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The Alien Freshwater Fish of Mount Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia

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The Alien Freshwater Fish of Mount Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 4, April 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 1407-1414 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210419 The alien freshwater fish of Mount Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia HARYONO, GEMA WAHYUDEWANTORO Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km.46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia. Tel. +62-21-8765056, Fax.: +62-21-8765068. email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 23 December 2019. Revision accepted: 11 March 2020. Abstract. Haryono, Wahyudewantoro G. 2020. The alien freshwater fish of Mount Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1407-1414. Mt. Galunggung, located in West Java, Indonesia, is an active volcano renowned for its deadly eruption in 1982. This area has many waters bodies, but the fish communities have not been recorded, especially the alien or introduced fish species. Hence, the objective of the present study was to determine the alien fish diversity, abundance, local distribution and utilization in Galunggung vicinity. The study was done in March 2013 using survey method covering 10 stations. Fish sampling was based on catch per unit of effort (CPUE) using mainly electrofishing, gillnet and cast net. A total of 24 species were recorded during the survey, in which 13 were listed as introduced species. Poecilia reticulata was the dominant species with 7.4 ind./St and followed by Xiphophorus helleri with 5.3 ind./St. Both species were also widely distributed on the sites with 70% local distribution. The alien species in this area are mostly used for ornamental fish. Keywords: Abundance, alien species, distribution, utilization INTRODUCTION of introduced fish species are hybridization with congeneric species, parasite transfers between cultured and Galunggung is a well-known volcano in West Java for wild individuals, extirpations of native fish due to its nine month-big explosions in 1982, where the volcanic competition and predation, and also cascading food web materials spread out as far as Australia. The mountain is impacts at community and ecosystem levels (Woodford et located in southwest Tasikmalaya District, West Java al. 2016). Province, Indonesia. Until now, Galunggung Mountain has Introduced fish species are important factors affecting become an interesting tourist destination. Fadjarajani et al. the changes of abundance of aquatic communities and (2019) reported number of both local and foreign tourists to decrease in fish diversity (Li et al. 2014; Yao et al. 2014). reach hundreds and thousands of people per year. One of The fish diversity of West Java, which including Mt. the points of interest in this area is Mt. Galunggung crater Galunggung area is high, approximately 185 species which positioned at 2,168 m above sea level, which now (Herawati et al. 2019). The utilization of native fish in this already changed into a lake. The water of this lake flows to area is not yet optimal, but the introduced species are tributaries or streams then ends in Citanduy River (Prasetyo already widely distributed. Hence, this study focuses on the 2004). The water which forms the lake comes from introduced or alien freshwater fish species in Mt. rainwater and meteoric water, which is abundant around Galunggung areas. The aim of this study was to determine the peak of Mt. Galunggung supported with the water- the total fish diversity (native and alien), alien fish proof character of the bottom of the crater (De Hoog et al. diversity, abundance, distribution, and utilization of fish. 2001) The main purpose of this study is to increase our Galunggung areas are potential habitats for freshwater understanding of the alien freshwater fish in Indonesia. The fish because of the presence of many streams or tributaries. results of this study are expected to help in management However, until now, the presence of alien or introduced policy of fish resources, especially for native fish species. species there has not yet documented. Minchin et al. (2013) defined alien species as species which were moved out of their area to relatively new region for recreation, trade, MATERIALS AND METHODS food and other economic interests across world. Local people of Galunggung cultured many alien fish species in Study site ponds for ornamental. The alien fish species also were This study was conducted in Mt. Galunggung areas, spread to many freshwater areas in Indonesia. Some including Tasikmalaya District, West Java Province, species probably have invasive characters and threats to Indonesia. Fish sampling covered 10 stations with ranges native species. The invasive alien species (IAS) may cause altitude between 585 and 1130m above sea level (Table 1). myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, The most extreme station was Mt. Galunggung crater, health issues to human, animal, and plant, economic because of its nature as a small lake (Figure 1). damage