self-destructed insupernova explosions. A 20 million-year age for M103 was estimated by finding the brightest main- sequence stars that still survive and theoretically computing their lifetimes. In fact, a formerly blue star has recently evolved off the main sequence and is visible above as the red giant star near the cluster center. In general, yellow stars like our Sun are usually less bright and hence less prominent in open clusters than their massive blue cousins. Light takes about 14 years to cross M103. Although visible with binoculars toward the ofCassiopeia, M103's great distance of 8000 light years makes it appear four times smaller than a full moon.

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10 October 15 Cetus (SEE-tus), the Sea Monster Cet, Ceti (SEE-tie)

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11 Cetus

Meaning: The Sea Monster (Whale) Pronunciation: see' tus Abbreviation: Cet Possessive form: Ceti (set' ee) Asterisms: The Head Bordering constellations: Aquarius, Aries, Eridanus, Fornax, Pisces, Sculptor, Taurus Overall brightness: 4.710 (77) Central point: RA= 1h38m Dec. = -7.50 Directional extremes: N = +100 S = -25° E = 3h21m W = 23h55m Messier objects: M77 Meteor showers: none Midnight culmination date: 15 Oct Bright stars: 3 (50), a (91) Named stars: Baten Kaitos (c), Deneb al Schemali (i), Deneb Kaitos (3), Diphda Kaffaljidhmah (y), Menkar (a), Mira (o) Near stars: UV Cet A-B (7),,r Cet (18), BD+60398 A-B (85), BD-18°359 (141), X Cet (163), Wolf 124 (193) Size: 1231.41 square degrees (2.985% of the sky) Rank in size: 4 Solar conjunction date: 17 Apr Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: S of +650 portions visible worldwide Visible stars: (number of stars brighter than magnitude 5.5): 58

Non-traditional 'mythology': This constellation has occasionally been referred to as the 'easy chair,' due to the similarity between the layout of its stars and a reclining chair. Interesting facts: (1) o Cet was the first variable star discovered and remains one of the most famous of all such stars in the sky. It is a red giant whose brightness at minimum is about 8th to 10th magnitude. At maximum, about 331 days later, it is usually as bright as 3rd or 4th magnitude. Once, in 1779, its brightness rivaled that of Aldebaran (a Tau) and as recently as 1969 its was measured at 2.1. The variability of o Cet was noted by David Fabricius in 1596. Later, Hevelius gave it the name 'Mira,' which translated means 'the wonderful.' It is now known that Mira belongs to a class of stars known as pulsating variables, stars which vary in brightness due to changes in their size (2) r Cet has become the focus of much attention in recent years. It is an individual solar- type star lying at a distance of only 11.68 light years from Earth. Only one such star is closer - Ind, which is 11.2 light years away. These stars have been studied intensely by astronomers searching for planetary systems which may harbor intelligent life. MECA RVA October 2018 - www.mecatx.ning.com – Youtube – MECATX – www.ustream.tv – dfkott

12

Explanation: Face-on spiral galaxy M77 lies a mere 47 million light-years away toward the aquatic constellation Cetus. At that estimated distance, the gorgeous island is about 100 thousand light-years across. Also known as NGC 1068, its compact and very bright core iswell studied by astronomers exploring the mysteries of supermassive black holes in active Seyfert galaxies. M77 is also seen at x-ray, , , and radio wavelengths. But this sharp visible light image based on Hubble data follows its winding spiral arms traced by obscuring dust clouds and red-tinted star forming regions close in to the galaxy's luminous core.

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13 October 23 Triangulum (try-ANG-gyuh-lum), the Triangle Tri, Trianguli (try-ANG-gyuh-lye)

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14 Triangulum

Meaning: The Triangle Pronunciation: try ang' yoo lum Abbreviation: Tn Possessive form: Trianguli (try ang' yoo lee) Asterisms: none

Bordering constellations: Andromeda, Aries, Perseus, Pisces

Overall brightness: 9.101 (27) Central point: RA = 2h08m Dec.= +31°

Directional extremes: N = +37° S = +25° E = 2h48m W = 1h29m Messier objects: M33 Meteor showers: none

Midnight culmination date: 23 Oct Bright stars: P (166) Named stars: Caput Trianguli (a), Mothallah ((x) Near stars: none Size: 131.85 square degrees (0.320% of the sky) Rank in size: 78 Solar conjunction date: 24 Apr

Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: N of —53° completely invisible from latitudes: S of —65°

Visible stars: (number of stars brighter than magnitude 5.5): 12

Interesting facts: (1) Probably the hardest-to-see, bright deep-sky object is found within the boundaries of this constellation. This is M33, the . It has a total light output equal to a star with magnitude 5.8, but even moderate instruments reveal scant detail. By far, the best views are through instruments using eyepieces which given low magnification. In extremely dark skies, this object can be glimpsed by some (including this writer) with the unaided eye, making it - and not M31 in Andromeda - the furthest object visible to the .

