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The Implications of Plant Taxonomy for Agricultural Research

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The Implications of Plant Taxonomy for Agricultural Research type isa wel lconserve d specimen or, ifthi si s The Implications of Plant Taxonomy for not available, an illustration. Illegitimate names do not satisfy the above Agricultural Research mentioned conditions and areno t taken into consideration in botanical nomenclature. In case several legitimate names exist for one \N. A. Brandenburg* and F. Schneider ## taxon (synonymy), the principle of priority states that the first published name is the Plant taxonomy capablet oexchang e genes freely, resultingi n correct one for that taxon. In caseon e legiti­ Themain objectives ofplan t taxonomyar et o a fertileprogeny .Consequently ,evolutionar y mate name has been assigned tosevera l taxa describe the Vegetable Kingdom,an dt oclas ­ studies with respect to mutation, recombina­ (homonymy), the name must beattribute d to sify it in distinguishable unities (taxa, sing, tion, selection and isolation arc commonly that taxon for which it was first published. taxon). The resulting classification has to starting from the species. In some cases, it is The priority does not date back further than reflect biosystematicrelationship sa sreveale d possible tosubdivide aspecie si n infraspecific May ist 1753,th epublicatio n dateo f Species between taxa by modern botanical research, taxa (subspecies, botanical variety and Plantarum ed. 1b y Linnaeus. In this book and unequivocal nomenclature rules havet o forma). binomials were consequently applied for the beapplied . Plant taxonomy hasthre easpects : Infraspecific taxaar ebase do n discontinuities first time to all included species names. identification, classification and nomencla­ in the species variation, but the species con­ ture. tinues to act as a genetic entity. Taxonomy of cultivated plants Cultivated plants are derived from wild or Identification Nomenclature weedy plants. This process, domestication, Plant taxonomy asa science ismakin g useo f It is necessary to haveinternationall y agreed meansadaptatio n ofplant s to the man-made similarities anddifferences . Basedo n similar­ principles and rules for the nomenclature of habitat. The way in which domestication itiesplant sar egroupe d inon etaxon .Separat e taxa to warrant an unequivocal communica­ proceeds depends on different factors: taxa assuc h can be described by differences. tion about plants. -The duration and locality of human in­ The distinction, recognition and, as aconse ­ These nomenclature principles and rules are fluence; quence, identification of taxa are thus made laid down in the International Code of -The mode of human influence (direct-plant possible by differences. Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN, latest edi­ breeding; indirect); tion 1983). E.g. a genus name has to be a - The human usage(s) of plants. Classification Latin or latinized substantif, starting with a Therefore, the domestication effect can be The process of comparison that will result in capital (e.g. Cucumis).Th e names of species expressed in a very different way and to a the hierarchical arrangement of all taxa belonging totha t genusar eforme d byaddin g very different extent. Some cultivated plants forming the Vegetable Kingdom is named a Latin epithet (e.g.Cucumis sativus), writte n somuc h resemblethei rwil do rweed yparents , classification. in lower case. that they can hardly be distinguished. The degree, in which differences determine In order tob elegitimate ,botanica l namesar e Others, however, differ from their ancestors the distinction of a taxon, isindicate d byth e subject to a number of conditions laid down to such an extent that only detailed studies rank ofthat taxon, or-to put it otherwise- in the ICBN: can reveal their biosystematic relationships. byth esystemati cpositio n ofthat taxon inth e -Concerning form and orthography, the Classification of cultivatedplants classification system.Som ewell-know nrank s name must be in accordance with the The classification of cultivated plants-and are:family , genusan dspecies .Severa lgener a ICBN; consequently their nomenclature-is com­ can be attributed to a family; several species -The name must be validly published: plex, both because domestication effects can to a genus etc. a) it must beeffectivel y published (e.g.i na be interpreted in different ways and because The rank of species isbasal .Eac h individual well-distributed journal); they are subject to two essentially different plant can be assigned to a species. Although b) it must beaccompanie d bya description approaches of classification: ' or diagnosis (from January ist 1935on ­ it seemst o be almost impossible todefin e the -Botanical classification, reflecting biosys­ wards in Latin); term species,a specie si