and species extinctions (Dickey et al.2018; Jakubcinova et al. 2018). Moreover, the negative impacts 1408 BIODIVERSITAS 21 (4): 1407-1414, April 2020 Mount Galunggung Tasikmalaya City Figure 1. The position of Mt. Galunggung and its crater (yellow circle), in Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia Table 1. Study sites in Mt. Galunggung, Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia Stations Station name Coodinats Altitude (m) St.1 Cibukur stream ( lower parts 1) 07 o16' 09.0" S 108o 06' 08.0" E 661 St.2 Cibukur stream (upper parts) 07 o15' 59.0" S 108o 05' 58.8" E 715 St.3 Cipongkor stream 07 o16' 10.8" S 108o 06' 07.8" E 668 St.4 Drainage system 07 o16' 05.2" S 108o 05' 55.0" E 710 St.5 Cikunir stream 07 o16' 19.4" S 108o 05' 50.8" E 687 St.6 Galunggung cauldron as lake 07 o15' 30.4" S 108o 04' 32.3" E 1130 St.7 Ciasem stream 07 o16' 45.6" S 108o 07' 03.0" E 585 St.8 Cibukur stream (lower parts 2) 07 o16' 51.1" S 108o 06' 59.0" E 596 St.9 Banjaran stream 07 o15' 49.3" S 108o 06' 27.4" E 684 St.10 Citunggul stream 07 o16' 53.4" S 108o 06' 50.6" E 591 Fish sampling and identification database/welcome/). Additional information on the present Fish samplings were conducted based on catch per unit status of the fishes was also obtained from Fishbase data of effort methods (CPUE) in March 2013 in the 10 stations. (Froese and Pauly 2019). The deployed fishing gears were mainly fish electro shockers which were powered by battery motorcycle with Data analysis capacity 12 volt and 10 amperes; completed with gill net Analysis of covered abundance and local distribution. with 1 inch mesh size and cast net with 3 m diameter. Fish The abundance of fish species according to Misra (1968) sampling was conducted for 2 hours for each station. The calculated as follows: collected fish were counted, sub-samples representing each species were cleaned and photographed, and later preserved Abundance= Ni/N.Sti in 10% formalin in plastic bags. The bags were tagged with Where, Ni = number individual of species-i; N.St.i = sampling location, date, and the local name of the fish. number of the stations where species-i was found These fish samples were transported to the laboratory with The local distribution or frequency of incidence (FOI) formalin replaced to ethanol 70%. Fish specimens were of each species was estimated according to Muchlisin and identified based on Weber and de Beaufort (1913), Mohsin Azizah (2009) and Muchlisin et al. (2015) as follows: and Ambak (1983), Inger and Chin (1962), Roberts (1989; 1993), Kottelat et al. (1993), Axelrods et al. (1995), and FOI = (Ni · St / Ni · St) × 100 Eschmeyer (1998). Validation of the scientific name of fish Where, Ni.St = total number of stations where the species referred to Kottelat (2013); Froese and Pauly (2019). species i where found, N.St = total number of sampling Following identification and documentation, the status stations. of each fish (alien and native) was determined based on the Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.issg.org/ HARYONO & WAHYUDEWANTORO – Alien fish of Mt. Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia 1409 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION shallow water habitat with vegetation. Barbodes binotatus and Ostechilus vittatus were not Fish diversity only abundant in Mt. Galunggung but also Gunung Ciremai A total of 875 individual fish were collected, which National Park and Gunung Halimun National Park. Their comprised of 24 species and 9 families in Mt. Galunggung habitats are shallow stream, slow current water, and areas (Table 2). Number of fish species in these areas was converted environments such as rice field or plantation lower compared with that of Gunung Machinchang, Pulau (Beamish et al. 2006; Suryaningsih et al. 2018). This Langkawi Malaysia, which recorded of 27 species (Azmir condition causes these species to pose herbivore feeding et al. 2010). Cichlidae predominated the area with 10 behavior with Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, species, followed by Cyprinidae with 4 species and other Cyanophyceae and detritus as the additional diet (Aryani et families consist of 1 to 2 species. The number of fish al. 2017; Batubara et al. 2019). Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) species from Mt. Galunggung was higher compared to is a species with small body size, high adaptation, and fast nearby areas, such as Gunung Sawal with 12 reported reproduction rate which make its population abundant species (Haryono 2017) and Gunung Telaga Bodas with 17 (Meffe and Snelson 1989; Montag et al. 2011). species (Haryono 2018). Species composition in Mt. The species composition in Galunggung was interesting Galunggung was different compared to other areas. because we did not find common species of mountain Cyprinidae has been the dominant family in general, such fishes such as Rasbora lateristriata and Glyptothorax as in Klawing river at Central Java (Suryaningsih et al. major, as reported from Gunung Slamet (Haryono 2012) 2018), Batangtoru River, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra and Gunung Sawal (Haryono 2017).
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