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15 M33:

Explanation: The small, northern constellation Triangulum harbors this magnificent face-on spiral galaxy, M33. Its popular names include the Pinwheel Galaxy or just the Triangulum Galaxy. M33 is over 50,000 light-years in diameter, third largest in the Local Group of galaxies after the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), and our own Milky Way. About 3 million light-years from the Milky Way, M33 is itself thought to be a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy and astronomers in these two galaxies would likely have spectacular views of each other's grand spiral star systems. As for the view from planet Earth, this sharp composite image nicely shows off M33's blue star clusters and pinkish star formingregions along the galaxy's loosely wound spiral arms. In fact, the cavernous NGC 604 is the brightest star forming region, seen here at about the 1 o'clock position from the galaxy center. Like M31, M33's population of well- measured variable stars have helped make this nearby spiral a cosmic yardstick for establishing the distance scale of the Universe.

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16 October 26 Hydrus (HIGH-drus), the Male Monster Hyi, Hydri (HIGH-dry)

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17 Hydrus

Meaning: The Southern Water Snake Pronunciation: hi' druss Abbreviation: Hyi Possessive form: Hydri (hide' ree) Asterisms: none

Bordering constellations: Dorado, Eridanus, Horologium, Mensa, Octans, Reticulum, Tucana Overall brightness: 5.760 (63) Central point: RA = 2h1 6m Dec. = 700 Directional extremes: N = -58° S = 820 E = 4h33m W = 00h02m Messier objects: none Meteor showers: none

Midnight culmination date: 26 Oct Bright stars: P (126), a (138) Named stars: none Near stars: P Hyi (71) Size: 243.04 square degrees (0.589% of the sky) Rank in size: 61 Solar conjunction date: 26 Apr

Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: S of +8° completely invisible from latitudes: N of +32°

Visible stars: (number of stars brighter than magnitude 5.5): 14

Interesting facts: (1) This is one of 11 constellations invented by Pieter Dirksz Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, during the years 1595-7. (2) Hydrus is one of only two constellations whose abbreviation (Hyi) contains a letter ('i') not found in the constellation name. The other is Sagitta (Sge).

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18 October 30 Aries (AIR-eez), the Ram Ari, Arietis (uh- RYE-ih-tiss)

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19 Aries

Meaning: The Ram Pronunciation: air' eeze Abbreviation: An Possessive form: Anietis (air ee' ay tiss) Asterisms: The Northern Fly

Bordering constellations: Cetus, Perseus, Pisces, Taurus, Tniangulum Overall brightness: 6.344 (53) Central point: RA = 2h35m Dec. = +20.5°

Directional extremes: N = +31° S = +10° E = 3h27m W = 1h44m Messier objects: none Meteor showers: Daytime Anietids (7 Jun) 8 Anietids (11 Dec)

Midnight culmination date: 30 Oct Bright stars: a (47), 3 (101) Named stars: Botein (8), Hamal (a), Mesanthim (y), Sheratan (3)

Near stars: LFT 171 (34), LFT 215 (97), Ross 556 (114) Size: 441.39 square degrees (1.07% of the sky) Rank in size: 39 Solar conjunction date: 31 Apr

Visibility: completely visible from latitudes: N of —59° completely inivisible from latitudes: S of —80°

Visible stars: (number of stars brighten than magnitude 5.5): 28

Interesting facts: (1) y Anietis was one of the first double stars to be detected. It was discovered accidentally by Robert Hooke in 1664. He had been telescopically following a comet at the time. (2) About the year 27 BC, the 'First Point of Aries' moved from the constellation Aries into Pisces. This point, also known as the vernal equinox, marks the position of the sun on the ecliptic where it crosses the celestial equator heading north.

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20 October

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Page Blank For Notes

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22 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5

Twi A: 6:04am Twi A: 6:04am Twi A: 6:05am Twi A: 6:06am Moonset: 12:04am Sunrise: 7:24am Sunrise: 7:25am Sunrise: 7:25am Sunrise: 7:26am Twi A: 6:06am Moonrise: Moonrise: 11:37am Moonrise: 12:40pm Moonrise: 1:39pm Sunrise: 7:27am 10:31am Sunset: 7:16pm Sunset: 7:15pm Sunset: 7:14pm First Qtr: 11:48am Sunset: 7:17pm Twi A: 8:37pm Twi A: 8:35pm Twi A: 8:34pm Moonrise: 2:33pm Twi A: 8:38pm Moonset: 10:27pm Moonset: 11:14pm Moonset: none Sunset: 7:12pm Moonset: 9:44pm Twi A: 8:33pm

