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Autobiographical Perceptions of Nirad C Chaudhuri

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Autobiographical Perceptions of Nirad C Chaudhuri India at the End of the British Raj: Autobiographical Perceptions of Nirad C Chaudhuri PhD Thesis submitted by Asma Chowdhury PhD Student Department of English, Dhaka University Registration No: 82 Session: 2011-2012 Department of English Faculty of Arts and Humanities Dhaka University May 2015 Dhaka University Institutional Repository India at the End of the British Raj: Autobiographical Perceptions of Nirad C Chaudhuri A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of Dhaka University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English by Asma Chowdhury Reg No: 82, Session: 2011-2012 Dhaka May, 2015 Dhaka University Institutional Repository Certificate It gives me immense pleasure to certify that the Thesis entitled India at the End of the British Raj: Autobiographical Perceptions of Nirad C Chaudhuri is a genuine research work undertaken and completed by Asma Chowdhury as a full time research student under my supervision. I have carefully and thoroughly examined the Thesis, found it satisfactory and up to the standard, and I am pleased to recommend the submission of the thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dhaka University. (Dr. Syed Manzoorul Islam) Professor, Department of English Dhaka University Dhaka PhD Supervisor ii Dhaka University Institutional Repository Declaration I hereby declare that the Thesis entitled India at the End of the British Raj: Autobiographical Perceptions of Nirad C Chaudhuri is my original research work. I also declare that I have not submitted this Thesis either in part or in full or in any other form to any other University or any other Institution for any degree or for any other purpose. (Asma Chowdhury) PhD Student Department of English University of Dhaka Reg No: 82 Session: 2011-2012 iii Dhaka University Institutional Repository To PROF DR LIAQUAT ALI MY LIFE-LONG INSPIRATION iv Dhaka University Institutional Repository Acknowledgements I express my deep gratitude to my Supervisor Prof Dr Syed Manzoorul Islam for guiding me throughout the research period and for providing me with continuous inspiration and support in my works. I am also indebted to him for exposing me to a wider view of literature and for creating a higher aspiration in my mind regarding academic and intellectual life. I fondly remember my late Mother-in-Law Mrs. Hamsha Uddin for helping me to devote my time in the field of knowledge during all the thirty years we lived together. I would also like to thank my sister Dr Selina Chowdhury for her constant inspiration in the completion of the work. Ms Hasna Alam of Shucharoo Desktop Publishing Ltd. deserves thanks for final preparation of the Thesis and for offering her constant help in every possible way. Finally, I thank all the other members of my family, especially my daughter Drishty Tonmoy and my son Nibir Anuvab, for their prolonged patience and cooperation throughout the period of my study. It was very important for the completion of the work. Asma Chowdhury v Dhaka University Institutional Repository Abstract The decades before the Partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 are specifically significant in the history of the subcontinent as this period shaped the future political, cultural and economic course of the region the legacy of which we are still in presence. The period though has been analyzed from historical, political, sociological and purely literary and cultural viewpoints; there is still need to further reconstruct and understand this vibrating time, in a more comprehensive manner, through other approaches. In the present Thesis an attempt has been made to apprehend some of the complex interactions of the sociopolitical and cultural elements which led to the partition, with its accompanying devastations, through the analysis of an autobiographical book written by Nirad C. Chaudhuri – Thy Hand Great Anarch! India: 1921-52. I used neo-historicism as my Research Methodology here in pursuing my research work. The span of my work covered the social life in Calcutta, Bengal Renaissance and Indian Nationalism, political movements like the Bengali resistance movements and other crises, literature and culture of Bengal, and the human devastation at the aftermath of the partition. In the present Thesis, in each of these areas, a background along with observations of other major authors has been given. It followed the perceptions of Nirad C. Chaudhuri on those issues. In the third section of each chapter I have communicated my own reflections on the perceptions of Chaudhuri. Though the general notion about Nirad C. Chaudhuri lies in depicting his deep antagonistic feeling about his own race Bengalee and also Bengal but analyzing his autobiography we sense in him a deep feeling for his motherland East Bengal. He never liked the disorganized, relatively self-centered, and unclean way of life of the Calcutta based people. He has equally appreciated many things of the Bengali life like their habit of reading books and also their trying to elevate the library culture. About literary areas Chaudhuri was little conservative and he thought that the peak of the Bengali literature has been reached by writers like Rabindranath Tagore and Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay. Chaudhuri never appreciated the importance of Modernism in Bengali literature. In fact he considered it as a symbol of decadence. Chaudhuri could not support the spirit of Indian Nationalism and hence he could not see eye to eye with Gandhi also because he believed that the change of the Master would not only make everything ok rather the inefficient administrators would make things worse. He was also correct in his evaluation of the time because in the aftermath of the Partition we see the serious crises of humanity during the migration and displacement of the Hindus and the Muslims. Actually the western educated political leaders became enriched in their human values and longed for the liberty of their land at vi Dhaka University Institutional Repository the end of the colonial rule. But to tell the truth no proper plan no systematic approach were undertaken till then by them. We perceive it immediately in the events that occurred after the Partition. According to him a large part of the responsibility for these catastrophy lie with the narrow minded and mostly communal political leaders of the subcontinent. However, Chaudhuri equally blames the British Rulers in India for committing criminal activities and inciting atrocities in their own interest of power and exploitation. He is by heart a liberal democrat in the tradition of European Renaissance and thus he is undoubtedly a fan of British tradition and culture which, in fact, is a torch bearer of liberal democracy in their own country. But, at the same time, Chaudhuri points out their double standard in the context of the colonies like India. To conclude we can say that Nirad C. Chaudhuri is a controversial writer particularly among the people of the subcontinent, and in most cases he is blindly thought to side with the British people and ideas. However, a deeper reading of his autobiography may reveal a sensitive person with nostalgic emotion and also a person who speaks what he feels with strong conviction. Through his humanistic but sometimes conservative approach he has observed his time and he has specially focused on India during 1921-1952. Many people may disagree with his perceptions, but those are undoubtedly invaluable elements in reconstructing the inner dynamics of that time and society. vii Dhaka University Institutional Repository Contents Introduction ……………………………………….…................................................................................... 1 Chapter-1 Nirad C. Chaudhuri (1897-1998) ……………………………………..................................….…..... 7 Chapter-2 The Bengal Renaissance and Indian Nationalism …………………....................................... 25 Chapter-3 The Social life of Calcutta ……………….....................................……………………………...…… 92 Chapter-4 Political Movements and Crises ………………………...................................…………………….. 128 Chapter-5 The Literature and Culture of Bengal …………………................................………………......... 174 Chapter-6 The Bengal Resistance Movement against the British ……………..................................... 197 Chapter-7 Partition and its Aftermath ………………………………….....................................………….......... 234 Conclusion ………………………………………….................................................................................... 246 Works Cited ………………………………………......................................................………………...... 259 Dhaka University Institutional Repository Introduction Thy Hand Great Anarch! India 1921-1952 is the second part of Nirad C. Chaudhuri’s autobiography. Its 1st part titled Autobiography of an Unknown Indian a sequel to the second part was written in the 57th year of his life. The first volume is dedicated “to the memory of the British Empire in India . because all that was good and living within us was made, shaped quickened by . British rule." The same anglophile approach is maintained in the second volume also. He critically speaks of Mahatma Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru and the entire nationalist movement that led to independence. Chaudhuri’s real concern however is the loss of Bengali influence on Indian affairs. Himself the second son of a well-to-do cultured East Bengali family, Chaudhuri witnessed the decline of his region’s as well as Bengal’s prestige and its ultimate partition and then separation
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