Cherry Rootstocks

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Cherry rootstocks

Sara Pinczon du Sel, La Tapy Gérard Charlot, Ctifl Context . Traditionally, French growers use vase training system with vigourous rootstocks like Sainte-Lucie 64, or semi-dwarfing like Maxma® 14. . Since several years, a lot of trials have been made on dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstocks, which could be interesting : Vase / Sainte-Lucie 64 - to decrease production cost - to reduce time before the first fruiting - to allow rain covering or insect- proof nets installation

Rain covering and insect-proof nets Rootstocks research in France A network : 6 research centers evaluating cherry rootstocks - Ctifl Verexal - La Tapy - Sefra (Drôme)

- Sefra (Ardèche) Sefra (Ardèche) - Cefel Sefra (Drôme) Cefel La Tapy - Verexal Ctifl 2 levels : - 3 spots in the 1st level : Ctifl, La Tapy, Sefra (Drôme) - 5 spots in the 2nd level : La Tapy, Sefra (Drôme), Sefra (Ardèche), Cefel, Verexal Rootstocks research in France Observations - Vigor (trunk section area) - Graft union - Root suckering - Anchorage © La Tapy © La Tapy - Foliage Exemple of Gisela 6 : difference Measure of the circumference, between the area of the rootstock before to estimate the trunk - Sensibilities and the area of the variety section area - Root asphyxia - Black cherry aphid - Drought - Vole - Bacterial canker - and so on… - Armillaria root rot - Precocity

- Productivity © La Pugère A vole - Fruit size Dwarfing rootstock

Tabel® Edabriz*, Piku 1* Tabel® Edabriz* Prunus cerasus Created by Inra/Ctifl, France Tabel Dwarfing rootstock 20 to 60% of Maxma® 14 (depending of soils and varieties) . Low to moderate level of root suckering (depending of the variety) M14 . Moderate level of anchorage

. Very precocious (producing crops by the 3rd leaf)

SL64 . Very high level of productivity . The size of the fruit depends of the level of production. Need to be pruned carefully.

wild cherry Tabel® Edabriz* Low level of sensitivity Sensitive to… . Root asphyxia . Drought : sensitive to very . Lack of magnesium sensitive . Chlorosis : very sensitive . PDV virus : very sensitive . Armillaria root rot . Black cherry aphid Low to moderate sensitivity to bacterial canker

Medium foliage status (symtoms of chlorosis…)

© La Pugère Tabel® Edabriz* Known in France since the beginning of the 1980s. Used as control in dwarfing rootstock trial. . One of the most dwarfing rootstock in France. . Very precocious. . High productivity. Need to be properly pruned in order to maintain fruit size. . Need good soils and irrigation. . Sensitive to every kind of stress : drought, vole, aphid…

Piku 1* Prunus avium x (Prunus canescens L. x Prunus tomentosa L.) Created by Dresden-Pillnitz station, Germany Tabel Dwarfing rootstock 80 to 120% of Tabel® Edabriz (depending of soils and varieties) 1st level from 2000 to 2010 / 2nd level since 2012 300 Example Example 250 Observations 2010 Observations 2015 240 300 Trial planted in 2001 300 Trial planted in 2012 200 M14 293 250 % Tabel 250 150 % M14 240 100 200 200 191 88 % Tabel 182 50 150 150 160 58 % M14 141 143 SL64 40 130 125 0 100 100 88 Ctifl Sefra50 50 Vigor (% of Tabel orM14) Tabel of(% Vigor 58 46 Burlat 0 0 Ctifl Sefra Cefel Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Cefel Ctifl La Tapy Sefra

wild Burlat Burlat Earlise cherry Piku 1*

Piku 1 Tabel . Low level of suckering . Anchorage better than Tabel® Edabriz Burlat / Piku 1 2 years old

Light sensitivity to lack of magnesium

Foliage Foliage status better than Tabel® Edabriz Piku 1* . Very precocious . High productivity Example Observations 2015 . Size of the fruit better or similar to Tabel Trial planted in 2012 20 12