sgenerall y considered tematic relationships between cultivated asa population , within which individualsar e c) the author must haveindicate d anomen - plants and their relatives; clatural type (from January ist 1958on ­ -Agricultural classification, emphasizing wards this type must be cited in the •W. A. Brandenburg, Agricultural University, characteristics significant in cultivation. Dept. Plant Taxonomy, Wageningen. publication). **F. Schneider, Governmental Institute for Thetyp emetho dconnect splan t material and Nomenclature of cultivatedplants Research on Varieties of Cultivated Plants, its name. In case of the name of a family, a As far as not regulated by the ICBN, nomen­ Wageningen. genus, aspecie so r a taxon of lower rank, the clatureo f cultivated plants isgoverne d byth e Chronica Horticulturae, Vol.25 Number 1 March 1985 Intenational Code of Nomenclature for Cul­ The namingo fcultiva r groups isnot yet une­ Registration trials tivated Plants (ICNCP, 1980). With respect quivocally regulated, and, moreover, iti sno t Registration trials describe, classify and to theter mcultiva r theICNC Pread s(art .10) : clear whether cultivar groups should be names plant material; so it is taxonomie re­ 'The international term cultivar denotes an based on botanical characters, or on charac­ search, mainly of cultivated plants. The assemblage of cultivated plants which is ters important in agriculture. objective of this research isth e distinction of clearly distinguished by any character (mor­ Concerning nomenclature of cultivated assemblages of plants (cultivars). phological, physiological, cytological, chem­ plants, raised after interspecific or inter- An essential characteristic of acultiva ri stha t ical or others) and which, when reproduced generic hybridization, authors are let free it also conforms to its description after re­ (sexually or asexually) retains itsdistinguish ­ choice whether they use the relevant rules of production or propagation. In this way it is ing characters'. the ICBN, or of the ICNCP.Thi s means that possible to attach breeders's rightst o aculti ­ The term cultivar has been introduced after in taxonomically comparable situations dif­ var,whic h isa form ofpatenting .Onl yi fsuc h the desirability was felt to make a clear dis­ ferent systems of nomenclature can be used. rights are connected with a distinct cultivar, tinction between botanical varieties and Thisaspec t will haveou rattentio n inth enea r it can be limited and maintained, and the cultivars (cultivated varieties). future. duties connected with such rights can be Botanical varieties areo facertai n rank.The y Cultivated plants represent economic and defined and controlled. can be distinguished within a species, if the juridical interests. Therefore name changes Quality control of seeds and plants requires infraspecific variation is discontinuous to caused by changed opinions as to classifica­ that the work of inspection services is based such an extent that naming of separate enti­ tion or by application of the principleo f pri­ on defined cultivars. ties within that species makes sense. ority, necessitating a replacement of world­ Finally alsoperformanc e trialsmak en osens e A cultivar is an assemblage of cultivated wide accepted names by older but unknown at alli fth econclusion s cannot beattache d to plants obtained after selection and/orfeven names,ar e bothersome.Severa l international describable and fixed cultivars. For many of Botanicalvarietie sdependen t onthei rdescen ­ organizations (EEC, ISTA, OECD, UPOV these activities registration is a necessity and dance.Tha t iswh ythe y haven ocertai n rank. etc.) are dealing with the stabilization of often even a legal condition as laid down in Anyhow, they are alwaysth e lowest ranking plant names. This has resulted in the ISTA national laws and EEC regulations. In these entity to be distinguished. The mode of re­ List of Stabilized Plant Names containing cases official examination trials are carried production of cultivars may differ per crop. species names of economically important out by the authorities. In thesetrial s distinct­ After reproduction the distinguishingcharac ­ plants.Name s on thelis tar efixed fo r aperio d ness, homogeneity and stability of varieties ters must not be changed. of six years. In 1982 the Sydney Botanical are studied. The many cultivars extant and the rapidly Congress allowed the possibility to conserve In the caseo f breeder's rights thenovelt y ofa changing assortments necessitate flexible species names. cultivar plays an important role.Th equestio n rules to name cultivars: These initiativesshoul d lead toa stabilizatio n is, whether the cultivar was not brought into - Since January ist of 1959moder n cultivars of plant names in one list, allowing changes circulation before the time of registration. have to be indicated by a fancy
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