RANGE-WIDE STATUS REPORT ON EIGHT

BUTTERFLY SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO

NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Ecological Services Bismarck ND April 6, 1993

' EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On March 15, 1992, Royer and Marrone (1992) submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) reports on the status of eight butterfly species in North Dakota and South Dakota. The eight species are: Arogos skipper Atrytone arogos Broad-winged skipper Poanes vjator Dakota skipper· Hesperja dacotae Dion skipper Euphyes djon Mulberry wing Poanes massasojt Powesheik skipper Oarjsma poweshejk Regal fritillary· Speyerja jdalja Tawny crescent· Phycjodes bates;; • category 2 species Ecological Services staff in Bismarck, North Dakota reviewed the reports and collected data on these eight species from other States and provinces within the specie's range. This review was conducted to determine the need for listing and pre-listing activities. Based on these reviews, the North Dakota State Office of the Service will pursue the following action items: ACTION ITEMS FOR NORTH DAKOTA STATE OFFICE Arogos skipper - Take no action at this time. The species does not appear to be in danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. Broad-winged skipper - Take no action at this time. The species does not appear to be in danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. Dakota skipper - Use pre-listing funds to manage species in North Dakota and/or develop Conservation Agreements with The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Forest Service, private entities, and others. Initiate efforts to reclassify the species as category 1. Coordinate with Region 3 and Region 6 to determine which region should be the lead region (Region 3 has been the lead region since category 2 designation in 1984). Dion skipper - Take no action at this time. The species does not appear to be in danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. Mulberry wing - Take no action at this time. The species does not appear to be in danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. Powesheik skipper - Initiate efforts to list as a category 1 species. Use pre-listing funds to manage this species in North Dakota and/or develop Conservation Agreements with The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Forest Service, private entities, and others. Regal fritillary - Use pre-listing funds to manage this species in North Dakota and/or develop Conservation Agreements with The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Forest Service, private entities, and others. Support efforts by Region 1 • � (Region 5 is the lead region; Anne Hecht is the contact person) to manage the species to preclude the need for listing. Tawny crescent - Use pre-listing funds to manage this species in North Dakota and/or develop Conservation Agreements with The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, private entities, and others. Assist Region 3 {lead region) with listing efforts if necessary.

INTRODUCTION AND METHODS On September 17, 1990, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service entered into a formal agreement with Minot State University on behalf of Dr. Ron Royer and Gary Marrone for the purpose of conducting status surveys on eight species of butterflies in North and South Dakota. This report is a follow-up to their work that combines their data with what is known about the species in other States. The purpose of this report was to determine if any of these eight species warrant federal protection as endangered or threatened species. Thirty-seven individuals were contacted by phone, correspondence, or both. Several of these individuals had synthesized their responses from other knowledgeable individuals within their States or region, so that the actual number of people contacted is greater than that reported. In addition to personal contacts, numerous publications were also reviewed for information on the range of the species. Based on responses to questionnaires, telephone conversations, and published information, a determination was made of the best estimate of: the abundance of the species, population trends, threats to the species, and, immediacy of threats. For species in which there has not been a State record for several years the species was recorded as extirpated in that State unless there was additional circumstances that would warrant otherwise. When information was unavailable, a determination of unknown was made. The footnotes following the table do not imply that determinations came solely from information provided by that source. In some cases, the information provided by the source was enhanced or modified by published information or information from other sources.

