SUBFAMILY Bonaparte, 1835 - American [=Cychlini, Acharnina, Geophaginae, , Astronotini, Cichlasomini, Crenicarini, Chaetobranchinae, Crenicichlinae, Therapsini, , Retroculinae, , Acarichthyini, Crenicaratini, Acaroniini, Archocentrina] Notes: Cychlini Bonaparte, 1835:[11] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Cichla [Cychla inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; stem corrected to Cichl- by Gill 1872:7 [ref. 26254], confirmed by Bleeker 1877:4 [ref. 454] and by Jordan 1923a:219 [ref. 2421]] Acharnina Günther, 1861c:369 [ref. 1964] (group) Acharnes Geophaginae Haseman, 1911:322 [ref. 2047] (subfamily) Chaetobranchini Hoedeman, 1947, in Hoedeman & de Jong, 1947–58:X.60.76, p. 13 [ref. 19665] (tribe) [name only, rejected by Kullander 1998:493 [ref. 23855] with the help of Article 13; not available] Astronotini Hoedeman, 1947, in Hoedeman & de Jong, 1947–58:X.60.76, p. 13, [ref. 19665] (tribe) [name only, but used as valid, as Astronotidi, by Hoedeman 1954:442, by Hoedeman 1974:1022 and by Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Article 13.2.1; also as name only: Hoedeman 1948:X.60.762.262, p. 1, Hoedeman 1949:X.60.762.261, p. 1, Hoedeman 1950:X.60.762.262, p. 1 and Hoedeman 1951:X.60.762.265, p. 1] Cichlasomini Hoedeman, 1947, in Hoedeman & de Jong, 1947–58:X.60.76, p. 13 [ref. 19665] (tribe) [name only, rejected by Kullander 1998:493 [ref. 23855] with the help of Article 13; not available; also in Enclycopedia of Waterlife X.601.175.223, pp. 1, 9] Crenicarini Hoedeman, 1947, in Hoedeman & de Jong, 1947–58:X.60.76, p. 13 [ref. 19665] (tribe) [name only, rejected by Kullander 1998:493 [ref. 23855] with the help of Article 13; not available] Chaetobranchinae Fernández-Yépez, 1951:1 [ref. 32241] (subfamily) Chaetobranchus Crenicichlinae Fernández-Yépez, 1951:2 [ref. 32241] (subfamily) [ inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] Therapsini Allgayer, 1989:20 [ref. 20696] (tribe) Cichlasomatinae Kullander, 1998:492 [ref. 23855] (subfamily) Cichlasoma Retroculinae Kullander, 1998:494 [ref. 23855] (subfamily) Heroini Kullander, 1998:493 [ref. 23855] (tribe) Acarichthyini Kullander, 1998:494 [ref. 23855] (tribe) Acarichthys Crenicaratini Kullander, 1998:494 [ref. 23855] (tribe) Crenicara Acaroniini Kullander, 1998:494 [ref. 23855] (tribe) Archocentrina Allgayer, 2001:13 [ref. 26904] (subtribe) GENUS Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912 - cichlids [=Acarichthys Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:483, 500] Notes: [ref. 1227]. Masc. Acara heckelii Müller & Troschel, 1848. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912 -- (Kullander 1980:23 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1986:134 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:607 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Acarichthys Eigenmann, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Acarichthys heckelii (Muller & Troschel, 1849) - threadfin acara [=Acara heckelii Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.], 1849:624, Acara subocularis Cope [E. D.], 1878:696, Geophagus thayeri Steindachner [F.], 1875:108 [48], Pl. 3 (fig. 2, 2a-2b)] Notes: [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] . Current status: Valid as Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon and Essequibo River basins: , Colombia, Guyana and Peru. Introduced in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater. (subocularis) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 17 (no. 101); ref. 945] Peruvian Amazon. Current status: Synonym of Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (thayeri) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] at: Tefé, Villa Bella, Obidos, Cudajas; Rio Tocantins; Jatuarana; Ueranduba; Serpa; Rio Tapajos; Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Acaronia Myers, 1940 - cichlids [=Acaronia Myers [G. S.], 1940:170, Acaropsis (subgenus of Acara) Steindachner [F.], 1875:80] Notes: [ref. 3117]. Fem. Acara nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Acaropsis Steindachner, 1875, preoccupied by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon, 1863 in Arachnida. •Valid as Acaronia Myers, 1940 -- (Kullander 1986:78 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:607 [ref. 27061], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518]). Current status: Valid as Acaronia Myers, 1940. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Acaropsis) [ref. 4220]. Fem. Acara nassa Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon, 1863 in Arachnida, replaced by Acaronia Myers, 1940. •Synonym of Acaronia Myers, 1940 – (Kullander 1986:78 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:607 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Acaronia Myers, 1940. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840) - bigeye [=Acara nassa Heckel [J. J.], 1840:353, ambloplitoides Fowler [H. W.], 1940:281, Fig. 63, Acara cognatus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:356, Centrarchus rostratus Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:163, Pl. 15, Acara unicolor Heckel [J. J.], 1840:357, Pl. 30 (fig. 25)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Boca de Juquià, Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespead in South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (ambloplitoides) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Ucayali River basin, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (cognatus) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (rostratus) [The natural history of of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Río Negro. Current status: Synonym of Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (unicolor) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kullander, 1989 - El Burro cichlid [=Acaronia vultuosa Kullander [S. O.], 1989:447, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 16009] Small drying pool off road from El Burro to Puerto Ayacucho, about 5°47'N, 67°29'W, Depto. Ature, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: River basin and upper Negro River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Eigenmann & Bray, 1894 - cichlids [=Aequidens (subgenus of Astronotus) Eigenmann [C. H.] & Bray [W. L.], 1894:616] Notes: [ref. 1248]. Masc. Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy in subgenus. •Valid as Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894 -- (Kullander 1986:338 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:134 [ref. 14136], Kullander 1995 [ref. 21877], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Britski et al. 1999:148 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:607 [ref. 27061], Allen et al. 2006:1437 [ref. 29081], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Kullander 2012:52 [ref. 31798], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956 - Rio Abacapa cichlid [=Aequidens chimantanus Inger [R. F.], 1956:437, Fig. 94] Notes: [Fieldiana Zoology v. 34 (no. 37); ref. 12201] Río Abácapa, west side of Chimantá-tepui, Venezuela, elevation 1300 feet. Current status: Valid as Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Caroní River basin in Orinoco River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840) - Marabitanos cichlid [=Acara diadema Heckel [J. J.], 1840:344] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Marabitanos, River Negro, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Orinoco River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995 - Rio Tapajos cichlid [=Aequidens epae Kullander [S. O.], 1995:158, Fig. 10] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 21877] Río Tapajós drainage, igarapé in Barreirinha, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tapajós River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995 - Nucleo Aripuana cichlid [=Aequidens gerciliae Kullander [S. O.], 1995:150, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 21877] Nucleo Aripuana, Igarapé do Aeroporto, above the cachoeira, about 10°10'S, 59°25'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Aripuanã River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997 - Rio Maues cichlid [=Aequidens mauesanus Kullander [S. O.], 1997:378, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 22750] Rio Maués drainage, município do Maués, igarapé do Rio Maraú, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Maués and Arapiuns rivers, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922 - Barrigon cichlid [=Aequidens metae Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:241, Pl. 30 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Barrigón, Río Meta, Orinoco System, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Meta River in Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995 - Rio Xingu aequidens [=Aequidens michaeli Kullander [S. O.], 1995:163, Fig. 14] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 21877] Rio Xingú drainage, Belo Monte, rocky pool near Cachoeira, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Xingú River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840) - pallid aequidens [=Acara pallidus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:347, Aequidens duopunctata Haseman [J. D.], 1911:338, Pl. 56] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] of Rio Amazonas, South America. Current status: Valid as Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (duopunctata) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - Paloemeu River cichlid [=Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:141, Fig. 77-79] Notes: [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Paloemeu River tributary, between Trombaka Noord and Trombaka Zuid, Marowijne River drainage, Marowijne District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paloemeu River, Marowijne River drainage, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984 - Rio Aguaytia cichlid [=Aequidens patricki Kullander [S. O.], 1984:2, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 17436] Small brook from a drying pool, tributary of Río Aguaytia, 9°02'S, 75°31'W, Coronel Portillo Province, Peru. Current status: Valid as Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Aguytía and Pachitea rivers, Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984 - Piquiri-Itiquira cichlid [=Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander [S. O.], 1984:155, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 21134] Internal lakes of the Piquiri-Itiquira system, Itiquira, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912 - Amatuk cichlid [=Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:490, Pl. 66 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Rio do Sangue cichlid [=Acaropsis rondoni Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:11, Pl. 4 (top)] Notes: [Historia Natural. Zoologia. Cichlidae Publ. 46 (Annexo 5); ref. 3720] Rio do Sangue, above Bello falls, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens superomaculatum Hernandez-Acevedo et al., 2015 - Casiquiare cichlid [=Aequidens superomaculatum Hernández-Acevedo [J. H.], Machado-Allison [A.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2015:98, Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Biota Colombiana v. 16 (no. 2); ref. 34438] Apróx. 3 km río abajo del campamento base La Neblina, río Casiquiare - río Baria, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela, 00°50’N, 66°10’W. Current status: Valid as Aequidens superomaculatum Hernández-Acevedo, Machado-Allison & Lasso, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Alto Orinoco and alto río Negro, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840) - Rio Branco aequidens [=Acara tetramerus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:341, Pl. 29 (figs. 1-4), Aequidens stollei Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:13, Pl. 5 (3 figs. middle and bottom), Acaronia trimaculata Allen [W. R.], in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942:389, Pl. 22 (fig. 8), Chromys uniocellata Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:15, Pl. 6 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Branco, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widely disributed in Amazon River basin and Orinoco River basin: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (stollei) [Historia Natural. Zoologia. Cichlidae Publ. 46 (Annexo 5); ref. 3720] Rio Jamary, Rio Madeira, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (trimaculata) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Iquitos, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (uniocellata) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayale, Mission de Sarayacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991 - Igarape aequidens [=Aequidens tubicen Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 1991:427, Fig. 4] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 19 (no. 4) [1990]; ref. 16013] Igarapé at kilometer 4 on the road to Perimetral Norte, Reserva Biológica de Trombetas, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trombetas River, Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840) - Mato Grosso aequidens [=Acara viridis Heckel [J. J.], 1840:343, Aequidens awani Haseman [J. D.], 1911:335, Pl. 55, Aequidens guaporensis Haseman [J. D.], 1911:335, Pl. 54] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Guaporé River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (awani) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] São Antonio de Guaporé, Rio Guaporé, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (guaporensis) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] São Antonio de Guaporé, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Aequidens vittatus (Jardin, in Schomburgk, 1943) - vittatus aequidens [=Centrarchus vittatus Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:161, Pl. 14] Notes: [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Unknown locality. Current status: Valid as Aequidens vittatus (Jardine, 1843). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Schmitter-Sotto, 2007 - cichlids [=Amatitlania Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:48, Bussingius Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:41] Notes: [ref. 29310]. Fem. Heros nigrofasciatus Günther, 1867. Type by original designation. •Valid as Amatitlania Schmitter-Soto, 2007 -- (Scharpf 2009:3 [ref. 30400], Esmaeili et al. 2013:225 [ref. 32957], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989], Mcmahan et al. 2014:633 [ref. 33605]). Current status: Valid as Amatitlania Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Bussingius) [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] Masc. Cichlosoma septemfasciatum Regan, 1908. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Allgayer, 2001, but a valid subgenus Bussingius as described. •Synonym of Amatitlania Schmitter-Soto, 2007 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:34 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Synonym of Amatitlania Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Amatitlania altoflava (Allgayer, 2001) - Rio Carnaveral cichlid [=Cryptoheros altoflavus Allgayer [R.], 2001:16, 3 figs. (unnumbered)] Notes: [L'an Cichlidé v. 1; ref. 26904] Rio Carñaveral, (Rio Caño), Province Bocas del Toro, Panama. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania altoflava (Allgayer, 2001). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope in Cañaveral River basin and Cricamola River, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania coateqeque Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - Lake Coatepeque cichlid [=Amatitlania coatepeque Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:52, Figs. 19] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] North shore of island in Lake Coatepeque, El Salvador. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania coatepeque Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Coatepeque, El Salvador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania kanna Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - San San Swamp cichlid [=Amatitlania kanna Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:53, Fig. 20] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] San San Swamp, Atlantic Panama. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania kanna Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: (Atlantic) Panama and Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania myrnae (Loiselle, 1997) - Rio Cocolis cichlid [=Archocentrus myrnae Loiselle [P. V.], 1997:3, Figs.] Notes: [Buntbarsche Bulletin No. 180 (June); ref. 23115] Río Cocolis, tributary of Río Sixaola, 3.5 kilometers southeast of Shiroles, on Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limón Province, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania myrnae (Loiselle, 1997). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and (?) Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania nanoluteus (Allgayer, 1994) - Boca del Toro cichlid [=Archocentrus nanoluteus Allgayer [R.], 1994:9, Figs.] Notes: [Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 135; ref. 21370] Boca del Toro, Río Guarumo, 9°55' to 9°52'N, 82°13'W, Chiriqui Grande District, Panama. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania nanolutea (Allgayer, 1994). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Gunther, 1867) - [=Heros nigrofasciatus Günther [A.], 1867:601, Amatitlania coatepeque Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:52, Figs. 19] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Amatitlán, . Current status: Valid as Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: : Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama; introduced in Hawaiian Islands, , Réunion, in Middle East and Philippines. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania sajica (Bussing, 1974) - Rio Sierpe cichlid [=Cichlasoma sajica Bussing [W. A.], 1974:30, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 7493] Tributary of Río Sierpe, 2 kilometers south of Palmar Sur at Interamerican highway, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, elevation 20 meters. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania sajica (Bussing, 1974). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater. Species Amatitlania septemfasciatum (Regan, 1908) - Rio Iroquois cichlid [=Cichlasoma septemfasciatum Regan [C. T.], 1908:461] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 11); ref. 3637] Río Iroquois, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania septemfasciata (Regan, 1908). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica to Nicaraguan border. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amatitlania siquia Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - Honduran red point cichlid [=Amatitlania siquia Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:54, Fig. 21] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] Stream flowing out of the forest into Río Siquia, 7 miles north of Rama, Atlantic Panama. Current status: Valid as Amatitlania siquia Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Costa Rica (both coasts), Nicaragua to Honduras. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Agassiz, 1859 - cichlids [=Amphilophus Agassiz [L.], 1859:408, Curraichthys Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1969:[3], Erythrichthus (subgenus of Cichlasoma) Meek [S. E.], 1907:118, 121] Notes: [ref. 74]. Masc. Amphilophus froebelii Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Description very brief. •Valid as Amphilophus but polyphyletic -- (Chakrabarty 2007:21 [ref. 29359]). •Valid as Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859 -- (Loiselle 1997:3 [ref. 23115], Kullander & Hartel 1997:199 [ref. 22732], Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:609 [ref. 27061], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:3 [ref. 30400], Oldfield 2009:1 [ref. 30478], Geiger et al. 2010:159 [ref. 30923], Recknagel et al. 2013:207 [ref. 32956], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Curraichthys) [ref. 9186]. Masc. Heros lobochilus Günther, 1867. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859 -- (Kullander & Hartel 1996:199 [ref. 22732], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:609 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Erythrichthus) [ref. 2959]. Masc. Heros citrinellus Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859 -- (Kullander & Hartel 1996:199 [ref. 22732], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:609 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 - Lake Xiloa cichlid [=Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer [J. R., Jr.] & McKaye [K. R.], 2002:8, Fig. 4] Notes: [Cuadernos de investigación de la UCA, Universidad Centroamericana No. 12; ref. 27240] Lake Xiloá, 12°13.848'N, 86°19.387'W, Nicaragua, depth 3-10 meters. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Xiloá, Atlantic slope of Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus astorquii Stauffer et al., 2008 - Casa Rosal cichlid [=Amphilophus astorquii Stauffer [J. R., Jr.], McCrary [J. K.] & Black [K. E.], 2008:122, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 121 (no. 1); ref. 29556] Casa Rosal, Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua, 11°55.74'N, 86°3.18'W. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus astorquii Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus chancho Stauffer et al., 2008 - Grenada Bajadero cichlid [=Amphilophus chancho Stauffer [J. R., Jr.], McCrary [J. K.] & Black [K. E.], 2008:119, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 121 (no. 1); ref. 29556] Granada Bajadero, Lake Apoypo, Nicaragua, 11°55.41'N, 86°0.72'W. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus chancho Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Apoypo, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus citrinellus (Gunther, 1864) - midas cichlid [=Heros citrinellus Günther [A.], 1864:153, Heros basilaris Gill [T. N.], in Gill & Bransford, 1877:182, Cichlasoma granadense Meek [S. E.], 1907:121] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1); ref. 13930] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica; established in southern Florida, U.S.A. and Singpore. Habitat: freshwater. (basilaris) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (granadense) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2959] Lago Nicaragua at Granada, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus erythraeus (Gunther, 1867) - Lake Managua cichlid [=Heros erythraeus Günther [A.], 1867:602] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus erythraeus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus flaveolus Stauffer et al., 2008 - Otro Lado cichlid [=Amphilophus flaveolus Stauffer [J. R., Jr.], McCrary [J. K.] & Black [K. E.], 2008:121, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 121 (no. 1); ref. 29556] Otro Lado, Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua, 11°54.22'N, 86°1.72'W. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus flaveolus Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus globosus Geiger et al., 2010 - Fte Ranchos cichlid [=Amphilophus globosus Geiger [M. F.], McCrary [J. K.] & Stauffer [J. R., Jr.], 2010:164, Figs. 3, 7 (middle right)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 123 (no. 2); ref. 30913] Fte Ranchos, Lake Apoyo, northwest shore, Dep. Masaya, Nicaragua, 11°55'54.00"N, 86°03'10.80"W. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus globosus Geiger, McCrary & Stauffer, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli, 1950) - Rio Choluteca cichlid [=Cichlasoma hogaboomorum Carr [A. F., Jr.] & Giovannoli [L.], 1950:27, Pl. 2 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 523; ref. 12940] Río Choluteca, 5 kilometers below Choluteca, Pacific Slope, Honduras, elevation 50 meters. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli, 1950). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific coast of Honduras. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Amphilophus istlanus (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) - Rio Ixtla cichlid [=Heros istlanus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1899:144, Fig. 21, Cichlasoma fusca istlana de Buen [F.], 1946:121, Cichlasoma (Parapetenia) leonhardschultzei Ahl [E.] 1935:109, Heros mento Vaillant [L. L.] & Pellegrin [J.] 1902:88 [4]] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Commission v. 19 [1899]; ref. 2501] Río Ixtla at Puente de Ixtla, Río Balsa basin, Morelos, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus istlanus (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (istlana) [Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural v. 7 (nos 1-4); ref. 12981] Río Huámito, La Huacana, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus istlanus (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (leonhardschultzei) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1935 (nos 1-3); ref. 13864] Tlapa, Guerrero, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus istlanus (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (mento) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 14896] Río Negro, southern Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus istlanus (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus labiatus (Gunther, 1864) - red devil [=Heros labiatus Günther [A.], 1864:27, Pl. 4 (fig. 1), Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek [S. E.], 1907:123, Heros lobochilus Günther [A.], 1867:602] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1); ref. 5752] Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua, in lakes Nicaragua and Managua; introduced in Hawaii. Habitat: freshwater. (dorsatum) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2959] Lago Managua at Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (lobochilus) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966) - Rio Coto cichlid [=Cichlasoma lyonsi Gosse [J.-P.], 1966:16, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 42 (no. 28); ref. 9032] Tributary of Río Coto, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 - sagittae amphilophus [=Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer [J. R., Jr.] & McKaye [K. R.], 2002:12, Fig. 11] Notes: [Cuadernos de investigación de la UCA, Universidad Centroamericana No. 12; ref. 27240] Lake Xiloá, 12°13.848'N, 86°19.387'W, Nicaragua, depth 3-10 meters. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Xiloá, Atlantic slope of Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus supercilius Geiger et al., 2010 - Spanish Coast cichlid [=Amphilophus supercilius Geiger [M. F.], McCrary [J. K.] & Stauffer [J. R., Jr.], 2010:161, Figs. 1, 7 (lower left)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 123 (no. 2); ref. 30913] Spanish Coast, Lake Apoyo, northeast shore, Dep. Masaya, Nicaragua, 11°56'05.43"N, 86°00'46.88'W. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus supercilius Geiger, McCrary & Stauffer, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus tolteca Recknagel et al, 2013 - tolteca amphilophus [=Amphilophus tolteca Recknagel [H.], Kusche [H.], Elmer [K. R.] & Meyer [A.], 2013:212, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of v. 19 (no. 4); ref. 32956] Managua, Lake Asososca Managua, 12°08.390’N, 086°18.792’W, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus tolteca Recknagel, Kusche, Elmer & Meyer, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Asososca Managua, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus trimaculatus (Gunther, 1867) - Chiapam cichlid [=Heros trimaculatus Günther [A.], 1867:602, Cichlasoma cajali Álvarez [J.] & Gutierrez [T.], 1953:232, Fig. 1, Cichlasoma centrale Meek [S. E.], 1906:94, Cichlasoma gordonsmithi Fowler [H. W.], 1936:529, Figs. 44-45, Cichlasoma mojarra Meek [S. E.], 1904:217, Fig. 71] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Chiapam, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus trimaculatus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope rivers: El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (cajali) [Ciencia (Mexico City) v. 12 (nos 9-10); ref. 12634] Coyuca Lake, Acapulco, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus trimaculatus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (centrale) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7; ref. 15663] Caballo Blanco, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus trimaculatus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (gordonsmithi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 87 (for 1935); ref. 13694] Small lake at Moco, at foot of volcano of Atitlan, Guatemala, elevation 3050 feet. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus trimaculatus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (mojarra) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 5; ref. 2958] San Gerónimo, , Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Amphilophus trimaculatus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus viridis Recknagel et al., 2013 - viridis amphilophus [=Amphilophus viridis Recknagel [H.], Kusche [H.], Elmer [K. R.] & Meyer [A.], 2013:217, Fig.] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 4); ref. 32956] Lake Xiloá, 12°13.403’N, 086°19.961’W, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus viridis Recknagel, Kusche, Elmer & Meyer, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Xiloá, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002 - xiloaensis amphilophus [=Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer [J. R., Jr.] & McKaye [K. R.], 2002:9, Fig. 7] Notes: [Cuadernos de investigación de la UCA, Universidad Centroamericana No. 12; ref. 27240] Southeastern shore of Lake Xiloá, 12°12.793'N, 86°19.028'W, Nicaragua, depth 2-8 meters. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Xiloá, Atlantic slope of Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Amphilophus zaliosus Barlow, in Barlow & Munsey, 1976 - arrow cichlid [=Cichlasoma zaliosum Barlow [G. W.], in Barlow & Munsey, 1976:363, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Investigations of the ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan lakes; ref. 7355] East shore of Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Musilova et al., 2009 - cichlids [=Andinoacara Musilová [Z.], Říĉan [O.] & Novák [J.], 2009:6] Notes: [ref. 30201]. Masc. Acara latifrons Steindachner, 1878. Type by original designation. The genus has masculine gender attributed to it by the authors. •Valid as Andinocara Musilová, Říĉan & Novák, 2009. -- (Musilová, et al. 2009:131 [ref. 30601], Kullander 2012:51 [ref. 31798], Steele et al. 2013:152 [ref 32810]). Current status: Valid as Andinoacara Musilová, Říĉan & Novák, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Andinoacara biseriatus (Regan, 1913) - Rio Condoto andinoacara [=Cichlosoma (Aequidens) biseriatum Regan [C. T.], 1913:471] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto, tributary of the Rio San Juan, northwestern Colombia. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara biseriatus (Regan, 1913). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Andinoacara blombergi Wijkmark et al., 2012 - Pichincha cichlid [=Andinoacara blombergi Wijkmark [N.], Kullander [S. O.] & Barriga Salazar [R. E.], 2012:119, 1, 2, 3a] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 32299] Pichincha, Río Esmeraldas drainage, 17 km downstream of Alluriquin, Río Toachi, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara blombergi Wijkmark, Kullander & Barriga Salazar, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. Species Andinoacara coeruleopunctatus (Kner, 1863) - Rio Chagres andinoacara [=Acara coeruleopunctata Kner [R.], 1863:222, "Fig. 3" (unpublished)] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 1863, v. 2; ref. 5002] Río Chagres, Panama. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara coeruleopunctatus (Kner, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Panama, Pacific slope of Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Steindachner, 1878) - platinum acara [=Acara latifrons Steindachner [F.], 1878:89, Acara coeruleopunctata var. brevirostris Steindachner [F.], 1880:56 [4]] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 15 (no. 12); ref. 20476] Cienaga, Río Magdalena, Colombia; Panama. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara latifrons (Steindachner, 1878). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Magdalena, Atrato, Sinú and San Juan River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (brevirostris) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Río Cauca, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Andinoacara latifrons (Steindachner, 1878). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Andinoacara pulcher (Gill, 1858) - [=Cychlasoma pulchrum Gill [T. N.], 1858:382 [22]] Notes: [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 6 (nos 10-13); ref. 1750] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara pulcher (Gill, 1858). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago and adjacent Venezuela, introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Andinoacara rivulatus (Gunther, 1860) - [=Chromis rivulata Günther [A.], 1860:418, Acara aequinoctialis Regan [C. T.], 1905:337, Aequidens azurifer Fowler [H. W.], 1911:515, Fig. 7] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1859 (pt 3); ref. 18210] Andes of western Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara rivulatus (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (aequinoctialis) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 88) (art. 42); ref. 3623] Western Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Andinoacara rivulata (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (azurifer) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63; ref. 1384] Affluent of the Río Chimbo near Bucay, Guayas Province, western Ecuador. Current status: Synonym of Andinoacara rivulatus (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Andinoacara sapayensis (Regan, 1903) - Sapayo cichlid [=Acara sapayensis Regan [C. T.], 1903:628] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 12 (no. 72) (art. 64); ref. 13401] Río Sapayo, northwestern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara sapayensis (Regan, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Cayapas River basin and Rio Patia system, Pacific slope, northwestern Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Andinoacara stalsbergi Musilova et al., 2009 - Ica cichlid [=Andinoacara stalsbergi Musilová [Z.], Schindler [I.] & Staeck [W.], 2009:133, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 59 (no.2); ref. 30601] Rio Pisco, 13°43'26"S, 75°58'59"W, Depto. Ica, Peru. Current status: Valid as Andinoacara stalsbergi Musilová, Schindler & Staeck, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trans-Andean rivers and lakes, (Pacific Slope) Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Apistogramma Regan, 1913 - cichlids, dwarf cichlids [=Apistogramma Regan [C. T.], 1913:282, Heterogramma Regan [C. T.], 1906:60, Pintoichthys Fowler [H. W.], 1954:316, 386] Notes: [ref. 3655]. Fem. Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Heterogramma Regan, 1906, preoccupied by Heterogramma Guenée, 1854 [not investigated, but see Kullander 1980:22 [ref. 5536]]. Kullander treats as feminine, and we follow him. •Valid as Apistogramma Regan, 1913 -- (Kullander 1980 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1986:155 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1987 [ref. 9163], Kullander & Staeck 1988 [ref. 6866], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:74 [ref. 14136], Staeck 1991:139 [ref. 18966], Römer 1994 [ref. 21306], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Britski et al. 1999:144 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:611 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:10 [ref. 27488], Römer et al. 2004:17 [ref. 27792], Ready & Kullander 2004:1 [ref. 27843], Kullander & Ferreira 2005:361 [ref. 28385], Staeck & Schindler 2008:197 [ref. 29916], Römer & Hahn 2008:50 [ref. 30725], Römer et al. 2011:4 [ref. 31288], Kullander 2011:35 [ref. 31677], Römer et al. 2011:321 [ref. 31674], Römer et al. 2012:189 [ref. 32047], Schindler & Staeck 2013:301 [ref. 33110], Britzke et al. 2014:409 [ref. 33522], Varella & Sabaj Pérez 2014:243 [ref. 33624]), Current status: Valid as Apistogramma Regan, 1913. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Heterogramma) [ref. 3626]. Fem. Mesops taeniatus Günther, 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:473 [ref. 1224] (not H. borelli listed by Jordan 1920:530 [ref. 4905]; see Myers & Harry 1948:7 [ref. 5458]). Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Heterogramma Guenée, 1854 [not researched], replaced by Apistogramma Regan, 1913. The name is feminine, based in part on the greek word line and referring to two different lateral line. •Synonym of Apistogramma Regan, 1913 – (Kullander 1980:21 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1986:155 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:74 [ref. 14136], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:611 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:10 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma Regan, 1913. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Pintoichthys) [ref. 1465]. Masc. trifasciatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Apistogramma Regan, 1913 -- (Kullander 1980:21 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1986:155 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:74 [ref. 14136], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:611 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:10 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma Regan, 1913. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Apistogramma acrensis Staeck, 2003 - Rio Acre dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma acrensis Staeck [W.], 2003:10, Figs.] Notes: [Cichliden-Lexikon Teil 3; ref. 27488] Lake at the entry the Rio Acre, about 25 kilometers from the city Rio Branco, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma acrensis Staeck, 2003. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) - Curupira dwarf cichlid [=Geophagus (Mesops) agassizii Steindachner [F.], 1875:111 [51], Pl. 8 (fig. 2), Apistogramma parva Ahl [E.], 1931:210] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Curupira Codajas, Rio Poti de São Joao, Lago Maximo, and Lago Manacapuru, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (parva) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1931 (nos. 4-7); ref. 16254] Rio Capim, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma agassizi (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma aguarico Romer & Hahn, 2013 - Rio Lagartococha dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma aguarico Römer [U.] & Hahn [I.], 2013:172, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 2); ref. 32902] Rio Napo System, laguna (ca. 9°47'S, 75°57'W), connected to Rio Lagartococha, about 25 km upstream from confluence with rio Aguarco, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma aguarico Römer & Hahn, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Napo system, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma alacrina Kullander, 2004 - Rio Ariari dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma alacrina Kullander [S. O.], 2004:41, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 27650] Río Ariari, Río Guaviare drainage, roadside pond on eastern side of road from Vista Hermosa to San Martín, 4.9 kilometers north of Campo Alegre and 6.2 kilometers north of Vista Hermosa, Meta, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma alacrina Kullander, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apistogramma allpahuayo Romer et al., 2012 - Iquitos dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma allpahuayo Römer [U.], Beninde [J.], Duponchelle [F.], Díaz [A. V.], Ortega [H.], Hahn [I.], Soares [D. P.], Cachay [C. D.], Dávila [C. R. J.], Cornejo [S. S.] & Renno [J.-F.], 2012:191, Figs. 1-7, 9, 12-14, 18] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 2); ref. 32047] Small lake with a small affluent brook, ca. 29 km south of Iquitos, about 2 km west of the road from Iquitos to Nauta, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana, 3°59'11.1"S, 73°25'51.4"W, Loreto Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma allpahuayo Römer, Beninde, Duponchelle, Díaz, Ortega, Hahn et al., 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Nanay system, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma amoena (Cope, 1872) - Rio Ambyiacu dwarf cichlid [=Geophagus amoenus Cope [E. D.], 1872:250] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma amoena (Cope, 1872). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma angayuara Kullander & Ferreira, 2005 - Rio Trombetas dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma angayuara Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2005:362, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 28385] Rio Trombetas right bank, below cachoeira Vira Mundo, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma angayuara Kullander & Ferreira, 2005. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trombetas River, Pará state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma arua Romer & Warzel, 1998 - Rio Arua dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma arua Römer [U.] & Warzel [F.], 1998:46, Figs. 1-2, 5-6, 9-10 + 1-4 (back)] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 23583] Some 2.5 kilometers upstream of village of Arua in a small right-bank affluent of Rio Arua, tributary of Rio Arapiuns, Para State, Brazil, about 2°39'27"S, 55°43'24"W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma atahualpa Romer, 1997 - atahualpa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma atahualpa Römer [U.], 1997:9, 2 figs.] Notes: [Buntbarsche Bulletin No. 182; ref. 23264] Peru [no locality]. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Nancy River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma baenschi Romer et al., 2004 - Rio Shanushi dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma baenschi Römer [U.], Hahn [I.], Römer [E.], Soares [D. P.] & Wöhler [M.], 2004:16, Figs. 1-5, 7-13] Notes: [Das : Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik, Bornheim v. 38 (no. 422) (for Aug.); ref. 27791] Tributary of Rio Shanushi, lower Rio Hualaga System, Peru, near 6°03'S, 77°53'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma baenschi Römer, Hahn, Römer, Soares & Wöhler, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Romer & Hahn, 2008 - El Pozo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma barlowi Römer [U.] & Hahn [I.], 2008:50, Figs. 1-8, 10] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 1); ref. 30725] Small forest creek, tributary to rio Ampiyaca-system, about 71°55'W, 03°10'S, vicinity of El Pozo, District Pebas, Province Mariscal Ramon Castilla, Departamento Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma barlowi Römer & Hahn, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Northwest of Pebas, tributaries of the Rio Ampiyacu, northern Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936 - Rio Madeira dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma pertense var. bitaeniata Pellegrin [J.], 1936:56, Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken [H.], 1962:138, Figs. 1-3, Apistogramma kleei Meinken [H.], 1964:293, Figs., Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken [H.], 1961:136, Fig.] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société Nationale d'Acclimatation de France 1936; ref. 19743] Rio Madeira, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (klausewitzi) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 43 (no. 2); ref. 6157] Rio Salimoes, Igarapé Preto, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (kleei) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 17 (no. 10); ref. 2612] Upper Amazon (? Peru). Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (sweglesi) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 14 (no. 5); ref. 9365] Letitia, Peru [= Leticia, Colombia]. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906) - Carandasinho dwarf cichlid [=Heterogramma borellii Regan [C. T.], 1906:63, Apistogramma aequipinnis Ahl [E.], 1938:246, Apistogramma reitzigi Mitsch-Königsdörfer [H.] (ex Ahl), 1938:181, Apistogramma reitzigi Ahl [E.], 1939:81, Heterogramma ritense Haseman [J. D.], 1911:362, Pl. 70, Heterogramma rondoni Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:16, Pl. 11] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 17 (no. 97); ref. 3626] Carandasiñho, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin and along lower Paraná River in Argentina: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (aequipinnis) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 123 (nos 10/12); ref. 17127] Argentina (probably). Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (reitzigi) [Das Aquarium: die Fachzeitschrift des Naturfreundes, Berlin v. 12; ref. 27241] Uncertain, probably central South America. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (reitzigi) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 127 (pts 3-4); ref. 17179] Uncertain, probably Amazon region, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (ritense) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Santa Rita at Santa Rita, River Paraguay system, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (rondoni) [Historia Natural. Zoologia. Cichlidae Publ. 46 (Annexo 5); ref. 3720] Cáceres, na Caicara (Campina), Río Paraguay. Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980 - Lago Penera dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma brevis Kullander [S. O.], 1980:107, Fig. 13] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Small creek off Lago Penera, 0°01'N, 67°21'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Uaupés River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedemann, 1951 - cockatoo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman [J. J.], 1951:1, Fig., Apistogramma marmoratus Dunker [T.], 1860:225] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 12895] Amazon River basin, between 69°W and 71°W [originally Paramaribo, Suriname (in error)]. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (marmoratus) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 13 (no. 8); ref. 33732] Import from South America. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980 - Braganca dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma caetei Kullander [S. O.], 1980:76] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Igarapé in Bragança, Pará, Brazil, 1°45'S, 46°47'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Apeú and Caeté rivers, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma caudomaculata Mesa & Lasso, 2011 - Maripa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma caudomaculata Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:117, Fig. 52] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Maripa, río Caura, morichal Pozo Vagabundo, 7°23'41"N, 65°09'78"W, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma caudomaculata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma cinilabra Romer et al., 2011 - Loreto dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma cinilabra Römer [U.], Duponchelle [F.], Diaz [A. V.], Davilla [C. G.], Sirvas [S.], Catchay [C. D.] & Renno [J.-F.], 2011:5, Figs. 1-28] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31288] Small lake ca. 78 km south of Iquitos, about 1 km west of the road from Iquitos to Nauta, Departamento Loreto, Peru, 4°00'46".2"S, 7327'47.7"W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma cinilabra Römer, Duponchelle, Diaz, Davilla, Sirvas, Catchay & Renno, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Peru, 4°00'46".2"S, 7327'47.7"W [one site]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906) - Colonia Risso dwarf cichlid [=Heterogramma commbrae Regan [C. T.], 1906:64, Heterogramma corumbae Eigenmann [C. H.] & Ward [D. P.], in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward, 1907:146, Pl. 45 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 17 (no. 97); ref. 3626] Carandasiñho, Mato Grosso and Colonia Risso, Alto Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraguay, Paraná and River basins: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (corumbae) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 1261] Corumbá, Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986 - Rio Mazan dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma cruzi Kullander [S. O.], 1986:159, Figs. 49-50, Pl. 16] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Mazán tributary, above Puerto Alegre, Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Napo and Putumayo and Caquetá River drainages: Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987 - diplotaenia apistogramma [=Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander [S. O.], 1987:259, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 16 (no. 3); ref. 9163] Rio Negro, downstream of River Daraã, eastern Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in middle Negro River: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma eleutheria (Varella & Britzke, 2016) - Rio Trezo de Maio dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma eleutheria Varella [H. R.] & Britzke [R.], 2016:82, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34364] Rio Trezo de Maio, tributary of Rio Curuá, upstream of PCH Salto Treze de Maio dam, Altamira, Pará, Brazil, 8°45'06"S, 55°02'05"W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma eleutheria Varella & Britzke, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980 - Trovao dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander [S. O.], 1980:103, Fig. 12] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Affluent of Rio Uaupés at Trovao, about 20 kilometers from mouth of Uaupés, 0°02'N, 67°26'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Uaupés River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready & Kullander, 2004 - Rio Pintuyacu dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready [J. S.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2004:2, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 564; ref. 27843] Río Pintuyacu, 48 kilometers on road from Iquitos to Nauta, Río Itaya drainage, Province Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready & Kullander, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pintuyacu River, Loreto Province, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma erythrura Staeck & Schindler, 2008 - Lago Largo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma erythrura Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.], 2008:198, Figs. 1-6, 8-13] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29916] Drainage of the río Yata, Laguna Larga (= Lago Largo), ca. 160 kilometers northwest of Santa Ana de Yacuma, Depto. Beni, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma erythrura Staeck & Schindler, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Drainage of the Lower Mamoré River, Beni Department, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981 - Pucallpa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma eunotus Kullander [S. O.], 1981:184, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 32 (no. 1-2); ref. 8581] Near Pucallpa, "Dunkelwasser bei Campo Verde", River Ucayali system, Depto. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma feconat Romer et al., 2015 - feconat dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma feconat Römer [U.], Soares [D. P.], Dávila [C. R. G.], Duponchelle [F.], Renno [J.-F.] & Hahn [I.], 2015:320, Figs. 20-27] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 3); ref. 34003] Departamento Loreto, District Instituto, just outside Zona Reservada Pucacuro, headwaters of small right-hand forest stream feeding the Rio Pucacuro, about 10 km from the confluence of the Rio Pucacuro with the Rio Tigre, Peru (about 75°02′W, 03°14′S). Current status: Valid as Apistogramma feconat Römer, Soares, Dávila, Duponchelle, Renno & Hahn, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Tigre drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma flabellicauda Mesa & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Autana dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma flabellicauda Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:68, Fig. 32] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río Autana, comunidad-raudal La Ceguera, 4°48'08.6"N, 67°29'10.2"W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma flabellicauda Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma flavipedunculata Varella & Britzke, 2016 - Rio Escorpiao dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma flavipedunculata Varella [H. R.] & Britzke [R.], 2016:97, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34364] Rio Escorpiao at route BR163 bridge, tributary of the upper rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin, Altamira, Pará, Brazil, 8°53'54"S, 54°59'20"W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma flavipedunculata Varella & Britzke, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper rio Curuá, rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971 - Rio Curucamba dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma geisleri Meinken [H.], 1971:35, Fig. 1] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 52 (nos 1-2); ref. 7693] Rio Curuçamba near Obidos, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in region of lower Trometas River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980 - Rio Igarape dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma gephyra Kullander [S. O.], 1980:131, Fig. 17] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Rio Igarapé affluent of Rio Negro, Archipel das Anavilhanas, 3°00'S, 60°45'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Negro River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969 - gibbiceps dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken [H.], 1969:91, Figs. 1-3, Apistogramma roraimae Kullander [S. O.], 1980:138, Fig. 19] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 50 (nos 1-2); ref. 7833] Rio Negro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Branco and middle Negro River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (roraimae) [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Igarapé Uazinho, about 10 kilometers from Boa Vista on route Boa Vista, 2°49'N, 60°40'W, Caracarai, Rio Branco terr., Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982 - Martinique dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma gossei Kullander [S. O.], 1982:65, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium 3e série. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Ichtyologie v. 6 (no. 4); ref. 8456] Martinique, Oyapock River system, Amapá territory, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Oyapock River drainage and Approuague River drainage: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma guttata Antonio C. et al., 1989 - Rio Morichal Largo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma guttata Antonio C. [M. E.], Kullander [S. O.] & Lasso A. [C. A.], 1989:132, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Acta Biologica Venezuelica v. 12 (nos 3-4); ref. 19161] Río Morichal Largo, close to village of San Miguel, 8°38'N, 63°22'W, Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso A., 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio San Juan and lower Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma helkeri Schindler & Staeck, 2013 - Estado Amazonas dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma helkeri Schindler [I.] & Staeck [W.], 2013:302, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33110] Estado Amazonas, drainage of the lower río Cuao, approx. 500 meters upstream of the village Danto (approx. 05°02′N, 67°33′ W), Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma helkeri Schindler & Staeck, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower río Cuao, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982 - Lago Manacapuru dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander [S. O.], 1982:182, Figs. 1, 4-5] Notes: [DCG-Informationen (Deutsche Cichliden-Gesellschaft) v. 13 (no. 10); ref. 8455] Igarapé des Lago Manacapuru, Rio Solimões system, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and middle Negro River drainage and Lake Manacapuru, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965 - Rio Portuguesa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma hoignei Meinken [H.], 1965:258, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 4); ref. 9232] Río Portuguesa, tributary of the Río Apuré, near Santa Rosa, Guárico, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979 - Rio Guarromo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander [S. O.], 1979:74, Fig. 5] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 8816] Finca Boca de Guarrojo, Río Guarromo, Vichada, Colombia, 4°07'N, 70°45'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin and middle Meta River drainage: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma huascar Romer et al., 2006 - huascar dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma huascar Römer [U.], Pretor [P.] & Hahn [I.], 2006] Notes: [Cichlid Atlas vol. 2; ref. 28967] Current status: Valid as Apistogramma huascar Römer, Pretor & Hahn, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983 - Rio Candelaria dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander [S. O.], 1983:307, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 11 (no. 4) [1982]; ref. 8457] Small pool of Río Candelaria, 16°00'S, 61°40'W, Santa Cruz Dept., Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979 - Pueblo Bretania dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma iniridae Kullander [S. O.], 1979:76, Fig. 7] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 8816] Pueblo Bretania (Yuri Bajo), Caño (Río) Bocón, Guainía, Colombia, 3°39'N, 68°05'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma inornata Staeck, 2003 - Rio Maniapure dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma inornata Staeck [W.], 2003:46, Figs.] Notes: [Cichliden-Lexikon Teil 3; ref. 27488] Pool at entry of Rio Maniapure, Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma inornata Staeck, 2003. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin and delta, Veneziela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma intermedia Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Caura dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma intermedia Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:121, Fig. 54] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río Caura, caño el Cambur (en el puente a 5 km del río Caura), Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma intermedia Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Caura and Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986 - Cruzeiro do Sul dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma juruensis Kullander [S. O.], 1986:177, Fig. 60, Pl. 19 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Juruá drainage, Acre, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Juruá River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma kullanderi Varella & Sabej Perez, 2014 - Altamira dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma kullanderi Varella [H. R.] & Sabej Pérez [M. H.], 2014:246, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 3); ref. 33624] Pará, Altamira, unnamed tributary of Rio Curuá, on route BR163 bridge, 8°49'12"S, 54°58'11"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma kullanderi Varella & Sabej Pérez, 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Curuá drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma lineata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Atabapo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma lineata Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:78, Fig. 36] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río Atabapo, caño Garza, 3°44'N, 67°34'W, Departamento de Guainía, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma lineata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Atababo, upper Orinoco River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985 - Santa Cruz dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma linkei Koslowski [I.], 1985:151, Fig. 5] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 36 (nos 1-2); ref. 8148] Northwest of the town of Santa Cruz, about 16°20'S, 68°25'W to 16°15'S, 68°50'W, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Mamoré and Beni River basins, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976 - River Chiripiri dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma luelingi Kullander [S. O.], 1976:259, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 27 (Heft 3-4); ref. 7346] Quebrada mit Altwasser unterhalb San Francisco seitlich des River Chiripiri, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Madre de Dios and Mamoré River basins: Bolivia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kullander, 1979 - Finca La Ponderosa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander [S. O.], 1979:70, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 8816] Strea at foot of Cordillera, Finca La Ponderosa, on road to Restrepo, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia, 4°15'N, 73°35'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Meta River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma martini Romer et al., 2003 - Rio Nanay dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma martini Römer [U.], Hahn [I.], Römer [E.], Soares [D. P.] & Wöhler [M.], 2003:15, Figs. 1-5, 8-21, 24-26] Notes: [Das Aquarium: Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik, Bornheim v. 37 (no. 4) No. 406; ref. 26768] Small tributary of Rio Nanay, about 3°31'10'S, 74°25'40"W, near Alvarenga [formerly Puerto Alianza], Santa Maria District, Maynas Province, Loreto Dept., Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma martini Römer, Hahn, Römer, Soares & Wöhler, 2003. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma megaptera Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Inirida dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma megaptera Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011] Notes: [Biota Colombiana v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 31959] Río Inírida, caño Matadero, 3°48'32.7"N, 67°54'23.8"W, Departamento de Guainía, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma megaptera Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Ornico basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma megastoma Romer et al., 2017 - Leticia dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma megastoma Römer [U.], Römer [C. I.], Estivals [G.], Díaz [A. V.], Duponchelle [F.], Dávila [C. R. G.], Hahn [I.] & Renno [J.-F.], 2017:[3], Figs. 1-5, 7-19] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 67 (no. 2); ref. 35309] Small forest streams southwest of Leticia, probably draining to Rio Yavarí, Amazonas system, Departamento Loreto, Peru, approximately 04°12'S, 70°06'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma megastoma Römer, Römer, Estivals, Díaz, Duponchelle, Dávila, Hahn & Renno, 2017. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Yavarí drainage, upper , Peru, Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980 - Rio Uaupes dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander [S. O.], 1980:118, Fig. 15] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Affluent of Rio Uaupés at Trovao, about 20 kilometers from mouth of Uaupés, 0°02'N, 67°26'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Uaupés River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma mendezi Romer, 1994 - Rio Salgado dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma mendezi Römer [U.], 1994:1, Figs. 1, 3-7] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 21306] Rio Salgado, near Barcelos do Rio Negro, Dept. Amazonas, Brazil, about 0°01'S, 63°04'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma minima Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Ventuari dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma minima Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:84, Fig. 38] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río Ventuari, caño Guapuchi, 4°11'35.7"N, 66°44'56.7'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma minima Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Speices Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980 - Rio Moa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma moae Kullander [S. O.], 1980:61, Fig. 9] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Igarapé São Salvador, of Rio Moá, Cruzeiro-do-Sul, Acre, Brazil, 7°38'S, 72°36'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Juruá River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979 - Rio Copal dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander [S. O.], 1979:938, Figs. 1, 5] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 86 (no. 4); ref. 8815] Río Copal, Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali system, Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Carahuayte River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991 - Rio Tahuayo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma norberti Staeck [W.], 1991:140, Figs. 1-10] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 18966] Forest brook of the Quebrada Nuevo Horizonte, Río Tahuayo basin, about 4°05'S, 73°05'W, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tahuayo River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma nororientalis Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio San Juan dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma nororientalis Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:124, Fig. 56] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río San Juan, morichal Los Pozos a 8 km de Barrancas, 9°54'10"N, 63°36'30"W, Estado Monagas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma nororientalis Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Gulf of Paria and Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma ortegai Britzke et al., 2014 - Ampliyacu River dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma ortegai Britzke [R.], Oliveira [C.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2014:410, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa 3869 (no. 4); ref. 33522] Departmento Loreto, Distrito Pebas, small stream tributary of Ampliyacu River, 3°18'46.1"S, 71°50'58.4"W, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma ortegai Britzke, Oliveira & Kullander, 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Ampliyacu basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912) - Erukin dwarf cichlid [=Heterogramma ortmanni Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:506, Pl. 68 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Erukin, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo River drainage: Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma panduro Romer, 1997 - Rio Ucayli dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma panduro Römer [U.], 1997:12, 4 figs.] Notes: [Buntbarsche Bulletin No. 182; ref. 23264] East of Jenaro Herrera at kilometer markers 26-27, Rio Ucayli drainage system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma pantalone Romer et al., 2006 - pantalone dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma pantalone Römer [U.], Römer [E.], Soares [D. P.] & Hahn [I.], 2006] Notes: [Cichlid Atlas vol. 2; ref. 28969] Current status: Valid as Apistogramma pantalone Römer, Römer, Soares & Hahn, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988 - Anavilhanas Islands dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander [S. O.] & Staeck [W.], 1988:190, Figs. 1-8] Notes: [Cybium v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 6866] Small shallow bay on the right bank of Rio Negro, Anavilhanas Islands, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in middle and lower Negro River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma paulmuelleri Romer et al., 2013 - Paul Mueller's dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma paulmuelleri Römer [U.], Beninde [J.], Duponchelle [F.], Garcia Dávila [C. R.], Vena Díaz [A.] & Renno [J.-F.], 2013:16, Figs. 1-13] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 1); ref. 32665] Stream, close to road from Iquitos to Nauta, Departamento Loreto, Peru, 4°24'S, 73°34'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma paulmuelleri Römer, Beninde, Duponchelle, García Dávila, Vena Díaz, & Renno, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Nameless tributary, Rio Amazonas, 80 km south of Iquitos. Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986 - Rio Tutapishcu dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander [S. O.], 1986:184, Fig. 64, Pl. 20 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Tutapishcu headwater tributary, above Ahuanopaccha, Río Payamino drainage, Napo Province, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Payamino River basin in Napo River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma pedunculata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Cataniapo dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma pedunculata Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:131, Fig. 58] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río Cataniapo, salto Nievas, 5°38'17"N, 67°06'56"W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma pedunculata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Middle río Cataniapo and río Caura, Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980 - Rio Uaupes dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma personata Kullander [S. O.], 1980:111, Fig. 14] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Rio Uaupés, Assai, 0°02'N, 67°27'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Uaupés River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma pertense (Haseman, 1911) - pertense dwarf cichlid [=Heterogramma taeniatum var. pertense Haseman [J. D.], 1911:359, Pl. 66] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Negro River and along the Amazon-Solimões River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma piaroa Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011 - Rio Cataniapo apistogramma [=Apistogramma piaroa Mesa S. [L. M.] & Lasso [C. A.], 2011:61, Fig. 28] Notes: [Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913; ref. 31958] Río Cataniapo, Caño Gavilán, afluente del río Catanaipo margin izquierda, 5°32'29"N, 67°23'27'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma piaroa Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980 - Lagoa Seca dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander [S. O.], 1980:79, Fig. 11] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Lagoa Seca, about 1 kilometer from camp on Rio Parnaiba at Barra do Longa, near Buriti dos Lopes, Brazil, 3°08'S, 41°54'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Parnaíba River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma playayacu Romer et al., 2011 - Quebrada Playayacu dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma playayacu Römer [U.], Beninde [J.] & Hahn [I.], 2011:322, Figs. 1-3, 5 middle] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 3); ref. 31674] Quebrada Playayacu, Quebrada entering Limoncocha, 2 km northeast of village along lake shore, 76°36'W, 00°22'S, rio Napo system, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma playayacu Römer, Beninde & Hahn, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Napo system, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909) - Rio de La Plata dwarf cichlid [=Heterogramma pleurotaenia Regan [C. T.], 1909:270] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 3 (no. 15); ref. 14417] Río de La Plata, South America. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Argentina (?). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980 - Rio Preto dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma pulchra Kullander [S. O.], 1980:135, Fig. 18] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Rio Preto, affluent of Rio Candeias, 25 kilometers from Porto-Velho, Rondonia Territory, Brazil, 8°46'S, 63°45'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Madeira River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980 - Regan's dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma regani Kullander [S. O.], 1980:65, Fig. 10] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Igarapé affluent of Rio Negro, Archipel das Anavilhanas, 3°00'S, 60°45'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980 - Igarape Xicanga dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander [S. O.], 1980:158, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam v. 7 (no. 16); ref. 8701] Igarapé Xicanga, about 5 kilometers west of Humaitá, 7°31'S, 63°04'W, Rio Madeira drainage system, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Madeira River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma rositae Romer et al., 2006 - rositae dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma rositae Römer [U.], Römer [E.] & Hahn [I.], 2006] Notes: [Cichlid Atlas vol. 2; ref. 28969] Current status: Valid as Apistogramma rositae Römer, Römer & Hahn, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein et al., 2002 - Rio Manuripi dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein [G.], Zarske [A.] & Zapata [J.], 2002:16, Figs. 3-5] Notes: [Das Aquarium: Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik, Bornheim v. 55 (no. 12) (no. 402); ref. 26552] Rio Manuripi, near Ortschaft Puerto Cardenas, 11°20.083'S, 67°44.576'W, Departamento Pando, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Manuripi River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914 - Rupununi River dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma ortmanni rupununi Fowler [H. W.], 1914:277, Fig. 19] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 66; ref. 1390] Rupununi River, Guyana, 2°-3°N, 50°20'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Branco R and Rupununi River basin: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma salpinction Kullander & Ferreira, 2005 - Trombetas dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma salpinction Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2005:367, Figs. 4-8] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 28385] Swamp at kilometer 70 on margin of BR-163, rio Trombetas drainage, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma salpinction Kullander & Ferreira, 2005. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pará state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma similis Staeck, 2003 - Laguna La Brava dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma similis Staeck [W.], 2003:76, Figs.] Notes: [Cichliden-Lexikon Teil 3; ref. 27488] Forest brook at the Laguna La Brava, Rio Yata system, Beni, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma similis Staeck, 2003. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma sororcula Staeck & Schindler, 2016 - Rio San Martin dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma sororcula Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.], 2016:142, Figs. 1-3, 5-6] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 2); ref. 34777] Rio San Martin, approx. 5 km upstream of the village Bella Vista, Depto. Beni, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma sororcula Staeck & Schindler, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper and lower rio Guaporé drainage, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985 - Trinidad dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma staecki Koslowski [I.], 1985:146, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 36 (nos 1-2); ref. 8148] South of the town of Trinidad, Bolivia, about 14°57'S, 64°51'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Mamoré and Guaporé River basins: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908) - Demerara River dwarf cichlid [=Heterogramma steindachneri Regan [C. T.], 1908:370, Fig. on p. 371, Apistogramma ornatipinnis Ahl [E.], 1936:141, Apistogramma wickleri Meinken [H.], 1960:655, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 14343] Georgetown, Demerara River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo, Demerara and Mahaica River drainages: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (ornatipinnis) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1936 (nos 1-3); ref. 13681] Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (wickleri) [Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie v. 45 (no. 4); ref. 11933] Río Orinoco, Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma taeniata (Gunther, 1862) - Rio Cupari dwarf cichlid [=Mesops taeniatus Günther [A.], 1862:312] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Rio Cupai [= Rio Cupari], Rio Tapajós basin, Amazon River drainage, Pará state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903) - Arroyo Chagalalina dwarf cichlid [=Biotodoma trifasciatus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:536, Apistogramma trifasciatum haraldschultzi Meinken [H.], 1960:291, Figs. 1-2, Heterogramma trifasciatum var. maciliense Haseman [J. D.], 1911:360, Pl. 62 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Arroyo Chagalalina, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (haraldschultzi) [Aquarien Terrarien v. 7 (no. 10); ref. 17636] Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (maciliense) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] São Antonio de Guaporé, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma tucurui Staeck, 2003 - tucurui dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma tucurui Staeck [W.], 2003:112, Figs.] Notes: [Cichliden-Lexikon Teil 3; ref. 27488] Brook, Rio Tocantins system, at highway 150, about 10 kilometers south of Jacunda, Para, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma tucurui Staeck, 2003. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980 - uaapesi dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander [S. O.], 1980:122, Fig. 16] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Monographien No. 14; ref. 5526] Affluent of Rio Uaupés at Trovao, about 20 kilometers from mouth of Uaupés, 0°02'N, 67°26'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Uaupés River and nearby Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986 - Lago Tupac Amaru dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma urteagai Kullander [S. O.], 1986:163, Figs. 51-53, Pl. 17] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Lago Tupac Amaru, near Puerto Maldonado, River Madre de Dios drainage, Depto. Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Madre River de Dios basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apistogramma velifera Staeck, 2003 - Rio Rueda dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma velifera Staeck [W.], 2003:116, Figs.] Notes: [Cichliden-Lexikon Teil 3; ref. 27488] Rio Rueda, about 20 kilometers south of Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma velifera Staeck, 2003. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kullander, 1979 - Cano dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma viejita Kullander [S. O.], 1979:73, Fig. 3] Notes: [Zoologica Scripta v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 8816] Caño, affluent of Río Yucao, Meta, Colombia, 4°20'N, 72°09'W. Current status: Valid as Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin in upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma wapisana Romer et al., 2006 - wapisana dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma wapisana Römer [U.], Hahn [I.] & Conrad [A.], 2006] Notes: [Cichlid Atlas vol. 2; ref. 28966] Current status: Valid as Apistogramma wapisana Römer, Hahn & Conrad, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apistogramma wolli Romer et al., 2015 - Woll's dwarf cichlid [=Apistogramma wolli Römer [U.], Soares [D. P.], Dávila [C. R. G.], Duponchelle [F.], Renno [J.-F.] & Hahn [I.], 2015:311, Figs. 7-18] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 3); ref. 34003] Departamento Loreto, Province Maynas, District Napo, wider vicinity of Cabo Pontoja, small forest stream feeding into the Rio Napo close to the border with Ecuador, Peru (about 75°12′W, 0°57′S). Current status: Valid as Apistogramma wolli Römer, Soares, Dávila, Duponchelle, Renno & Hahn, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Wider vicinity of Cabo Pontoja, upper Amazon basin, Loreto, northwestern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Apistogrammoides Meinkin, 1965 - cichlids, dwarf cichlids [=Apistogrammoides Meinken [H.], 1965:48] Notes: [ref. 2972]. Masc. Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965. Type by original designation. •Valid as Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965 -- (Kullander 1986:194 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:616 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:120 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Valid as Apistogrammoides Meinken, 1965. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965 - Pucallpa dwarf cichlid [=Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken [H.], 1965:48, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 2972] Near Pucallpa, Ucayali region, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Archocentrus Gill, in Gill & Bransford, 1877 - cichlids [=Archocentrus (subgenus of Heros) Gill [T. N.], in Gill & Bransford, 1877:186, Herotilapia Pellegrin [J.], 1904:(165) 247] Notes: [ref. 1714]. Masc. Heros centrarchus Gill & Bransford, 1877. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Archocentrus Gill, 1877 -- (Allgayer 1994:7 [ref. 21370], Loiselle 1997:3 [ref. 23115], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Burgess 2000:52 [ref. 24818], Allgayer 2001:13 [ref. 26904], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:616 [ref. 27061], Schmitter-Soto 2007:10 [ref. 29310], Schmitter-Soto 2007:3 [ref. 29317], Chakrabarty 2007:23 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Minckley & Marsh 2009:263 [ref. 31114]). Current status: Valid as Archocentrus Gill, 1877. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, in Gill & Bransford, 1877) - flier cichlid [=Heros centrarchus Gill [T. N.], in Gill & Bransford, 1877:185] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pellegrin, 1904 - cichlids [=Astatheros (subgenus of Cichlasoma) Pellegrin [J.], 1904:203] Notes: [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Neut. Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Astotheros by Eigenmann 1910:475 [ref. 1224]. •Synonym of Amphilophus Agassiz, 1859 -- (Kullander & Hartel 1996:199 [ref. 22732], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:609 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astatheros Pellegrin, 1904 -- (Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Říčan et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Astatheros Pellegrin, 1904. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Astatheros macracanthus (Gunther, 1864) - blackthroat cichlid [=Heros macracanthus Günther [A.], 1864:153, Cichlasoma evermanni Meek [S. E.], 1904:214, Fig. 70, Cichlasoma guija Hildebrand [S. F.], 1934:192, Heros (Cichlasoma) heterodontus Vaillant [L. L.] & Pellegrin [J.], 1902:86 [2], Cichlasoma meeki Hildebrand [S. F.], 1925:275, Fig. 20] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1) (art. 3) (for 22 Mar. 1864); ref. 13930] and Huamuchal, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Astatheros macracanthus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Mexico to El Salvador: El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (evermanni) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Río Tehuantepec at Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Astatheros macracanthus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (guija) [Copeia 1934 (no. 4); ref. 16427] Lake Guija, El Salvador. Current status: Synonym of Astatheros macracanthus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (heterodontus) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 14896] Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Astatheros macracanthus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (meeki) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 41 (no. 985); ref. 15590] Lake Guija, El Salvador. Current status: Synonym of Astatheros macracanthus (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Astronotus Swainson, 1839 - cichlids [=Astronotus (subgenus of Crenilabrus) Swainson [W.], 1839:173, 229, Acara Heckel [J. J.], 1840:338, Hygrogonus Günther [A.], 1862:303] Notes: [ref. 4303]. Masc. Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz, 1831. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Astronotus Swainson, 1839 -- (Kullander 1986:60 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Britski et al. 1999:149 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:617 [ref. 27061], Scharpf 2009:4 [ref. 30400], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Astronotus Swainson, 1839. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Acara) [ref. 2064]. Masc. Acara crassispinnis Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type apparently first restricted by Gill 1858:19 [ref. 1750] (see Eigenmann 1910:470-471 [ref. 1224]). •Synonym of Astronotus Swainson, 1839 -- (Kullander 1986:60 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:617 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Astronotus Swainson, 1839. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Hygrogonus) [ref. 1969]. Masc. Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz, 1831. Type by monotypy. •Objective synonym of Astronotus Swainson, 1839 -- (Kullander 1986:60 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:617 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Astronotus Swainson, 1839. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840) - fat oscar [=Acara crassipinnis Heckel [J. J.], 1840:357, Pl. 29 (figs. 5-8)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Río Paraguay, Villa Maria and Caiçara, Río Guaporé near Mato Grosso, Rio Negro, Rio Branco, South America. Current status: Valid as Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, in Spix & Agassiz, 1831) - oscar [=Lobotes ocellatus Agassiz [L.], in Spix & Agassiz 1831:129, Pl. 68, Acara compressus Cope [E. D.], 1872:256, Acara hyposticta Cope [E. D.], 1878:697, Astronotus orbiculatus Haseman [J. D.], 1911:331, Pl. 53, Cychla rubroocellata Jardine [W.] & Schomburgk [R. H.], in Schomburgk, 1843:153, Pl. 10, Astronotus ocellatus var. zebra Pellegrin [J.], 1904:183] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Atlantic [in error]. Current status: Valid as Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru and Puerto Rico; introduced elsewhere, including southern Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater. (compressus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (hyposticta) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 17 (no. 101); ref. 945] Peru. Current status: Synonym of Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (orbiculatus) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Santarém, Amazon River, Pará. Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (rubroocellata) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Negro and tributaries. Current status: Synonym of Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (zebra) [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Santarém, Amazon River, Pará. Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Rican & Kullander, 2006 - cichlids, dwarf cichlids [=Australoheros Říčan [O.