DOCSLIB.ORG

Auxiliary Schedule 2 : Place

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Auxiliary Schedule 2 : Place AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 2 : PLACE (1) This separate schedule is an auxiliary to the enumerated classes 2/9, A/Z. the concepts in it are available only to qualify those classes, and their classmarks are not to be used on their own. (2) In any class of the BC, unless some other arrangement is explicitly provided, these concepts may be used, at the discretion of the classifier, to qualify it, introduced by 8 from Schedule 1 (representing Place); e.g. Education is J, and Education in Ancient Rome is J8 CV; Primary education is JM, and Primary education in developing countries is JM8 BD. (3) In many parts of the BC special instructions are given as to where to apply this schedule; e.g. in Schedule 1 (itself an auxiliary, used to qualify the enumerated classes) 4H is Persons by nationality, and has an instruction to add classmarks from Schedule 2 direct to that classmark; so 4HR B added to a class means Chinese persons in that subject. In Class P Religion, POZ is Christianity in individual countries, with an instruction to add letters A/Z from Schedule 2; so POZ RB is Christianity in China. (4) The schedule is an inverted one, and citation order is therefore usually the opposite of schedule filing order; this means that if more than one concept from the schedule occurs in a subject’s summarisation, the concept appearing later in the schedule is cited before that occurring earlier; e.g. to qualify a subject by the compound place concept Tropical cities and towns, the classmark 8BC AV would be used (built from 8BC Urban areas and 8AV Tropical latitudes). (5) Notation is retroactive throughout, except in the case of a few politico-cum-geographic places in 8D/8Z, where the letters A & B have been used for local place; in such cases the 8 must be re- used to introduce the second concept as well; e.g. E British Isles; E8B G Conservation areas in; E8B G8A PH Rivers in conservation areas of the British Isles. However, this should be a very rare occurrence. OUTLINE OF AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 2 : PLACE 31 Relative position 51 Orientation 66 Longitude and latitude * Alternative for latitude is ASV AB (Physiographic place) ABF Lithosphere, land ABU Highlands, mountains ADG Coastal areas ADS (By soil and rock formation) ADV Limestone, karst AE Hydrosphere, water AEG Oceans, seas AF Indian Ocean AGL Antarctic Ocean AH Pacific Ocean AK Atlantic Ocean AL North Polar Sea, Arctic Ocean AN Mediterranean Sea AP Freshwaters AQ Rivers ARS Atmosphere, air AS Regions by climate ASV Regions by latitude AV Tropics AW Regions by vegetation AX Regions by bounding oceans, seas AY Regions by other physical characteristics (Regions reflecting human action) BAJ (By land and resource use) BC Urban BD Developing countries. Third World BFR Residential areas BG Conservation areas (By social/political factors) BJ Administrative units BJM Areas defined by military action BJT Demilitarized zones BK Groupings of states BKF United Nations BKM Eastern bloc, Western bloc BLK European Union. Common Market. EEC BM Empires, unions BME A British Commonwealth (By demographic characteristics) BP Religious group areas BQ Linguistic group areas BST Ethnic group areas BW Regions special to a subject (Political-cum-geographic place) C The Ancient World CCE Mesopotamia CCG Sumer and Akkad CD Babylonia and Assyria CE Media and Persia CEK Hittite Kingdom CF Syria CG Phoenicia CH Palestine CJ Asia Minor CLN Asia other than South West Asia, Oceania, America CM Africa CN Egypt CQ Europe CQY Classical world CR Greece CV Ancient Italy and Rome D/Z The modern world D Europe E British Isles F France GB Spain GP Portugal H Mediterranean HM Malta I Italy JA Central Europe JB Switzerland JP Belgium JT Luxembourg JU Netherlands K Germany KB German Democratic Republic KH German Federal Republic KS Czechoslovakia KW Austria LD Hungary LEY The Balkans LF Yugoslavia LO Albania LP Greece LR Bulgaria LU Romania LY Poland M Scandinavia MB Denmark MG Iceland MJ Norway MO Sweden MU Finland N U.S.S.R. O Asia OF Middle East OH Turkey OM The Levant ON Cyprus OO Syria OOV Lebanon OP Israel OQ Jordan OR Arabia OS Saudi Arabia OU Gulf States OV Iraq PA Iran PR