SUMMARY OF SPECIES STATUS Arogos skipper - The eastern subspecies is a coastal subspecies (Atrytone · arogos arogos) that is currently listed as a category 2 species. The inland subspecies (A. a. jowa) is widely dispersed in the eastern and central United States, although its distribution is fragmented. The inland subspecies of the arogos skipper is found in tall grass and midgrass prairies, typically undisturbed bluestem (Andropogon spp.) dominant prairie. The flight of the arogos skipper in North Dakota lasts from late 2 June to the middle of July. The larvae feed on, perhaps exclusively, Andropogon spp .. The species does not appear to be threatened throughout its range, although in North Dakota the species is found at only three sites as of 1992 (Royer and Marrone 1992a). Other States report the species as being common (see table). Although the arogos skipper is not presently viewed as warranting special attention by the North Dakota State Office, it may benefit from management for the Dakota skipper, regal fritillary, and powesheik skipper. Any rotational management that enhances native tall grass and midgrass prairie should benefit all of these species. Broad-winged skipper - The subspecies Poanes viator viator is found inland throughout the eastern and central United States. The subspecies P. v. zizaniae occurs along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. The inland subspecies P. v. viator is typically found in extensive freshwater sedge marshes in or very near woodlands (in the same habitat as the dion skipper). Water regimes range from soil saturation to depths of 18 inches. In North Dakota, the habitat is limited to ancient oxbows of the Sheyenne River. The broad-winged skipper does not appear to be threatened or endangered throughout its range, although it is known only from eight sites in North Dakota, all along the Sheyenne River in Richland and Ransom counties. Management activities, specifically water management, for the broad-winged skipper should also enhance habitat for the dion skipper and the mulberry wing. Regulations that protect wetlands indirectly protect this species. Dakota skipper - The Dakota skipper is found only in the States of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, possibly Iowa, and the province of Manitoba. It is extirpated in Illinois and was presumed extirpated in Iowa until an individual specimen was found in 1992. The flight of the Dakota skipper lasts from mid-June to mid-July, with one generation being produced annually. Little bluestem is a favorite larvae food plant and a good indicator species although other grasses are also used. The species is well suited to preservation via Conservation Agreements and pre-listing activities since it is sedentary in nature. New populations can likely be reintroduced into vacant habitats or individuals can be introduced into occupied habitats to prevent inbreeding depression. The North Dakota State Office should pursue listing the Dakota skipper as a category 1 species. The present status of the species and the present knowledge of its threats justify a threatened status. Management for the Dakota skipper can also enhance habitat for the regal fritillary, powesheik skipper, and arogos skipper. Dion skipper - The dion skipper is not threatened throughout its range although it is very rare in North Dakota, being found at three sites along the 3 Sheyenne River in Ransom county. Regulations that protect wetlands indirectly protect this species. The flight of the dion skipper in North Dakota is from mid-June to late July. Carex lacustris is the favored food plant. The dion skipper uses the same habitat as the broad-winged skipper, preferring freshwater marshes with water regimes ranging from saturated soil to water depths of 18 inches. Although no action will be pursued by the North Dakota State Office of the Service in regards to this species, it (along with the broad-winged skipper and mulberry wing), is very rare in North Dakota. Therefore, the Service should encourage the State of North Dakota to consider the species whenever possible. Mulberry wing - The mulberry wing is not threatened throughout its range although it is very rare in North Dakota, being found at nine sites, all in Richland and Ransom county and along the Sheyenne River. Regulations that protect wetlands indirectly protect this species. The mulberry wing flies from late June to mid-July in North Dakota. Carex stricta is a favored food plant of the larvae. The mulberry wing is typically found in shrub swamps although it occasionally wanders into nearby sedge marshes that may contain the broad-winged skipper or the dion skipper. Although no action will be pursued by the North Dakota State Office of the Service in regards to this species, it (along with the broad-winged skipper and the dion skipper), is very rare in North Dakota. Therefore, the Service should encourage the State of North Dakota to consider the species whenever possible. Powesheik skipper - The range of the powesheik skipper extends from its six remaining sites in southern Michigan, through two extant populations in Wisconsin, 17 in northwestern Iowa, through western Minnesota (about 40 sites), the Dakotas, and up to southeastern Manitoba. There are only two extant populations in North Dakota and fourteen in South Dakota. The powesheik skipper is dependant on undisturbed or lightly disturbed native tall grass prairie, with a preference toward moist soil prairies. Royer and Marrone (1992f) include Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium maculatum), marsh milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) as indicator species. The powesheik skipper flies from late June to mid-July. The food plant of the larvae in North Dakota is unknown. Members of the Aster family appear to be nectar sources. Powesheik skipper is commonly associated with the Dakota skipper, arogos skipper, and regal fritillary. Management and legislation to protect one of these species should indirectly protect all of them to a certain degree. Regal fritillary - The regal fritillary is associated with tall grass prairies. The highest densities appear to occur in unburned (i.e. , not burned for several years), high quality dry-mesic prairie, although lower densities 4 are found in wet pra1r1es. The regal fritillary does not appear to occur in non-native grasslands in the midwest. The regal fritillary flies from late June to late summer in North Dakota, producing one generation annually. Larvae appear to feed exclusively on violets, making that plant genera a good indicator of species presence. Adults nectar on a wide variety of flowers including milkweeds, coneflowers, blazing stars, and others. Several lepidopterists recommend that prairie reserves for the regal fritillary be at least 1, 000 acres. A density of one adult per acre is possible in quality habitat. The regal fritillary has experienced a precipitous decline east of Illinois. It is now extirpated in most eastern States, with many of the extirpations occurring within the last 10 years. The only substantial population in the eastern U.S. consists of a 1,000 acre tract in Pennsylvania that may provide refuge for "hundreds" of individuals (Schweitzer 1992). The species is still locally common in Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas, and uncommon in North Dakota and South Dakota. Schweitzer (1992) has prepared a comprehensive report of the global status of the regal fritillary. He does not feel that the species currently warrants a listing as threatened or endangered. Dr. Paul Opler of the Service feels that the species may warrant a threatened designation. Both experts agree that there is no information to support the belief that the existence of the species is secure in the long term. Tawny crescent - The tawny crescent is widely distributed although it appears uncommon to rare throughout most of its range with the exception of Saskatchewan and a few States. Royer and Marrone (1992h) found 14 sites in North Dakota in the north central and west central portions of the State. Adults begin flying in early June, nectaring on dogbane and other plants. Asters are a favorite food plant of the larvae. In North Dakota, there appears to be a strong association of the tawny crescent with green ash draws and forests that border bluestem prairies. The tawny crescent is occasionally found in habitats adjacent to prairies that contain the Dakota skipper, therefore, Conservation Agreements and pre-listing activities may be designed to benefit both species. Pesticides are a threat to this species since it is often found along forest margins and in highway right-of-ways. Herbicides adversely effect the species by reducing available nectar sources. Insecticides can cause direct mortalities.