16 14 8 12 10 6 8 4

6 (gr) 2015 in weight Fruit

Cumulative production (kg / (kg tree) production Cumulative 4 2 2 0 0 Cefel Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Cefel Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Burlat Earlise

Piku 1 - cumulative production Tabel - cumulative production Piku 1 - fruit weight Tabel - fruit weight Piku 1* Trials are still in progress on this rootstock in France. . Vigor similar to Tabel® Edabriz. . Very precocious, similar to Tabel® Edabriz. . High productivity, similar to Tabel® Edabriz. But the size of the fruit on trees grafted on Piku 1 seems to be better than on trees grafted on Tabel® Edabriz. . Low level of root suckering (better than Tabel). . Anchorage better than Tabel® Edabriz. . Better foliage status than Tabel® Edabriz and seems to be less sensitive than Tabel® Edabriz. Semi-dwarfing rootstock

Weiroot 158*, Gisela 6*, Ceravium® PHL-A*, Furtos, Krimsk 5*, Krimsk 7*, Maxma Delbard®14 Brokforest* Weiroot 158* Prunus cerasus (P. cerasus x P. avium?) Created by the university Monaco Freising Weihenstephan, Germany Tabel 1st level from 1995 to 2005 / 2nd level since 2007 Semi-dwarfing rootstock 40 to 80% of Maxma® 14 (depending of soils and varieties) Example 90 Observations 2015 80 82 Trial planted in 2007

M14 70 74 68 60 60 50 56 48 40 46 45 39 40 30 SL64 31 20 25 Vigor (% of Maxma 14) Maxma of(% Vigor 18 10

Ctifl Ctifl

La La La La La

Sefra Sefra

Tapy 1 Tapy 3 Tapy 1 Tapy 2 Tapy 3 Tapy

Cefel1 Cefel2 Verexal wild Verexal cherry Folfer Poisdel Example - Poisdel - 6 years old

sensitive to root suckering than Tabel® Edabriz.

14 W158 12 M14 10 Tabel

6 4

No trees on Tabel ontrees No Tabel ontrees No 0 Tabel ontrees No 0 0 0 0

Averagr number of root suckers per tree persuckers root ofnumber Averagr 0 Ctifl La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal Ctifl La Tapy La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal 1 3 1 2 3 Folfer Poisdel . Anchorage better than Tabel® Edabriz but worse than Maxma® 14. . Good graft union. © Ctifl Weiroot 158* . Variable foliage status : medium to good.

. High death rate have been observed in a plot in Vaucluse (60 to 80% death), probably caused by root asphyxia. Low level of sensitivity Sensitive to… . Bacterial canker . Root asphyxia : very . Lack of magnesium sensitive . Drought : sensitive . Vole : sensitive to very sensitive

. Good productivity. Example Observations 2015 . Good fruit size. Trial planted in 2007

250 14

12 200 10

150 8

100 6 4

50 (gr) 2015 in weight Fruit

2 Cumulative production (kg / / (kg tree) production Cumulative

0 0

Ctifl Ctifl

La La La La La

Sefra Sefra

Tapy 1 Tapy 3 Tapy 1 Tapy 2 Tapy 3 Tapy

Cefel1 Cefel2

Verexal Verexal Folfer Poisdel

W158 - cumulative production M14 - cumulative production W158 - fruit weight 2015 M14 - fruit weight 2015 W158 - fruit weight 2014 M14 - fruit weight 2014 Weiroot 158* Trials are still in progress in France. . Vigor between Tabel® Edabriz and Maxma 14. . Good behaviour in good soil without root asphyxia : good balance between the production and the size of the fruit… . But seems to be very sensitive to root asphyxia, vole…

Good behaviour in good soil, but need to avoid root asphyxia, vole… Gisela 6* Prunus cerasus « Schattenmorelle » x Prunus canescens Created by the university Justus Liebig of Giessen, Germany Tabel 1st level from 1999 to 2010 / 2nd level since 2007