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2006:139] Notes: [ref. 28603]. Masc. Chromis facetus Jenyns, 1842. Type by original designation. •Valid as Australoheros Říčan & Kullander, 2006 -- (Casciotta et al. 2006:77 [ref. 28756], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:540 [ref. 29996], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Říčan & Kullander 2008:2 [ref. 29548], Ottoni et al. 2008:75 [ref. 29616], Ottoni & Costa 2008:208 [ref. 29909], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Ottoni 2010:19 [ref. 30818], Schindler et al. 2010:140 [ref. 31744], Ottoni et al. 2011:138 [ref. 31378], Říčan et al. 2011:1 [ref. 31455], Ottoni 2012:83 [ref. 31900]). Current status: Valid as Australoheros Říčan & Kullander, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Australoheros acaroides (Hensel, 1870) - Rio Cadea dwarf cichlid [=Heros acaroides Hensel [R.], 1870:54] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea [Cadeia], Porto Alegre, Rio Grande de Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros acaroides (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pator-Mirim lagoon system, Rio Grande de Sul, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros angiru Rican et al., 2011 - Rio Jacutinga dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros angiru Říčan [O.], Piálek [L.], Almirón [A.] & Casciotta [J.], 2011:15, Figs. 7-9] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2982; ref. 31455] Rio Jacutinga, road BR 283 from Ceará to Concordia, rio Uruguai drainage, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros angiru Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Iguaçu and upper rio Uruguai, Brazil and middle rio Uruguay, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros autochthon (Gunther, 1862) - autochthon dwarf cichlid [=Heros autochthon Günther [A.], 1862:299] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros autochthon (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros autrani Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Rio Aldeia Velham dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros autrani Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:209, Fig. 1] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Rio Aldeia Velham, BR-101, no São João basin, Município de Silva Jardim, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros autrani Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio São João basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros barbosae Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Passa Vente dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros barbosae Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:213, Fig. 6] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Between Município de Passa Vinte and Santa Rita de Jacutinga, tributary from rio Bananal, rio Preto basin 24 kilometers from Passa Vinte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros barbosae Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rip Preto, rio Paraiba do Sul basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros capixaba Ottoni, 2010 - capixaba dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros capixaba Ottoni [F. P.], 2010:20, Fig. 1] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 60 (no. 1); ref. 30818] Stream under a bridge in a ES street, between Município deJaguaré and Município de São Mateus (18°34.953'S, 40°26.115' W), Estado do Espírito Santo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros capixaba Ottoni, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros charrua Rican & Kullander, 2008 - Arroyo Canoin dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros charrua Říčan [O.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2008:23, Fig. 11 etc.] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1724; ref. 29548] Arroyo Canoin, Rio Uruguay drainage, road from Pirapo to São Nicolau, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros charrua Říčan & Kullander, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Uruguay drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Jenyns, 1842) - chameleon cichlid [=Chromis facetus Jenyns [L.], 1842:104, Heros jenynsii Steindachner [F.], 1869:149, Chromys oblonga Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:14] Notes: [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Laguna del Diario, 34°54'S, 55°00'W, in Maldonado, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Australoheros facetus (Jenyns, 1842). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Southern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile (introduced) and Uruguay; also Portugal and Spain (introduced). Habitat: freshwater. (jenynsii) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 6 (no. 19); ref. 20467] Montevideo, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Australoheros facetus (Jenyns, 1842). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (oblonga) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Tocantins, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Australoheros facetus (Jenyns, 1842). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros forquilha Rican & Kullander, 2008 - Rio Forquilham dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros forquilha Říčan [O.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2008:14, Fig. 4 etc.] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1724; ref. 29548] Rio Forquilham Rio Uruguay drainage, road from Maximiliano de Almeida to Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros forquilha Říčan & Kullander, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros guarani Rican & Kullander, 2008 - Rio Guyray-gua dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros guarani Říčan [O.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2008:38, Fig. 16 etc.] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1724; ref. 29548] Río Guyray-gua, Río Paraná drainage, kilometer 197 on road from Asunción to Puerto Stroessner, Caaguazú, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Australoheros guarani Říčan & Kullander, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the lower Río Paraguay, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros ipatinguensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Brauna dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros ipatinguensis Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:214, Fig. 7] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Município de Ipatínga, córrego Braúna, rio Doce basin, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros ipatinguensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Doce River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros kaaygua Casciotta et al., 2006 - Rio Iguazu dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros kaaygua Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Gómez [S. E.], 2006:78, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28756] Río Iguazú basin, arroyo Ñandú, Misiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Australoheros kaaygua Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Iguazú River basin in Brazil and Argentina and tributaries of the Upper Rio Uruguay in Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros macacuensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Japuiba dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros macacuensis Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:216, Fig. 8] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, rio Japuíba, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros macacuensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Macacu River basin, Rio Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros macaensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Quarenta dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros macaensis Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:218, Fig. 9] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Município de Macaé, rio dos Quarenta, BR-101, 22°13.13'S, 41°45.580'W, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros macaensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Macaé River basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Australoheros mattosi Ottoni, 2012 - Pirapama dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros mattosi Ottoni [F. P.], 2012:84, Fig. 1] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 1); ref. 31900] Tributary of the rio das Velhas, between Santana do Pirapama and Jequitibá, rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais state Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros mattosi Ottoni, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros minuano Rican & Kullander, 2008 - minuano dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros minuano Říčan [O.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2008:35, Fig. 15 etc.] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1724; ref. 29548] Arroyo Canoin, Rio Uruguay drainage, road from Pirapo to São Nicolau, Rio Grande so Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros minuano Říčan & Kullander, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Middle and Lower Rio Uruguay in Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros montanus Ottoni, 2012 - Carmo dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros montanus Ottoni [F. P.], 2012:86, Fig. 3] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 1); ref. 31900] Carmo, córrego Tanque, tributary of the rio Paríba do Sul, Passa Três, 21°49'S, 42°32'W, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros montanus Ottoni, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros muriae Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Itaperuna dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros muriae Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:220, Fig. 10] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Itaperuna, rio São Domingos, tributary from rio Muriaé, rio Paraíba do Sul basin, Estado Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros muriae Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Muriaé River basin, Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros paraibae Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - paraibae dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros paraibae Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:222, Fig. 11] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Município de Juiz de Fora, stream tributary to rio do Peixe, between Toledo and Torreões, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros paraibae Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio do Peixe, Paraíba do Sul River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros perdi Ottoni et al., 2011 - Doce River dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros perdi Ottoni [F. P.], Lezama [A. Q.], Triques [M. L.], Fragoso-Moura [E. N.], Lucas [C. C. T.] & Barbosa [F. A. R.], 2011:140, Figs. 2A and 2B] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31378] Lacustrine region of the middle Doce River basin, Doce River Valley, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Lagoa Gambazinho, 19°47'10.6"S, 42°34'48.3"W, Marliéra municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros perdi Ottoni, Lezama, Triques, Fragoso-Moura, Lucas & Barbosa, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Doce River basin, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros ribeirae Ottoni et al., 2008 - Seta Barras dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros ribeirae Ottoni [F. P.], Oyakawa [O. T.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:76, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 1); ref. 29616] Município de Seta Barras, lagon near the Sr. Celso farm, road Sete Barras-EL Dorado, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros ribeirae Ottoni, Oyakawa & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Ribeira do Iguape River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Australoheros robustus Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Cachoeirinha dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros robustus Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:223, Fig. 12] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Stream Cachoeirinha, tributary from córrego da Areia, rio Paraíba do Sul basin, Mar de Espanha, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros robustus Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Córrego da Areira, Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros sanguineus Ottoni, 2013 - Lindo dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros sanguineus Ottoni [F. P.], 2013:162, Figs. 1-2, 5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology V. 63 (no. 2); ref. 32901] Santa Catarina state, arroio Lindo, tributary of the rio Cubatão, Cubatao, near the road SC-301, near BR-101, Pirabeiraba, Joinville municipality, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros sanguineus Ottoni, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Piraheiraba, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros saquarema Ottoni & Costa, 2008 - Buracao dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros saquarema Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2008:225, Fig. 13] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29909] Município de Saquarema, rio Buracão, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros saquarema Ottoni & Costa, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Mato Grosso basin, sistema lagoa de Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros scitulus (Rican & Kullander, 2003) - Rio Rosario dwarf cichlid [=Cichlasoma scitulum Říčan [O.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2003:795, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2003 (no. 4); ref. 27259] Río Rosario drainage, Arroyo Colla, 500 meters upstream from mouth into Río Rosario, upstream of Paso Arballo, 34°19'07"S, 59°20'13"W, Río de la Plata basin, Depto Colonia, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Australoheros scitulus (Říčan & Kullander, 2003). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the lower Uruguay River: Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros taura Ottoni & Cheffe, 2009 - taura dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros taura Ottoni [F. P.] & Cheffe [M. M.], 2009:155, Fig. 1] Notes: [Spixiana (München) v 32 (no. 1); ref. 30294] Município de Bom Jesus, near arroio Barreiro, 28°48'S. 50°30'W, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros taura Ottoni & Cheffe, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper rio das Antas basin, rio Jacuí drainage, Laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros tavaresi Ottoni, 2012 - Guarulhos dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros tavaresi Ottoni [F. P.], 2012:91, Fig. 7] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 1); ref. 31900] Guarulhos, lagoon on the margin of the rio Tietê, São Paulo state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Australoheros tavaresi Ottoni, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper rio Tietê drainage, upper Paraná b asin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros tembe (Casciotta et al., 1995) - Arroyo Urugua-i dwarf cichlid [=Cichlasoma tembe Casciotta [J. R.], Gómez [S. E.] & Toresanni [N. I.], 1995:194, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 21881] Arroyo Urugua-í, above Salto del Urugua-í, at `Alto Paraná' company fields, Rio Paraná basin, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Australoheros tembe (Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 1995). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin and Uruguay River: Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Australoheros ykeregua Rican et al., 2011 - Arroyo Paraiso dwarf cichlid [=Australoheros ykeregua Říčan [O.], Piálek [L.], Almirón [A.] & Casciotta [J.], 2011:9, Figs. 4-7] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2982; ref. 31455] Arroyo Paraiso (or Canal Muerto), 27°14'15.1"S, 54°02'38.5"W, río Uruguay basin, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Australoheros ykeregua Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Uruguay basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 - cichlids [=Biotodoma Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:533, Mesops Günther [A.], 1862:311] Notes: [ref. 1260]. Neut. Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Mesops Günther, 1862, apparently preoccupied by Mesops Billberg, 1820 in Coleoptera and by Mesops Audinet-Serville, 1831 [details not researched]. •Valid as Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 -- (Gosse 1976:98 [ref. 7029], Kullander 1980:23 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1986:128 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:617 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Mesops) [ref. 1969]. Masc. Geophagus cupido Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann & Bray 1894:621 [ref. 1248]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Mesops Billberg, 1820 in Coleoptera and by Mesops Audinet-Serville, 1831 in Orthoptera; replaced by Biotoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. •Synonym of Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 -- (Kullander 1986:128 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:617 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Apistogramma Regan, 1913 -- (Staeck 2003:10 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Synonym of Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840) - cupid cichlid [=Geophagus cupido Heckel [J. J.], 1840:399] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro and Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Essequibo River basin: Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species (Gosse, 1963) - Orinoco eartheater [=Geophagus wavrini Gosse [J.-P.], 1963:2, Pl. 1 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 39 (no. 35); ref. 19136] Upper Río Orinoco, between San Fernando de Atabapo and Río Casiquiare, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in middle and upper Negro River drainage in Brazil and Venezuela; Orinoco River basin in Colombia and Venezuela: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 - cichlids [=Biotoecus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:533, Saraca Steindachner [F.], 1875:125] Notes: [ref. 1260]. Masc. Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Saraca Steindachner, 1875, preoccupied by Saraca Walker, 1865 in Lepidoptera. The "oe" or "ae" dipthong is difficult to read, apparently "oe" as used in current literature. Misspelled Biotaecus by Jordan 1920:502 [ref. 4905]. •Valid as Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 -- (Kullander 1980:23 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:618 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:125 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Valid as Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Saraca) [ref. 4220]. Fem. Saraca opercularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Saraca Walker, 1865 in Lepidoptera, replaced by Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. •In the synonymy of Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:618 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Biotoecus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989 - Cano Alisal cichlid [=Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander [S. O.], 1989:227, Fig. 1] Notes: [Journal of Natural History v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 17689] Caño Alisal, tributary to Río Bita a few kilometers south of Puerto Carreño, Vichada, Comisaria, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875) - fairy cichlid [=Saraca opercularis Steindachner [F.], 1875:125 [65]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Lago Saraca and Amazon at Villa Bella, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander, 1986 - cichlids [=Bujurquina Kullander [S. O.], 1986:244] Notes: [ref. 12439]. Fem. Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation. •Valid as Bujurquina Kullander, 1986 – (Kullander 1987:195 [ref. 6749], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Britski et al. 1999:147 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:618 [ref. 27061], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Kullander 2012:51 [ref. 31798], Steele et al. 2013:152 [ref. 32810], Arbour et al. 2014:79 [ref. 33331]). Current status: Valid as Bujurquina Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986 - Pucallpa bujurquina [=Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander [S. O.], 1986:280, Pls. 29 (fig. 3), 30 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] 3.4 kilometers from Pucallpa on road to Lima, Río Ucayali drainage, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Ucayali River tributaries, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986 - Lago Tupac Amaru bujurquina [=Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander [S. O.], 1986:261, Figs. 113-115, Pl. 28 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Near Lago Túpac Amaru, Río Madre de Dios drainage, Depto. Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986 - Rio Hospital bujurquina [=Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander [S. O.], 1986:269, Fig. 117, Pl. 28 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Hospital, Río Madre de Dios drainage, Depto. Cuzco, Peru (12°53'S, 71°27'W). Current status: Valid as Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986 - Rio Pachitea bujurquina [=Bujurquina hophrys Kullander [S. O.], 1986:283, Figs. 123-124, Pl. 30 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Pachitea tributary mouth, 2-3 kilometers downstream of Tournavista, Depto. Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986 - Tingo Maria bujurquina [=Bujurquina huallagae Kullander [S. O.], 1986:290, Figs. 126-127, Pl. 31 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Near Tingo Maria, about 1/4 miles above River Huallaga, Depto. Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Huallaga River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986 - Rio Chinipo bujurquina [=Bujurquina labiosa Kullander [S. O.], 1986:277, Fig. 120, Pl. 29 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Chinipo tributary, about 10 kilometers south of Chicosa, Río Ucayali drainage, Depto. Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Ucayali River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922) - Barrigon bujurquina [=Aequidens mariae Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:240, Pl. 30 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Barrigón, Río Meta, Río Orinoco System, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin in Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986 - Rio Pachitea bujurquina [=Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander [S. O.], 1986:287, Fig. 125, Pl. 31 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Pool near Río Pachitea, about 1 kilometer above Tournavista, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986 - Quebrada Carahuayte bujurquina [=Bujurquina moriorum Kullander [S. O.], 1986:304, Figs. 134-135, Pl. 33 (figs. 3-4)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Quebrada Carahuayte, on road between Jenaro Herrera and Colonia Angamos, Río Ucayali drainage, Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987 - Rio Aguascalientes bujurquina [=Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander [S. O.], 1987:196, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 6749] Río Aguascalientes, at Aguascalientes, about 25 kilometers east of Roboré, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin in the Aguas Calientes River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986 - Puerto Juan Antonio bujurrquina [=Bujurquina ortegai Kullander [S. O.], 1986:294, Figs. 128-129, Pl. 32 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Puerto Juan Antonio, Moyomamba, San Martin, Río Hyallaga drainage, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Mayo River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina pardus Arbour et al., 2014 - Rio Danta bujurquina [=Bujurquina pardus Arbour (J. H.), Barriga Salazar [R. E.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2014:80, Fig. 2, 3B&D, 4A, 5] Notes: [Copeia 2014 (no. 1); ref. 33331] Rıoı Danta, tributary of the Rıoı Shionoyacu, Rıoı Tigre drainage, Pastaza Province, Ecuador, 1°59'08"S, 76°52'30"W, 200 meters elevation. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina pardus Arbour, Barriga Salazar & López-Fernández, 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rıoı Danta, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986 - Rio Yaguasyacu bujurquina [=Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander [S. O.], 1986:301, Figs. 132-133, Pl. 33 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Yaguasyacu tributary, just below Esperanza, River Ampiyacu drainage, Depto. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Ampiyacu River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986 - Rio Chinipo bujurquina [=Bujurquina robusta Kullander [S. O.], 1986:273, Figs. 118-119, Pl. 29 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Chinipo tributary, about 10 kilometers south of Chicosa, Río Ucayali drainage, Depto. Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Chinipo River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872) - Rio Ambyiacu bujurquina [=Acara syspilus Cope [E. D.], 1872:255, Pl. 11 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu and tributaries, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986 - Quebrada San Roque bujurquina [=Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander [S. O.], 1986:266, Figs. 115-116, Pl. 28 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Quebrada San Roque on Puerto Maldonado-Cuzco Road, Río Tambopata drainage, Depto. Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840) - banded acara [=Acara vittatus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:346, Aequidens paraguayensis Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.], 1903:534] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Paraguay River drainage and in middle Paraná basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (paraguayensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Asuncion, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905) - Rio Zamora bujurquina [=Acara zamorensis Regan [C. T.], 1905:339] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 88) (art. 42); ref. 3623] Río Zamora, Amazon system of Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in the Zamora River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Fowler, 1945 - cichlids [=Caquetaia Fowler [H. W.], 1945:133] Notes: [ref. 1454]. Fem. Caquetaia amploris Fowler, 1945. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Petenia Günther, 1862 -- (Burgess 2000:56 [ref. 24818]). •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (see Kullander in Böhlke 1984:56 [ref. 13621]). •Valid as Caquetaia Fowler, 1945 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:619 [ref. 27061], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Caquetaia Fowler, 1945. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1878) - Krauss' caquetaia [=Petenia kraussii Steindachner [F.], 1878:89] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 15 (no. 12); ref. 20476] Cienaga, Río Magdalena, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1878). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rivers in Colombia, introduced in Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944) - Myers' caquetaia [=Petenia myersi Schultz [L. P.], 1944:410, Fig. 1, Caquetaia amploris Fowler [H. W.], 1945:133, Figs. 46-47] Notes: [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 34 (no. 12); ref. 10139] Rio Dedo, tributary of the Río Orteguaza, near Florencia, Amazon system, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Putumayo and Napo River basins: Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater. (amploris) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875) - spectabilis caquetaia [=Acara (Petenia) spectabilis Steindachner [F.], 1875:96 [36], Pl. 4] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Gurupa and Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Steindachner, 1875 - cichlids [=Chaetobranchopsis (subgenus of Chaetobranchus) Steindachner [F.], 1875:133] Notes: [ref. 4220]. Fem. Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Chaetobranchopsis Steindachner, 1875 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Britski et al. 1999:149 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:620 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Chaetobranchopsis Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward, in Eigenmann et al., 1907 - Southern chaetobrachopsis [=Chaetobranchopsis australe Eigenmann [C. H.] & Ward [D. P.], in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward, 1907:144, Pl. 44 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 1261] Bahia Negra, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward, 1907. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina, Bolivia (?), Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875) - orbicular chaetobrachopsis [=Chaetobranchus orbicularis Steindachner [F.], 1875:133 [73], Pl. 8 (figs. 1, 1a-b), Chaetobranchopsis bitaeniatus Ahl [E.], 1936:139] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Amazon River at Pará, Santarim, Gurupa, Rio Xingú at Porto do Noz; Rio Negro, and Rio Hyuvari, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (bitaeniatus) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1936 (nos 1-3); ref. 13681] Amazonas. Current status: Synonym of Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840 - cichlids [=Chaetobranchus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:401] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Masc. Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:469 [ref. 1224]. •Valid as Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:72 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:620 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Chaetobranchus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840 - yellow chaetobranchus [=Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel [J. J.], 1840:402, Geophagus badiipinnis Cope [E. D.], 1872:251, Pl. 11 (fig. 1), Chaetobranchus bruneus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:405, Pl. 29 (figs. 17-20), Centrarchus cyanopterus Jardine [W.] & Schomburgk [R. H.], in Schomburgk, 1843:165, Pl. 16, Chaetobranchus robustus Günther [A.], 1862:310, Chromys ucayalensis Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:15, Pl. 6 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, tributary of Rio Negro, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Brazil, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (badiipinnis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (bruneus) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro. Current status: Synonym of Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (cyanopterus) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (robustus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (ucayalensis) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Sarayacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875 - Steindachner's chaetobranchus [=Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner [F.], 1875:130 [70], Pl. 7] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Amazon River at Obidos, Codajas, Teffe, Rio Ica, Lake Hyanuary, Saraca at Silva, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, along the Amazon-Solimões River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chiapaheros McMahan & Piller, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Chiapaheros McMahan [C. D.] & Piller [K. R.], in McMahan et al., 2015:226] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Chiapaheros McMahan & Piller, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:38 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Chiapaheros McMahan & Piller, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Chiapaheros grammodes (Taylor & Miller, 1980) - grammodes chiapaheros [=Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor [J. N.] & Miller [R. R.], 1980:2, Fig. 1] Notes: [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 693; ref. 8652] Río Grande de Chiapa, between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, 16°44'N, 93°02'W, Chiapas, Mexico, elevation 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Chiapaheros grammodes (Taylor & Miller, 1980). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chocoheros Rican & Pialek, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Chocoheros Říčan [O.] & Piálek [L.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:22] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl, 1960. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Chocoheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Current status: Valid as Chocoheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Chocoheros microlepis (Dahl, 1960) - smallscale chocoheros [=Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl [G.], 1960:480, Fig. on p. 481] Notes: [Caldasia v. 8 (no. 39); ref. 9310] Pavarandó, Río Baudó, western Colombia. Current status: Valid as Chocoheros microlepis (Dahl, 1960). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Baudó River basin, Pacific slope of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chortiheros Rican & Dragova, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Chortiheros Říčan [O.] & Dragová [K.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:26] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Chortiheros Říčan & Dragová, 2016. Current status: Valid as Chortiheros Říčan & Dragová, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Chortiheros wesseli (Miller, 1996) - Wessel's cichlid [=Theraps wesseli Miller [R. R.], 1996:180, Figs. 1-3, 6-8] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 44 (no. 10); ref. 22150] Río Belleaire at CA13 bridge, 8 kilometers south of the River Jutiapa crossing, Deparmento de Atlantida, northern Honduras, 15°41'30"W, 86°30'N. Current status: Valid as Chortiheros wesseli (Miller, 1996). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Honduras. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Chuco Fernandez-Yepez, 1969 - cichlids [=Chuco Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1969:[4]] Notes: [Evencias No. 22; ref. 9186] Neut. Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907. Type by original designation. Appeared in an obscure publication, apparently available. Treated as neuter by Fernández-Yépez. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Synonym of Fernández-Yépez 1969 -- (Burgess 2000:50 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:645 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Theraps Günther, 1862. •Valid as Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969 -- (Allgayer 1989:25 [ref. 20696], Říčan et al. 2016:43 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Chuco godmanni (Gunther, 1863) - Godman's chuco [=Heros godmanni Günther [A.], 1862:296] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Río Cahabon, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Chuco godmanni (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chuco intermedium (Gunther, 1862) - intermediate chuco [=Heros intermedius Günther [A.], 1862:298, Heros angulifer Günther [A.], 1862:298, Acara rectangularis Steindachner [F.], 1864:57 [1], Pl. 1 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Chuco intermedium (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Belize, Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (angulifer) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Río de Santa Isabel, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Chuco intermedium (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (rectangularis) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Chuco intermedium (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Chuco microphthalmus (Gunther, 1862) - smallhead chuco [=Heros microphthalmus Günther [A.], 1862:295, Cichlasoma caeruleogula Fowler [H. W.], 1936:525, Fig. 43, Cichlasoma guentheri Pellegrin [J.], 1904:215, Cichlasoma milleri Meek [S. E.], 1907:142, Heros oblongus Günther [A.], 1867:602] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Río Motagua, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Chuco microphthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Guatemala and Hundurus. Habitat: freshwater. (caeruleogula) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 87 (for 1935); ref. 13694] Río Motagua tributary, about 20 miles west of El Rancho, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Chuco microphthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (guentheri) [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Río Motagua, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Chuco microphthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (milleri) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 5); ref. 15159] El Rancho, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Chuco microphthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (oblongus) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Río Motagua, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Chuco microphthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 - cichlids, peacock basses [=Cichla Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:336, Acharnes Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.], 1849:622] Notes: [ref. 471]. Fem. Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann & Bray 1894:611 [ref. 1248]. Misspelled Cychla by Griffith & Smith 1834:262 [ref. 1908]. •Valid as Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 – (Kullander 1986:50 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:5 [ref. 14136], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Carpenter 2001:3334 [ref. 26131], Carpenter 2003:1691 [ref. 27092], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:620 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Ferreira 2006:294 [ref. 28883] with author as Schneider, Staeck 2005:3 [ref. 28482], Scharpf 2009:4 [ref. 30400], Reiss et al. 2012:59 [ref. 31910], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Acharnes) [ref. 3072]. Masc. Acharnes speciosus Müller & Troschel, 1848. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 -- (Kullander 1986:50 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:5 [ref. 14136], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:620 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Ferreira 2006:294 [ref. 28883]). Current status: Synonym of Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971 - royal [=Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison [A.], 1971:473, Fig. 7-9, 10a, 11b] Notes: [Acta Biologica Venezuelica v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 873] Río Casiquiare, Territory Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cichla jariina Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - Jari peacock bass [=Cichla jariina Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:355, Figs. 60-63] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Jari downstream of Cachoeira Santo Antonio, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla jariina Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Jari River, in the region of Cachoeira Itacari and Cachoeira Santo Antonio, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - kelberi peacock bass [=Cichla kelberi Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:324, Figs. 28-32] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Tucurui, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Araguaia River drainage and lower Tocantans River, Brazil. Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla melaniae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - Xingu peacock bass [=Cichla melaniae Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:340, Figs. 44-48] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Xingú, Cachoeira do Espelho, 3°48'S, 52°32'W, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla melaniae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla mirianae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - Tapajos peacock bass [=Cichla mirianae Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:335, Figs. 37-43] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Arinos, município Porto dos Gauchos, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla mirianae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Tocantins River and upper Xingú River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Agassiz, in Spix & Agassiz, 1831 - monoculus peacock bass [=Cychla monoculus Agassiz [L.], in Spix & Agassiz, 1831:100, Pl. 63, Cichla bilineatus Nakashima [S.], 1941:73, Figs. 2-3, Cycla toucounarai Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:17, Pl. 10 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Brazilian seas. Current status: Valid as Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Oyapock River basin: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (bilineatus) [Boletín del Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado" v. 5 (no. 16); ref. 13189] Peruvian Amazon. Current status: Synonym of Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (toucounarai) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Tocantins, Amazon River, and Goías, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla nigromaculata Jardine & Schomburgk, in Schomburgk, 1843 - Jardine's cichla [=Cychla nigromaculata Jardine [W.] & Schomburgk [R. H.], in Schomburgk, 1843:147, Pl. 7] Notes: [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Negro and Padauiri. Current status: Valid as Cichla nigromaculata Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco and Casiquiare tributaries and the middle Negro River: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 - butterfly peacock bass [=Cichla ocellaris Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:340, Pl. 66, Acharnes speciosus Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.], 1849:622] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean [actual is Suriname, South America]. Current status: Valid as Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Northern South America: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname; introduced elsewhere, including Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (speciosus) [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821 - Orinoco peacock bass [=Cichla orinocensis Humboldt [F. H. A. von], in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:167, Pl. 45 (fig. 3), Cichla argus Valenciennes [A.], in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:169, Cichla atabapensis Humboldt [F. H. A. von], in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:168] Notes: [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Río Orinoco and Río Negro. Current status: Valid as Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Orinoco River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Introduced in Malay Pennsula Habitat: freshwater. (argus) [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (atabapensis) [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Río Atabapo and Orinoco River, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla pinima Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - spotted peacock bass [=Cichla pinima Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:358, Figs. 64-73] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Curuá-Una, kilometer 30, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla pinima Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Tapajós, Curuá-Una, Xingú, Tocantins and Capim rivers, plus possible other areas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - blue peacock bass [=Cichla piquiti Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:344, Fig. 49-54] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Itacaiúnas at Caldeirão, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Tocantins and Capim river drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cichla pleiozona Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - Lake Gatun peacock [=Cichla pleiozona Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:330, Figs. 33-36] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Alegre, tributary to Rio Guaporé, about 30 kilometers from Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla pleiozona Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Bolivian Amazon basin and Guaporé river drainages in Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla temensis Humboldt, in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821 - speckled pavon [=Cichla temensis Humboldt [F. H. A. von], in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821:169, Cychla flavomaculata Jardine [W.] & Schomburgk [R. H.], in Schomburgk, 1843:145, Pl. 6, Cychla trifasciata Jardine [W.] & Schomburgk [R. H.], in Schomburgk, 1843:151, Pl. 9, Cichla tucunare Heckel [J. J.], 1840:409, Cichla uitaeniatus Magalhães [A. C. de], 1931:225] Notes: [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Río Temi, Venezuela, and other localities, South America. Current status: Valid as Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Orinoco River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (flavomaculata) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Negro and Rio Padauiri. Current status: Synonym of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (trifasciata) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Negro, Rio Padauiri. Current status: Synonym of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (tucunare) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Branco, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (uitaeniatus) [Monografia Bresileira de Peixes Fluviais.; ref. 21136] Rio Negro e do Purus. Current status: Synonym of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cichla thyrorus Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - Trombetas peacock bass [=Cichla thyrorus Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:350, Figs. 55-59] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Igarapé Caxipacoré, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla thyrorus Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trombetas River drainage upstream of Cachoeira Porteira, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichla vazzoleri Kullander & Ferreira, 2006 - Vazzoler's peacock bass [=Cichla vazzoleri Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 2006:368, Figs. 76-80] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 28883] Rio Trombetas drainage, Area Shell-Alcoa, lower Rio Trombetas, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichla vazzoleri Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uatumã River and lower Trombetas River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 - cichlids [=Cichlasoma (subgenus of Plesiops) Swainson [W.], 1839:230, Cichlaurus (subgenus of Plesiops) Swainson [W.], 1839:173, Cichlosoma Regan [C. T.], 1905:61] Notes: [ref. 4303]. Neut. Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by designation of the ICZN in Opinion 1954. As Cichlaurus on p. 173; Swain 1882:284 [ref. 5966] acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma (see Bailey 1957:303 [ref. 6478]). Cychlasoma is a misspelling; Cichlosoma Regan, 1905:61 [ref. 3622] is an unjustified emendation. For a discussion of problems involving the type species, see Kullander 1983:9 [ref. 8319]. However, Opinion 1954 (Case 2905) set aside previous type species designations and designated Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 as the type species of Cichlasoma, thereby insuring that Cichlasoma is a genus of cichlid fishes. On the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. •Mention -- (Dyer 2000:89 [ref. 26678]). •Valid as Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (Kullander 1983 [ref. 8319], Kullander 1986:335 [ref. 12439], Malabarba 1989:163 [ref. 14217], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:131 [ref. 14136], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Britski et al. 1999:151 [ref. 24147], Burgess 2000:44 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:621 [ref. 27061], Allen et al. 2006:1437 [ref. 29081], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Scharpf 2009:4 [ref. 30400], Ottoni 2011:335 [ref. 31675], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Cichlaurus) [ref. 4303]. Masc. Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Without species but clear from text that this was another name for Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839:230 [ref. 4303]; Swain 1882:284 [ref. 5966], acts as first reviser selecting Cichlasoma (see Bailey 1957:304 [ref. 6478]). •Objective synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (Kullander 1986:335 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:131 [ref. 14136], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:621 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:373 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Cichlosoma R) [ref. 3622]. Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758. See Cichlasoma. Treated as a replacement name by Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:621 [ref. 27061] but it is technically an unjustified emendation. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:621 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983 - Pebas cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander [S. O.], 1983:115, Pls. 5 (figs. 2-3), 6-7] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Little upstreams of Pebas, Sacarita del Tuyé, right bank tributary of the River Ampiyacu, Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983 - River Araguaia cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander [S. O.], 1983:252, Pl. 14 (fig. 1)] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] River Araguaia system, small igarapé tributary to Igarapé Sangadina, 1 kilometer from Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tocantins and upper Xingú River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cichlasoma atromaculatum Regan, 1912 - Tado cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma (Parapetenia) atromaculatum Regan [C. T.], 1912:507] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Tado, Río San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma atromaculatum Regan, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758) - black acara [=Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:285, Sparus filamentosus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:60, Acara gronovii Heckel [J. J.], 1840:361] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] [In Mediterraneo] (erroneous, is Brazil). Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela; established in Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater. (filamentosus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (gronovii) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rivers in Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983 - Rio Urugaita cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander [S. O.], 1983:165, Pl. 8 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Río Urugaita, River Guaporé basin, tributary of Río Quizer, 13 kilometers south of San Xavier, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Madre de Dios drainage and Mamoré River basin: Bolivia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840) - Rio Cuiaba cichlasoma [=Acara dimerus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:351, Heros centralis Holmberg [E. L.], 1891:183, Acara marginatus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:350] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná and Paraguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (centralis) [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Santiago de l'Estero Province, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (marginatus) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983 - Pentecoste cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma orientale Kullander [S. O.], 1983:177, Pls. 9, 10 (fig. 1)] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Pentecoste, reservoir, Rio Curu system, Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic coast rivers, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983 - Laguna Mozambique cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander [S. O.], 1983:106, Pls. 4 (figs. 2-3), 5 (fig. 1)] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Laguna Mozambique, shoreline on northern side of lake, Río Meta system, Meta, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 - Upper River Parana cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander [S. O.], 1983:241, Pl. 13] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Upper River Paraná system, Tres Lagoas, on left bank of Rio Sucuriú, at Fazenda Santa Luzia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870) - Porto Alegre cichlasoma [=Acara portalegrensis Hensel [R.], 1870:52] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Porto Alegre, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Coastal basins of southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983 - Puerto Palma cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander [S. O.], 1983:221, Pl. 12 (fig. 1)] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Puerto Palma, Río Alto Paraná system, Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper rio Paraná and rio Uruguay drainages, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983 - Lagoa Viana cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander [S. O.], 1983:227, Pl. 12 (figs. 2-3)] Notes: [A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma; ref. 8319] Lagoa Viana, Rio São Francisco system, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, and Paraíba and Capivara River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831) - brown coscarob [=Chromis taenia Bennett [E. T.], 1831:112] Notes: [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 16791] Near Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trinidad Island and adjacent Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cichlasoma zarskei Ottoni, 2011 - Lago Mahada Grande cichlasoma [=Cichlasoma zarskei Ottoni [F. P.], 2011:337, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 3); ref. 31675] Lago Mahada Grande, rio Maranhão basin, Maranhão state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cichlasoma zarskei Ottoni, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Maranhão basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cincelichthys McMahan & Piller, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Cincelichthys McMahan [C. D.] & Piller [K. R.], in McMahan et al., 2015:223] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Neetroplus bocourti Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902. Type by original designation. •Valid as Cincelichthys McMahan & Piller, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Cincelichthys McMahan & Piller, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Cincelichthys bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902) - chiseltooth cichlid [=Neetrophus bocourti Vaillant [L. L.] & Pellegrin [J.], 1902:85 [1]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 14896] Lake Isabel, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Cincelichthys bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slopes of Belize and Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cincelichthys pearsei (Hubbs, 1936) - Pantano cichlid [= pearsei Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:279, Pl. 10 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Río Champoton, , 34 kilometers east of Champoton, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cincelichthys pearsei (Hubbs, 1936). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Cleithracara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - cichlids [=Cleithracara Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:173] Notes: [ref. 14136]. Fem. Acara maronii Steindachner, 1881. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Cleithracara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:625 [ref. 27061], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518]). Current status: Valid as Cleithracara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881) - [=Acara maronii Steindachner [F.], 1881:141 [41], Pl. 2 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Maroni River, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trinidad Island and northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Congolapia Dunz et al., 2012 - cichlids [=Congolapia Dunz [A. R.], Vreven [E J.] & Schliewen [U. K.], 2012:66] Notes: [ref. 32297]. Fem. Tilapia bilineata Pellegrin, 1900. Type by original designation. •Valid as Congolapia Dunz, Vreven & Schliewen, 2012. Current status: Valid as Congolapia Dunz, Vreven & Schliewen, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Congolapia bilineata (Pellegrin, 1900) - twolined congolapia [=Tilapia bilineata Pellegrin [J.], 1900:276] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 6 (no. 6); ref. 14736] Ndele, Alima River, Upper Congo, western . Current status: Valid as Congolapia bilineata (Pellegrin, 1900). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central African Republic. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Congolapia crassa (Pellegrin, 1903) - fat congolapia [=Tilapia crassa Pellegrin [J.], 1903:120 [1]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Ndele, Alima River, Central African Republic. Current status: Valid as Congolapia crassa (Pellegrin, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Cental African Republic. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Congolapia louna Dunz et al., 2012 - louna congolapia [=Congolapia louna Dunz [A. R.], Vreven [E. J.] & Schliewen [U. K.], 2012:172, Figs. 15-17] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 32297] River Louna, affluent of Lefini, upstream of rapids, right back, 3°15'13"S, 15°23"44"E, Republic of the Congo. Current status: Valid as Congolapia louna Dunz, Vreven & Schliewen, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: River Louna, Republic of the Congo. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Crenicara Steindachner, 1875 - cichlids [=Crenicara Steindachner [F.], 1875:99, Crenacara Regan [C. T.], 1905:152] Notes: [ref. 4220]. Neut. Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. Unjustifiably emended to Crenacara by Regan 1905:152 [ref. 12256]. •Valid as Crenicara Steindachner, 1875 -- (Kullander 1986:140 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:626 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:130 [ref. 27488], Schindler & Staeck 2008:67 [ref. 29623], Kullander 2011:73 [ref. 31290]). Current status: Valid as Crenicara Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Crenacara) [ref. 12256]. Crenicara elegans Steindachner, 1875. Type by being an unjustified emendation. See Crenicara; Crenacara is an unjustified emendation. •Synonymy of Crenicara Steindachner, 1875 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:626 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicara Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990 - Kullander's crenicara [=Crenicara latruncularium Kullander [S. O.] & Staeck [W.], 1990:163, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Cybium v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 16012] Igarapé do 13 on road Palheta-Guajará-Mirim, Rio Mamoré drainage, Rondônia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicara punctulata (Gunther, 1863) - checkerboard cichlid [=Acara punctulata Günther [A.], 1863:441, Crenicara elegans Steindachner [F.], 1875:99 [39], Pl. 1 (figs. 1, 1a-b), Aequidens hercules Allen [W. R.], in Eigenmann & Allen, 1942:394, Pl. 22 (figs. 4-7), Aequidens madeirae Fowler [H. W.], 1913:576, Fig. 25] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 12 (no. 72); ref. 1973] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Crenicara punctulata (Günther, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (elegans) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Amazon River at Gurupá, Codajás, Curupira, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicara punctulata (Günther, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (hercules) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Ensenada del Río Morona, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Crenicara punctulata (Günther, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (madeirae) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of Rio Madeira and about 2 miles distant, Brazil, 8°45'S, 63°54'W. Current status: Synonym of Crenicara punctulata (Günther, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 - cichlids [=Crenicichla Heckel [J. J.], 1840:416, Batrachops Heckel [J. J.], 1840:432, Boggiania Perugia [A.], 1897:148] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Fem. Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann & Bray 1894:620 [ref. 1248]. •Valid as Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 -- (Casciotta 1987 [ref. 6772], Kullander 1986:82 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1988 [ref. 6232], Malabarba 1989:164 [ref. 14217], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:207 [ref. 14136], Kullander 1990 [ref. 13601], Kullander 1990 [ref. 16011], Ploeg 1991:1 [ref. 20196], Lucena & Kullander 1992:97 [ref. 20004], Kullander 1997:279 [ref. 22746], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Britski et al. 1999:146 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:626 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:133 [ref. 27488], Kullander & de Lucena 2006:127 [ref. 28747], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Lucena 2007:449 [ref. 29467], Montaña et al. 2008:33 [ref. 29783], Kullander 2009:41 [ref. 30051], Kullander et al. 2009:248 [ref. 31178], Piálek et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Varella et al. 2012:233 [ref. 32030], Kullander & de Sousa 2013:149 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:379 [ref. 32938], Mattos et al. 2014:35 [ref. 33306]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Batrachops) [ref. 2064]. Masc. Batrachops reticulatus Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann & Bray 1894:620 [ref. 1248]. •Synonym of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:82 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:207 [ref. 14136], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:626 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:133 [ref. 27488] as Batrachos). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Boggiania) [ref. 3436]. Fem. Boggiania ocellata Perugia, 1897. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:82 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:207 [ref. 14136], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:626 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:133 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Crenicichla acutirostris Gunther, 1862 - acutirostris crenicichla [=Crenicichla acutirostris Günther [A.], 1862:307] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Amazon River basin, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840 - Rio Guapore pike cichlid [=Crenicichla adspersa Heckel [J. J.], 1840:421, Crenicichla funebris Heckel [J. J.], 1840:424] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Guaporé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (funebris) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904 - Maka Creek pike cichlid [=Crenicichla saxatilis var. albopunctata Pellegrin [J.], 1904:374] Notes: [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Maka Creek, 10 kilometers southof Stoelmanseiland, Lara River, Marowijne River system, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912 - Gluck Island pike cichlid [=Crenicichla alta Eigenmann [C. H.], 1912:516, Pl. 68 (fig. 3), Crenicichla cardiostigma Ploeg [A.], 1991:26, Fig. 18, Crenicichla pterogramma Fowler [H. W.], 1914:281, Fig. 20, Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin [J.], 1903:123 [4]] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Gluck Island, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River and Essequibo River basin: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. (cardiostigma) [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Igarapé Traíra Montante, at Cachoeira Peudas, Rio Branco, Rio Negro system, Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (pterogramma) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 66; ref. 1390] Rupununi River, Guyana, 2°-3°N, 50°20'W. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (vaillanti) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] La Mana River, French Guiana; Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo and Mana River basins: French Guiana and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla anamiri (Ito & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015) - Itapuama pike cichlid [=Crenicichla anamiri Ito [P. M. M.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], 2015:471, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 33978] Pará, Itapuama, rio Xingu basin, rio Xingu below confluence with rio Iriri, Brazil, 3°36'31"S, 52°20'58"W. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla anamiri Ito & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872 - Rio Ambyiacu pike cichlid [=Crenicichla anthurus Cope [E. D.], 1872:252, Pl. 10 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792) - Brasilian pike cichlid [=Perca brasiliensis Bloch [M. E.], 1792:84, Pl. 310 (fig. 2), Sparus nhoquunda Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1802:52, 156] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 6; ref. 470] Brazil, in rivers. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (nhoquunda) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982 - Promissao pike cichlid [=Crenicichla britskii Kullander [S. O.], 1982:642, Fig. 7] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 89 (no. 3); ref. 8458] Small brook, kilometer 143 on BR-153, Promissao, Rio Tietê system, Promissao, São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911 - Cameta pike cichlid [=Crenicichla cametana Steindachner [F.], 1911:369, Crenicichla astroblepa Ploeg [A.], 1986:58, Pl. 3 (upper & middle)] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 48 (no. 17); ref. 14817] Rio Tocantins at Cameta, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (astroblepa) [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Tucurui, below dam, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987 - Arroyo de la Invernada pike cichlid [=Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta [J. R.], 1987:883, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Copeia 1987 (no. 4); ref. 6772] Arroyo de la Invernada, Picada de la Negra Muerta, Dpto. Artigas, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla chicha Varella et al., 2012 - Rio Tapajos pike cichlid [=Crenicichla chicha Varella [H. R.], Kullander [S. O.] & Lima [F. C. T.], 2012:234, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 32030] Rio Tapajós drainage, rio Papagaio, about 3 km above the road Sapezal/Tangará da Serra, 13°36'03"S, 58°25'05"W, Sapezal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla chicha Varella, Kullander & Lima, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós basin, rio Papagaqio, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905 - Marajo Island pike cichlid [=Crenicichla cincta Regan [C. T.], 1905:166, Crenicichla brasiliensis var. fasciata Pellegrin [J.], 1904:383, Fig. 42 (3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1905, v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 12256] Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (fasciata) [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Marajo Island, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986 - Jatobal pike cichlid [=Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg [A.], 1986:63, Pl. 4 (upper)] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Rapids downstream of Jatobal, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987 - Linker Coppename River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg [A.], 1987:77, Pl. 1 (second & middle)] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 37 (no. 5); ref. 9113] Left bank tributary to Linker Coppename River, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Coppename and Saramacca River basins, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870 - Upper Maranon River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope [E. D.], 1870:569] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Upper Marañon River near Pebas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986 - Tucurui pike cichlid [=Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg [A.], 1986:65, Pl. 4 (middle & lower)] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Tucurui, below dam, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla dandara Varella & Ito, 2018 - Xingu pike cichlid [=Crenicichla dandara Varella [H. R.] & Ito [P. M. M.], 2018:2, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 166 [for 2017] (no. 1); ref. 35884] Rio Xingu, Cachoeira do Jericoá, Altamira, Pará, Brazil, 3°21'57"S, 51°44'8"W. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla dandara Varella & Ito, 2018. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper and middle Rio Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla empheres Lucena, 2007 - Rio Chapeco pike cichlid [=Crenicichla empheres Lucena [C. A. S. de], 2007:453, Figs. 6-8] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 29467] Rio Chapecó, on the road Abelardo Luz-Coronel Firmino Martins, Abelardo Luz, 26°33'35"S, 52°19'41"W, Estado Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla empheres Lucena, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Chapecó River, upper Uruguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858 - Trinidad Island pike cichlid [=Crenicichla frenata Gill [T. N.], 1858:386 [26]] Notes: [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 6 (nos 10-13); ref. 1750] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Trinidad Island and adjacent Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - Arroio Passo do Alto pike cichlid [=Crenicichla gaucho Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:137, Figs. 29-30] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Arroio Passo do Alto, near Mineral, município of São Nicolau, Rio Grando do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage in tributaries of middle Uruguay River: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903 - halfbanded pike cichlid [=Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin [J.], 1903:123 [4]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin in the Portuguesa River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla gillmorlisi Kullander & de Lucena, 2013 - Rio Acaray pike cichlid [=Crenicichla gillmorlisi Kullander [S. O.] & de Lucena [C. A. S.], 2013:151, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [Zootaxa 3641 (no. 2); ref. 32675] Río Acaray, dry arm below the reservoir, Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla gillmorlisi Kullander & de Lucena, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Acaray, right bank tributary to the río Paraná, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena, 2007 - Lucena's Rio Chapeco pike cichlid [=Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena [C. A. S. de], 2007:450, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 29467] Rio Chapecó, on the road Coronel de Freitas-Quilombo, Vila São Miguel, Coronel de Freitas, 26°51'26"S, 52°44'29"W, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River and Chapecó, Uruguay River drainage, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974 - Jupia pike cichlid [=Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo [J. A.] & Britski [H. A.], 1974:554, Fig. 1] Notes: [Acta Biologica Venezuelica v. 8 (nos 3-4); ref. 7440] Jupia, Rio Paraná, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989 - Cachoeira Porteira pike cichlid [=Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg [A.], 1989:163, Fig. 1] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 16268] Cachoeira Porteira, Trombetas system, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Trombetas River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990 - Rio Aripuana pike cichlid [=Crenicichla hemera Kullander [S. O.], 1990:214, Figs. 1-4, Crenicichla guentheri Ploeg [A.], 1991:33, Figs. 30-31] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 13601] Rio Aripuana drainage, headwater stream tributary to Rio Cinta Larga, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (guentheri) [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Rio Aripuana, Rio Madeira system, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla hu Pialek et al., 2010 - Piray-Mini pike cichlid [=Crenicichla hu Piálek [L.], Říčan [O.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.], 2010:38, Figs. 2-5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2537; ref. 30903] Río Paraná basin, arroyo Piray-Miní, 26°2'00"S. 53°52'30.0"W, Misiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla hu Piálek, Říčan, Casciotta & Almirón, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Paraná basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991 - Rio Cumina pike cichlid [=Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg [A.], 1991:35, Fig. 33] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Igarapé Jaramacuru, tributary to Rio Cuminá, River Trombetas system, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Trombetas River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - Rio Canoas pike cichlid [=Crenicichla igara Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:125, Fig. 23] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Canoas at Passo do Canoas, on the road Tupitinga-Celso Ramos, município Campos Novos, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla iguapina Kullander & Lucena, 2006 - Iporanga pike cichlid [=Crenicichla iguapina Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de], 2006:135, Fig. 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28747] Iporanga, rio Betari, rio Ribeira de Iguapé drainage, São Paulo State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla iguapina Kullander & Lucena, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguapé River drainage, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911 - Rio Iguassu pike cichlid [=Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman [J. D.], 1911:352, Pl. 61] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Iguassú at Porto União da Victoria, Paraná, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin in the Iguaçu River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991 - Ilha do Careiro pike cichlid [=Crenicichla inpa Ploeg [A.], 1991:37, Fig. 35] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Ilha do Careiro, Amazon River, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991 - Ploeg's Rio Aripuana pike cichlid [=Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg [A.], 1991:39, Figs. 37-38] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Rio Aripuana, 3 kilometer from Cachoeira de Dardanelos Humboldt, 10°10'S, 59°27'W, Madeira Rio system, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Aripuanã River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911 - Jaguara pike cichlid [=Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman [J. D.], 1911:351, Pl. 60] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Grande of the Paraná at Jaguara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986 - Ploeg's Rio Tocantins pike cichlid [=Crenicichla jegui Ploeg [A.], 1986:67, Pl. 5 (upper)] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Rio Tocantins, Itupiranga, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840 - Rio Guapore pike cichlid [=Crenicichla johanna Heckel [J. J.], 1840:425, Crenicichla johanna var. carsevennensis Pellegrin [J.], 1905:168, Cychla fasciata Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:141, Pl. 4, Crenicichla obtusirostris Günther [A.], 1862:305] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (carsevennensis) [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 30; ref. 15376] Carsevenne River, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (fasciata) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] No locality given [probably Guyana]. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (obtusirostris) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Rio Capim, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968 - Britski's Rio Parana pike cichlid [=Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski [H. A.] & Luengo [J. A.], 1968:171, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Departamento de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 21 (art. 18); ref. 7875] Rio Paraná, Salto de Urubupungá, between states of Mato Grosso and São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - Rio Marombas pike cichlid [=Crenicichla jurubi Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:128, Figs. 25-26] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Marombas at bridge Irineu Bornhausen, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831) - labrina pike cichlid [=Cychla labrina Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1831:99, Pl. 62 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Brazilian seas. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tocanatins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855) - Bahia pike cichlid [=Cycla lacustris Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:19, Pl. 8 (fig. 3), Crenicichla biocellata Ihering [R. von], 1914:333, Crenicichla dorsocellata Haseman [J. D.], 1911:355, Pl. 63] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia [probably in error for near Rio de Janeiro], Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (biocellata) [Revista do Museo São Paulo v. 9; ref. 14157] Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (dorsocellata) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Parahyba at Campos, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840 - Marabitanos pike cichlid [=Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel [J. J.], 1840:419, Crenicichla ornata Regan [C. T.], 1905:167, Pl. 15 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro at Marabitanos, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (ornata) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1905, v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 12256] Rio Negro. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 - pike cichlid [=Crenicichla lepidota Heckel [J. J.], 1840:429, Pl. 30 (figs. 13-16), Crenicichla edithae Ploeg [A.], 1991:29, Fig. 24] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (edithae) [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Arroyo Itabu-Guazu, Río Paraguai system, Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Eastern South America. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla lucenai Mattos et al., 2014 - Rio das Antas pike cichlid [=Crenicichla lucenai Mattos [J. L.], Schindler [I.], Ottoni [F. P.] & Cheffe [M. M.], 2014:37, Fig. 1] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33306] Rio das Antas, Passo do Gabriel, Bom Jesus Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lucenai Mattos, Schindler, Ottoni & Cheffe, 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal basins, upper Rio das Antas basin, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870 - Cayapoza pike cichlid [=Crenicichla lucius Cope [E. D.], 1870:570] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Cayapoza, Upper Río Marañon, Loreto Depto., Peru. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840 - Heckel's Rio Negro pike cichlid [=Crenicichla lugubris Heckel [J. J.], 1840:422, Cychla rutilens Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:142, Pl. 5] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Essequibo River basin and Corantijn River: Brazil, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (rutilens) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Branco, South America. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840 - macrophthalma pike cichlid [=Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel [J. J.], 1840:427, Pl. 30 (figs. 9-12), Crenicichla santaremensis Haseman [J. D.], 1911:354, Pl. 62 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (santaremensis) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Lagoon along margin of Amazon, 3 miles above Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla maculata Kullander & Lucena, 2006 - Maquline pike cichlid [=Crenicichla maculata Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de], 2006:139, Fig. 8] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28747] Maquiné, rio Pinheiro, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla maculata Kullander & Lucena, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander, 2009 - Arroyo Tembey pike cichlid [=Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander [S. O.], 2009:42, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2006; ref. 30051] Arroyo Tembey above falls, Itapúa, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Right bank tributaries of Paraná River, Paraguay; Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904 - marmorata pike cichlid [=Crenicichla brasiliensis var. marmorata Pellegrin [J.], 1904:383, Fig. 42 (4)] Notes: [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] No locality [Rio Trombetas, Amazon]. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991 - Caieira pike cichlid [=Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg [A.], 1991:45, Fig. 47] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Caieira, Maranhao, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rivers in Maranhão State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - Rio Comandai pike cichlid [=Crenicichla minuano Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:116, Figs. 12-15] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Comandaí on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage, in tributaries of middle and upper Uruguay River: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - missioneira pike cichlid [=Crenicichla missioneira Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:113, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Comandaí, on the road of Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage in tributaries of upper and middle Uruguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla monicae Kullander & Varella, 2015 - Wallace's pike cichlid [=Crenicichla monicae Kullander [S. O.] & Varella [H. R.], 2015:515, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Copeia v. 103 (no. 3); ref. 33921] State of Amazonas, Rio Negro drainage, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla monicae Kullander & Varella, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914 - Rio Todos os Santos pike cichlid [=Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering [R. von], 1914:335] Notes: [Revista do Museo São Paulo v. 9; ref. 14157] Rio Todos os Santos, tributary of Rio Mucury [Mucuri], Teófilo Otoni, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Mucuri River basin, eastern coast of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903 - Cayanne pike cichlid [=Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin [J.], 1903:124 [5]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Cayanne, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Maroni and Mana River basins of Suriname and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987 - Nickerie River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg [A.], 1987:81, Pl. 1 (fourth & lower)] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 37 (no. 5); ref. 9113] Right bank tributary to Nickerie River, 12 kilometers west southwest of Stondansie Fall, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Nickerie and Corantijn River basins, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891) - Rio Pequiri pike cichlid [=Acharnes niederleinii Holmberg [E. L.], 1891:181] Notes: [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Río Pequiri, Missiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913 - notophthalmus pike cichlid [=Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan [C. T.], 1913:502] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 11 (no. 65); ref. 14979] Amazon River at Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla ocellata (Perugia, 1897) - Bahia Negra pike cichlid [=Boggiania ocellata Perugia [A.], 1897:148 [2]] Notes: [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 18; ref. 3436] Puerto 14 de Mayo, Bahia Negra, Chaco boreale, Alto Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla ocellata (Perugia, 1897). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991 - Ploeg's Rio Aripura pike cichlid [=Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg [A.], 1991:48, Fig. 53] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Rio Aripura, Igarapé do Poirto, Rio Madeira system, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Artipuanã River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991 - Kullander's Rio Xingu pike cichlid [=Crenicichla percna Kullander [S. O.], 1991:356, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 13610] Rio Xingú drainage, Cachoeira do Espelho, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991 - phaiospilus pike cichlid [=Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander [S. O.], 1991:353, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 13610] Rio Xingú drainage, município de São Felix do Xingú, Rio Fresco, Aldeia Gorotire, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla ploegi Varella et al., 2018 - Sapezal pike cichlid [=Crenicichla ploegi Varella [H. R.], Loeb [M. V.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Kullander [S. V.], 2018:364, Figs. 1-2, 3a-c, 4-5, 6a] Notes: [Zootaxa 4377 (no. 3); ref. 35777] Rio Papagaio, large river pool in the Fazenda Savocal (near road to Brasnorte), Sapezal, Brazil, 12°46'04"S, 58°23'05"W. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla ploegi Varella, Loeb, Lima & Kullander, 2018. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Paraguai and upper Rio Juruena basins, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - Rio Jacutinga pike cichlid [=Crenicichla prenda Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:140, Fig. 32] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Jacutinga, on the road BR 283 Seara-Concórdia, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872 - Cope's Rio Ambyiacu pike cichlid [=Crenicichla proteus Cope [E. D.], 1872:252, Crenicichla proteus var. argynnis Cope [E. D.], 1872:253, Batrachops nemopterus Fowler [H. W.], 1940:283, Fig. 64, Crenicichla nijsseni Ploeg [A.], 1991:47, Fig. 41] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (argynnis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (nemopterus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (nijsseni) [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Açude Carlos Simao, Rio Branco, Rio Japurá system, Acre, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870 - Rio Guaiba pike cichlid [=Crenicichla punctata Hensel [R.], 1870:57, Crenicichla polysticta Hensel [R.], 1870:58] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Guaíba, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim basins, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (polysticta) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea in rain forest at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991 - Ploeg's Igarape pike cichlid [=Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg [A.], 1991:52, Fig. 57] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Igarapé at kilometer 10 of BR 163, Rio Trobetes system, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Trombetas River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989 - Cachoeira Porteira pike cichlid [=Crenicichla regani Ploeg [A.], 1989:164, Fig. 2] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 16268] Left tributary to Cachoeira Porteira, Rio Trombetas system, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Trombetas River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840) - reticulated pike cichlid [=Batrachops reticulatus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:433, Pl. 30 (figs. 17-20), Crenicichla elegans Steindachner [F.], 1881:15, Batrachops punctulatus Regan [C. T.], 1905:156, Pl. 14 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Essequibo River basin: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (elegans) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 44 (in 1882); ref. 14299] Peru. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (punctulatus) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1905, v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 12256] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997 - Corrego do Gato pike cichlid [=Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander [S. O.], 1997:280, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 22746] Córrego do Gato, Rio Xingú drainage, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991 - Rio Urupa pike cichlid [=Crenicichla santosi Ploeg [A.], 1991:53, Fig. 59] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Rio Urupa, Jiparaná, Rio Madeira system, Rondônia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Machado River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) - ringtail pike cichlid [=Sparus saxatilis Linnaeus [C.], 1758:278, Sparus biocellatus Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:298, Sparus pavo Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1802:49, 151, Scarus pavoninus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:63, Scarus rufescens Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:648] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic coast drainages of northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinadad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (biocellatus) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (pavo) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (pavoninus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (rufescens) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907) - Buenos Aires pike cichlid [=Batrachops scottii Eigenmann [C. H.], 1907:455, Pl. 23 (fig. 8), Labrus amarus Larrañaga [D. A.], 1923:379, 383, Crenicichla (Batrachops) multidens Steindachner [F.], 1915:347, Crenicichla lacustris var. semifasciata Devincenzi [G. J.], 1939:34, Fig. 11 (no. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science. v. 8; ref. 10024] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (amarus) [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (multidens) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Rio de La Plata, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (semifasciata) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo (Serie 2) v. 4 (no. 13); ref. 1121] Río Uruguay at Paysandú, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986 - Rio Yamushimas pike cichlid [=Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander [S. O.], 1986:83, Pls. 6 (fig. 3), 7 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Yamushimas of River Palcazú, near San Pedro de Longin, Río Pachitea drainage, Depto. Pasco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892 - Yaracares pike cichlid [=Crenicichla saxatilis var. semicincta Steindachner [F.], 1892:376 [20], Crenicichla clancularia Ploeg [A.], 1991:27, Fig. 20] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 59 (1. Abth.); ref. 14517] Upper Chaparé at Puerto de San Mateo, Province Yaracares, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Madre de Dios R drainage and Mamoré River basin: Bolivia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (clancularia) [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Río Mamore system, Mato Grosso, Bolivia. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla semifasciata (Holmberg, 1891) - Rio Paraguay pike cichlid [=Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:436, Acharnes chacoensis Holmberg [E. L.], 1891:182, Crenicichla simoni Haseman [J. D.], 1911:345, Pl. 59] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Paraguay near Caiçara, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (chacoensis) [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Formosa, Chaco, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (simoni) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Paraguay, São Luiz de Cáceres, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987 - Sipaliwini River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg [A.], 1987:90, Pl. 2 (upper)] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 37 (no. 5); ref. 9113] Sipaliwini River near Sipaliwini airstrip, Corantijn River system, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Sipaliwini R basin, upper Corantijn basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991 - Capuarana pike cichlid [=Crenicichla stocki Ploeg [A.], 1991:108, Fig. 141] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Capuaraná, Rio Tocantins system, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla strigata Gunther, 1862 - Rio Capin pike cichlid [=Crenicichla johanna var. strigata Günther [A.], 1862:306] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] One of following: Rio Capin [= Capim], Pará State, Brazil; Rio Cupai [= Rio Cupari], Rio Tapajós basin, Amazon River drainage, Pará state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991 - Puerto Gaitan pike cichlid [=Crenicichla sveni Ploeg [A.], 1991:58, Fig. 68] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Puerto Gaitán, along road Villavicencio-Puerto López, Río Meta, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla taikyra Casciotta et al., 2013 - Misiones pike cichlid [=Crenicichla taikyra Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.], Aichino [D.], Gómez [S. E.], Piálek [L.] & Říčan [O.], 2013:380, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 3721 (no. 4); ref. 32938] Misiones Province, río Paraná at Candelaria, 27°21'43.0"S, 55°51'54.7"W, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla taikyra Casciotta, Almirón, Aichino, Gómez, Piálek & Říčan, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Middle río Paraná, Argenina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla tapii (Pialek et al., 2015) - Iguazu River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla tapii Piálek [L.], Dragová [K.], Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A,] & Říčan [O.], 2015:15, Figs. 2B, 3C, 4C-D, 6] Notes: [Historia Natural v. 5 (no. 2) (for 27 May); ref. 33984] Misiones Province, lower Iguazú River above Iguazú Falls, at the mouth of arroyo Ñandú, Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina, 25°42’11.7"S, 54°25’31.2"W. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tapii Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Iguazú River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenichichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992 - Rio Piratinim pike cichlid [=Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.], 1992:121, Figs. 19-20] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Piratinim, Fazenda dos Hinz, Coímbra, município Santo Angelo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926 - Orapock River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla ternetzi Norman [J. R.], 1926:97] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 18 (no. 103); ref. 15602] Orapock River at Saut Cafesoca, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Oyapock R drainage: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater. Species Crenicichla tesay Casciotta & Almiron, 2009 - tesay pike cichlid [=Crenicichla tesay Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.], 2009:652, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 115 (no. 4 [not 3]); ref. 30041] Arroyo Verde, 25°40'15.0"S, 53°56'00.8"W, río Iguazú basin, Misiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tesay Casciotta & Almirón, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the Iguazú River, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg et al., 1991 - Rio Trombetas pike cichlid [=Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg [A.], Jégu [M.] & Ferreira [E.], 1991:3, Figs. 2-5] Notes: [Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 20176] Rio Trombetas, at the mouth of Rio Igarapé Caxipacoré, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Trombetas River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla tingui Kullander & Lucena, 2006 - Jacarei pike cichlid [=Crenicichla tingui Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de], 2006:137, Fig. 7] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28747] Municipal border Paranaguá-Morretes, rio Jacarei below the bridge at kilometer 18 of road BR-277, 25°35'S, 48°43'W, Paraná State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tingui Kullander & Lucena, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal rivers of se Brazil; Itapocu River to Nhundiaquara River drainage, State of Paraná, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla tuca Pialek et al., 2015 - Deseado pike cichlid [=Crenicichla tuca Piálek [L.], Dragová [K.], Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A,] & Říčan [O.], 2015:9, Figs. 2A, 3B, 4A-B, 5] Notes: [Historia Natural v. 5 (no. 2) (for 27 May); ref. 33984] Misiones Province, lower Iguazú River above Iguazú Falls, arroyo Deseado, Argentina, 25°40’11.7"S, 53°55’59.5"W. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tuca Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Iguazú River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990 - Itaituba pike cichlid [=Crenicichla urosema Kullander [S. O.], 1990:86, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 16011] Rocky pool at São Luiz upstream of Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tapajós River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991 - Ihla de Maraca pike cichlid [=Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg [A.], 1991:94, Fig. 119] Notes: [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Ihla de Maracá, River Uraricoera, Rio Branco system, Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in upper Branco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840 - Rio Cuiaba pike cichlid [=Crenicichla vittata Heckel [J. J.], 1840:417] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Río Cuiabá [Cuyabá], Río Paraguay system, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905 - Essequibo River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla wallacii Regan [C. T.], 1905:163, Pl. 14 (fig. 2), Crenicichla nanus Regan [C. T.], 1913:502] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1905, v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 12256] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. (nanus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 11 (no. 65); ref. 14979] Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla yaha Casciotta et al., 2006 - yaha pike cichlid [=Crenicichla yaha Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Gómez [S. E.], 2006:108, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 56; ref. 28986] Arroyo Urugua-í in isla Palacios, Misiones Province, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla yaha Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Misiones Province, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla ypo Casciotta et al., 2010 - ypo pike cichlid [=Crenicichla ypo Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.], Piálek [L.], Gómez [S. E.] & Říčan [O.], 2010:644, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30975] Paraná basin, arroyo Urugua-í, at Establecimiento "Alto Paraná", ca 25°57.9'S, 54°06.5'W, Misiones, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla ypo Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek, Gómez & Říčan, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Middle Paraná basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Crenicichla zebrina Montana et al., 2008 - Ventuari River pike cichlid [=Crenicichla zebrina Montaña [C. G.], López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2008:34, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1856; ref. 29783] Lower Ventuari River in front of Cucurital fishing camp, 4°07'03"N, 66°40'47" W, Orinoco River drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Crenicichla zebrina Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Ventuari River, upper Orinoco River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cribroheros Rican & Pialek, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Cribroheros Říčan [O.] & Piálek [L.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:23] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Heros rostratus Gill, 1877. Type by original designation. •Valid as Cribroheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Cribroheros alfari (Meek, 1907) - pastel cichlid [=Cichlasoma alfari Meek [S. E.], 1907:148, Cichlasoma bouchellei Fowler [H. W.], 1923:29, Cichlasoma lethrinus Regan [C. T.], 1908:462] Notes: [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 5); ref. 15159] Turrialba, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros alfari (Meek, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Hondurus to Costa Rica: Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater. (bouchellei) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 75; ref. 15402] Tunky Bin River above Eden, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Cribroheros alfari (Meek, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (lethrinus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 11); ref. 3637] Río Iroquois, Costa Rica. Current status: Synonym of Cribroheros alfari (Meek, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cribroheros altifrons (Kner, 1863) - whitefront Panama cichlid [=Heros altifrons Kner [R.], 1863:223, "Fig. 4" (unpublished)] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 1863, v. 2; ref. 5002] Panama. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros altifrons (Kner, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica to Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cribroheros bussingi (Loiselle, 1997) - Rio Cocolis cichlid [=Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle [P. V.], 1997:2, Fig.] Notes: [Buntbarsche Bulletin No. 180 (June); ref. 23115] Río Cocolis, tributary of Río Sixaola, 3.5 kilometers southeast of Shiroles, on Bratsí-Shiroles road, Limón Province, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros bussingi (Loiselle, 1997). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cribroheros diquis (Bussing, 1974) - Rio Sierpe cichlid [=Cichlasoma diquis Bussing [W. A.], 1974:37, Fig. 2] Notes: [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 7493] Tributary of Río Sierpe, 2 kilometers south of Palmar Sur at Interamerican Highway, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, elevation 20 meters. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros diquis (Bussing, 1974). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of southeastern Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cribroheros longimanus (Gunther, 1867) - redbreast cichlid [=Heros longimanus Günther [A.], 1867:601, Cichlasoma popenoei Carr [A. F., Jr.] & Giovannoli [L.], 1950:31, Pl. 2 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros longimanus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater. (popenoei) [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 523; ref. 12940] Río Yeguare, about 1 kilometer below bridge on road between Tegucigalpa and Danlí, Morazan Dept., Honduras, elevation 735 meters. Current status: Synonym of Cribroheros longimanus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cribroheros rhytisma (Lopez, 1983) - rhytisma cribroheros [=Cichlasoma rhytisma López S. [M. I.], 1983:133, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 31 (no. 1); ref. 8311] Río Cocolis, tributary of River Sixaola, 3.5 kilometers southeast of Shiroles, Limón Province, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros rhytisma (López S., 1983). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cribroheros robertsoni (Regan, 1905) - false [=Cichlasoma robertsoni Regan [C. T.], 1905:239, Cichlasoma acutum Miller [N.], 1907:117, Fig. 6] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Stann Creek, Belize. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros robertsoni (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope from Mexico to Honduras: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (acutum) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 23 (art. 2); ref. 15160] Río Tenedores, Río Motagua basin, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Cribroheros robertsoni (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cribroheros rostratus (Gill, in Gill & Bransford, 1877) - rostratus cribroheros [=Heros rostratus Gill [T. N.], in Gill & Bransford, 1877:181] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Cribroheros rostratus (Gill, 1877). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001 - cichlids [=Cryptoheros Allgayer [R.], 2001:14, Bussingius Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:41] Notes: [ref. 26904]. Masc. Heros spilurus Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Archocentrus Gill, 1877 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:616 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001 -- (Schmitter-Soto 2007:31 [ref. 29310], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Bussingius) [ref. 29310]. Masc. Cichlosoma septemfasciatum Regan, 1908. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001, but a valid subgenus Bussingius as described. Current status: Synonym of Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Cryptoheros chetumalensis Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - Arroyo Aguadulce cichlid [=Cryptoheros chetumalensis Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:37, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] Arroyo Aguadulce, a tributary of Río Hondo, at Sabidos, near Chetumal, , Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cryptoheros chetumalensis Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Belize, Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cryptoheros cutteri Fowler, 1932 - Lancetilla cichlid [=Cichlasoma cutteri Fowler [H. W.], 1932:380, Fig.] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 84; ref. 1411] Lancetilla, Honduras. Current status: Valid as Cryptoheros cutteri (Fowler, 1932). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: Atlantic Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cryptoheros spilurus (Gunther, 1862) - blue-eye cichlid [=Heros spilurus Günther [A.], 1862:289, Cichlasoma spinosissimum var. immaculata Pellegrin [J.], 1904:225] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Isabel, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Cryptoheros spilurus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rivers flowing into Lake Isabel, Atlantic slope from Belize to Nicaragua: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua; introduced to Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: freshwater. (immaculata) [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Río Polochic, Guatemala (Atlantic Slope). Current status: Synonym of Cryptoheros spilurus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Darienheros Rican & Novak, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Darienheros Říčan [O.] & Novák [J.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:24] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Cichlasoma calobrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Darienheros Říčan & Novák, 2016. Current status: Valid as Darienheros Říčan & Novák, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Darienheros calobrense (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) - calobrense darienheros [=Cichlasoma calobrense Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:90] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Calobre, Panama. Current status: Valid as Darienheros calobrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Steindachner, 1875 - cichlids [=Dicrossus Steindachner [F.] (ex Agassiz), 1875:102] Notes: [ref. 4220]. Masc. Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Crenicara Steindachner, 1875 – (Kullander 1986:140 [ref. 12439]). •Valid as Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875 -- (Kullander 1990:8 [ref. 16010], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:133 [ref. 27488], Schindler & Staeck 2008:67 [ref. 29623], Römer et al. 2010:124 [ref. 30947], Kullander 2011:73 [ref. 31290]). Current status: Valid as Dicrossus Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species (Ladiges, 1958) - chessboard cichlid [=Crenicara filamentosa Ladiges [W.], 1958:203] Notes: [DATZ v. 11 (no. 7); ref. 22059] Probably Upper Amazon, South America. Current status: Valid as Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America, Orinoco and Negro river drainages: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dicrossus foirni Romer et al., 2010 - Rio Preto dicrossus [=Dicrossus foirni Römer [U.], Hahn [I. J.] & Vergara [P. M.], 2010:124, Figs. 1-7, 17-18] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 60 (no. 2); ref. 30947] A few hundred meters above mouth of the Igarapé Prósperitáte, a small right-hand tributary of the Rio Preto new Lago Urubu, about 12.5 kilometers north-northwest from the junction with the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dicrossus foirni Römer, Hahn & Vergara, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Negro basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dicrossus gladicauda Schindler & Staeck, 2008 - Atabapo dicrossus [=Dicrossus gladicauda Schindler [I.] & Staeck [W.], 2008:68, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 1); ref. 29623] Caño Jigua, 3°47'N, 67°38'W, western tributary to the lower río Atabapo south of San Fernando de Atabapo, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Dicrossus gladicauda Schindler & Staeck, 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Atabapo River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875 - Lak Maximo dicrossus [=Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner [F.], 1875:102 [42], Crenicara praetoriusi Praetorius [W.] (ex Ahl), 1935:178, Fig. 4, Crenicara praetoriusi Ahl [E.], 1936:265] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Amazon River drainage at Lake Maximo, Lake Jose Assu, Rio Tonantins, River Hyavary, River Tajapuru, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (praetoriusi) [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 32 (no. 12); ref. 31291] Igarapè Irurà-Mapiry, Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (praetoriusi) [Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 13680] Igarapè Irurà-Mapiry, Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Dicrossus warzeli Romer et al., 2010 - warzeli dicrossus [=Dicrossus warzeli Römer [U.], Hahn [I. J.] & Vergara [P. M.], 2010:129, Figs. 8-13, 19] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 60 (no. 2); ref. 30947] A small nameless right-bank tributary feeding the Rio Tapajós, upstream from settlement of São Luiz (about 4°34'S, 56°15'W), Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Dicrossus warzeli Römer, Hahn & Vergara, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Tapajós drainage, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Geophagus Heckel, 1840 - cichlids, eartheaters [=Geophagus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:383] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Masc. Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann & Bray 1894:621 [ref. 1248], not Sparus surinamensis Bloch as designated by Eigenmann 1910:478 [ref. 1224]. •Valid as Geophagus Heckel, 1840 – (Gosse 1976 [ref. 7029], Kullander 1980:23 [ref. 5526], Kullander 1986:120 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:30 [ref. 14136], Malabarba 1989:166 [ref. 14217], Kullander 1991:129 [ref. 20053], Kullander et al. 1992:359 [ref. 20002], see Leibel 1995:217 [ref. 22415], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:69 [ref. 28755], Schindler & Staeck 2006:91 [ref. 29420], Scharpf 2009:6 [ref. 30400], Lucinda et al. 2010:29 [ref. 30771], Hauser & López-Fernández 2013:279 [ref. 32965], Kottelat 2013:374 [ref. 32989], Deprá et al. 2014:737 [ref. 33631]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Geophagus abalios Lopez-Fernandez & Taphorn, 2004 - Rio Cinaruco eartheater [=Geophagus abalios López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2004:6, Figs. 2b, 3-5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 439; ref. 27573] Laguna Larga, 6.5339°N, 67.4150°W, Río Cinaruco, Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Geophagus abalios López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco and Casiquiare river drainages, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840 - altifrons eartheater [=Geophagus altifrons Heckel [J. J.], 1840:385, Pl. 29 (figs. 21-25)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil; introduced in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991 - Belo Monte eartheater [=Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander [S. O.], 1991:130, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium v. 15 (no. 2); ref. 20053] Rocky pool near cachoeira, Belo Monte, Rio Xingú drainage, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - Blanche Marie Valen eartheater [=Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:48, Figs. 26-28] Notes: [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Above Blanche Marie Valen, Nickerie District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Corantijn and Nickerie River drainages, and probably in Essequibo River basin: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) - pearl cichlid [=Chromis brasiliensis Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.], 1824:286, Geophagus brasiliensis Kner [R.], 1865:266, Pl. 10 (fig. 3), Acara gymnopoma Günther [A.], 1862:278, Acara minuta Hensel [R.], 1870:53, Geophagus olfersi Gosse [J.-P.] (ex Müller & Troschel), 1976:37, Geophagus tuberosus Gosse [J.-P.] (ex Müller & Troschel), 1976:37, Chromys unimaculata Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:13, Pl. 7 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (brasiliensis) [Reise der öesterreichischen Fregatte "Novara" v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 18427] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (gymnopoma) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (minuta) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Pool in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (olfersi) [Académie Royal des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. (N. S.) v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 7029] Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (tuberosus) [Académie Royal des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. (N. S.) v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 7029] Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (unimaculata) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - Brokopondomeer eartheater [=Geophagus brokopondo Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:41, Figs. 23-25] Notes: [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Brokopondomeer, Suriname River system, Brokopondo District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Suriname River basin, Suriname and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903 - Oyapock eartheater [=Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin [J.], 1903:123 [4]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Camopi River, Oyapock basin, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Oyapock and Approuague River basins: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876 - Panamanian eartheater [=Geophagus () crassilabris Steindachner [F.], 1876:65 [17], Pl. 7] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Isthmus of Panama near Candelaria. Current status: Valid as Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific and Atlantic slopes of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus crocatus Hauser & Lopez-Fernandez, 2013 - Berbice River eartheater [=Geophagus crocatus Hauser [F. E.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2013:280, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Zootaxa 3731 (no. 2); ref. 32965] East Berbice: Berbice River, about 14 air km upstream of Kwakwani at Mappa Lagoon camp (5.17456°N 58.16336°W), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Geophagus crocatus Hauser & López-Fernández, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Berbice River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus diamantinensis Mattos et al., 2015 - Paraguacu River eartheater [=Geophagus diamantinensis Mattos [J. L. O.], Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Santos [A. C. A.], 2015:213, Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 3); ref. 34048] Andaraí municipality, Paraguaçu River, Chapada Diamantina region, Bahia, Brazil, 12°50'23"S, 41°19'23"W. Current status: Valid as Geophagus diamantinensis Mattos, Costa & Santos, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraguaçu River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus dicrozoster Lopez-Fernandez & Taphorn, 2004 - Paraguacu River eartheater [=Geophagus dicrozoster López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2004:11, Figs. 1a, 6-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 439; ref. 27573] Laguna Larga, 6.5339°N, 67.4150°W, Río Cinaruco, Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Geophagus dicrozoster López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Black water tributaries of the Orinoco and the Casiquiare, and the headwaters of the River Negro, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler & Staeck, 2006 - Sipapo eartheater [=Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler [I.] & Staeck [W.], 2006:92, Figs. 1, 3-5] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 56; ref. 29420] Lower río Sipapo at the Raudal Caldero, about 4°55'N, 67°45'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler & Staeck, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River and its tributaries in southwestern Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn, in Kullander et al., 1992 - Rio Caroni eartheater [=Geophagus grammepareius Kullander [S. O.] & Taphorn [D. C.], in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, 1992:366, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 20002] Río Caroní drainage, middle Río Claro in Vuelta El Susto, 7°40'40"N, 63°08'05"W, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976 - Moroni eartheater [=Geophagus harreri Gosse [J.-P.], 1976:88, Fig. 21] Notes: [Académie Royal des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. (N. S.) v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 7029] Ouaqui River, at Saut Bali, tributary of Tampok, Maroni basin, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Marowijne River basin: Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911 - Rio Ribeira eartheater [=Geophagus brasiliensis var. iporangensis Haseman [J. D.], 1911:364, Pl. 71] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Mountain streams of Rio Ribeira de Iguapé, Iporanga, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Riberia de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911 - Rio Itapicuru eartheater [=Geophagus brasiliensis var. itapicuruensis Haseman [J. D.], 1911:365, Pl. 72] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Itapicurú at Queimadas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Itapicuru River, Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840 - Rio Guapore eartheater [=Geophagus megasema Heckel [J. J.], 1840:388] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Guaporé River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus mirabilis Depra et al., 2014 - Mato Grosso eartheater [=Geophagus mirabilis Deprá [G. C.], Kullander [S. O.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Graça [W. J.], 2014:738, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 33631] State of Mato Grosso, município de Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin/rio Aripuanã, 2 km upstream from Dardanelos/Andorinhas falls, approximately 10°10’08"S, 59°28’00"W, elevation 120 meters. Current status: Valid as Geophagus mirabilis Deprá, Kullander, Pavanelli & Graça, 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Aripuanã drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus neambi Lucinda et al., 2010 - Tocantins eartheater [=Geophagus neambi Lucinda [P. H. F.], Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Assis [N. C.], 2010:35, Figs. 6-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2429; ref. 30771] Lajeado Hydroelectric Reservoir, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Rio Tocantins, Brazil, 10°41'36"S, 48°24'52"W. Current status: Valid as Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper and middle portions of the Rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855) - Rio Paraguassu eartheater [=Chromys obscura Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:14, Pl. 6 (fig. 3), Chromys unipunctata Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:13, Pl. 8 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Paraguassu, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraguaçu River, on coast of Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (unipunctata) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Paraguassu, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Geophagus parnaibae Staeck & Schindler, 2006 - Richao Ponti eartheater [=Geophagus parnaibae Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.], 2006:70, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28755] Richao Ponti near Timon, drainage of the rio Parnaía, Estado Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Geophagus parnaibae Staeck & Schindler, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912 - yellowhump eartheater [=Geophagus pellegrini Regan [C. T.], 1912:505] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Río San Juan at Tado, Chocó, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River basins, Columbia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855) - Rio Ucayali eartheater [=Chromys proxima Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:14, Pl. 7 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Mission Saraycu, Peru. Current status: Valid as Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, in Eigenmann, 1922 - redhump eartheater [=Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann [C. H.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], in Eigenmann, 1922:195, Pl. 32 (fig. 3), Geophagus hondae Regan [C. T.], 1912:506, Geophagus magdalena Brind [W. L.], 1943:42] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Colombia. Current status: Valid as Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1922. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Magdalena, Cauca, and Sinú River basins and Limón River: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (hondae) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Río Magdalena at Honda, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1922. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (magdalena) [All-Pets Magazine v. 14 (no. 9); ref. 20761] Lake at El Banco, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1922. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) - redstriped eartheater [=Sparus surinamensis Bloch [M. E.], 1791:112, Pl. 277 (fig. 2), Sparus trimaculatus Shaw [G.], in Shaw & Nodder, 1809:no page number, Pl. 867] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 5; ref. 4867] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: French Guiana and Suriname; established in southern Florida, U.S.A. and Singapore. Habitat: freshwater. (trimaculatus) [The Naturalist's Miscellany; ref. 4013] American Seas. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus sveni Lucinda et al., 2010 - sveni eartheater [=Geophagus sveni Lucinda [P. H. F.], Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Assis [N. C.], 2010:30, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2429; ref. 30771] Lajeado Hydroelectric Reservoir, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Rio Tocantins, Brazil, 10°41'36"S, 48°24'52"W. Current status: Valid as Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Middle portions of Rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero, in Kullander et al., 1992 - Rio Orinoco eartheater [=Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander [S. O.] & Royero [R.], in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, 1992:360, Figs. 1-6, 11-14] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 20002] Río Orinoco, Raudales d Ature, eastern shore, 5°36'N, 67°37'W, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Geophagus winemilleri Lopez-Fernandez & Taphorn, 2004 - Rio Siapa eartheater [=Geophagus winemilleri López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2004:17, Figs. 2c, 10-12] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 439; ref. 27573] Laguna Yocuta, 2.1347°N, 66.3742°W, Río Siapa, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Geophagus winemilleri López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Casiquiare drainage and the headwaters of the River Negro, Venezuela and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - cichlids, acaras [=Guianacara Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:90, 92, Oelemaria (subgenus of Guianacara) Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:92] Notes: [ref. 14136]. Fem. Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation. •Valid as Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández et al. 2006:385 [ref. 28792]). Current status: Valid as Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Oelemaria) [ref. 14136]. Fem. Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061] but a valid subgenus Oelemaria as described, López-Fernández et al. 2006:385 [ref. 28792], Arbour & López-Fernández 2011:94 [ref. 31237]). Current status: Synonym of Guianacara Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Guianacara cuyunii Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2006 - Venamo River acara [=Guianacara (Guianacara) cuyunii López-Fernández [H.], Taphorn Baechle [D. C.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2006:390, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Copeia 2006 (no. 3); ref. 28792] Creek af Venamo River, upstream from Apanao rapids, 6.6667°N, 61.1667°W, Bolívar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Guianacara cuyunii López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle & Kullander, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Cuyuní River drainage, Essequibo River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guianacara dacrya Arbour & Lopez-Fernandez, 2011 - Water Dog Falls acara [=Guianacara (Guianacara) dacrya Arbour [J. H.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2011:88, Figs. 2, 3a, 4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31237] Water Dog Falls, Burro Burro River, Essequibo River drainage, 4°40'48"N, 58°50'46"W, Potara-Siparuni (Region 8), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Guianacara dacrya Arbour & López-Fernández, 2011. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Guyana, and potentially in northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guianacara geayi (Pellegrin, 1902) - bandit acara [=Acara geayi Pellegrin [J.], 1902:417] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 8 (no. 6); ref. 14888] Camopi River, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Guianacara geayi (Pellegrin, 1902). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Approuague River drainage and Oyapock River drainage: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - Upper Oelemari River acara [=Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:126, Fig. 70] Notes: [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Upper Oelemari River trib, Marowijne District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Marowijne River drainage, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. Species Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - Marouini River acara [=Guianacara owroewefi Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:97, Figs. 43-64] Notes: [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Marouini River, below first rapids, Maroni River system, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guianacara sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - Sipaliwini acara [=Guianacara sphenozona Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:120, Figs. 65-69] Notes: [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Sipaliwini, Corantijn River drainage, Nickerie District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Guianacara sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Guianacara stergiosi Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2006 - Claro River acara [=Guianacara (Guianacara) stergiosi López-Fernández [H.], Taphorn Baechle [D. C.] & Kullander [S. O.], 2006:385, Figs 1A, 2 and 4] Notes: [Copeia 2006 (no. 3); ref. 28792] Caroní, Claro River east of Los Tanques, 7.92222°N, 63.1014°W, Bolívar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Guianacara stergiosi López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle & Kullander, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Venezuelan portion of the Guiana Shield. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 - cichlids, eartheaters [=Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:790] Notes: [ref. 3724]. Masc. Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 -- (Gosse 1976:109 [ref. 7029], Kullander 1980:23 [ref. 5526], Reis & Malabarba 1988 [ref. 6638], Malabarba 1989:167 [ref. 14217], Reis et al. 1992 [ref. 20011], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Wimburger et al. 1998:509 [ref. 23857], Britski et al. 1999:146 [ref. 24147], Casciotta et al. 2000:53 [ref. 24908], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2006:99 [ref. 29421], González-Bergonzoni et al. 2009:19 [ref. 30455] with author as Ribeiro). Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907) - Uruguayan eartheater [=Geophagus australe Eigenmann [C. H.], 1907:454, Pl. 23 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science. v. 8; ref. 10024] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Paraná River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891) - Argentine eartheater [=Geophagus balzanii Perugia [A.], 1891:623 [23], Gymnogeophagus cyanopterus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:790 [6], Geophagus duodecimspinosus Boulenger [G. A.], 1895:524] Notes: [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 10; ref. 3431] Rio Paraguay, Villa Maria, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin and lower Uruguay drainage: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (cyanopterus) [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3724] Itaqui, Rio Uruguay, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (duodecimspinosus) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Paraguay. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis Staeck, 2006 - Tebicuary-mi eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis Staeck [W.], 2006:100, Figs. 1-3, 5] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 56; ref. 29421] Upper río Tebicuary-mi, about 25°28'S, 56°10'W, tributary to río Tebicuary, at route no. 7, about 25 kilometers east of Cnel, Oviedo, Caaguazú Province, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis Staeck, 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Paraguay River basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta et al., 2000 - Arroyo Urugua-i eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta [J. R.], Gómez [S. E.] & Toresanni [N. I.], 2000:55, Figs. 1, 3, 4] Notes: [Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", n.s. v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 24908] Arroyo Urugua-í and ruta provincial 19 frente a la pasarela en Islas Malvinas Province Park, Paraná River, Basin, northeastern Argentina. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2000. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus constellatus Malabarba et al., 2015 - Rio Conceicao eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus constellatus Malabarba [L. R.], Malabarba [M. C.] & Reis [R. E.], 2015:648, Figs. 6c, 9] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 34105] Rio Conceição, tributary to Rio Ijuí, middle río Uruguay basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°27'48"S, 53°57'17"W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus constellatus Malabarba, Malabarba & Reis, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Ijuí and tributaries, middle río Uruguay basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Chimiray-Miní and Itacaruaré rivers, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870) - smoothcheek eartheater [=Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel [R.], 1870:61, Geophagus camurus Cope [E. D.], 1894:104, Pl. 9 (fig. 17), Geophagus pygmaeus Hensel [R.], 1870:68] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadeia, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos and Lake Mirim drainages, UruguayRiver: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (camurus) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (pygmaeus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Guaíba, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) - eartheater [=Geophagus labiatus Hensel [R.], 1870:64, Geophagus bucephalus Hensel [R.], 1870:63, Geophagus scymnophilus Hensel [R.], 1870:65] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Santa Maria, Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (bucephalus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadeia, Nova Petrópolis, Rio Gande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (scymnophilus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadeia, Nova Petrópolis, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988 - Pinhal eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis [R. E.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1988:282, Fig. 24] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 6638] Canal between Lagoa da Cerquinha and Lagoa da Rondinha, Pinhal, Tramandai, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos Malabarba et al., 2015 - Rio Dourados eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos Malabarba [L. R.], Malabarba [M. C.] & Reis [R. E.], 2015:653, Figs. 6e, 11, 12] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 34105] Rio Dourados at Linha Várzea, on road from Severiano de Almeida to Aratiba, upper río Uruguay basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, approx. 27°23'S, 52°13'W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos Malabarba, Malabarba & Reis, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Uruguay basin and main tributaries, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus mekinos Malabarba et al., 2015 - Rio Piraizinho eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus mekinos Malabarba [L. R.], Malabarba [M. C.] & Reis [R. E.], 2015:644, Figs. 6b, 8] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 34105] Rio Piraizinho, on road from Bagé to Dom Pedrito, tributary to rio Negro, lower río Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 31°06'S, 54°07'W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus mekinos Malabarba, Malabarba & Reis, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Negro, lower río Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988 - Bage eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis [R. E.] & Malabarba [L. R.], 1988:273, Figs. 4-17, 19] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 6638] Rio Negro Road at BR-153, Bagé, Rio Grande do sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage in Uruguay and Brazil and smaller drainages in Argentina: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus missioneiro Malabarba et al., 2015 - Arroio Ximbocuzinho eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus missioneiro Malabarba [L. R.], Malabarba [M. C.] & Reis [R. E.], 2015:651, Figs. 6d, 10] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 34105] Arroio Ximbocuzinho, tributary to rio Piratini, middle rio Uruguay basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, approx. 28°27'S, 54°58'W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus missioneiro Malabarba, Malabarba & Reis, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Piratini and tributaries, middle rio Uruguay basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus Malabarba et al., 2015 - Quarai eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus Malabarba [L. R.], Malabarba [M. C.] & Reis [R. E.], 2015:640, Figs. 4, 5, 6a] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 34105] Rio Sarandi III, tributary to rio Quaraí, Rio Uruguay basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 30°34'40"S, 56°04'08"W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus Malabarba, Malabarba & Reis, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Quaraí and its tributaries, along the frontier of Brazil and Uruguay, middle rio Uruguay drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870) - stripefin eartheater [=Geophagus rhabdotus Hensel [R.], 1870:60, Geophagus brachyurus Cope [E. D.], 1894:105, Pl. 9 (fig. 18)] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadeia, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Uruguay River drainage and Laguna dos Patos basin: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (brachyurus) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis et al., 1992 - Rio Iguazu eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis [R. E.], Malabarba [L. R.] & Pavanelli [C. S.], 1992:267, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 20011] Río Iguazú reservoir at Juan E. O'Leary, Rio Paraná drainage, Province of Alto Paraná, Paraguay, about 55°30'S, 25°20'W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus taroba Casciotta et al., 2017 - Nandu eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus taroba Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A.], Piálek [L.] & Říčan [O.], 2017:8, Figs. 1-3, 4A-C, 5A-C, 6A-C, 7A-C] Notes: [Historia Natural v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 35727] Parque Nacional Iguazú (PNI), boca del arroyo Ñandú, río Iguazú basin, Misiones Province, Argentina, 25°42'10.9"S, 54°25'31.3"W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus taroba Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek & Říčan, 2017. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower río Iguazú basin, above the Iguazú falls, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus terrapurpura Loureiro et al., 2016 - Rio de la Plata eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus terrapurpura Loureiro [M.], Zarucki [M.], Malabarba [L. R.] & González-Bergonzoni [I.], 2016:[2], Figs. 1, 2A, 3A-F, 4A-C, 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 1) e150082; ref. 34384] Cañada de la Lana, close to Juanicó Town, rio Santa Lucía basin (Río de la Plata tributary), Canelones Department, Uruguay, 34°35´55"S, 56°14´19"W. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus terrapurpura Loureiro, Zarucki, Malabarba & González-Bergonzoni, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Middle and lower rio Uruguay basin, and eastern coastal drainages, Uruguay and Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Gymnogeophagus tiraparae Gonzalez-Bergonzoni et al., 2009 - Pueblo Ansina eartheater [=Gymnogeophagus tiraparae González-Bergonzoni [I.], Loureiro [M.] & Oviedo [S.], 2009:20, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 30455] Pueblo Ansina, río Tacuarembó at Road 26, tributary to río Negro (lower río Uruguay drainage), 31°53'01"S, 55°28'38" W, Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Gymnogeophagus tiraparae González-Bergonzoni, Loureiro & Oviedo, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Negro and Tacuarí river basins, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854 - cichlids [=Herichthys Baird [S. F.] & Girard [C. F.], 1854:25, De la Maza-Benignos [M.], Ornelas-Garcia [C. P.], Lozano-Vilanio [M. d. L.], García-Ramírex et al., 2015:210] Notes: [ref. 168]. Masc. Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. With restriction of Cichlasoma and Heros, Burgess & Walls 1993 [ref. 20876] suggest using Herichthys for the remaining species formerly placed in Cichlasoma. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Valid as Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854 -- (Burgess 2000:46 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:22 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:6 [ref. 30400], Minckley & Marsh 2009:264 [ref. 31114], De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano 2013:101 [ref. 32982], Kottelat 2013:374 [ref. 32989], Paepke et al. 2014:46, 55 [ref. 33351], Mejía et al. 2015:61 [ref. 33860]). Current status: Valid as Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Nosferatu) [ref. 33310]. Masc. Herichthys pame De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano, 2013. Type by original designation. •Valid as Nosferatu De la Maza-Benignos, Ornelas-García, Lozano-Vilano, García-Ramirez and Doadria, 2015. •Synonym of Herichthys Baird & Girard, 1854 -- (Mejía et al. 2015:71 [ref. 33860]). Current status: Synonym of Herichthys Baird & Grard, 1854. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) - Huazteca cichlid [=Acara bartoni Bean [T. H.], 1892:286, Pl. 44 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 15 (no. 903); ref. 14505] Huazteca [Huasteca] Potosina, northern San Luis Potosi State, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Headwaters of Verde River, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) - lowland cichlid [=Neetroplus carpintis Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1899:146, Fig. 22, Cichlosoma laurae Regan [C. T.], 1908:223, Heros teporatus Fowler [H. W.], 1903:321] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 [1899]; ref. 2501] Laguna del Carpinte near Tampico, , Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico; introduced in Singapore but may not be established. Habitat: freshwater. (laurae) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 8); ref. 14347] Tampico, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (teporatus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 15027] Victoria, Victoria Río, tributary of the Río Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854 - Rio Grande cichlid [=Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird [S. F.] & Girard [C. F.], 1854:25, Parapetenia cyanostigma Hernandez-Rolon [A.], 1990, Heros pavonaceus Garman [S.], 1881:93] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 168] Rio Grande, at Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Texas (U.S.A.) and northern Mexico; introduced elsewhere; established in Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater. (cyanostigma) [Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 11 (no. 101); ref. 20688] Playa Bruja, Tequeswuitengo, Bruja, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (pavonaceus) [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 1530] Spring near Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840) - Nautla cichlid [=Heros deppii Heckel [J. J.], 1840:382, Herichthys geddesi Regan [C. T.], 1905:436, Heros montezuma Heckel [J. J.], 1840:383] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (geddesi) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Southern Mexico [San Joaquin del Hobo]. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (montezuma) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903) - labridens herichthys [=Heros (Cichlasoma) labridens Pellegrin [J.], 1903:122 [3]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Huasteca Potosina, Mexico [= Río Verde drainage near Rioverde, San Luis Potosí]. Current status: Valid as Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Headwater area of Verde River, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983) - Minkley's cichlid [=Cichlasoma minckleyi Kornfield [I.] & Taylor [J. N.], 1983:254, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 96 (no. 2); ref. 8323] Posos de la Becerra, 15.7 kilometers by road south-southwest of Cuatro Ciénegas de Carranza, Coahuila, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys pame De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano, 2013 - pame herichthys [=Herichthys pame De la Maza-Benignos [M.] & Lozano-Vilano [M. L.], 2013:112, Figs. 8-9, 15] Notes: [Zootaxa 3734 (no. 2); ref. 32982] Río Tamasopo, San Luis Potosí, 22.516666667°N, 99.65°W, Mexico, elevation 393 meters. Current status: Valid as Herichthys pame De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Tamasopo, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. Species Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983) - Laguna de Chairel cichlid [=Cichlasoma pantostictum Taylor [J. N.] & Miller [R. R.], 1983:15, fig'd, Herichthys pratinus De la Maza-Benignos [M.] & Lozano-Vilano [M. de L.], 2013:109, Figs. 6-7, 15] Notes: [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas No. 104; ref. 8271] Laguna de Chairel near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of northern Mexico. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (pratinus) [Zootaxa 3734 (no. 2); ref. 32982] Río Micos, San Luis Potosí, 22°11626667N, 99°16976667E, Mexico, elevation 223 meters. Current status: Synonym of Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899) - Rio Verde cichlid [=Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1899:143, Fig. 20] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 [1899]; ref. 2501] Río Verde [Río Gallinas] near Rascón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of northern Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993 - Tamasopo cichlid [=Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas [J. M.], 1993:66, Figs.] Notes: [The Cichlids Yearbook v. 3; ref. 21434] "Las Cascadas", 21°56'47"N, 99°23'47"W, in the Río Tamasopo, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Herichthys tepehua De la Maza-Benignos et al., 2015 - Rio Pantepec cichlid [=Herichthys tepehua De la Maza-Benignos [M.], Ornelas-García [C. P.], Lozano-Vilano [M. de L.], García-Ramírez [M. E.] & Doadrio [I.], 2015:221, Figs. 8C-F, 13] Notes: [Hydrobiologia v. 748; ref. 33310] Río Pantepec, Salsipuedes, Francisco Z Mena, Puebla, Mexico, 20.6750833°N, 97.8764667°W. Current status: Valid as Herichthys tepehua De la Maza-Benignos, Ornelas-García, Lozano-Vilano et al., 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Tuxpan/Pantepec, Cazones, Tecolutla, Tenixtepec, and the Solteros river systems, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Heroina Kullander, 1996 - cichlids [=Heroina Kullander [S. O.], 1996:151] Notes: [ref. 22574]. Kullander, 1996. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Heroina Kullander, 1996 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:636 [ref. 27061], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Heroina Kullander, 1996. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996 - isonycterina heroina [=Heroina isonycterina Kullander [S. O.], 1996:153, Figs. 3-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 22574] Río Napo drainage, upper Río Tiputini upstream of bridge on road to Coca, 0°44.5'S, 76°53'W, Napo Province, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Heros Heckel, 1840 - cichlids [=Heros Heckel [J. J.], 1840:362] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Masc. Heros severus Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Gilbert 1883:608 [ref. 2476]. •Valid as Heros Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:219 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:636 [ref. 27061], Scharpf 2009:8 [ref. 30400], Allgayer 2010:27 [ref. 31541]). Current status: Valid as Heros Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Species Heckel, 1840 - Rio Negro heros [=Heros efasciatus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:372, Chromys appendiculata Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:15, Pl. 7 (fig. 3), centrarchoides Cope [E. D.], 1872:253, Pl. 11 (fig. 2), Chromys fasciata Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:17, Pl. 9 (fig. 2), Cichlasoma severum var. perpunctatum Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:18, Pl. 16] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro or Amazon River, South America. Current status: Valid as Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (appendiculata) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (centrarchoides) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (fasciata) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Araguay, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (perpunctatum) [Historia Natural. Zoologia. Cichlidae Publ. 46 (Annexo 5); ref. 3720] Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Heros liberifer Staeck & Schindler, 2015 - Laguna heros [=Heros liberifer Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.], 2015:123, Figs. 1-6, 8, 10] Notes: [Bulletin of Fish Biology v. 15 (nos. 1/2); ref. 33952] Laguna Piranha at right side of lower Rio Manapiare (Rio Ventuari drainage), approx. 3 km downstream from the town of San Juan de Manapiare, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela (approx. 5°16′N, 65°05′W). Current status: Valid as Heros liberifer Staeck & Schindler, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper and middle Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Jardine, in Schomburgk, 1843) - notatus heros [=Centrarchus notatus Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:160, Pl. 13] Notes: [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Unknown locality. Current status: Valid as Heros notatus (Jardine, 1843). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Heros severus Heckel, 1840 - Maribitanos heros [=Heros severus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:362] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Maribitanos, Río Negro, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Heros severus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin and Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela; possibly established in Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Heckel, 1840 - Rio Guapore heros [=Heros spurius Heckel [J. J.], 1840:368, Heros coryphaeus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:364, Heros modestus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:366] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Heros spurius Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Guaporé River drainage: Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater. (coryphaeus) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Heros spurius Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (modestus) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Heros spurius Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904 - cichlids [=Herotilapia Pellegrin [J.], 1904:(165) 247] Notes: [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Fem. Heros multispinosus Günther, 1867. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Heterotilapia by Regan in Zoological Record for 1904. •Synonym of Archocentrus Gill & Bransford, 1877 -- (Burgess 2000:52 [ref. 24818], Schmitter-Soto 2007:10 [ref. 29137], Schmitter-Soto 2007:43 [ref. 29317]). •Valid as Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904 – (Allgayer 2001:13 [ref. 26904], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:637 [ref. 27061], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:540 [ref. 29996], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Dunz & Schliewen 2013:78 [ref. 32672], McMahan et al. 2015:230 [ref. 33920], Říčan et al. 2016:30 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Herotilapia Pellegrin, 1904. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Herotilapia multispinosus (Gunther, 1867) - [=Heros multispinosus Günther [A.], 1867:601] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Herotilapia multispinosa (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicaragua; one hot spring in Hungary (introduced). Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kaup, 1860 - cichlids [=Hoplarchus Kaup [J. J.], 1860:128] Notes: [ref. 2581]. Masc. Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup, 1860. Type by subsequent designation. Two included species, apparently neither designated as type [article not fully translated]; earliest subsequent designation probably Eigenmann 1910:475 [ref. 1224]. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Valid as Hoplarchus Kaup, 1860 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:637 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Hoplarchus Kaup, 1860. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840) - parrot cichlid [=Heros psittacus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:369, Centrarchus cychla Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:157, Pl. 11, Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup [J. J.], 1860:129, Pl. 6 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Río Negro north of Maribitanos, at foot of Cocui Mountains, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Orinoco River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (cychla) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Negro. No types known. Current status: Synonym of Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (pentacanthus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 2581] South America [not other data]. Current status: Synonym of Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander, 1986 - cichlids [=Hypselecara Kullander [S. O.], 1986:232] Notes: [ref. 12439]. Fem. Heros temporalis Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. •Valid as Hypselecara Kullander, 1986 – (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:637 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Hypselecara Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840) - Rio Negro chocolate cichlid [=Heros coryphaenoides Heckel [J. J.], 1840:373, Pl. 29 (figs. 9-12), Cichlasoma arnoldi Ahl [E.], 1936:139, Chuco axelrodi Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1971:15, Figs., Centrarchus niger Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:159, Pl. 12, Heros niger Heckel [J. J.], 1840:375] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro, Maribitanos, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Orinoco River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (arnoldi) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1936 (nos 1-3); ref. 13681] Amazonas (Amazon River). Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (axelrodi) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 20 (no. 4); ref. 7562] Río Aguaro, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (niger) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Negro. Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (niger) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypselecara temporalis (Gunther, 1862) - chocolate cichlid [=Heros temporalis Günther [A.], 1862:286, Acara (Heros) crassa Steindachner [F.], 1875:88 [28], Pl. 5, Heros goeldii Boulenger [G. A.], 1897:298, Cichlasoma hellabrunni Ladiges [W.], 1942:199, Fig. 1] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] No locality (Brazil). Current status: Valid as Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (crassa) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Amazon at Tefé, Tocantins, Cudajas, Coary, Villa Bella, Obidos, Hyanuary Lake, Saraca Lake, Rio Hyuatay, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (goeldii) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 20 (no. 117) (art. 28); ref. 14626] Upper Cunani River, south of Oyapok River, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (hellabrunni) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 140 (nos 9-10); ref. 12957] Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Agassiz, 1859 - cichlids [=Hypsophrys Agassiz [L.], 1859:408, Copora Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1969:[4]] Notes: [ref. 74]. Fem. Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. The entire description of the genus and species is, "A second [genus], resembling Chrysophrys, he called Hypsophrys unimaculatus." Typically this would be regarded as not available, no distinguishing features provided (from Lake Nicaragua). However, Kullander & Hartel 1996:200 [ref. 22732] treat as available and valid. There were so few cichlid species described at that time, that the is considered available. •Valid as Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859 – (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:637 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty & Sparks 2007:60 [ref. 29184], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Copora) [ref. 9186]. Neut. Heros nicaraguensis Günther, 1864. Type by original designation. Treated as neuter by author. See Kullander & Hartel 1996:200 [ref. 22732] and genus Hypsophrys. •Valid as Copora Fernández-Yépez, 1969 -- (Burgess 2000:50 [ref. 24818]). •Synonym of Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:637 [ref. 27061], Schmitter-Soto 2007:62 [ref. 29310]). Current status: Synonym of Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species (Gunther, 1864) - Nicaragua cichlid [=Heros nicaraguensis Günther [A.], 1864:153, Heros balteatus Gill [T. N.], in Gill & Bransford, 1877:184, Cichlasoma spilotum Meek [S. E.], 1912:73, Hypsophrys unimaculatus Agassiz [L.], 1859:408] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1); ref. 13930] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Central America: Costa Rica and Nicaragua; introduced in Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: freshwater. (balteatus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (spilotum) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 7); ref. 2960] Victoria, Costa Rica. Current status: Synonym of Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (unimaculatus) [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 6 (1856-1859); ref. 74] Current status: Synonym of Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Isthmoheros Rican & Novak, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Isthmoheros Říčan [O.] & Novák [J.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:26] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Isthmoheros Říčan & Novák, 2016. Current status: Valid as Isthmoheros Říčan & Novák, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Isthmoheros tuyrense (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) - Tuyra River cichlid [=Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:89] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Current status: Valid as Isthmoheros tuyrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Romer & Hahn, 2007 - cichlids [=Ivanacara Römer [U.] & Hahn [I.], 2007:1190] Notes: [ref. 28965]. Fem. aduketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993. Original description not yet seen. •Synonym of Nannocara Regan, 1905 -- (authors). •Valid as Ivanacara Römer & Hahn, 2007 -- (Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518]). Current status: Valid as Ivanacara Römer & Hahn, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Ivanacara adoketa (Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993) - [=Nannacara adoketa Kullander [S. O.] & Prada-Pedreros [S.], 1993:359, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21108] Tributary of Paraná Atauí, in the middle Rio Negro, Igarapé do Cumaru, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ivanacara adoketa (Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in middle Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ivanacara bimaculata (Eigenmann, 1912) - Eigenmann's ivanacara [=Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:488, Pl. 66 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Erukin, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Ivanacara bimaculata (Eigenmann 1912). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Potaro River and Essequibo River basins, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kihnichthys McMahan & Matamoros, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Kihnichthys McMahan [C. D.] & Matamoros [W. A.], in McMahan et al., 2015:222] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Vieja ufermanni Allgayer, 2008 (odm). Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Kihnichthys McMahan & Matamoros, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:42 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Kihnichthys McMahan & Matamoros, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Kihnichthys ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002) - Usumacinta cichlid [=Vieja ufermanni Allgayer [R.], 2002:14, 6 unnumbered figs.] Notes: [L'an Cichlidé v. 2; ref. 26901] Rio Puncté, at road from Florès to Sayache, Rio Pasión System, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Kihnichthys ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 - cichlids [=Krobia Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.], 1989:148] Notes: [ref. 14136]. Fem. Acara guianensis Regan, 1905. Type by original designation. •Valid as Krobia Kullander & Nijssen, 1989 – (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:637 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:154 [ref. 27488], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Kullander 2012:43 [ref. 31798], Steele et al. 2013:152 [ref. 32810]). Current status: Valid as Krobia Kullander & Nijssen, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Krobia guanaensis (Regan, 1905) - krobia [=Acara guianensis Regan [C. T.], 1905:340] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 88) (art. 42); ref. 3623] Guiana. Current status: Valid as Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Northern South America: Essequibo River basin, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943) - dolphin cichlid [=Aequidens itanyi Puyo [J.], 1943:146 [6], Fig. 4] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse v. 78; ref. 13072] Marowijne River tributary, District Marowijne, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Marowijne River drainage: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Krobia petitella Steele et al., 2013 - Steele's krobia [=Krobia petitella Steele [S. E.], Liverpool [F.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2013:152, Figs.2, 3a, 4] Notes: [Zootaxa 3693 (no. 2); ref. 32810] East Berbice River: Just upstream of Kwakwani, 5°14’57.8"N; 58°05’11.5'W, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Krobia petitella Steele, Liverpool & López-Fernández, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Berbice River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Krobia xinguensis Kullander, 2012 - Xingu krobia [=Krobia xinguensis Kullander [S. O.], 2012:45, Figs. 1-] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3197; ref. 31798] Ilha de Babaquara, rio Xingú, 3°12'43"S, 52°12'12"W, State of Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Krobia xinguensis Kullander, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kronoheros Rican & Pialek, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Kronoheros Říčan [O.] & Piálek [L.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:22] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Cichlasoma umbriferum Meek & Hildebrand, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Kronoheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Current status: Valid as Kronoheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Kronoheros umbriferum (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) - umbee [=Cichlasoma umbriferum Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:88] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Cupe at Cituro, Panama. Current status: Valid as Kronoheros umbrifer (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atrato and Magdalena River basins and Tuíra and Chucunaque River basins: Colombia and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander, 1986 - cichlids, smiling acaras [=Laetacara Kullander [S. O.], 1986:321, Parvacara Whitley [G. P.], 1951:68] Notes: [ref. 12439]. Fem. Acara flavilabris Cope, 1870. Type by original designation. See Parvacara Whitley, 1951. •Valid as Laetacara Kullander, 1986 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:638 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:155 [ref. 27488], Staeck & Schindler 2007:63 [ref. 29233], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Ottoni & Costa 2009:41 [ref. 30198], Ottoni et al. 2009:123 [ref. 30600], Ottoni et al. 2012:181 [ref. 32046]). Current status: Valid as Laetacara Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Parvacara) [ref. 4711]. Fem. Acara dorsiger Heckel, 1840. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Nannacara Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918 (not an original description), regarded as preoccupied by Nannacara Regan, 1905 in fishes. Perhaps Parvacara is not available from Whitley 1951 on technical grounds as it is not technically a replacement name and must stand on its own as a generic description. •Apparently a senior synonym of Laetacara Kullander, 1986. Current status: Synonym of Laetacara Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Laetacara araguaiae Ottoni & Costa, 2009 - Buriti smiling acara [=Laetacara araguaiae Ottoni [F. P.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.], 2009:43, Figs. 1, 2a, 5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 59 (no. 1); ref. 30198] Buriti palm near rio Verde, 32 kilometers north of São Miguel do Araguaia, rio Araguaia basin, Estado de Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laetacara araguaiae Ottoni & Costa, 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Araguaia basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923) - flag acara [=Acara curviceps Ahl [E.], 1923:44, Fig. 5] Notes: [Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 19933] Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laetacara dorsiger (Heckel, 1840) - redbreast acara [=Acara dorsiger Heckel [J. J.], 1840:348] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Villa Maria, Río Paraguay, South America. Current status: Valid as Laetacara dorsigera (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Paraguay River and Paraná River basins: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laetacara flamannellus Ottoni et al., 2012 - Lago Curiau smiling acara [=Laetacara flamannellus Ottoni [F. P.], Bragança [P. H. N.], Amorim [P. F.] & Gama [C. S.], 2012:183, Figs. 1a-b] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 2); ref. 32046] Lago Curiaú, following the road AP-70 to Santo Antônio da Pedreira, Macapá municipality, 0°00'54"N, 51°02'26"W, Amapá state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laetacara flamannellus Ottoni, Bragança, Amorim & Gama, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amapá state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870) - Pebas smiling acara [=Acara flavilabris Cope [E. D.], 1870:570, Acara freniferus Cope [E. D.], 1872:255] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Near Pebas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin: Brazil, Ecudaor and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (freniferus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Laetacara fulvipinnis Staeck & Schindler, 2007 - Arigua smiling acara [=Laetacara fulvipinnis Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.], 2007:64, Figs. 1, 3-6] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 57 (no. 1); ref. 29233] Lagoon at the village of Arigua, 1°50'13"N, 67°02'29"W, a few kilometers south of San Carlos de río Negro, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Laetacara fulvipinnis Staeck & Schindler, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper drainages of the Orinoco River and Negro River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875) - Lake Hyanuary smiling acara [=Acara thayeri Steindachner [F.], 1875:68 [8], Pl. 1 (figs. 2, 2a-b)] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 71 (1. Abth.); ref. 4220] Codajas, Lake Hyanuary at Manaus, Lake Maximo at Alemquer. Current status: Valid as Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Maskaheros McMahan & Piller, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Maskaheros McMahan [C. D.] & Piller [K. R.], in McMahan et al., 2015:217] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Viela argentea Allgayer, 1991. Type by original designation. •Valid as Maskaheros McMahan & Piller, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:45 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Maskaheros McMahan & Piller, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Maskaheros argenteus (Allgayer, 1991) - white cichlid [=Vieja argentea Allgayer [R.], 1991:3] Notes: [Revue française des Cichlidophiles No. 114; ref. 23088] Rio San Roman at confluence with Rio Salinas, Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Maskaheros argenteus (Allgayer, 1991). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Maskaheros regani (Miller, 1974) - Almoloya cichlid [=Cichlasoma regani Miller [R. R.], 1974:466, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 87 (no. 40); ref. 7522] Río Almoloya, Oaxaca, Mexico, 16°45'N, 95°01'W, elevation about 250 meters. Current status: Valid as Maskaheros regani (Miller, 1974). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Coatzacoalcos River basin, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Rican & Pialek, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Mayaheros Říčan [O.] & Piálek [L.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:27] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Heros urophthalmus Günther, 1862. Type by original designation. •Valid as Mayaheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016 -- (Barrientos-Villalobos et al. 2018:268 [ref. 35933]). Current status: Valid as Mayaheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Mayaheros aguadae (Hubbs, 1936) - Tuxpena cichlid [=Cichlasoma urophthalmus aguadae Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:270, Pl. 14 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Aguada at Tuxpeña, interior Campeche, about 90 kilometers south, and 40 kilometers east of Champoton, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros aguadae (Hubbs, 1936). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope, Tuxpeña, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mayaheros amarus (Hubbs, 1936) - Mujeres Island cichlid [=Cichlasoma urophthalmus amarum Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:272, Fig. 1] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] A salt or brackish water lagoon on Mujeres Island, off the eastern coast of Yucatán, near the tip of the peninsula. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros amarus (Hubbs, 1936). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Isla Mujeres of Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mayaheros beani (Jordan, 1889) - Rio Presidio cichlid [=Heros beani Jordan [D. S.], 1889:332] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 11 (no. 719); ref. 10479] Río Presidio, near Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros beani (Jordan, 1889). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Mayaheros ericymba (Hubbs, 1938) - San Bulha Cenote cichlid [=Cichlasoma urophthalmus ericymba Hubbs [C. L.], 1938:284, Pl. 2 (figs. 1, 3)] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 491 (art. 21); ref. 2248] San Bulha Cenote at Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros ericymba (Hubbs, 1938). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mayaheros stenozonus (Hubbs, 1936) - stenozonus cichlid [=Cichlasoma urophthalmus stenozonum Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:263] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Central America. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros stenozonus (Hubbs, 1936). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Probably Atlantic slope of southern Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mayaheros trispilus (Hubbs, 1935) - Rio San Pedro cichlid [=Cichlasoma urophthalmus trispilum Hubbs [C. L.], 1935:18, Pl. 4 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan No. 28; ref. 11676] Río San Pedro de Mártir, tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El Paso de los Caballos, Petén, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros trispilus (Hubbs, 1935). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Petén, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Mayaheros troschelii (Steindachner, 1867) - Troschel's cichlid [=Heros troschelii Steindachner [F.], 1867:64] Notes: [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe v. 4 (no. 8); ref. 20462] Mexico. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros troschelii (Steindachner, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Gunther, 1862) - Mayan cichlid [=Heros urophthalmus Günther [A.], 1862:291, Cichlasoma urophthalmus alborum Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:268, Pl. 13 (fig. 3), Cichlasoma urophthalmus cienagae Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:271, Pls. 12 (fig.4), 14 (figs.4-6), Cichlasoma urophthalmus conchitae Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:274, Pl. 12 (fig. 3), Cichlasoma urophthalmus mayorum Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:277, Pls. 13 (1), 14 (1-3), 15 (7-12), Cichlasoma urophthalmus zebra Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:275, Pls. 13(fig.2), 15(figs.1-6)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic drainages of Middle America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua; established in Florida, U.S.A. and Singapore. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (alborum) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Río Usumacinta at Montecristo, Tobasco, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (cienagae) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Slightly brackish pool, 3 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (conchitae) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Conchita Cenote, Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (mayorum) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Xtolok Cenote, Chichen Itza, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (zebra) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Xlaka Cenote, about 13 kilometers north of Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Mayaheros urophthalmus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Mazarunia Kullander, 1990 - cichlids [=Mazarunia Kullander [S. O.], 1990:4] Notes: [ref. 16010]. Fem. Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Mazarunia Kullander, 1990 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:638 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:164 [ref. 27488], López-Fernández et al. 2011:465, 470 [ref. 32205]). Current status: Valid as Mazarunia Kullander, 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Mazarunia charadrica Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2012 - charadrica dwarf cichlid [=Mazarunia charadrica López-Fernández [H.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Liverpool [E. A.], 2012:475, Figs. 2b, 3b, 6a, 8-10] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 3); ref. 32205] Upper Mazaruni River, Waruma Creek, 5°28'31.8"N, 60°46'46.812"W, Cuyuni-Mazaruni (Region 7), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Mazarunia charadrica López-Fernández, Taphorn & Liverpool, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Widespread, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990 - Mazarun's dwarf cichlid [=Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander [S. O.], 1990:5, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 16010] Upper Mazaruni River near Kamarang, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mazarunia pala Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2012 - pala dwarf cichlid [=Mazarunia pala López-Fernández [H.], Taphorn B. [D. C.] & Liverpool [E. A.], 2012:479, Figs. 2d, 3d, 62, 11-13] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 3); ref. 32205] Upper Mazaruni River, near mouth of Kamarang River, 5°51'56.80"N, 60°36'32.076"W, Cuyuni-Mazaruni (Region 7), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Mazarunia pala López-Fernández, Taphorn B. & Liverpool, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Upper Mazaruni River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS McMahan & Chakrabarty, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Mesoheros McMahan [C. D.] & Chakrabarty [P.], in McMahan et al., 2015:228] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Heros festae Boulenger, 1899. Type by original designation. •Valid as Mesoheros McMahan & Chakrabarty, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:29 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Mesoheros McMahan & Chakrabarty, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Mesoheros atromaculatus (Regan, 1912) - atromaculatus mesoheros [=Cichlosoma (Parapetenia) atromaculatum Regan [C. T.], 1912:507] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Tado, Río San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Mesoheros atromaculatus (Regan, 1912). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atrato, San Juan and Baudó River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Mesoheros festae (Boulenger, 1899) - red terror [=Heros festae Boulenger [G. A.], 1899:6] Notes: [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 14 (no. 335); ref. 14697] Río Guayas, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Mesoheros festae (Boulenger, 1899). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific drainages of Ecuador and Peru. Introduced in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mesoheros gephyrus (Eigenmann, 1922) - gephyrus mesoheros [=Cichlasoma ornatum gephyrum Eigenmann [C. H.], 1922:205, Pl. 31 (figs. 3-4)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Río Dagua at Córdova, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Mesoheros gephyrus (Eigenmann, 1922). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific slope of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mesoheros ornatus (Regan, 1905) - ornate mesoheros [=Cichlosoma ornatum Regan [C. T.], 1905:330] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Río Durango, northwestern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Mesoheros ornatus (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Gunther, 1862 - cichlids, acaras [=Mesonauta Günther [A.], 1862:300] Notes: [ref. 1969]. Masc. Heros insignis Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Mesonauta Günther, 1862 -- (Kullander 1986:200 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Silfvergrip 1991:407 [ref. 16014], Schindler 1998:1 [ref. 23480], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Britski et al. 1999:151 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:638 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Mesonauta Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Species Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855) - acora acara [=Chromys acora Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:17, Pl. 9 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Lakes of the Rio Araguaia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991 - egregius acara [=Mesonauta egregius Kullander [S. O.] & Silfvergrip [A. M. C.], 1991:429, Figs. 1E, 9-10, 21] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 2); ref. 16014] Mouth of Río Guarrojo, laguna no. 1 on Finca Boca de Guarrojo, Dept. Vichada, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Meaonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840) - flag cichlid [=Heros festivus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:376] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon and Paraguay River basins: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998 - Guyana acara [=Mesonauta guyanae Schindler [I.], 1998:5, Figs. 1b, 2-3] Notes: [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 23480] Rockstone, Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River and Essequibo River basins: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840) - acara [=Heros insignis Heckel [J. J.], 1840:378] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Marabitanos, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River and Orinoco River basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991 - mirificus acara [=Mesonauta mirificus Kullander [S. O.] & Silfvergrip [A. M. C.], 1991:430, Figs. 1F, 5, 10, 22-23] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 2); ref. 16014] Cayapoza, Río Napo, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Meulengracht-Madsen, in Schiotz & Christensen, 1968 - cichlids [=Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen [J.], in Schiøtz & Christensen, 1968:268, Papiliochromis Kullander [S. O.], 1977:253, Pseudoapistogramma Axelrod [H. R.], 1971:244, Pseudogeophagus Hoedeman [J. J.], 1974:1041] Notes: [ref. 31533]. Masc. Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by monotypy. Robins & Bailey 1982:208 [ref. 6548] regard the genus as unavailable from Frey 1957:56, 375 [ref. 5455] and attribute it to Axelrod 1971. See also Kullander 1985 [ref. 14221, not seen] and Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977 with same type. Dated to Meulengracht-Madsen 1968 by recent authors as Mikrogeophagus [but reference not given in Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:639 [ref. 27061]]. Isbrücker 1984:38 [ref. 30868] treats Microgeophagus Frey, 1957 as the available name, with ramirezi as the type species. See also Géry 1983:71 [ref. 31279] who says that the spelling Microgeophagus is the correct form in Latin. •Synonym of Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977 -- (Staeck 2003:181 [ref. 27488]). •Valid as Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968 -- (Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:639 [ref. 27061], Isbrücker 2011:10 [ref. 31274] as Microgeophagus, author and year as Frey 1957, Geerts 2011:82 [ref. 31534] as Microgeophagus, Kullander, 2011:35 [ref. 31677]). Current status: Valid as Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Papiliochromis) [ref. 2699]. Fem. Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Genus designated feminine by author. Possibly a junior objective synonym and homonym of Papiliochromis Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968, ref. 5455 (if available) as well as an objective synonym of Mikrogeophagus. •Objective synonym of Microgeophagus Axelrod, 1971 – (see Robins & Bailey 1982:209 [ref. 6548], Poll 1986:117 [ref. 6136]). •Valid as Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977 -- (Staeck 2003:181 [ref. 27488]). •Junior objective synonym of Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:639 [ref. 27061], Kullander 2011:37 [ref. 31677]). Current status: Synonym of Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Pseudoapistogramma) [ref. 5456]. Not available; name only, name mentioned in passing in synonymy of Microgeophagus Axelrod, 1971 -- (see Robins & Bailey 1982:209 [ref. 6548]). Microgeopagus Axelrod, 1971 is itself not an original description -- (Isbrücker, pers. comm., 6/23/2010). See also Kullander 2011:43 [ref. 31677]. •In the synonymy of Mikorgeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968 -- (Kullander 2011:37 [ref. 31677]). Current status: Synonym of Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Pseudogeophagus) [ref. 5457]. Masc. Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. Technically this is a name published in synonymy and unavailable; appeared as "This [differences from Apistogramma] was reason enough for Wickler (1963) to establish the genus Pseudogeophagus for this species." Wickler 1963 is not listed in Hoedeman's literature cited, and the genus was not treated as valid by Hoedeman. We do not find a Wickler paper containing Pseudogeophagus; see also Géry 1983:71 [ref. 31279]. •In the synonymy of Microgeophagus Axelrod, 1971 -- (see Robins & Bailey 1982:209 [ref. 6548]). •In the synonymy of Papiliochromis Kullander, 1977 -- (Staeck 2003:181 [ref. 27488]). •In the synonymy of Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968 (Kullander 2011:37 [ref. 31677]). Current status: Synonym of Mikrogeophagus Meulengracht-Madsen, 1968. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911) - Bolivian ram [=Crenicara altispinosa Haseman [J. D.], 1911:344, Pl. 58] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Río Mamoré, below mouth of Río Guaporé, San Joaquin, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948) - [=Apistogramma ramirezi Myers [G. S.] & Harry [R. R.] (ex Anonymous), 1948:77] Notes: [The Aquarium, Philadelphia v. 17; ref. 12903] Orinoco system, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Gill, 1962 - cichlids [=Nandopsis (subgenus of Cichlasoma) Gill [T. N.] 1862:238, Parapetenia (subgenus of Cichlasoma) Regan [C. T.] 1905:324] Notes: [ref. 1664]. Fem. Chromis tetracanthus of Poey (= Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes 1831). Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson 1839 -- (authors). •Valid as Nandopsis Gill 1862 -- (Burgess 2000:48 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:639 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:23 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Nandopsis Gill 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Parapetenia) [ref. 3622]. Fem. Acara adspersa Günther 1862. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:476 [ref. 1224]. •Synonym of Nandopsis Gill 1862 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:639 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis Gill 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935) - Haiti cichlid [=Cichlasoma haitiensis Tee-Van [J.] 1935:294, Figs. 270-272, Cichlosoma vombergi Ladiges [W.] 1938:18, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society No. 10 (no. 2); ref. 17899] Étang Saumâtre, near Maneville, Cul-de-Sac Plain, Haiti, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van 1935). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Dominican Republic and Haiti. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (vombergi) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 123 (nos 1-2); ref. 17155] Rio Yague del Sur, Santo Domingo. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van 1935). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Dominican Republic. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Nandopsis ramsdeni (Fowler, 1938) - joturo [=Cichlasoma ramsdeni Fowler [H. W.] 1938:145] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 90; ref. 17142] Arroyo Hondo, Jamaica; Yateras, Guantánamo, . Current status: Valid as Nandopsis ramsdeni (Fowler 1938). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Cuba. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831) - biajaca [=Centrarchus tetracanthus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831:460, Acara adspersa Günther [A.] 1862:282, Heros tetracanthus cinctus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1903:234, Fig. 16, Acara cubensis Heckel [J. J.] in Steindachner 1864:60 [4], Chromis fuscomaculatus Guichenot [A.] 1853:78, Pl. 2 (fig. 3), Heros tetracanthus griseus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1903:233, Fig. 14, Heros tetracanthus latus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1903:234, Fig. 15, Heros nigricans Eigenmann [C. H.] 1903:235, Fig. 17, Heros tetracanthus torralbasi Eigenmann [C. H.] 1903:230, Fig. 11] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Cuba. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (adspersa) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Barbados, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (cinctus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 1217] Paso Real, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (cubensis) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (fuscomaculatus) [Sagra, R. de la, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba; ref. 18164] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (griseus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 1217] San Antonio, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (latus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 1217] San Juan, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (nigricans) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 1217] Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (torralbasi) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 1217] Calabazar, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes 1831). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Nannacara Regan, 1905 - cichlids, dwarf cichlids [=Nannacara Regan [C. T.], 1905:344] Notes: [ref. 3623]. Fem. Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. Treated as feminine by author. Nannacara Miranda-Riberio, 1918:14 [ref. 7320] sometimes cited as an original description (e.g. by Jordan 1920:564), but it is a subsequent use of Nannacara Regan [see p. 4 in Miranda-Ribeiro 1918]; see Parvacara Whitley. •Valid as Nannocara Regan, 1905 -- (Kullander & Nijssen 1989:194 [ref. 14136], Kullander & Prada-Pedreros 1993:357 [ref. 21108], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:639 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:168 [ref. 27488], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518]). Current status: Valid as Nannacara Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905 - goldeneye cichlid [=Nannacara anomala Regan [C. T.], 1905:344] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 88) (art. 42); ref. 3623] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Guianan rivers: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983 - goldhead dwarf cichlid [=Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer [R.], 1983:13, Fig.] Notes: [Revue française des Cichlidophiles 1983 (no. 33); ref. 21139] "Carière Chambaut" localité A, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Approuague River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Nannacara quadrispinae Staeck & Schindler, 2004 - fourspine dwarf cichlid [=Nannacara quadrispinae Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.], 2004:156, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 54; ref. 28001] Río Amana, tributary of río Guanipa, Estado Monagas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Nannacara quadrispinae Staeck & Schindler, 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912 - taenia nannacara [=Nannacara taenia Regan [C. T.], 1912:505] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Probably near Belim, Brazil [not Amazon River at Manaos [Manaus], Brazil]. Current status: Valid as Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Near Belém, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Neetrophus Gunther, 1867 - cichlids [=Neetroplus Günther [A.], 1867:603] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Masc. Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Günther (15 Sept.) 1868:469 [ref. 1994]. •Synonym of Hypsophrys Agassiz, 1859 -- (Chakrabarty & Sparks 2007:59 [ref. 29184], Schmitter-Soto 2007:62 [ref. 29310], Schmitter-Soto 2007:45 [ref. 29317]). •Valid as Neetroplus Günther, 1867 -- (see Rogers 1981 [ref. 5502], Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:640 [ref. 27061], Říčan et al. 2016:35 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Neetroplus Günther, 1867. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Neetrophus nematopus (Gunther, 1867) - poor man's tropheus [=Neetrophus nematopus Günther [A.], 1867:603, Neetrophus fluviatilis Meek [S. E.], 1912:74, Neetrophus nicaraguensis Gill [T. N.] in Gill & Bransford 1877:186] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Neetroplus nematopus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and western Costa Rica: Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater. (fluviatilis) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 7); ref. 2960] Río Costa Rica near Guapilis [Guápiles], Costa Rica. Current status: Synonym of Neetroplus nematopus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (nicaraguensis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Neetroplus nematopus (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Oscura McMahan & Chakrabarty, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Oscura McMahan [C. D.] & Chakrabarty [P.], in McMahan et al., 2015:225] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Fem. Cichlasoma heterospilum Hubbs, 1936. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Oscura McMahan & Chakrabarty, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:44 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Oscura McMahan & Chakrabarty, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Oscura heterospila (Hubbs, 1936) - Montecristo cichlid [=Cichlasoma heterospilum Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:255, Pl. 10, (fig. 3)] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Río Usumacinta at Montecristo, southern Mexico. Current status: Valid as Oscura heterospila (Hubbs, 1936). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Panamius Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - cichlids [=Panamius (subgenus of Cryptoheros) Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:33] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] Masc. Neetroplus panamensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cryptoheros Allgayer, 2001, but a valid subgenus Panamius as described. •Valid as Panamius Schmitter-Soto, 2007 – (Říčan et al. 2016:38 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Panamius Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Panamius panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) - rosy cichlid [=Neethrophus panamensis Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:90] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Mandingo at Bas Obispo, Canal Zone, Panama. Current status: Valid as Panamius panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Agassiz, 1859 - cichlids [=Parachromis Agassiz [L.], 1859:408] Notes: [ref. 74]. Masc. Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859. Type by monotypy. Regarded as not available, no distinguishing features provided in 1998 edition of the Catalog of Fishes. However, Kullander & Hartel 1997:196 [ref. 22732] treated the genus as available and valid and we now follow them. Also see Bussing 1998:372 [ref. 24179]. Parachromis Regan, 1922 was replaced by Tristramella Trewavas, 1942 and Tristramella continues in use for Middle Eastern cichlids. •Valid as Parachromis Agassiz, 1859 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:640 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:23 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:9 [ref. 30400], Minckley & Marsh 2009:268 [ref. 31114], Kottelat 2013:374 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Parachromis Agassiz, 1859. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Parachromis dovii (Gunther, 1864) - wolf cichlid [=Heros dovii Günther [A.], 1864:154] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1); ref. 13930] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840) - yellowjacket cichlid [=Heros friedrichsthalii Heckel [J. J.], 1840:381, Cichlasoma multifasciatum Regan [C. T.], 1905:335] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Central America [Rio San Juan, Nicaragua]. Current status: Valid as Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic drainages of Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (multifasciatum) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989) - Bussing's parachromis [=Cichlasoma loisellei Bussing [W. A.], 1989:153, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revista de Biologia Tropical v. 37 (no. 2); ref. 20125] Río San Miguel, tributary or River Matina on road to Puerto Limón, Limón Province, Costa Rica, elevation 12 meters. Current status: Valid as Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Gunther, 1867) - jaguar cichlid [=Heros managuensis Günther [A.], 1867:602, Parachromis gulosus Agassiz [L.], 1859:408] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Lake Managua, Nicaragua. Current status: Valid as Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Costa Rica, Cuba (introduced), El Salvador (introduced), Guatemala (introduced), Honduras, Mexico (introduced), Nicaragua and Panama (introduced); introduced in Hawaiian Islands and southern Florida, U.S.A. and elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (gulosus) [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 6 (1856-1859); ref. 74] Lake Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parachromis motaguensis (Gunther, 1867) - false yellowjacket cichlid [=Heros motaguensis Günther [A.], 1867:602] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Río Motagua, Guatemala (Atlantic Slope). Current status: Valid as Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Regan, 1905 - cichlids [=Paraneetroplus Regan [C. T.], 1905:436] Notes: [ref. 3622]. Masc. Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Valid as Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905 -- (Burgess 2000:56 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:640 [ref. 27061], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:9 [ref. 30400], McMahan et al. 2010:1298 [ref. 31111], McMahan et al. 2011:1 [ref. 33481], Kottelat 2013:375 [ref. 32989], Paepke et al. 2014:50 [ref. 33351]). Current status: Valid as Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905 - Sarabia cichlid [=Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan [C. T.], 1905:436] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Río de Sarabia, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Coatzacoalcos River basin, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864) - Teapa cichlid [=Heros gibbiceps Steindachner [F.], 1864:66 [10], Pl. 5 (figs. 1-2), Cichlasoma teapae Evermann [B. W.] & Goldsborough [E. L.], 1902:156, Fig. 6] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Río Teapa, , Mexico. Current status: Valid as Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Grijalva River, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (teapae) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 21 [1901]; ref. 14875] Río Teapa at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Paraneetroplus nebulifer (Gunther, 1860) - Papaloapan cichlid [=Chromis nebulifera Günther [A.], 1860:318 [3], Cichlasoma eigenmanni Meek [S. E.], 1902:119, Pl. 30] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1860 (pt 2); ref. 18212] Río Tonto, La Raya, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Paraneetroplus nebulifer (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Papaloapan River basin, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (eigenmanni) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 3 (no. 6); ref. 2957] Río Tehuacán at Venta Salada, Pueblo, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Paraneetroplus nebulifer (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer, 1988 - omonti paraneetroplus [=Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer [R.], 1988:13, Figs.] Notes: [Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 9 (no. 75); ref. 20699] Near the bridge, on Río Tulija crossed by Palenqué-Ococingo road, Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Paraneetroplus omonti Allgayer, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Petenia Gunther, 1862 - cichlids [=Petenia Günther [A.], 1862:301] Notes: [ref. 1969]. Fem. Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Petenia Günther, 1862 -- (Burgess 2000:56 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:641 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:21 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Petenia Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Petenia splendida Gunther, 1862 - bay snook cichlid [=Petenia splendida Günther [A.], 1862:301] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Petenia splendida Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico and Usumacinta River basin: Belize, Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Heckel, 1840 - cichlids [=Pterophyllum Heckel [J. J.], 1840:334, Plataxoides Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:21] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Neut. Platax scalaris Cuvier, 1831 (= Zeus scalaris Lichtenstein, 1823). Type by monotypy. Not preoccupied (see Myers 1940:36 [ref. 3118]). Species scalaris as senior objective synonym from Myers [ref. 3118], not verified. •Valid as Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:210 [ref. 12439], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:641 [ref. 27061], Schindler 2003:73 [ref. 27489]). Current status: Valid as Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Plataxoides) [ref. 766]. Masc. Plataxoides dumerilii Castelnau, 1855. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:210 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:641 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Pterophyllum Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903 - Pellegrin's pterophyllum [=Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin [J.], 1903:124 [5]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Atabapo, Río Orinoco, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco River basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963) - Leopold's pterophyllum [=Plataxoides leopoldi Gosse [J.-P.], 1963:4, Pl. 1 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 39 (no. 35); ref. 19136] Furo du village de Cuia, left bank of Rio Solimões, about 90 kilometers upstreams of the Manacapuru, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin and Essequibo River basin: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, in Lichtenstein, 1823) - freshwater angelfish [=Zeus scalaris Schultze [F.], in Lichtenstein, 1823:114, Plataxoides dumerilii Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:21, Pl. 11 (fig. 3), Pterophyllum eimekei Ahl [E.], 1928:252, Fig. 1, Platax scalaris Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:237] Notes: [Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung...; ref. 17525] Lower Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Suriname (introduced). Habitat: freshwater. (dumerilii) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (eimekei) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 76 (nos 7/10) (art. 13); ref. 15830] Rio Negro of Amazon River. Current status: Synonym of Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (scalaris) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894 - cichlids [=Retroculus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Bray [W. L.], 1894:614] Notes: [ref. 1248]. Masc. Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894 -- (Gosse 1971:1 [ref. 7679], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:641 [ref. 27061], Landim et al. 2015:370 [ref. 33850]). Current status: Valid as Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Retroculus acherontos Landim et al., 2015 - Goias retroculus [=Retroculus acherontos Landim [M. I.], Mareira [C. A.] & Figueiredo [C. A.], 2015:371, Figs. 1-8] Notes: [Zootaxa 3973 (no. 2); ref. 33850] Goiás, Rio Tocantins basin, Rio das Almas, tributary of left margin of Rio Maranhão, 14˚37′51.2″S, 49˚1'56.6″W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Retroculus acherontos Landin, Mareira & Figueiredo, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855) - Rio Araguaya retroculus [=Chromys lapidifera Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:16, Pl. 12 (fig.1), Retroculus boulengeri Eigenmann [C. H.] & Bray [W. L.], 1894:614] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Falls of the Rio Araguaya, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (boulengeri) [Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 7 (art. 4); ref. 1248] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971 - Oyapock River retroculus [=Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse [J.-P.], 1971:11, Pl. 5] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 47 (no. 43); ref. 7679] Oyapock River at Saut-Alikoto, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin and Araguari River drainage: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971 - Rio Xingu retroculus [=Retroculus xinguensis Gosse [J.-P.], 1971:7, Pl. 4] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 47 (no. 43); ref. 7679] Rio Xingú, at Cachoeira von Martius, northern border of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú and Tapajós River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Rheoheros McMahan & Matamoros, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Rheoheros McMahan [C. D.] & Matamoros [W. A.], in McMahan et al., 2015:224] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Heros lentiginosus Steindachner, 1864. Type by original designation. •Valid as Rheoheros McMahan & Matamoros, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:43 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Rheoheros McMahan & Matamoros, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Rheoheros coeruleus (Stawikowski & Werner, 1987) - coeruleus [=Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski [R.] & Werner [U.], 1987:499, Fig.] Notes: [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 40 (no. 11); ref. 9097] Tributary of Río Mizol Há at Francesco Madero, about 30 kilometers south of Palenque, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Rheoheros coeruleus (Stawikowski & Werner, 1987). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rheoheros lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864) - lentiginosus rheoheros [=Heros lentiginosus Steindachner [F.], 1864:62 [6], Pl. 3 (fig. 1), Theraps rheophilus Seegers [L.] & Staeck [W.], 1985:500, Fig. (p. 500, 502, 504-505)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Mexico. Current status: Valid as Rheoheros lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (rheophilus) [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 38 (no. 11); ref. 17275] Río Nututun, 6 kilometers south of Palenque, Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Rheoheros lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Usumacinta River basin, Atlantic Slope of Mexcio [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - cichlids [=Rocio Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:56] Notes: [ref. 29310]. Heros octofasciatus Regan, 1903. Type by original designation. •Valid as Rocio Schmitter-Soto, 2007 -- (Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:9 [ref. 30400], Kottelat 2013:375 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Rocio Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Rocio gemmata Contreras-Balderas & Schmitter-Soto, in Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - gemmata rocio [=Rocio gemmata Contreras-Balderas [S.] & Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], in Schmitter-Soto, 2007:61, Fig. 26] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] Nameless cenote 12 kilometers north of Leona Vicario, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Rocio gemmata Contreras-Balderas & Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Northern Quintana Roo, eastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rocio ocotal Schmitter-Soto, 2007 - ocotal rocio [=Rocio ocotal Schmitter-Soto [J. J.], 2007:59, Fig. 25] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1603; ref. 29310] Laguna Ocotal, "Lacandona region," Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Rocio ocotal Schmitter-Soto, 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Laguna Ocotal, Chiapas, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903) - Dempsey cichlid [=Heros octofasciatus Regan [C. T.], 1903:417, Pl. 13 (fig. 1), Cichlosoma biocellatum Regan [C. T.], 1909:234, Cichlasoma hedricki Meek [S. E.], 1904:208, Fig. 66] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] "Rio de Sarabia" (Cosamaloapan), Coatzacoalcos drainage, , Mexico. Current status: Valid as Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope, Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (biocellatum) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 3 (no. 14); ref. 14416] Rio Negro at Mañaos, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (hedricki) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Obispo, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rocio spinosissima (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902) - spinosissima rocio [=Heros (Cichlasoma) spinosissimus Vaillant [L. L.] & Pellegrin [J.], 1902:87 [3]] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 14896] Río Polochic, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Rocio spinosissima (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope in Lake Izabal basin, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Rondonacara Ottoni & Mattos, 2015 - cichlids, dwarf cichlids [=Rondonacara Ottoni [F. P.] & Mattos [J. L. O.], 2015:72] Notes: [ref. 33785]. Fem. Nannocara hoehnei Mirando Ribeiro, 1918 (Type by original designation (also monotypic)). •Valid as Rondonacara Ottoni & Mattos, 2015. Current status: Valid as Rondonacara Ottoni & Mattos, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Rondonacara hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) - Hoehne's dwarf cichlid [=Nannacara hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1918:14, Pl. 7 (top & middle figs.)] Notes: [Historia Natural. Zoologia. Cichlidae Publ. 46 (Annexo 5); ref. 3720] Rio Branco, affluente do River Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Aequidens hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Araguaia River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Satanoperca Gunther, 1862 - cichlids, eartheaters [=Satanoperca Günther [A.], 1862:312] Notes: [ref. 1969]. Fem. Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1898:1542 [ref. 2444]. •Valid as Satanoperca Günther, 1862 -- (Kullander 1986:146 [ref. 12439], Kullander & Ferreira 1988 [ref. 12825], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:66 [ref. 14136], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Britski et al. 1999:146 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:642 [ref. 27061], Willis et al. 2012:798 [ref. 32444], Kullander 2012:247 [ref. 31969], Kottelat 2013:375 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Satanoperca Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840) - sharphead eartheater [=Geophagus acuticeps Heckel [J. J.], 1840:394] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Satanoperca curupira Ota et al., 2018 - Ota's eartheater [=Satanoperca curupira Ota [R. R.], Kullander [S. O.], Deprá [G. C.], Graça [W. J. da] & Pavanelli [C. S.], 2018:104, Figs. 1-3a, 4] Notes: [Zootaxa 4379 (no. 1); ref. 35801] Lago Fortaleza, tributary of the rio Canaã, rio Jamari basin, Ariquemes, Rondônia, Brazil, 09°57'S, 63°03'W. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca curupira Ota, Kullander, Deprá, Graça & Pavanelli, 2018. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Madeira basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840) - threespot eartheater [=Geophagus daemon Heckel [J. J.], 1840:389, Pl. 29 (figs. 26-29)] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro at Maribitanos, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River and Orinoco River basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Heckel, 1840) - jurupari eartheater [=Geophagus jurupari Heckel [J. J.], 1840:392] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Mouth of Rio Negro in Amazon River, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana and Peru; introduced in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Satanoperca leucosticta (Muller & Troschel, 1849) - leucosticta eartheater [=Geophagus leucostictus Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.], 1849:625, Satanoperca macrolepis Günther [A.], 1862:314] Notes: [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] Probably Rupununi River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Essequibo River and Nickerie River: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater. (macrolepis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Demerara, Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988 - lilith eartheater [=Satanoperca lilith Kullander [S. O.] & Ferreira [E. J. G.], 1988:344, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Cybium v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 12825] Urumari, Rio Negro drainage, Amazonas State, Brazil, 0°03'S, 63°30'W. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernandez-Yepez, 1950) - Mapiri eartheater [=Geophagus mapiritensis Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1950:117, Fig.] Notes: [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 10 (no. 26); ref. 12888] Río Mapirito al Sur de Maturín, Estado Monagas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840) - Pantanal eartheater [=Geophagus pappaterra Heckel [J. J.], 1840:396] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon and Paraná River basins: Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Satanoperca rhynchitis Kullander, 2012 - rhynchitis eartheater [=Satanoperca rhynchitis Kullander [S. O.], 2012] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 31969] Crique Sikini, left bank, tributary to Oyapock River, 3.2513, -52.2563; French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Satanoperca rhynchitis Kullander, 2012. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Symphysodon Heckel, 1840 - cichlids, discuses [=Symphysodon Heckel [J. J.], 1840:332] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Masc. Symphysodon Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Symphysodon Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1986:226 [ref. 12439], Mazeroll & Weiss 1995:77 [ref. 21861], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:642 [ref. 27061], Bleher et al. 2007:154 [ref. 29227], Bleher & Bailey 2011:1306 [ref. 31397]). Current status: Valid as Symphysodon Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Symphysodon aequifasciatus (Pellegrin, 1904) - blue discus [=Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata Pellegrin [J.], 1904:250] Notes: [Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France v. 16 (nos 2-4); ref. 3419] Santarém, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Eastern-central Amazon River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 - red discus [=Symphysodon discus Heckel [J. J.], 1840:333, Pl. 30 (figs. 21-24), Symphysodon discus willischwartzi Burgess [W. E.], 1981:37, Fig.] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Moreré am Rio Negro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Lower Rio Negro basin, Rip Ururum Rio Nhamundá and Rio Abacaxis basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (willischwartzi) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 29 (no. 7); ref. 8994] Rio Abacaxis, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Symphysodon heraldi Schultz, 1960 - Herald's discus [=Symphysodon aequifasciata haraldi Schultz [L. P.], 1960:11, Figs. (p. 5, 8, 13, 14), Symphysodon aequifasciata axelrodi Schultz [L. P.], 1960:14, Figs. (p. 9)] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 8 (no. 10); ref. 11947] Lagoa Berurí, lower Purus Region, Amazon, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Symphysodon haraldi Schultz, 1960. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Clear lakes and rivers, Amazon River basin: Brazil, Colombia and possibly Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (axelrodi) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 8 (no. 10); ref. 11947] Belem, Amazon River, Brazil; correct is lower Rio Urubu. Current status: Synonym of Symphysodon haraldi Schultz, 1960. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Symphysodon tarzoo Lyons, 1959 - green discus [=Symphysodon discus tarzoo Lyons [E.], 1959:6, Fig on p. 7] Notes: [Tropicals Magazine v. 4 and cover; ref. 29521] Rio Jutaí, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Symphysodon tarzoo Lyons, 1959. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Western Amazon basin: Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Taeniacara Myers, 1935 - cichlids [=Taeniacara Myers [G. S.], 1935:11] Notes: [ref. 3109]. Fem. Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Taeniacara Myers, 1935 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:642 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:198 [ref. 27488]). Current status: Valid as Taeniacara Myers, 1935. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935 - candidi taeniacara [=Taeniacara candidi Myers [G. S.], 1935:11, Apistogramma weisei Ahl [E.], 1936:268] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 48; ref. 3109] Middle Amazon, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (weisei) [Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 13680] Santarém, Amazon River, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander, 1986 - cichlids [=Tahuantinsuyoa Kullander [S. O.], 1986:308] Notes: [ref. 12439]. Fem. Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Tahuantinsuyoa Kullander, 1986 -- (Kullander 1991:3 [ref. 20150], Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:643 [ref. 27061], Musilová et al. 2008:660 [ref. 29518], Kullander 2012:51 [ref. 31798], Steele et al. 2013:152 [ref .32810]). Current status: Valid as Tahuantinsuyoa Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991 - chipi cichlid [=Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander [S. O.], 1991:4, Fig. 2] Notes: [Cybium v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 20150] Pools of unnamed creek close to lower Río Llullapichis, 1.8 kilometers east of Panguana station, Depto. Huánuco, Peru. Current status: Valid as Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Pachitea River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986 - macantzatza cichlid [=Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander [S. O.], 1986:309, Figs. 136-148, Pl. 34 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Huacamayo, Río Aguaytía drainage, Depto. Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Valid as Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Aguaytía R basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Talamancaheros Rican & Novak, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Talamancaheros Říčan [O.] & Novák [J.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:25] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Heros sieboldii Kner, 1863. Type by original designation. •Valid as Talamancaheros Říčan & Novák, 2016. Current status: Valid as Talamancaheros Říčan & Novák, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Talamancaheros sieboldii (Kner, 1863) - Siebold's cichlid [=Heros sieboldii Kner [R.], 1863:223, "Fig. 5" (unpublished), Cichlasoma frontale Meek [S. E.], 1909:210, Cichlasoma punctatum Meek [S. E.], 1909:210, Theraps terrabae Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1927:507] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 1863, v. 2; ref. 5002] Panama. Current status: Valid as Talamancaheros sieboldii (Kner, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific coast of Panama. Habitat: freshwater. (frontale) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 7); ref. 14388] Turrubales, Costa Rica. Current status: Synonym of Talamancaheros sieboldii (Kner, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (punctatum) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 7); ref. 14388] Buenos Aires de Térraba, Costa Rica. Current status: Synonym of Talamancaheros sieboldii (Kner, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (terrabae) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 16 (no. 15); ref. 2453] Current status: Synonym of Talamancaheros sieboldii (Kner, 1863). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Talamancaheros underwoodi (Regan, 1906) - Underwood's cichlid [=Herichthys underwoodi Regan [C. T.], 1906:30, Pl. 3 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Biologia Centrali-Americana Part 93; ref. 15703] Juan Viñas, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Talamancaheros underwoodi (Regan, 1906). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Kullander, 1988 - cichlids [=Teleocichla Kullander [S. O.], 1988:196] Notes: [ref. 6232]. Fem. Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 – (Ploeg 1991:122 [ref. 20196]). •Valid as Teleocichla Kullander, 1988 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Zuanon & Sazima 2002:373 [ref. 26543], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:643 [ref. 27061], Staeck 2003:199 [ref. 27488], Varella et al. 2012:233 [ref. 32030], Varella & Moreira 2013:177 [ref. 32674]). Current status: Valid as Teleocichla Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002 - Furo do Ze Pinheiro cichlid [=Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon [J.] & Sazima [I.], 2002:374, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 26543] Furo do Zé Pinheiro, 3°27'26"S, 51°55'03"W, Rio Xingú, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988 - Rio Xingu teleocichla [=Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander [S. O.], 1988:198, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6232] Rio Xingù, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in the Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988 - cinderella cichlid [=Teleocichla cinderella Kullander [S. O.], 1988:204, Figs. 1, 6, 13, 16, 27] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6232] Rio Tocantins, Tucurui, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in lower Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988 - Xingu teleocichla [=Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander [S. O.], 1988:205, Figs. 1, 7] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6232] Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988 - monogramma teleocichla [=Teleocichla monogramma Kullander [S. O.], 1988:207, Figs. 1, 8] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6232] Rio Xingù, Cachoeira von Martius, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Xingú River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla preta Varella et al., 2016 - preta teleocichla [=Teleocichla preta Varella [H. R.], Zuanon [J.], Kullander [S. O.] & López-Fernández [H.], 2016:1554, Figs. 1, 2, 5e,f] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 89 (no. 3); ref. 34728] Rapids of Rio Xingu in front of Praia do Besouro, Altamira, Pará State, Brazil, 3°17'04"S, 52°11'34"W. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla preta Varella, Zuanon, Kullander & López-Fernández, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988 - prionogenys teleocichla [=Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander [S. O.], 1988:203, Figs. 1, 5] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6232] Rio Tapajos, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tapajós River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988 - proselytus teleocichla [=Teleocichla proselytus Kullander [S. O.], 1988:201, Figs. 1,4,9-12,14-26,28-29] Notes: [Copeia 1988 (no. 1); ref. 6232] Rio Tapajos, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tapajós Riverd rainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Teleochichla wajapi Varella & Moreira, 2013 - Amapa teleocichla [=Teleocichla wajapi Varella [H. R.] & Moreira [C. R.], 2013:180, Fig. 2] Notes: [Zootaxa 3641 (no. 2); ref. 32674] Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, rio Jari, upstream of Cachoeiro de Santo Antônio, 0°38'46"S, 52°30'32"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Teleocichla wajapi Varella & Moreira, 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Jari drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Theraps Gunther, 1862 - cichlids [=Theraps Günther [A.], 1862:284, Chuco Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1969:[4]] Notes: [ref. 1969]. Masc. Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Valid as Theraps Günther, 1862 -- (Allgayer 1989:5 [ref. 20696], Burgess 2000:50 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:643 [ref. 27061], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], McMahan et al. 2010:1299 [ref. 31111]). Current status: Valid as Theraps Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Chuco) [ref. 9186]. Neut. Cichlasoma milleri Meek, 1907. Type by original designation. Appeared in an obscure publication, apparently available. Treated as neuter by Fernández-Yépez. •Valid as Chuco Fernández-Yépez, 1969 -- (Allgayer 1989:25 [ref. 20696]). •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Synonym of Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969 -- (Burgess 2000:50 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:645 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Theraps Günther, 1862. Current status: Synonym of Theraps Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Theraps irregularis Gunther, 1862 - arroyo cichlid [=Theraps irregularis Günther [A.], 1862:284, Theraps belone Allgayer [R.], 1989:6, Figs.] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Guatemala (Atlantic Slope). Current status: Valid as Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (belone) [Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 10 (no. 90); ref. 20696] La Culebra sur le Río Chocolja, Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Meek, 1904 - cichlids [=Thorichthys Meek [S. E.], 1904:222] Notes: [ref. 2958]. Masc. Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904. Type by original designation. As a group of Cichlasoma species (Miller & Taylor 1984:933 [ref. 6809]). •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authros). •Valid as Thorichthys Meek, 1904 -- (Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:644 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:21 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:10 [ref. 30400], Minckley & Marsh 2009:268 [ref. 31116], Allgayer 2010:28 [ref. 31541]). Current status: Valid as Thorichthys Meek, 1904. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Thorichthys affinis (Gunther, 1862) - yellow meeki [=Heros affinis Günther [A.], 1862:292] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys affinis (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Throichthys aureus (Gunther, 1862) - blue flash [=Heros aureus Günther [A.], 1862:292] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Izabal [Yzabal], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys aureus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904) - San Domingo cichlid [=Heros (Heros) callolepis Regan [C. T.], 1904:258] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 13 (no. 76) (art. 30); ref. 15198] Santo Domingo de Guzman, Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Headwaters of Coatzacoalcos River, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864) - yellow cichlid [=Heros helleri Steindachner [F.], 1864:64 [8], Pl. 4 (fig. 1), Cichlasoma champotonis Hubbs [C. L.], 1936:257, Pl. 11 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Teapa River, Tabasco, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (champotonis) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Río Champoton, Janateya, Campeche, 34 kilometers east of the mouth, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys maculipinnis (Steindachner, 1864) - Steindachner's thorichthys [=Heros maculipinnis Steindachner [F.], 1864:69 [13], Pl. 4 (fig. 2), Thorichthys ellioti Meek [S. E.], 1904:223, Fig. 72] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Río Zamapa, Rio Papaloapan, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys maculipinnis (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Rio Papaloapan, Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. (ellioti) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Motzorongo, Veracruz, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Thorichthys maculipinnis (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918 - firemouth cichlid [=Thorichthys helleri meeki Brind [W. L.], 1918:119, Fig., Cichlasoma hyorhynchum Hubbs [C. L.], 1935:15, Pl. 3 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Aquatic Life v. 3; ref. 20762] Near Progreso, Yucutan, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope: Belize, Colombia (introduced), Guatemala and Mexico; introduced in Hawaiian Islands and Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater. (hyorhynchum) [Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan No. 28; ref. 11676] Río San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, at El Paso de los Caballos, Petén, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys panchovillai Del Moral-Flores et al., 2017 - Pancho Villa cichlid [=Thorichthys panchovillai Del Moral-Flores [L. F.], López-Segovia [E.] & Hernández-Arellano [T.], 2017:4, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Revista peruana de biologia v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 35275] Río Almoloya, cerca del poblado de Guivisia, cuenca superior del Río Coatzacoalcos, Oaxaca, México, 16°57'4.33"N, 94°56'58.23"W. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys panchovillai Del Moral-Flores, López-Segovia & Hernández-Arellano, 2017. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Río Coatzacoalcos basin, Oaxaca, México. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962) - blackgullet cichlid [=Cichlasoma pasionis Rivas [L. R.], 1962:148, Fig. 1] Notes: [Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences v. 25 (no. 2); ref. 20760] Río de la Pasión at Sayaxche, Río Usumacinta drainage, Dept. El Petén, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984) - Chiapas cichlid [=Cichlasoma socolofi Miller [R. R.] & Taylor [J. N.], 1984:933, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1984 (no. 4); ref. 6809] Río Misalá, tributary to Río Tulija of Río Grijalva basin, Chiapas, Mexico, elevation below 300 meters. Current status: Valid as Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Regan, 1908 - cichlids [=Tomocichla Regan [C. T.], 1908:463] Notes: [ref. 3637]. Fem. Tomocichla underwoodi Regan, 1908. Type by monotypy; only one definitely-included species. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Valid as Tomocichla Regan, 1908 -- (Allgayer 1989:27 [ref. 20696], Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818], Allgayer 2002:32 [ref. 26900], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:644 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:22 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). Current status: Valid as Tomocichla Regan, 1908. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002 - Allgayer's tomocichla [=Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer [R.], 2002:32, 8 unnumbered figs.] Notes: [L'an Cichlidé v. 2; ref. 26900] Boca del Toro, River Guarumo, Laguna de Chiriqui System, Atlantic slope, Panama. Current status: Valid as Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Laguna de Chiriqui System, Atlantic slope, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912) - tuba cichlid [=Cichlasoma tuba Meek [S. E.], 1912:73, Tomocichla underwoodi Regan [C. T.], 1908:463] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 7); ref. 2960] Victoria, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama. Habitat: freshwater. (underwoodi) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 11); ref. 3637] Río Iroquois, Costa Rica. Current status: Synonym of Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Trichromis McMahan & Chakrabarty, in McMahan et al., 2015 - cichlids [=Trichromis McMahan [C. D.] & Chakrabarty [P.], in McMahan et al., 2015:231] Notes: [Zootaxa 3999 (no. 2); ref. 33920] Masc. Heros salvini Günther, 1862. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Trichromis McMahan & Chakrabarty, 2015 -- (Říčan et al. 2016:39 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Valid as Trichromis McMahan & Chakrabarty, 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Trichromis salvini (Gunther, 1862) - Salvin's cichlid [=Heros salvini Günther [A.], 1862:294, Heros triagramma Steindachner [F.], 1864:70 [14], Pl. 3 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Río de Santa Isabel and Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Trichromis salvini (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Central America: Belize, Guatemala and Mexico; established in Florida, U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater. (triagramma) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 13936] Central America [probably Laguna Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico]. Current status: Synonym of Trichromis salvini (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Heckel, 1840 - cichlids [=Uaru Heckel [J. J.], 1840:330, Uarus Cope [E. D.], 1872:254] Notes: [ref. 2064]. Masc. Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Type by monotypy. Unjustifiably emended to Uarus by Cope 1872:254. •Valid as Uaru Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander 1998:494 [ref. 23855], Farias et al. 1998:502 [ref. 23856], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:645 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Uaru Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Uarus) [ref. 921]. Masc. Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Type by being an unjustified emendation. Unjustified emendation of Uaru Heckel, 1840. •Synonym of Uaru Heckel, 1840 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:645 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Uaru Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840 - uaru cichlid [=Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel [J. J.], 1840:331, Pl. 29 (figs. 13-16), Pomotis fasciatus Jardine [W.], in Schomburgk, 1843:169, Pl. 17, Acara (Heros) imperialis Steindachner [F.], 1879:161 [43], Uaru obscurum Günther [A.], 1862:302] Notes: [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Negro, Amazon River, South America. Current status: Valid as Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (fasciatus) [The natural history of fishes of Guiana.--Part II; ref. 3948] Rio Padauri, Rio Negro. Current status: Synonym of Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (imperialis) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 80 (nos 1-2); ref. 4229] Mouth of Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater (obscurum) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Rio Cupai [= Rio Cupari], Rio Tapajós basin, Amazon River drainage, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989 - panda uaru [=Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski [R.], 1989:21, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 40 (no. 1); ref. 17731] Río Atabapo, 4 [or 5] kilometers from the mouth of Río Orinoco, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Atabapo River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater

GENUS Vieja Fernandez-Yepez, 1969 - cichlids [=Vieja Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1969:[5], Paratheraps Werner [U.] & Stawikowski [R.], 1987:20] Notes: [Evencias No. 22; ref. 9186] Fem. Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Type by original designation. Treated as feminine by author. •Synonym of Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839 -- (authors). •Synonym of Paraneetroplus (Regan, 1905) -- (McMahan et al. 2010:1293 [ref. 31111], Kottelat 2013:375 [ref. 32989], Paepke et al. 2014:55 [ref. 33351]). •Valid as Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969 – (Allgayer 1989:26 [ref. 20696], Burgess 2000:50 [ref. 24818], Allgayer 2002:14 [ref. 26901], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:645 [ref. 27061], Chakrabarty 2007:22 [ref. 29359], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419], Scharpf 2009:10 [ref. 30400], McMahan et al. 2015:216 [ref. 33920], Říčan et al. 2016:44 [ref. 34357], Gómez-González et al. 2018:371 [ref. 35762]). Current status: Valid as Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. (Paratheraps) [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 41 (no. 1); ref. 13492] Masc. Paratheraps breidohri Werner & Stawikowski, 1987. no original type species. Apparently not available from this publication as a second species was mentioned and no type designated (the use of Nov. g. nov. s. not sufficient). Name can date to these authors in 1989:10 [ref. 14232] (Kottelat, pers. comm. July 1990). See also this genus in Appendix A in Eschmeyer 1990 [ref. 20647]. Sometimes seen as Paratheraps Hohl, 1988. •Valid as Paratheraps Werner & Stawikowski, 1989 -- (Allgayer 1989:27 [ref. 20696], Říĉan et al. 2008:952 [ref. 31419]). •Synonym of Paraneetroplus Regan, 1905 -- (Paepke et al. 2014:55 [ref. 33351]). •Synonym of Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:645 [ref. 27061], Říčan et al. 2016:44 [ref. 34357]). Current status: Synonym of Vieja Fernández-Yépez, 1969. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner, 1864) - twoband cichlid [=Heros bifasciatus Steindachner [F.], 1864:60 [4], Pl. 2] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Mexico. Current status: Valid as Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Vieja breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987) - Angostura cichlid [=Paratheraps breidohri Werner [U.] & Stawikowski [R.], 1987:20, Figured] Notes: [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 41 (no. 1); ref. 13492] Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Vieja breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Vieja fenestrata (Gunther, 1860) - fenestrata vieja [=Chromis fenestrata Günther [A.], 1860:318 [3], Cichlosoma gadovii Regan [C. T.], 1905:232, Heros parma Günther [A.], 1862:285, Cichlosoma sexfasciatum Regan [C. T.], 1905:230] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1860 (pt 2) (art. 6); ref. 18212] Río de la Lana, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (gadovii) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Motozorongo, Mexico (Atlantic Slope). Current status: Synonym of Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (parma) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Mexico (Rio Papaloapan at Tlacotalpán). Current status: Synonym of Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (sexfasciatum) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Guapote, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Vieja fenestrata (Günther, 1860). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Vieja guttulatus (Gunther, 1864) - Amatitlan cichlid [=Heros guttulatus Günther [A.], 1864:152] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1) (art. 3) (for 22 Mar. 1864); ref. 13930] Pacific coast of Guatemala, probably Lago Amatitlán. Current status: Valid as Vieja guttulata (Günther, 1864). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific Slope of El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Vieja hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980) - tailbar cichlid [=Cichlasoma hartwegi Taylor [J. N.] & Miller [R. R.], 1980:8, Fig. 2] Notes: [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 693; ref. 8652] Río Grande de Chiapa, between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo, 16°44'N, 93°02'W, Chiapas, Mexico, elevation 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Vieja hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Grijalva River basin, Atlantic Slope of Chiapas, Mexico and Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Regan, 1905) - blackbelt cichlid [=Cichlosoma maculicauda Regan [C. T.], 1905:227, Cichlasoma globosum Miller [N.], 1907:114, Fig. 4, Cichlasoma manana Miller [N.], 1907:115, Fig. 5, Cichlasoma nigritum Meek [S. E.], 1907:128, Vieja panamensis Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1969:[5], Fig. 9] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 16 (nos 91-94); ref. 3622] Lake Izabal [Yzabal], Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (globosum) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 23 (art. 2); ref. 15160] Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (manana) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 23 (art. 2); ref. 15160] Río Tenedores, Tenedores, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (nigritum) [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2959] Lago Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Current status: Synonym of Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (panamensis) [Evencias No. 22; ref. 9186] Panama. Current status: Synonym of Vieja maculicauda (Regan, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Vieja melanurus (Gunther, 1862) - melanurus vieja [=Heros melanurus Günther [A.], 1862:288, Cichlaurus hicklingi Fowler [H. W.], 1956:1, Fig. 1, Heros melanopogon Steindachner [F.] 1864:72 [16], Pl. 1 (fig. 3), Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs [C. L.] 1935:13, Pl. 3 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope: Belize, Guatemala and Mexico; established in Florida, U.S.A; introduced in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater. (hicklingi) [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 288; ref. 12190] Mussell Creek, Belize River, Banking Pot, Central Farm, Belize. Current status: Synonym of Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (melanopogon) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] Central America. Current status: Synonym of Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. (synspilum) [Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan No. 28; ref. 11676] San Pedro de Mártir, a tributary of Río Usumacinta, Department of Petén, Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Vieja melanurus (Günther, 1862). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Vieja zonata (Meek, 1905) - Oaxaca cichlid [=Cichlasoma zonatum Meek [S. E.], 1905:245] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 18; ref. 10932] Niltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Vieja zonata (Meek, 1905). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Wajpamheros Rican & Pialek, in Rican et al., 2016 - cichlids [=Wajpamheros Říčan [O.] & Piálek [L.], in Říčan, Piálek, Dragová & Novák, 2016:24] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 1); ref. 34357] Masc. Theraps nourissati Allgayer 1989. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Wajpamheros Říčan & Piálek 2016. Current status: Valid as Wajpamheros Říčan & Piálek, 2016. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Species Wajpamheros nourissati (Allgayer, 1989) - bluemouth cichlid [=Theraps nourissati Allgayer [R.], 1989:12, Figs.] Notes: [Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 10 (no. 90); ref. 20696] Small river about 1 kilometer from La Pera, on route Palenque to Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Wajpamheros nourissati (Allgayer, 1989). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Mexico and Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

*************************************************

Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Iodochromis Mensi [J.] 1973:26 [Buntbarsche Bulletin v. 34; ref. 20960] Iodochromis sprengeri of Mensi 1973. Type by monotypy. Evidently not intended as new but for specimens thought to be known by this name by Mensi; described earlier by Oliver & Loiselle 1972 as . •Synonym of Iodotropheus Oliver & Loiselle 1972 -- (Maréchal 1991:200 [ref. 20944]). Current status: Uncertain as Iodotropheus Oliver & Loiselle 1972. Cichlidae: .

Microgeophagus Frey [H.] 1957:56 [Das Aquarium von A bis Z; ref. 5455] Masc. See Mikrogeophagus. Regarded by Isbrücker 1984:38 [ref. 30868] as available; predates Mikrogeophagus. But it is regarded as not available from Frey as it was not treated as valid (Art. 11.5) by him, along with other reasons (see Kullander 2011:35 [ref. 31677]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

Nannacara Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:14 [Historia Natural. Zoologia. Cichlidae Publ. 46 (Annexo 5); ref. 3720] See Nannacara Regan. Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

(species) kakaitsel, Glyphisodon Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:542, 544 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] Suriname; Coromandel, India [?]. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1978:48 [ref. 20862]. •Synonym of Etroplus maculatus (Bloch 1795) -- (Menon 1999:291 [ref. 24904]). Current status: Synonym of Etroplus. Cichlidae: Etroplinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. koruschi, Glyphisodon Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:no page number, Pl. 136 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 5; ref. 999] Name on plate for species described in text as Etroplus coruchi on p. 491. A first reviser is needed to select one name over the other. Cichlidae. vandami, Paretroplus Sauvage [H.-E.] 1891:446, Pl. 46 (fig. 1) [Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar; ref. 14503] In error in caption to Pl. 46; should have been damii; see Sauvage p. 446, footnote. This is Paretroplus damii Bleeker 1868. Cichlidae. voeltzkowi, Paratilapia Jatzow [R.] & Lenz [H.] 1898:522, Pl. 36 (fig. 17) [Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft v. 21; ref. 14685] Possibly Zanzibar, Tanzania. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. roberti, Astatotilapia Pellegrin [J.] 1913:312 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 37; ref. 14967] Lake Victoria [Victoria Nyanza] at Port Florence [Kisumu], Nyanza Province, Kenya. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1912-0265. Type catalog: Blanc 1962:204 [ref. 20868]. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. brevirostris, Trematocranus Trewavas [E.] 1935:113, Fig. 14b [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 16 (no. 91) (art. 6); ref. 4451] Bar House, [Lake Nyasa], southeastern Africa. Lectotype: BMNH 1935.6.14.2224. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1935.5.14.2225 (1). Lectotype selected by Eccles in Eccles & Trewavas 1989:149 [ref. 13547]. •Valid as Aulonocara brevirostre (Trewavas 1935) -- (Eccles & Trewavas 1989:148 [ref. 13547] as brevirostris, Maréchal 1991:12 [ref. 20944]). •Mention -- (Tawil 2003:96 [ref. 28055]). •Valid as Trematocranus brevirostris Trewavas 1935 -- (Konings 2016:413 [ref. 34521]). •Not in Trematocranus -- (Dierickx et al. 2018:154 [ref. 35849]). Current status: Uncertain as Trematocranus brevirostris Trewavas 1935. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Distribution: Eastern Africa: Lake Malawi. Habitat: freshwater. ornatipinnis, Ectodus descampsii Borodin [N. A.] 1936:17 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 68 (no. 1); ref. 13684] Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji, Kigoma, Tanzania. Holotype (unique): MCZ 32591. •In Callochromis -- (Trewavas 1946:243 [ref. 35931]). •Questionably a synonym of Callochromis melanostigma (Boulenger 1906) -- (Maréchal & Poll 1991:33 [ref. 20946]). Current status: Uncertain as Callochromis melanostigma (Boulenger 1906). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. unimaculatus, Ectodus descampsii Borodin [N. A.] 1936:17 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 68 (no. 1); ref. 13684] Lake Tanganyika. Syntypes: MCZ 32621 (2). Described from two specimens as, "They might be considered as a case of mutation and might be designated as unimaculatus." Perhaps can be considered as infrasubspecific and unavailable; Borodin's intention uncertain. •Could be based on specimen of Cardiopharynx schoutedeni Poll 1942 -- (Trewavas 1946:243 [ref. 35931]). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. bellodorsalis, Pelmatochromis Brüning [C.] 1930:255, fig. [Der Aquarienfisch- und Naturfreund No. 16; ref. 33441] Received from T. Litz, Aug. 7, 2014. •Status uncertain. Possibly Chromidotilapia kingsleyae Boulenger 1898 [RVL]. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. latus, Chromis Günther [A.] 1862:271 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] West Africa. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1852.2.22.19. For authorship problems see account of Chromis guineensis. •Questionably a synonym of Tilapia guineensis (Günther 1862) -- (Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1991:489 [ref. 20943], Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde in Lévêque et al. 1992:758 [ref. 21590]). •Questionably a synonym of Coptodon guineensis (Günther 1862). Current status: Uncertain as Coptodon guineensis (Günther 1862). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. polycentra, Tilapia Duméril [A. H. A.] 1861:254 [Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 10 [for 1858]; ref. 1149] Gorée, Senegal. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9372. Type catalog: Blanc 1962:225 [ref. 20868]. Predates Coptodon guineensis (Günther 1862), but not used as valid. For authorship problems see account of Chromis guineensis. •Questionably a synonym of Tilapia guineensis (Günther 1862) -- (Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1991:490 [ref. 20943], Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde in Lévêque et al. 1992:758 [ref. 21590]). •Synonym of Coptodon guineensis (Günther 1862). Current status: Uncertain as Coptodon guineensis (Günther 1862). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. ornatipinnis, Ectodus descampsii Borodin [N. A.] 1936:17 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 68 (no. 1); ref. 13684] Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji, Kigoma, Tanzania. Holotype (unique): MCZ 32591. •In Callochromis -- (Trewavas 1946:243 [ref. 35931]). •Questionably a synonym of Callochromis melanostigma (Boulenger 1906) -- (Maréchal & Poll 1991:33 [ref. 20946]). Current status: Uncertain as Callochromis melanostigma (Boulenger 1906). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. unimaculatus, Ectodus descampsii Borodin [N. A.] 1936:17 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 68 (no. 1); ref. 13684] Lake Tanganyika. Syntypes: MCZ 32621 (2). Described from two specimens as, "They might be considered as a case of mutation and might be designated as unimaculatus." Perhaps can be considered as infrasubspecific and unavailable; Borodin's intention uncertain. •Could be based on specimen of Cardiopharynx schoutedeni Poll 1942 -- (Trewavas 1946:243 [ref. 35931]). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. angolensis, Hemichromis Steindachner [F.] 1865:5 [Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa Classe de Sciencias Mathematicas e Naturaes. Nova Serie. v. 3 (pt 2); ref. 21707] Duque de Bragança [now Calandula], at the Lucala River, Cuanza drainage, Angola. Holotype (unique): MB [Lisbon Mus.] BC 3 (lost). Type locality from de Brito Capella 1873 [ref. 17970]. Hemichromis angolae is an unjustified emendation (in ref. 17970). Type lost, see Bell-Cross 1975:426 [ref. 6825]. •Uncertain -- (Daget et al. 1991:544 [ref. 20942]). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Distribution: Angola. Habitat: freshwater. argens, Witte [F.] 1984:161 [Evolution of Fish Species Flocks; ref. 26831] Name only, not available. Appeared in legend of figure 7 as H. argens but elsewhere in paper as H. "argens". Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. cyaneus, Haplochromis Seehausen [O.], Bouton [N.] & Zwennes [H.] in Seehausen et al. 1998:212, Fig. 29; Pl. 6 e, h [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 23435] Speke Gulf, Makobe Island, Lake Victoria, Tanzania, depth 3 meters. Holotype: RMNH 33566. Paratypes: RMNH 33567- 68 (2), 33569 (1), 33570-71 (2), 33572-81 (10), 33582 (1), 33583 (1), 33584-85 (2), 33586 (1); TAFIRI 104-108 (5), 109-110 (2), 115-117 (3). Appeared as `Haplochromis' cyaneus in original. Also appeared in Seehausen 1999:154, Fig. 29 [ref. 30987]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Haplochromis cyaneus Trewavas 1935. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. lanceolatus, Haplochromis David [L.] & Poll [M.] 1937:252, Fig. 28 [Annales du Musée du Congo Belge Sér. C (Zoologie) (Sér. 1) v. 3 (fasc. 5); ref. 1043] Mahagi, Lake Albert [Lake Albert Nyanza], Uganda. Holotype (unique): MRAC 21104. Type catalog: Derijst 1991:44 [ref. 21528]. •Synonym of Thoracochromis avium (Regan 1929) -- (Lévèque et al. 1991:145 [ref. 31367]). •Questionably a synonym of Haplochromis avium Regan 1929 -- (van Oijen et al. 1991:107 [ref. 20956]). Current status: Uncertain as Haplochromis avium Regan 1929. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. reginus, Haplochromis Witte [F.] 1984:161 [Evolution of Fish Species Flocks; ref. 26831] Name only, not available. Appeared in legend of figure 7 as H. reginus but elsewhere in paper as H. "reginus". Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. stanleyi, Haplochromis Boulenger [G. A.] 1906:444 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 17 (no. 101) (art. 49); ref. 574] Bunjako and Buganga, Uganda, Lake Victoria [Victoria Nyanza]. Syntypes: BMNH 1906.5.30.352 (1) Buganga, 1906.5.30.364 (1) Buganga, 1906.5.30.362-363 (2?) Bunjako. •Mentioned in several accounts in the genus Haplochromis -- (van Oijen et al. 1991 [ref. 20956] as in part and dating to Boulenger 1915). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. angolensis, Hemichromis Steindachner [F.] 1865:5 [Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa Classe de Sciencias Mathematicas e Naturaes. Nova Serie. v. 3 (pt 2); ref. 21707] Duque de Bragança [now Calandula], at the Lucala River, Cuanza drainage, Angola. Holotype (unique): MB [Lisbon Mus.] BC 3 (lost). Type locality from de Brito Capella 1873 [ref. 17970]. Hemichromis angolae is an unjustified emendation (in ref. 17970). Type lost, see Bell-Cross 1975:426 [ref. 6825]. •Uncertain -- (Daget et al. 1991:544 [ref. 20942]). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Distribution: Angola. Habitat: freshwater. steindachneri, Lamprologus Boulenger [G. A.] 1915:461, 471 [Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa v. 3; ref. 584] Lake Tanganyika. Holotype: NMW. Replacement name for Julidochromis elongatus Steindachner 1909, secondarily preoccupied in Lamprologus by Lamprologus elongatus Boulenger 1898. •Questionably a synonym of Lamprologus callipterus Boulenger 1906 -- (Maréchal & Poll 1991:218 [ref. 20946]). Current status: Uncertain as Lamprologus callipterus Boulenger 1906. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. fryeri, Labidochromis Oliver [M. K.] in Davies 1973:65 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 19586] Not available, no distinguishing features -- (Maréchal 1991:212 [ref. 20944]). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. mathotho, Labidochromis Burgess [W. E.] & Axelrod [H. R.] 1976:48, Fig. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 24 (no. 7); ref. 7373] Lake Malawi [Lake Nyasa], southeastern Africa. Holotype: USNM 215032. Paratypes: USNM 215033 (1). Sometimes seen 'corrected' to mathothoi. •Valid as Labidochromis mathotho Burgess & Axelrod 1976 -- (Maréchal 1991:214 [ref. 20944]). Current status: Uncertain as Labidochromis mathotho Burgess & Axelrod 1976. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Distribution: Eastern Africa: Lake Malawi. Habitat: freshwater. regularis, Acanthochromis Vaillant [L. L.] in Rivière [É.] 1886:18 [La Revue scientifique: revue hebdomadaire illustrée (Revue rose), éd. par Jean Duhem. v. 38 [series 3: v. 23 (no. 1)]; ref. 17852] Not available, no distinguishing features provided; from Franceville, Africa. Current status: Synonym of Lamprologus. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. bassamkhalafi, Oreochromis mossambicus Khalaf [N. A. B. A. T.] 2009:1? [Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin v. 27 (no. 92); ref. 30575] Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Holotype: OMBK-1 [Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffe's coll.]. Original description not seen. •Apparently introduced; validity and possibility that this is based on a hybrid needs study (pers. comm. T.Litz, 11/17/09). Current status: Synonym of Oreochromis. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Distribution: Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Habitat: freshwater. bellodorsalis, Pelmatochromis Brüning [C.] 1930:255, fig. [Der Aquarienfisch- und Naturfreund No. 16; ref. 33441] Received from T. Litz, Aug. 7, 2014. •Status uncertain. Possibly Chromidotilapia kingsleyae Boulenger 1898 [RVL]. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. rumsayi, Tilapia Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.] 1917:501, Fig. 129 [Annals of the South African Museum v. 11 (pt 6); ref. 15119] Makabwi River, Upper Zambezi River, Vistoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Holotype (unique): SAM 13484 [now at AMG] ? not NMBZ 0711. For comments on types see Greenwood 1992:39 [ref. 21075]. •Synonym of Pharyngochromis darlingi (Boulenger 1911) -- (Skelton 1991:376 [ref. 20950]). •Questionably a synonym of Pharyngochromis acuticeps (Steindachner 1866) -- (Greenwood 1992:40 [ref. 21075]). Current status: Uncertain as Pharyngochromis acuticeps (Steindachner 1866). Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Habitat: freshwater. macrura, Tilapia sparrmani Lohberger [K.] 1929:93 [2] [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 66 (no. 11); ref. 15907] Lake Victoria [Victoria Nyanza]. Holotype (unique): NMW 8299. On p. 2 of separate. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. uniformis, Tilapia stanleyi var. Pellegrin [J.] 1909:159 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 34; ref. 14409] Kavirondo Bay, Lake Victoria [Victoria Nyanza]. Syntypes: MNHN 1909-0511 to 0517 (7). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:226 [ref. 20868]. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. brevirostris, Trematocranus Trewavas [E.] 1935:113, Fig. 14b [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 16 (no. 91) (art. 6); ref. 4451] Bar House, Lake Malawi [Lake Nyasa], southeastern Africa. Lectotype: BMNH 1935.6.14.2224. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1935.5.14.2225 (1). Lectotype selected by Eccles in Eccles & Trewavas 1989:149 [ref. 13547]. •Valid as Aulonocara brevirostre (Trewavas 1935) -- (Eccles & Trewavas 1989:148 [ref. 13547] as brevirostris, Maréchal 1991:12 [ref. 20944]). •Mention -- (Tawil 2003:96 [ref. 28055]). •Valid as Trematocranus brevirostris Trewavas 1935 -- (Konings 2016:413 [ref. 34521]). •Not in Trematocranus -- (Dierickx et al. 2018:154 [ref. 35849]). Current status: Uncertain as Trematocranus brevirostris Trewavas 1935. Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae. Distribution: Eastern Africa: Lake Malawi. Habitat: freshwater. flavescens, Aequidens Cope [E. D.] in Eigenmann 1910:472 [Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America v. 3 (pt 4); ref. 1224] Author is A. D. Cope. Supposedly a Cope species, but no reference cited. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. froebelii, Amphilophus Agassiz [L.] 1859:408 [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 6 (1856-1859); ref. 74] Holotype (unique): MCZ (missing). Entire description consists of, "The last [genus] he called Amphilophus Froebelii, which is peculiar in not having the ordinary fleshy lips, but a large triangular lobe projecting above the upper and below the lower jaw, like the nasal appendages of some bats." Typically this could be regarded as not available, no distinguishing features provided; from Lake Nicaragua. Instead, it can be regarded as an unused senior synonym and rejected on that basis. •In the synonymy of Cichlasoma labiatum (Günther 1864) -- (Conkel 1993:85 [ref. 22949]). •Treated as available by Kullander & Hartel 1997:199 [ref. 22732] and probably the same as [the younger] Amphilophus labiatus (Günther 1864) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:610 [ref. 27061], Stauffer & McKaye 2002:1 [ref. 27240]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. margaritifer, Heros Günther [A.] 1862:287 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.26.62. •Valid as Cichlasoma margaritiferum (Günther 1862) -- (Conkel 1993:92 [ref. 22949]). •Valid as Amphilophus margaritiferum (Günther 1862) -- (Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818]). •Valid as Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther 1862) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:611 [ref. 27061]). •Possibly a hybrid Thorichthys affinis x -- (Říčan et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34357]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater. heckel, Chaetobranchus Dalton [H. G.] 1855:342 [The history of British Guiana; comprising a general description of the colony, together with an account of its climate, geology, staple products, and natural history. v. 2; ref. 17361] Cichlidae: Cichlinae. erythropterus, Cichla Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:340 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] East Indies. No types known. macroptera, Sciaena Forster [J. R.] in Bloch & Schneider 1801:342 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Not available, manuscript name mentioned under account of Cichla macroptera. Based on description in manuscript by Forster (Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798, German explorer and naturalist of Cook's second voyage). nigrolineatus, Cichla Ogilvie [V. E.] 1966:unpaginated [ ref. 28884] Original description not seen. Not available, see Kullander & Ferreira 2006:385 [ref. 28883]. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. margaritifer, Heros Günther [A.] 1862:287 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.26.62. •Valid as Cichlasoma margaritiferum (Günther 1862) -- (Conkel 1993:92 [ref. 22949]). •Valid as Amphilophus margaritiferum (Günther 1862) -- (Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818]). •Valid as Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther 1862) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:611 [ref. 27061]). •Possibly a hybrid Thorichthys affinis x Vieja melanura -- (Říčan et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34357]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater. conibos, Cycla Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:18, Pl. 10 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. •Nomen dubium, genus Crenicichla -- (Kullander 1986:45 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. fuscus, Sparus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:649 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. •Unidentified Crenicichla. Cichlidae. multifasciata, Cycla Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:18, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. No types known. •Nomen dubium, in genus Crenicichla -- (Kullander 1986:45 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. subbruneus, Sparus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:299 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Suriname. No types known. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. nochunda, Sparus Shaw [G.] 1803:455 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Based on Sparus nhoquunda Lacepède 1802 and Perca brasliensis Bloch 1792. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater. molango, Herichthys De la Maza-Benignos [M.] & Lozano-Vilano [M. de L.] 2013:114, Figs. 10-11, 15 [Zootaxa 3734 (no. 2); ref. 32982] Laguna Azteca, Hidaldo, 20.80388333N, 98.74801667E, Mexico, elevation 1274 meters. Holotype: UANL 10214. Paratypes: UANL 17510 (23). •Valid as Nosferatu molango (De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano 2013) -- (De la Maza-Benignos et al. 2015:210 [ref. 33310], McMahan et al. 2015:220 [ref. 33920]). •Valid as Herichthys molango De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano 2013 -- (Paepke et al. 2014:55 [ref. 32982], Mejía et al. 2015:73 [ref. 33860], Říčan et al. 2016:40 [ref. 34357]). •A possible hybrid of Herichthys carpintis x Herichthys pantostictus -- (Pérez-Miranda et al. 2017:AppendixS2 [ref. 35682]). Current status: Uncertain as Herichthys molango De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Laguna Azteca, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater. insidiator, Heros Heckel [J. J.] in Steindachner 1864:73 [17] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 23; ref. 13936] On p. 17 of separate. Not available; Heckel manuscript name mentioned in synonymy; from Central America. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. margaritifer, Heros Günther [A.] 1862:287 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Lake Petén [Petén Itza], Guatemala. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.26.62. •Valid as Cichlasoma margaritiferum (Günther 1862) -- (Conkel 1993:92 [ref. 22949]). •Valid as Amphilophus margaritiferum (Günther 1862) -- (Burgess 2000:54 [ref. 24818]). •Valid as Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther 1862) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:611 [ref. 27061]). •Possibly a hybrid Thorichthys affinis x Vieja melanura -- (Říčan et al. 2016:24 [ref. 34357]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atlantic slope of Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater. planifrons, Hoplarchus Kaup [J. J.] 1860:131 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 2581] No locality [Brazil]. Holotype (unique): ZSM [old collection] destroyed in WWII. Type catalog: Neumann 2006:270 [ref. 28925]. •Species inquirenda in Cichlidae -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:647 [ref. 27061]). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.