Afghanistan QAX Pakistan QE India QP Bangladesh QRY Himalayan States QW Ceylon. Sri Lanka RA Far East RB China RG Taiwan. Formosa RN Tibet RPY Mongolia RU Korea S Japan ST South-East Asia SV Philippines TB Indo-China THB Thailand THL Burma TJB Malaysia TK Indonesia TKH Borneo TQ New Guinea U8 Australasia UA Australia UV New Zealand V Africa VA Egypt VBL Libya VC Tunisia VD Algeria VE Morocco VET Spanish Sahara VF West Africa VFH Mauritania VFL Senegal VGB Gambia VGD Portuguese Guinea VGE Guinea VGG Sierra Leone VGJ Liberia VGK Ivory Coast VGM Mali VGP Niger VGR Upper Volta VGT Ghana VGW Togo VGY Dahomey VH Nigeria VJ Chad VJS Central African Republic VK Cameroun VKP Equatorial Guinea VLB Gabon VLP Congo Republic VM Zaire VN Angola VP South West Africa VPO Botswana VQ Republic of South Africa VQX Lesotho. Swaziland VRC Mozambique VRR Rhodesia. Zimbabwe VS Zambia VSM Malawi VT Tanzania VTW Ruanda-Urundi VU Uganda VUK Kenya VV Ethiopia VW Indian Ocean VX Malagasy. Madagascar WA Oceania WP Polar regions WT Atlantic Ocean and Islands X America XC Canada Y U.S.A. YXY Latin America ZB Mexico ZC Central America ZD West Indies ZJ South America ZK Columbia ZL Venezuela ZM The Guianas ZP Brazil ZR Paraguay ZS Uruguay ZT Argentina ZU Chile ZV Bolivia ZW Peru ZX Ecuador ZY Space. Extra-terrestrial worlds FULL AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 2 : PLACE 31 Relative position 32 Central 33 Peripheral 34 Adjacent, neighbouring 35 Centripetal, towards the centre 36 Centrifugal, away from the centre 37 Enclosing, surrounding 38 Enclosed, surrounded 39 Extended from, hinterland 42 Limits, borders, boundaries 43 Position within physical environment 44 On the ground 45 Under the ground, subterranean 46 On the water 47 Underwater, submarine, submerged 48 In the air 51 Orientation and hemispheres 52 North 53 Northern hemisphere 54 Northeast 56 East 58 Southeast 59 South 61 Southern hemisphere 62 Southwest 63 West 65 Northwest 66 Longitude and latitude 67 Longitude 68 East of Greenwich 69 West of Greenwich 7 Latitude * This location allows qualification by the concept of latitude per se. For latitude as reflecting major climatic and environmental regions see ASV. * Alternatively use location ASV to represent all references to latitude. * Add to 7 letters T/V following A in AT/AV e.g., Equator 7VV (By physiographic features) ABC Surface ABD Altitude (general) ABF Landmasses, lithosphere ABG Continents ABH Peninsulas ABJ Capes, promontories, headlands ABK Isthmuses ABL Islands ABN Rock formations ABP Outcrops ABQ Ridges, scars ABR Volcanoes ABS Glaciers, moraines (By altitude) ABU Highlands ABV Mountain formations, chains ABW Snow line zones ABX Vegetation line zones ABY Tree line zones AC (Individual mountains) * These are subordinated to the locality concerned ADB Lowlands ADC Plains ADD Valleys, gorges, basins ADE Underground, caves (By proximity to sea) ADG Coastal areas ADH Submerged at high tide, mudflats ADJ Marshlands ADK Swamps ADL Coastline, shore ADM Beach ADN Cliffs ADP Inland ADQ Central continental areas (By soil, rock composition) (By mode of formation) ADS Igneous, volcanic, granite ADT Metamorphic, gneiss ADU Sedimentary ADV Limestone, karst, chalk (By texture) ADW Clays ADX Sands ADY Loams (By chemical constitution) ADY F Acid ADY L Alkaline AE Hydrosphere, bodies of water AEC Floor, bed AED Currents, layers AEE Navigable waters, waterways AEF Salt waters AEG Oceans, seas AEH Roadsteads, anchorages AEJ Inlets, fjords AEK Straits AEL Bays, gulfs AEP High seas AEQ Coastal waters AER Lagoons AES Inland waters, landlocked seas AEY Individual oceans, sea * Whereas other physiographic features are usually subordinated to the locality (e.g. England - Rivers) it is not feasible to subordinate oceans and seas in this way * Some major oceans and seas are enumerated also in the array of political-cum-geographic areas, D/Z. There, they embrace primarily the territories (islands, etc.) within or bounded by them and an alternative is provided at AX. Here, the terms stand for the oceans and seas per se. * A few major constituent parts (gulfs, straits, currents, etc.) are enumerated. All others are obtained by synthesis with AEC/AER. AF Indian Ocean AFD Northwest AFE Gulf of Aden AFF Red Sea AFG Suez Canal AFK Persian Gulf AFL Gulf of Oman AFM Arabian Sea AFN West and