Semi-dwarfing rootstock 50 to 80% of Maxma® 14 (depending of soils and varieties) Example 120 Observations 2015 114 Trial planted in 2007 M14 100 108

92 80

60 60 58 52 40 SL64 40 43 43 36 36 32 Vigor (% of Maxma 14) Maxma of(% Vigor 20 24

Ctifl Ctifl

La La La La La

Sefra Sefra

Tapy 1 Tapy 3 Tapy 1 Tapy 2 Tapy 3 Tapy

Cefel1 Cefel2 Verexal wild Verexal cherry Folfer Poisdel Example - Folfer - 4 years old

14 Gis.6 12 M14 10 Tabel

6 4

No trees on Tabel ontrees No Tabel ontrees No 0 0 0 0 Tabel ontrees No 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Averagr number of root suckers per tree persuckers root ofnumber Averagr Ctifl La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal Ctifl La Tapy La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal 1 3 1 2 3 Folfer Poisdel . Gisela 6 don’t have a good anchorage. . Graft union with a difference between the diameter of the rootstock and the diameter of the variety. © Ctifl Gisela 6* . Medium to poor foliage status : the worst one in the study. Sensitive to… . Bacterial canker : sentitive Low level of sensitivity to very sensitive . PDV and PNRSV virus . Armillaria Root rot (Howell, W.E., Lang, G.A., 2001) . High temperatures in summer time . Double fruit Low sensitive Moderate sensitivity to to chlorosis . Root asphyxia . Lack of magnesium . Vole Gisela 6* Gisela 6 seems to induce a higher sensitivity to double fruit.

Percentage of double fruit on Folfer in La Tapy in 2013 % of double fruit Maxma® 14 3.5% Gisela 6 25.3% Furtos 0.3% Weïroot 158 13.5% PHL-A 0.5% Tabel® Edabriz 15.8%

. High productivity, similar to Tabel® Edabriz. Example Observations 2015 . Need to be prune carefully. Trial planted in 2007

250 14

12 200 10

150 8

100 6 4

50 (gr) 2015 in weight Fruit

2 Cumulative production (kg / / (kg tree) production Cumulative

0 0

Ctifl Ctifl

La La La La La

Sefra Sefra

Tapy 1 Tapy 3 Tapy 1 Tapy 2 Tapy 3 Tapy

Cefel1 Cefel2

Verexal Verexal Folfer Poisdel

Gis.6 - cumulative production M14 - cumulative production Gis.6 - fruit weight 2015 M14 - fruit weight 2015 Gis.6 - fruit weight 2014 M14 - fruit weight 2014 Gisela 6* Trials are still in progress in France. . Vigor between Tabel® Edabriz and Maxma 14. . Very precocious. . High productivity. Need to be properly pruned in order to maintain fruit size. . Be careful of the conditions before to plant it : - Sensitive to bacterial canker - It can induce a bad foliage status in bad soil, wtih productive varieties - Seems to be sensitive to high temperature in summer

Interesting only in good soil, and not with varieties with a high level of productivity Ceravium® PHL-A* Prunus avium x Prunus cerasus Created by Holovousy station, Czech Republic Tabel 1st level from 1996 to 2010 / 2nd level since 2007

Semi-dwarfing rootstock 60 to 90% of Maxma® 14 (depending of soils and varieties) Example 180 Observations 2015 160 Trial planted in 2007

M14 159 140 120 121 100 100 97 80 78 77 60 70 SL64 62 40 52 Vigor (% of Maxma 14) Maxma of(% Vigor 39 42 34 20 24

Ctifl Ctifl

La La La La La

Sefra Sefra

Tapy 1 Tapy 3 Tapy 1 Tapy 2 Tapy 3 Tapy

Cefel1 Cefel2 Verexal wild Verexal cherry Folfer Poisdel Example - Folfer - 6 years old

root suckering than Tabel® Edabriz.

