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BİR ÇİKLİT BALIĞI TÜRÜ OLAN Aequidens Rivulatus (GÜNTHER, 1860)’UN ÜREME VE LARVAL GELİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ

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BİR ÇİKLİT BALIĞI TÜRÜ OLAN Aequidens Rivulatus (GÜNTHER, 1860)’UN ÜREME VE LARVAL GELİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ T.C. ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BİR ÇİKLİT BALIĞI TÜRÜ OLAN Aequidens rivulatus (GÜNTHER, 1860)’UN ÜREME VE LARVAL GELİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ FAZLI GÜNGÖR Bu tez, Balıkçılık Teknololisi Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalında Yüksek Lisans derecesi için hazırlanmıştır. ORDU 2012 Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü öğrencisi Fazlı GÜNGÖR tarafından ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru YILMAZ danışmanlığında hazırlanan “Bir Çiklit Balığı Türü Olan Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)’un Üreme ve Larval Gelişiminin İncelenmesi” adlı bu tez, jürimiz tarafından 14/ 11 / 2012 tarihinde oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile Balıkçılık Teknoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalında Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Danışman : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru YILMAZ BAŞKAN: : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru YILMAZ Balıkçılık Teknolojisi Mühendisliği, Ordu Üniversitesi ÜYE : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet KOCABAŞ Yaban Hayatı Ekolojisi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi ÜYE : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yılmaz ÇİFTCİ Balıkçılık Teknolojisi Mühendisliği, Ordu Üniversitesi ONAY: Bu tezin kabulü, Enstitü Yönetim Kurulu’nun……….tarih ve …………sayılı kararı ile onaylanmıştır. /11/2012 Enstitü Müdür V. Doç. Dr. M. Fikret BALTA TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyulduğunu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğunu, tezin içerdiği yenilik ve sonuçların başka bir yerden alınmadığını, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim. Fazlı GÜNGÖR Not: Bu tezde kullanılan özgün ve başka kaynaktan yapılan bildirişlerin, çizelge, şekil ve fotoğrafların kaynak gösterilmeden kullanımı, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunundaki hükümlere tabidir. I ÖZET BİR ÇİKLİT BALIĞI TÜRÜ OLAN Aequidens rivulatus (GÜNTHER, 1860)’UN ÜREME VE LARVAL GELİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ Fazlı GÜNGÖR Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Balıkçılık Teknolojisi Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2012 Yüksek Lisans Tezi,73s. Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru YILMAZ Bu araştırmada, Amerika çiklitlerinden olan Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860) balığının üreme özellikleri ve larval gelişimi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada 13 adet aequidens rivulatus balığı kullanılmıştır. Eş tutan balıklara uygun ortam hazırlandıktan sonra gerçekleşen yumurtlama işlemi ortalama 25.1±1.0ºC su sıcaklığında yaklaşık 75-90 dakika sürmüştür. Bırakılan yumurta sayısı ortalama 527±70 adettir. Yumurtlama işlemi bittikten sonra incelenmeye başlanan yumurtaların kısa eksen uzunluğu ortalama 1.45±0.06 mm, uzun eksen uzunluğu ortalama 1.86±0.04 mm olarak ölçülmüştür. Embriyodaki ilk kalp atışı 49. saatte gerçekleşmiştir. Yumurtaların inkübasyonu ortalama 75.5±0.7 saat sürmüş, yumurtadan çıkan larvaların total boyunun ortalama 4.26±0.14 mm olduğu ve besin kesesi uzunluğunun kısa ekseni ortalama 1.06±0.03 mm, uzun ekseni ise ortalama 1.63±0.05mm olarak tespit edilmiştir. 4. günde larvada ağız açıklığı gerçekleşmiş ve 5. günde dışarıdan artemia ile beslenmeye başlanmıştır. Larva bir haftalık olduğunda besin kesesini tamamen tüketmiş, hava kesesi mikroskop altında görülmüş ve serbest yüzüşe başlamıştır. Bu aşamada larvanın boyu ortalama 6.27±0.11 mm olarak ölçülmüştür. 10. günde dorsal ve anal yüzgeç ışınları gözlenmiştir. 2 haftalık larvalara artemianın yanında öğütülmüş toz yem verilmeye başlanmıştır. 22 günlük larvaların total boyu ortalama 7.08±0.18 mm olarak ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; Aequidens rivulatus balıklarının üreme özellikleri araştırılmış ve araştırmada bu türün embriyonik ve larval gelişim safhaları detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Aequidens rivulatus, green terror, çiklit balıkları, üreme, yumurta, embriyonik gelişim, larva. II ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEN TERROR (Aequidens rivulatus) (GÜNTHER, 1860) Fazlı GÜNGÖR Ordu University Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Technology Fisheries Technology Engineering, 2012 MSc. Thesis, 73p. Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Ebru YILMAZ In this research, the reproductive characteristics and larval development of Aequidens rivulatus, which is a species of American green terror (Günther, 1860). The research, the 13 Aequidens rivulatus fish were used. After preparing the proper conditions for the mated pair fish, the egg-laying process lasted about 75–90 minutes in a water temperature of 25.1±1.0ºC. The number of the eggs laid was average 527±70. After the egg-laying, the lengths of the short and long axes of the eggs were 1.45±0.06 mm and 1.86±0.04 mm, respectively. The first heartbeat of the embryo was observed in the 49th hour. The incubation of the eggs lasted for 75.5±0.7 hours; and it was seen that the total length of the larvas coming out of the egg was 4.26±0.14 mm and the lengths of the short and long axes of the food bladder were 1.06±0.03 mm and 1.63±0.05mm, respectively. In the fourth day, larva took place the mouth opening and in the 5th day it begun to be feed from external with artemia. When the larva was one week old, it had totally absorbed the yolk sac, the air bladde of the larva had been seen under microscope and the larva had started free swimming. In this stage, the length of the larva was measured as 6.27±0.11. In the 10th day, dorsal and anal fin-ray were observed. 2-week-old larvas were begun to be feed with dust feed as well as artemia. Total lenght of 22-day-old larvas was measured as 7.08±0.18 mm. As a result, the reproduction characteristics of Aequidens rivulatus fish have been researched and in the research, the emryonic and larval development stages of this species have been analyzed in detail. Keywords: Aequidens rivulatus, green terror, cichlid fishes, reproduction, egg, embryonic development, larva. III TEŞEKKÜR Tez konumun seçilmesinde, bu tezin her aşamasında ilgisini, desteğini, samimiyetini, emeğini ve güler yüzünü hiç esirgemeyen değerli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru YILMAZ’a, araştırmam boyunca yardımlarını esirgemeyen Yüksek Bal. Tek. Müh.’i Abdullah YILMAZ ve yüksek lisans öğrencileri Can ÖNEL ve R. Oğuz ARIK’a, laboratuar sorumlusu su ürünleri teknikeri Bünyamin ARI’ya, bütün zorluklara rağmen hayatımın her anında yanımda olan ve ideallerimi gerçekleştirmemi sağlayan sevgili aileme, yürekten teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. IV İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa TEZ BİLDİRİMİ………………………………………………………............ I ÖZET ………………………………………………………………………….. II ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………...……... III TEŞEKKÜR ………………………………………………………………….. IV İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………..... V ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ………………………………………............................ VII ÇİZELGELER LİSTESİ……….………………………….…........................ IX SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR…...…………………………………...... X 1. GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………............. 1 1.1. Çiklit Balıkları…………………………………………………............. 3 1.2. Güney Amerika Çiklit Balıkları………………………………….......... 5 1.3. Aequidens rivulatus Balığının Sistematikteki Yeri……………………. 6 1.4. Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)’un Coğrafik Dağılımı ................. 7 1.5. Aequidens rivulatus (Günther 1860)’un Morfolojik Özellikleri………. 8 1.6. Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)’un Benzer Türleri ile Farklılıkları …………………………………………………………………………. 10 1.7. Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)’un Beslenme Özellikleri……….. 11 1.8. Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860)’un Genel Üreme Biyolojisi.......... 12 1.9. Kemikli Balıklarda Üreme Biyolojisi …………………….................... 13 1.9.1. Spermatozoa Morfolojisi ……………………………………….……... 15 1.9.2. Yumurta Morfolojisi................................................................................ 16 1.9.3. Döllenme …………………………………………………………….... 17 1.9.4. Yumurtalarda Embriyonik Gelişim……………………………………. 17 1.9.5. Larva Gelişimi …………………………………………….…………... 20 2. ÖNCEKİ ÇALIŞMALAR………………………………………....... 22 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ……………………………...………… 27 V 3.1 Materyal …………………………………….......................................... 27 3.1.1. Deneme Yeri, Süresi ve Akvaryum Materyali ……………….……….. 27 3.1.2. Su Materyali............................................................................................ 27 3.1.3. Balık Materyali ………………………………………………...….…... 28 3.1.4. Yem Materyali ………………………………………………….…...... 28 3.1.5. Diğer Materyaller……………………………………………………… 29 3.2. Yöntem …………………………………………………...................... 31 3.2.1. Anaç Stoğun Oluşturulması…………………………………................ 31 3.2.2. Cinsiyet Ayrımının Belirlenmesi…………………………………….… 32 3.2.3. Üretim..................................................................................................... 33 3.2.4. Embriyonik ve Larval Gelişimin Belirlenmesi……….…….………….. 34 3.2.5. Verilerin Değerlendirilmesi……………………………………….…… 36 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI………………………………………... 37 4.1. Araştırmada Kullanılan Anaç Balıkların Morfolojik ve Biyometrik Özelliklerine Ait Bulgular....................................................................... 37 4.2. Eş Seçimi Davranışlarına Ait Bulgular …………………….................. 38 4.3. Yumurtlama Davranışına Ait Bulgular ……………………………...... 39 4.4. Yumurta Açılımına Ait Bulgular............................................................. 40 4.5. Yumurtaların Embriyonik Gelişimine Ait Bulgular…………………… 41 4.6. Larval Gelişime Ait Bulgular………...…………................................... 47 5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ ……………………….…………...……..... 58 6. KAYNAKLAR……………………………………………………....... 65 7. ÖZGEÇMİŞ…………………………………………………………... 73 VI ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ Şekil No Sayfa Şekil 1.1. Aequidens rivulatus (Günther, 1860) …….……………………..………… 7 Şekil
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