Southwest AFP East African coastal waters AFQ Mozambique AFR Southeast African coastal waters AFT Northeast AFV Bay of Bengal AFW Andaman Sea AFX Western East Indies coastal waters AGB East and Southeast AGC Northwestern Australian coastal waters AGD Timor Sea AGE Western Australian coastal waters AGF South Australian AGG Great Australian Bight AGH Bass Strait AGL Antarctic Ocean AGM Indian Ocean sector AGP Atlantic Ocean sector AGQ Weddell Sea AGR Scotia Sea AGT Pacific Ocean sector AGV Ross Sea AH Pacific Ocean AHD South Pacific AHE Southwest Pacific AHF New Zealand coastal waters AHG Tasman Sea AHH Fiji Sea AHJ Coral Sea AHK Arafura Sea AHL Seas south of Sunda Islands AHM Banda Sea AHN Flores Sea AHO Java Sea AHP Malay Archipelago inner seas AHR Celebes Sea AHS South China Sea AHT Philippines inner seas AHW West Pacific AHX Northwest Pacific AHY Philippines Sea AJB East China Sea AJC Yellow Sea AJD Japan coastal waters and inner seas AJE Sea of Japan AJF Sea of Okhotsk AJG Eastern Russia coastal waters AJJ North Pacific AJK Bering Sea AJM Northeast Pacific AJN Alaska coastal waters AJP Canada coastal waters AJQ United States coastal waters AJR Eastern Pacific AJS Panama Canal AJP Southeast Pacific AJV Straits of Magellan AJW Cape Horn waters AK Atlantic Ocean AKD South Atlantic AKE Southeast and East Atlantic AKF West Africa coastal waters AKG Gulf of Guinea AKJ Southwest and West Atlantic AKK Coastal waters of eastern South America AKL Caribbean Sea AKM Gulf of Mexico AKN Sargasso Sea AKP Bahamas waters AKQ North Atlantic AKR Gulf Stream AKS Northwest Atlantic AKT United States eastern coastal waters AKU Gulf of St.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dual Naming of Sea Areas in Modern Atlases and Implications for the East Sea/Sea of Japan Case
    Dual naming of sea areas in modern atlases and implications for the East Sea/Sea of Japan case Rainer DORMELS* Dual naming is, to varying extents, present in nearly all atlases. The empirical research in this paper deals with the dual naming of sea areas in about 20 atlases from different nations in the years from 2006 to 2017. Objective, quality, and size of the atlases and the country where the atlases originated from play a key role. All these characteristics of the atlases will be taken into account in the paper. In the cases of dual naming of sea areas, we can, in general, differentiate between: cases where both names are exonyms, cases where both names are endonyms, and cases where one name is an endonym, while the other is an exonym. The goal of this paper is to suggest a typology of dual names of sea areas in different atlases. As it turns out, dual names of sea areas in atlases have different functions, and in many atlases, dual naming is not a singular exception. Dual naming may help the users of atlases to orientate themselves better. Additionally, dual naming allows for providing valuable information to the users. Regarding the naming of the sea between Korea and Japan present study has achieved the following results: the East Sea/Sea of Japan is the sea area, which by far showed the most use of dual naming in the atlases examined, in all cases of dual naming two exonyms were used, even in atlases, which allow dual naming just in very few cases, the East Sea/Sea of Japan is presented with dual naming.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Stomatopoda of Greece: an Annotated Checklist
    Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e47183 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47183 Taxonomic Paper Stomatopoda of Greece: an annotated checklist Panayota Koulouri‡, Vasilis Gerovasileiou‡§, Nicolas Bailly , Costas Dounas‡ ‡ Hellenic Center for Marine Recearch (HCMR), Heraklion, Greece § WorldFish Center, Los Baños, Philippines Corresponding author: Panayota Koulouri ([email protected]) Academic editor: Eva Chatzinikolaou Received: 09 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Mar 2020 | Published: 26 Mar 2020 Citation: Koulouri P, Gerovasileiou V, Bailly N, Dounas C (2020) Stomatopoda of Greece: an annotated checklist. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e47183. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e47183 Abstract Background The checklist of Stomatopoda of Greece was developed in the framework of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) project, coordinated by the Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC) of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR). The application of the Greek Taxon Information System (GTIS) of this project has been used in order to develop a complete checklist of species recorded from the Greek Seas. The objectives of the present study were to update and cross-check all the stomatopod species that are known to occur in the Greek Seas. Inaccuracies and omissions were also investigated, according to literature and current taxonomic status. New information The up-to-date checklist of Stomatopoda of Greece comprises nine species, classified to eight genera and three families. Keywords Stomatopoda, Greece, Aegean Sea, Sea of Crete, Ionian Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, checklist © Koulouri P et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Power ... Formation in Portugal.Pdf
    Promotoren: Dr. F. von Benda-Beckmann Hoogleraar in het recht, meer in het bijzonder het agrarisch recht van de niet-westerse gebieden. Ir. A. van Maaren Emeritus hoogleraar in de boshuishoudkunde. Preface The history of Portugal is, like that of many other countries in Europe, one of deforestation and reafforestation. Until the eighteenth century, the reclamation of land for agriculture, the expansion of animal husbandry (often on communal grazing grounds or baldios), and the increased demand for wood and timber resulted in the gradual disappearance of forests and woodlands. This tendency was reversed only in the nineteenth century, when planting of trees became a scientifically guided and often government-sponsored activity. The reversal was due, on the one hand, to the increased economic value of timber (the market's "invisible hand" raised timber prices and made forest plantation economically attractive), and to the realization that deforestation had severe impacts on the environment. It was no accident that the idea of sustainability, so much in vogue today, was developed by early-nineteenth-century foresters. Such is the common perspective on forestry history in Europe and Portugal. Within this perspective, social phenomena are translated into abstract notions like agricultural expansion, the invisible hand of the market, and the public interest in sustainably-used natural environments. In such accounts, trees can become gifts from the gods to shelter, feed and warm the mortals (for an example, see: O Vilarealense, (Vila Real), 12 January 1961). However, a closer look makes it clear that such a detached account misses one key aspect: forests serve not only public, but also particular interests, and these particular interests correspond to specific social groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Abstracts
    Program & Book of Abstracts European Society for Population Economics 28th Annual Conference University of Minho, Braga, Portugal 18-21 June 2014 European Society for Population Economics 2014 PRESIDENT James Albrecht Georgetown University, United States of America [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT Erik Plug Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] TREASURER Marco Caliendo University of Potsdam, Germany [email protected] SECRETARY Laura Hospido Bank of Spain, Spain [email protected] Coordinator Local Organizing Team 28Th ESPE Conference Priscila Ferreira University of Minho, Portugal [email protected] Welcome to the 28th ESPE annual conference at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal It is with great joy and enthusiasm that we welcome you to Braga and to the University of Minho. In the spirit of Aldous Huxley, who suggested that “We can only love what we know”, we would like to introduce you to Braga and to the University of Minho, in the hope that those of you who haven't been here before come to love them as much as we do. Braga was founded by a Celtic tribe known as Bracari over 2000 years ago. The Romans named it Bracara Augusta in honour of Emperor Augustus in the year 15/16 BC and made it the capital of the newly-founded province Gallaecia. After being conquered and re-conquered several times, King Afonso VI of Leon offered it to his daughter Dona Teresa (she was his favourite), who became the mother of the first King of Portugal (D.