14 PHLA 12 M14 10 Tabel

6 4

No trees on Tabel ontrees No Tabel ontrees No 0 Tabel ontrees No 0 0 0 0

Averagr number of root suckers per tree persuckers root ofnumber Averagr 0 Ctifl La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal Ctifl La Tapy La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal 1 3 1 2 3 Folfer Poisdel . Average to good anchorage.

© Ctifl Ceravium® PHL-A* . Medium to good foliage status Sensitive to… . Lack of magnesium : more Low level of sensitivity sensitive than Maxma 14 . PDV and PNRSV virus (Howell, W.E., Lang, G.A., 2001) Moderate sensitivity to . Chlorosis Ceravium® PHL-A* . Precocious.

. Good productivity. Example Observations 2015 . Good fruit size. Trial planted in 2007

250 14

12 200 10

150 8

100 6 4

50 (gr) 2015 in weight Fruit

2 Cumulative production (kg / / (kg tree) production Cumulative

0 0

Ctifl Ctifl

La La La La La

Sefra Sefra

Tapy 1 Tapy 3 Tapy 1 Tapy 2 Tapy 3 Tapy

Cefel1 Cefel2

Verexal Verexal Folfer Poisdel

PHLA - cumulative production M14 - cumulative production PHLA - fruit weight 2015 M14 - fruit weight 2015 PHLA - fruit weight 2014 M14 - fruit weight 2014 Ceravium® PHL-A* Trials are still in progress in France. . Vigor between Tabel® Edabriz and Maxma 14. . Precicity near to Maxma 14 . Productivity and fruit size near to Maxma 14. . Compared to Tabel® Edabriz, can be planted in medium quality soil and less sensitive to virus and black cherry aphid…

Better than Gisela 6 in medium quality soil Furtos Prunus cerasus Sour cherry variety named Ujfehertoi Fürtös, identified by Ujfeherto station, Hungary Tabel 1st level from 1991 to 2003 / 2nd level since 2003

Semi-dwarfing rootstock 50 to 100% of Maxma® 14 (depending of soils and varieties) Example 160 Observations 2015 Trial planted in 2007

M14 140 137 120 100 112

80 84 60 72 SL64 59 58 58 40 53 Vigor (% of Maxma 14) Maxma of(% Vigor 35 34 20 28 0 Cefel 1 Cefel 2 La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal La Tapy La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal 1 3 1 2 3 wild Folfer Poisdel cherry Example - Poisdel - 6 years old

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

No trees on Tabel ontrees No Tabel ontrees No Tabel ontrees No Averagr number of root suckers per tree persuckers root ofnumber Averagr 0 La Tapy 1 La Tapy 3 Sefra Verexal La Tapy 1 La Tapy 2 La Tapy 3 Sefra Verexal Folfer Poisdel . Good anchorage. . Good graft union.

© Ctifl Furtos . Always an healthy vegetation, similar to Maxma® 14. The best vegetation in bad soil : Furtos always have an healvy vegetation, even if it allow to reduce the vigor in bad soil. Low level of sensitivity . Root asphyxia . Chlorosis Furtos . Precocious.

. Good productivity. Example Observations 2015 . Good fruit size. Trial planted in 2007

250 14

200 10 150 8

6 100 4 50 (gr) 2015 in weight Fruit

2 Cumulative production (kg / / (kg tree) production Cumulative

0 0 Cefel 1 Cefel 2 La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal La Tapy La Tapy La Tapy Sefra Verexal 1 3 1 2 3 Folfer Poisdel

Furtos - cumulative production M14 - cumulative production Furtos - fruit weight 2015 M14 - fruit weight 2015 Furtos - fruit weight 2014 M14 - fruit weight 2014 Furtos Well known in France (trials since 1991). . Vigor between Tabel® Edabriz and Maxma 14 : more vigorous in good soils (near to Maxma 14), less vigourous in bad soil. . Even when Furtos is less vigorous, its vegetation remains very healthy. . Most of the time, the productivity is higher than Maxma14 (7 times out of 14), and the average fruit weight is the same or higher than Maxma 14.