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Moonset: 12:57am Moonset: 1:51am Moonset: 2:45am Moonset: 3:40am Moonset: 4:34am Moonset: 5:27am Twi A: 6:11am Twi A: 6:07am Twi A: 6:08am Twi A: 6:08am Twi A: 6:09am Twi A: 6:09am Twi A: 6:10am Moonset: 6:20am Sunrise: 7:27am Sunrise: 7:28am Sunrise: 7:28am Sunrise: 7:29am Sunrise: 7:30am Sunrise: 7:30am Sunrise: 7:31am Moonrise: 3:22pm Moonrise: 4:06pm Moonrise: 4:45pm Moonrise: 5:20pm Moonrise: 5:52pm Moonrise: 6:22pm Moonrise: 6:52pm Sunset: 7:11pm Sunset: 7:10pm Sunset: 7:09pm Sunset: 7:08pm Sunset: 7:06pm Sunset: 7:05pm Sunset: 7:04pm Twi A: 8:32pm Twi A: 8:30pm Twi A: 8:29pm Twi A: 8:28pm Twi A: 8:27pm Twi A: 8:26pm Twi A: 8:24pm

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Twi A: 6:11am Twi A: 6:12am Twi A: 6:13am Twi A: 6:13am Twi A: 6:14am Twi A: 6:15am Twi A: 6:15am Moonset: 7:14am Sunrise: 7:32am Sunrise: 7:33am Sunrise: 7:34am Sunrise: 7:34am Sunrise: 7:35am Sunrise: 7:36am Sunrise: 7:32am Moonset: 8:07am Moonset: 9:03am Moonset: 9:59am Moonset: 10:57am Moonset: 11:56am Moonset: 12:55pm Full Moon: 4:09pm Sunset: 7:02pm Sunset: 7:01pm Sunset: 6:59pm Sunset: 6:58pm Sunset: 6:57pm Sunset: 6:56pm Sunset: 7:03pm Moonrise: 7:53pm Twi A: 8:21pm Twi A: 8:20pm Twi A: 8:19pm Twi A: 8:18pm Twi A: 8:17pm Moonrise: 7:22pm Twi A: 8:22pm Moonrise: 8:26pm Moonrise: 9:02pm Moonrise: 9:43pm Moonrise: 10:29pm Moonrise: 11:21pm Twi A: 8:23pm

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Twi A: 6:16am Moonrise: 12:20am Moonrise: 1:22am Moonrise: 2:28am Moonrise: 3:36am Moonrise: 4:44am Moonrise: 5:52am Sunrise: 7:37am Twi A: 6:16am Twi A: 6:17am Twi A: 6:18am Twi A: 6:18am Twi A: 6:19am Twi A: 6:20am Moonset: 1:51pm Sunrise: 7:37am Sunrise: 7:38am Sunrise: 7:39am Sunrise: 7:40am Sunrise: 7:40am Sunrise: 7:41am Sunset: 6:55pm Last Qtr: 7:40am Moonset: 3:33pm Moonset: 4:17pm Moonset: 4:58pm Moonset: 5:37pm Moonset: 6:15pm Twi A: 8:16pm Moonset: 2:44pm Sunset: 6:53pm Sunset: 6:52pm Sunset: 6:51pm Sunset: 6:50pm Sunset: 6:49pm Moonrise: none Sunset: 6:54pm Twi A: 8:14pm Twi A: 8:13pm Twi A: 8:12pm Twi A: 8:11pm Twi A: 8:10pm Twi A: 8:15pm

27 28 29 30 31 Twi A: Twi A: 6:21am Twi A: 6:22am Twi A: 6:22am Twi A: 6:23am 6:20am Sunrise: 7:43am Sunrise: 7:43am Sunrise: 7:44am Sunrise: 7:45am Moonrise: 7:00am Moonrise: 8:08am Moonrise: 9:16am Moonrise: 10:22am Moonrise: 11:25am Sunrise: 7:42am Sunset: 6:47pm Sunset: 6:46pm Sunset: 6:45pm Sunset: 6:44pm Sunset: 6:48pm Moonset: 7:33pm Twi A: 8:07pm Twi A: 8:07pm Twi A: 8:06pm Moonset: 6:53pm Twi A: 8:08pm Moonset: 8:16pm Moonset: 9:02pm Moonset: 9:52pm Twi A: 8:09pm New Moon: 10:40pm

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MECATX October 2019 Sky Charts Remote Video Astronomy Group S

(1) Phoenix, the Phoenix - October 4 (2) Andromeda, the Princess of Ethiopia – October 9 (3) Cassiopeia, the Queen of Ethiopia – October 9 (4) Cetus, the Sea Monster (whale) – October 15 (5) Triangulum, the Triangle – October 23 (6) Hydrus, the Southern Water Snake - October 26 (7) Aries, the Ram – October 30

Revised by: Alyssa Donnell 09.29.2019

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