    [Show full text]
  • 61425923.Pdf
    24 2015 INSIGHTS ON THE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF CEMETERY USE IN THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC OF SOUTHERN PORTUGAL. RADIOCARBON DATING OF LUGAR DO CANTO CAVE (SANTARÉM) IDEAS SOBRE TRANSFORMACIONES EN LAS DINÁMICAS DE UTILIZACIÓN DE CEMENTERIOS NEOLÍTICOS Y CALCOLÍTICOS DEL SUR DE PORTUGAL. LAS DATACIONES RADIOCARBÓNICAS DE LA CUEVA DE LUGAR DO CANTO (SANTARÉM) ANTÓNIO FAUSTINO CARVALHO* JOÃO LUÍS CARDOSO** Abstract: Lugar do Canto Cave is one of the most relevant Resumen: El yacimiento de Lugar do Canto es una de las gru- Neolithic burial caves in Portugal given not only its extraor- tas-necrópolis neolíticas más relevantes de Portugal, no solo dinary preservation conditions at the time of discovery but por las extraordinarias condiciones de preservación en el mo- also the quality of the field record obtained during excava- mento de su descubrimiento, sino también por la calidad del tion. Its material culture immediately pointed to a Middle Ne- registro arqueológico obtenido durante las excavaciones. Aun- olithic cemetery but recent radiocarbon determinations also que su cultura material apuntaba que estábamos ante un ya- allowed the recognition of an apparent two step phasing of cimiento del Neolítico Medio, las dataciones radiocarbónicas its use within the period (ca. 4000-3400 cal BC): an older one recientemente obtenidas indicaron aparentemente dos fases en characterized by a single burial and a later reoccupation as a su periodo de utilización (ca. 4000-3400 cal BC): una fase más collective necropolis. antigua, caracterizada por una deposición funeraria singular, Comparisons with other well-dated cave cemeteries in South- seguida de una reocupación como necrópolis colectiva. ern Portugal permitted the recognition of changing funer- La comparación con otras grutas-necrópolis bien fechadas del ary practices and strategies of cemetery use during the later sur de Portugal permitieron el reconocimiento de transforma- stages of the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic: 1) ca.
    [Show full text]
  • WW2-Spain-Tripbook.Pdf
    SPAIN 1 Page Spanish Civil War (clockwise from top-left) • Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite • Bf 109 with Nationalist markings • Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa • Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar • Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun • HMS Royal Oakin an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Result Nationalist victory • End of the Second Spanish Republic • Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents 2 Page Republicans Nationalists • Ejército Popular • FET y de las JONS[b] • Popular Front • FE de las JONS[c] • CNT-FAI • Requetés[c] • UGT • CEDA[c] • Generalitat de Catalunya • Renovación Española[c] • Euzko Gudarostea[a] • Army of Africa • International Brigades • Italy • Supported by: • Germany • Soviet Union • Supported by: • Mexico • Portugal • France (1936) • Vatican City (Diplomatic) • Foreign volunteers • Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Nationalist leaders • Manuel Azaña • José Sanjurjo † • Julián Besteiro • Emilio Mola † • Francisco Largo Caballero • Francisco Franco • Juan Negrín • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano • Indalecio Prieto • Juan Yagüe • Vicente Rojo Lluch • Miguel Cabanellas † • José Miaja • Fidel Dávila Arrondo • Juan Modesto • Manuel Goded Llopis † • Juan Hernández Saravia • Manuel Hedilla • Carlos Romero Giménez • Manuel Fal Conde • Buenaventura Durruti † • Lluís Companys • José Antonio Aguirre Strength 1936
    [Show full text]
  • Sara Do Nascimento Duarte Mariz Advisor | Nuno Magalhães Guedes