Interresting in bad soil condition, in order to reduce vigor and keep an healphy vegetation Semi-dwarfing rootstocks

Trials planted in 2007 Furtos Gisela 6 PHL-A Weiroot 158 between Tabel and M14 between Tabel and M14 between Tabel and M14 between Tabel and M14 Vigor 50 to 100% of M14 50 to 80% of M14 60 to 90% of M14 40 to 80% of M14 sensitive to root sensitive to Sensitivity asphyxia (Gordes) and double fruit? voles (Marsillargues) medium to poor healthy vegetation, medium to good medium to good Foliage foliage status similar to M14 foliage status foliage status

diameter of the variety Graft union larger than diameter of the rootstock more sensitive than more sensitive than Root average sensitvity low sensitivity to root Maxma 14 to root Maxma 14 to root to root suckers suckers suckeers suckers suckers First early first fruiting fruiting pretty low productivity pretty low productivity Cumulative high productivity (like pretty high productivity (like M14 or a little (like M14 or a little Tabel® Edabriz) (better than M14) productivity better) better) from average to good small fruit (need to be from average to good from average to good Fruit size size of the fruit prune carrefully) size of the fruit size of the fruit Krimsk 5* Prunus fruiticosa x P. lannesiana Origin : Russia Tabel

Semi-dwarfing rootstock

seems to be similar to Maxma® 14 Example 140(depending of soils and varieties) Observations 2014 Trial planted in 2011 M14 120 119 114 111 100 98 92 80 88 89 78 60 SL64 54

40 Vigor (% of Maxma 14) Maxma of(% Vigor 20

0 Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Ctifl La Tapy Sefra wild Belge Ferdiva Grace Star cherry Krimsk 5* Studied in France since 2003 (1st level of research) : a first trial was planted in 2003 and a second in 2011. Trials are still in progress in France. . Vigor similar to M14 Example

Observations 2011

70 Trial planted in 2003 . Very sensitive to root K5 suckering 60 M14

. Most of the time, an 40

healphy vegetation 30

have been observed. 20

. Krimsk 5 had produce 10

No treesNo onMaxma 14 treesNo onMaxma 14 Averagr number ofrootsuckersAveragr per tree 0 more than Krimsk 7 in Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Ctifl La Tapy Sefra 2015. Burlat Fermina Krimsk 7* Origin : Russia

Tabel

Semi-dwarfing rootstock

seems to be less vigorous than Maxma® 14 Example 140(depending of soils and varieties) Observations 2014 Trial planted in 2011 M14 120

115 100 99 94 94 80 83

60 69 SL64 55 40

40 40 Vigor (% of Maxma 14) Maxma of(% Vigor 20

0 Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Ctifl La Tapy Sefra Ctifl La Tapy Sefra wild Belge Ferdiva Grace Star cherry Krimsk 7* Studied in France since 2011 (1st level of research) : first fruits have just been observed! Trials are still in progress in France. . Seems to be a little less vigorous than Maxma® 14. . Seems to be less sensitive to root suckering than Krimsk 5. . Most of the time, an healphy vegetation have been observed. . Krimsk 7 had produce less than Krimsk 5 and Maxma® 14 in 2015. Maxma Delbard®14 Brokforest* Prunus mahaleb x Prunus avium Created by Lyle Brooks, Oregon, USA Tabel Rootstock planted in France since 20 years : 30 to 40% of new plantation are made with this rootstock.

Semi-vigorous rootstock 60 to 90% of Sainte-Lucie 64 M14 (depending of soils and varieties) . No to low level of root suckering.

SL64 . Very good anchorage. . More precocious than Sainte-Lucie 64. . Produce more than Sainte-Lucie 64. wild . Fruit weight similar to Sainte-Lucie 64. cherry Maxma Delbard®14 Brokforest* Low level of sensitivity Sensitive to… . Chlorosis . Lack of magnesium : . PDV and PNRSV virus sensitive to very sensitive (Howell, W.E., Lang, G.A., 2001) Moderate sensitivity to . Root asphyxia : less sensitive than SL64 . Phytophtora Pretty sensitive to… . Vole . Bacterial canker Vigorous rootstock

Sainte-Lucie 64, Maxma Delbard®60 Broksec*, Adara*, GF8-1 + Adara*, Avima® Argot, Piku® 3*, Monrepos Sainte-Lucie 64 Prunus mahaleb Created by Inra, France Tabel

M14 Well-known rootstock. One of the most planted in France.

SL64 Vigorous rootstock 80% of wild cherry (depending of soils and varieties) wild cherry Sainte-Lucie 64 . No root suckering. . Very good anchorage.

. Average precocity : first fruits after 5 to 6 years. . Pretty good to good productivity. . Good fruit size. Low level of sensitivity Sensitive to… . Chlorosis . Phytophtora . Lack of magnesium . Bacterial canker Very sensitive to… . PDV and PNRSV virus . Root asphyxia Pretty tolerant to… . Vole . Drought . Amillaria root rot Maxma Delbard®60 Broksec* Prunus mahaleb x Prunus avium Created by Lyle Brooks, Oregon, USA Tabel

M14

SL64 Vigorous rootstock 90 to 120% of Sainte-Lucie 64 (depending of soils and varieties) wild cherry Maxma Delbard®60 Broksec* . No to low level of root suckering. . Very good anchorage.

. Average precocity. . Pretty good to good productivity. . Good fruit size. Low level of sensitivity . Drought Pretty tolerant to… . Chlorosis . Root asphyxia . Phytophtora . Armillaria root rot . PDV and PNRSV virus (G.Lang, W. Howell, 1998) Adara* Also used between the variety and GF8-1 in Prunus cerasifera Her. (Myrobolan) Created by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain Tabelplot contaminated by Armillaria root rot. Plum rootstock which can be used for cherry. . Low level of root suckering. . Very good anchorage.

. Average to pretty good precocity, similar to SL64. M14 . Pretty good productivity, better than SL64. . Good fruit size, similar or better than SL64.

. Tolerant to root asphyxia, chlorosis, bacterial SL64 canker, vole. Vigorous rootstock 100 to 130% of Sainte-Lucie 64 wild cherry (depending of soils and varieties) GF8-1 + Adara* GF8-1 Adara P. Cerasifera x P. munsoniana Prunus cerasifera Her. (Myrobolan) Tabel Created by INRA, France Spain

. High level of root suckering. . Average anchorage.

. Pretty good precocity. M14 . Pretty good productivity. . Good fruit size.

. Low sensitivity to Armillaria root rot and bacterial SL64 canker. Vigorous rootstock Similar to Sainte-Lucie 64 wild cherry (depending of soils and varieties) Avima® Argot Prunus mahaleb x Prunus Avium Created by Pierre Argot, France Tabel Trials are still in progress in France. This rootstocks seems to be interesting when vigor is needed.

. Very low to moderate level of root suckering. . Very good anchorage.

M14 . Precocity sometimes better than SL64. . Good productivity (better than SL64). . Good fruit size.

SL64 . Pretty tolerant to root asphyxia? Vigorous rootstock 100 to 130% of Sainte-Lucie 64 wild cherry (depending of soils and varieties) Piku® 3* Prunus pseudocerasus x (Prunus canescens L. X Prunus Incisa L.) Created by Station of Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany Tabel Trials are still in progress in France. This rootstocks seems to be interesting when vigor is needed.

. Very low level of root suckering. . Very good anchorage.

M14 . Average precocity, similar to SL64. . Average productivity , similar to SL64. . Good fruit size.

SL64 . Tolerant to drought. Very vigorous rootstock 100 to 120% of wild cherry wild cherry (depending of soils and varieties) Monrepos Prunus cerasifera Ehr. (Myrobolan)

Tabel

M14

SL64 Trials planted in 2014 in France. Vigorous rootstock (depending of soils and varieties) wild cherry Cherry COST Action FA 1104 Training school « Rootstocks and training systems » Thanks for your attention