    Author | Sara do Nascimento Duarte Mariz Advisor | Nuno Magalhães Guedes Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of MSc in Business Administration, at the Universidade Católica Portuguesa, January 2013 ABSTRACT Founded in 2009, through the merger of two companies (Sumolis and Compal), SUMOL+COMPAL is the Portuguese leading company in the non-alcoholic beverages market. Due to its long history, most of the company’s products are somehow etched in the memory of the Portuguese. As a result of this merger, the product portfolio increased significantly, all the synergies created contributed to its success and the company achieved in 2011 a turnover of 331.6 million euros, a lower value than the one achieved in the previous year. Manuel Lopes, SUMOL+COMPAL’s CEO, was building a powerful Portuguese company; nevertheless, it had the potential to be even greater. Company’s sales were suffering a decrease and in the year of 2011, Portuguese sales volume dropped by 9.1%. The economic downturn, the competitive environment and the emergency of private labels were motives to rethink the company’s strategy. The differentiation strategy adopted in Portugal was being questioned, as well as the passive presence in international markets. Unlike the domestic market, sales in foreign countries had increased by 30%. Given this indicator, why not to increase the investment in those markets? The hypothesis of adopting a more aggressive internationalization strategy in order to contribute to the company’s growth is one of the central issues of this study. The other crucial aspect of analysis is related to the company’s strategy in the Portuguese market.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Rer11i Nders ; ··· ·' F.!5 Tra~ Vellers ...· R"I
    Ricardo Castto ~ t' I l .,l "t :: lar, ; I ; six rer11i nders ; ··· ·' f.!5 tra~ vellers ...· r"i. ~ >~,· ; . ;r. :,I 26 The Fifth Column Ricar<Jo Castro Dl WACKISE £T lDIT 0 0 volume eight, nwnber three on the rood .. 27 Ricardo Casrro SIX REMINDERS FOR TRAVELLERS. Canals, Spanish canals, particularly the Canal de Castilla. Spain is engraved with canals. Transport, (exchange of goods, displacement of people) and irrigation, (movernem or dispersion of water) are, separately or combined, the two main drivmg forces for the construction of canals. A variety of minor works and utopian projects were begun and promoted as early as the first part of the sixteenth century, a time during which Spain began its political consolidation undec the Catholic Kings. A few years later, between 1548 and 1550, during the reign of Maximillian of Austria interest in fluvial navigation in Spain became a renewed imperative. It is from this time, for instance, that the first Spanish extant drawing of a revolving lock: which closed with the aid of the current, comes to us•. But it is only in the mid- eighteenth century, during the reign of Ferdinand VI, that the first major navigable-irrigation waterworks, the Canal de Castilla and the Imperial Canal of Arag6n, were bwlL Both canals, among the most extraordinary hydraulic monuments of Spain, fonn part of the extensive series of public works including roads, dams, docks, bridges, silos, hospitals, schools and even bullfight rings, initiated and promoted during the Spanish Enlightenment (La Uustraci6n Espai'lola). They would play a more significant role during the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Papers in Economic History the Roots of Land Inequality in Spain
    The roots of land inequality in Spain Francisco J. Beltrán Tapia, Alfonso Díez-Minguela, Julio Martinez-Galarraga, Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat (Universitat de València) Working Papers in Economic History 2021-01 ISSN: 2341-2542 Serie disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/10016/19600 Web: http://portal.uc3m.es/portal/page/portal/instituto_figuerola Correo electrónico: [email protected] Creative Commons Reconocimiento- NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 3.0 España (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 ES) The roots of land inequality in Spain Francisco J. Beltrán Tapia (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU) Alfonso Díez-Minguela (Universitat de València) Julio Martinez-Galarraga (Universitat de València) Daniel A. Tirado-Fabregat (Universitat de València) Abstract There is a high degree of inequality in land access across Spain. In the South, and in contrast to other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, economic and political power there has traditionally been highly concentrated in the hands of large landowners. Indeed, an unequal land ownership structure has been linked to social conflict, the presence of revolutionary ideas and a desire for agrarian reform. But what are the origins of such inequality? In this paper we quantitatively examine whether geography and/or history can explain the regional differences in land access in Spain. While marked regional differences in climate, topography and location would have determined farm size, the timing of the Reconquest, the expansion of the Christian kingdoms across the Iberian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries at the expense of the Moors, influenced the type of institutions that were set up in each region and, in turn, the way land was appropriated and distributed among the Christian settlers.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Family Names
    Portuguese Family Names GERALD M. MOSER 1 Point Cabrillo reflects the Spanish spelling of the nickname of J oao Rodrigues Oabrilho - "the I(id," perhaps a play on words, if the Viscount De Lagoa was correct in assuming that this Portuguese navigator was born in one of the many villages in Portugal called Oabril (Joao Rodrigues Oabrilho, A Biographical Sketch, Lisbon, Agencia Geral do mtramar, 1957, p. 19). 2 Oastroville, Texas, -- there is another town of the same name in California - was named after its founder, Henry Oastro, a Portuguese Jew from France, who came to Providence, R.I., in 1827. From there he went to Texas in 1842, launching a colonization scheme, mainly on land near San Antonio. I came upon the story in the Genealogy Department of the Dallas Public Library, on the eve of reading to the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese a paper on "Cultural Linguistics: The Case of the Portuguese Family Names" (December 28, 1957). The present article is an enlarged version of that paper. 30 38 Gerald M. Moser versational style as 0 Gomes alfaiate, ("that Tailor Gomes"), same manner in which tradesmen and officials were identified in the Lis- . bon of the fifteenth century (see Appendix 2). E) A fifth type of family name exists in Portugal, which has not yet been mentioned. It includes names due to religious devotion, similar to but. not identical with the cult of the saints which has furnished so many baptismal names. These peculiar devotional names are not used as first names in Portugal, although some of them are commonly used thus in Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental State in the Portuguese Test Site: S. Domingos Mine: Past
    Environmental State in the Portuguese Test Site: S. Domingos Mine: Past and Present Portugal – May 2000 Mértola GTK/RS/2004/19 Environmental State:Past and present MINEO Project Primary author of this report is : Maria João Batista IGM Instituto Gelogicao e Mineiro Apartado 7586 Esrrada de Portela – Zambujal 2720 Alfragide PORTUGAL INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. S. DOMINGOS MINING HISTORY 3 3. IMPACT OF MINING ACTIVITY IN S. DOMINGOS REGION: POPULATION, LOCAL AND NACIONAL ECONOMY 6 4. EVOLUTION IN EXPLOITATION PLAN DURING MASON & BARRY LABOUR 9 5. S. DOMINGOS MINE GEOLOGY 11 6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY MINING EXPLOITATION 16 7. SUMMARY CHARACTERISATION OF S. DOMINGOS DRAINAGE SYSTEM 26 8. PREVIOUS STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CHARACTERISATION PROBLEMS 29 9. AVAILABLE INFORMATION PRODUCED DURING EXPLORATION WORKS SINCE 1960 38 10. REFERENCES 39 1 Environmental State:Past and present MINEO Project 1. INTRODUCTION In the Alentejo, Portugal, mining tradition originates from pre-roman and roman times. This activity is marked by numerous mining occurrences that deserve special care from local and central authorities and a special effort to transform them into museum attractions. S. Domingos Mine, located in the Southeast part of Portugal in the Baixo Alentejo Province, approximately 60 Km SE from Beja, is one of those historical mining centres that date from pre- and roman times. Its particular features lies in the unusual characteristics of the area, showing a unique beautiful landscape. All the recent historical mining past during the last 150 years is an important part of the Portuguese cultural assets. The large area covered by the mine, resulting from the more than 25 MT tons of ore that have been extracted during mining works, make it one of the most interesting abandoned mines in Portugal (CARVALHO,1971 in GASPAR, 1996).
    [Show full text]