5 STATUS OF THE EIGHT SPECIES Based on available literature and comments by individuals listed in the footnotes. Dakota Regal Tawny Mulberry Broad­ Powesheik Arogos Dion skipper fritillary crescent wing• winged skipper skipper ... skipper skipper ..

Alabama' Unknown Present Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Arkansas2 Present Unknown Unknown

Colorado3

Connect- Present Present icut4 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

De/aware5 Rare Common Rare Unknown Stable Unknown low Unknown Unknown

Florida6 Present Decreasing Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Georgia1 Present Present Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Illinois" Uncommon Extirpated Rare Uncommon Unknown Decreasing Unknown Unknown Unknown High Unknown Unknown Unknown lndiana9 Uncommon Unknown Rare Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

0 lowa' Rare Uncommon Rare Unknown Unknown Decreasing Stable Stable High High Moderate Unknown Non-imm. Unknown

Kansas" Uncommon Rare Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

See page 9 for table key. Dakota Regal Tawny Mulberry Broad­ Powesheik Arogos Dion skipper fritillary crescent wing· winged skipper skipper··· skipper skipper..

12 Kentucky Extirpated Unknown Common Unknown 'Unknown Unknown Unknown

Louisiana 13

Maine14

Manitoba'5

16 Maryland Rare Extirpated Rare Unknown Uncommon Decreasing Unknown Unknown Unknown High Unknown Unknown Unknown Imminent Unknown Unknown Unknown

Massa- Rare Uncommon Common Rare 17 Unknown chusetts Decreasing Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown High Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Imminent Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Michigan'6 Extirpated Common Common Common Rare Common Stable Unknown Unknown Decreasing Unknown Low Unknown Unknown High Non-imm. Unknown Unknown Imminent

Minn- Common Uncommon Uncommon Uncommon Uncommon Uncommon 9 esota' Unknown Unknown Unknown Decreasing Decreasing Unknown Moderate Unknown Unknown Unknown Moderate Moderate Unknown Non-imm. Unknown

Missi- Uncommon Common 0 ssipp/'- Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

1 Missour/1 Unknown Present Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Montana22 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Nebraska23 Common Uncommon Unknown Uncommon Stable Unknown Unknown Unknown Low Unknown Unknown Unknown Non-imm. Unknown Unknown Unknown

See page 9 for table key. Dakota Regal Tawny Mulberry Broad- Powesheik Arogos Dion skipper fritil/ary crescent wing winged skipper skipper*** skipper skipper □New Extirpated Hamp- shire24

New Extirpated Extirpated Common Rare Present 5 Jersey2 Unknown Decreasing Unknown Unknown High Unknown Imminent Unknown

New Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Mexico26 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

21 New York Rare Rare Rare Present Decreasing Decreasing Unknown Unknown High High Unknown Unknown Imminent Imminent Unknown Unknown

North Unknown Unknown Rare Present Carolina26 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

North Common Uncommon Rare Uncommon Rare Rare Dakota29 Decreasing Stable Unknown Decreasing Unknown Decreasing Moderate Low Moderate Moderate High High Non-imm. Non-imm.

Ohio30 Common Common Common Unknown Unknown Unknown Low Low Low Non-imm.

Oklahoma31 Unknown Unknown Unknown

Ontario32 Common Uncommon Stable Unknown Low Moderate Moderate Non-imm. Unknown Unknown

Penn- Rare Extirpated Uncommon Uncommon sylvania33 Decreasing Decreasing Unknown High Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Rhode Unknown Unknown lslanc/J4 Unknown Unknown Unknown

Saskatch- ewan35

See page 9 for table key. Dakota Regal Tawny Mulberry Broad- Powesheik Arogos Dion skipper ftitillary crescent wing winged skipper skipper skipper skipper

South Rare Common Carolina36 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

South Uncommon 37 Dakota Decreasing Stable I . .: ' I . . : • •

Moderate Low I I· : ;.. I I Non-imm. Non-imm. . . . Tenn- 38 Unknown Unknown essee Unknown Unknown •■·•·•· Unknown Unknown

'J!J Texas Present ■Unknown

0 Vermont' Unknown Rare Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Virginia" Uncommon Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown West Rare 42 Virginia Unknown .■ •• Unknown . . Imminent

Wis- Rare Present Unknown Common consin43 Decreasing ■ Stable: Unknown Unknown High Unknown Unknown Low Imminent Unknown Unknown Non-imm.

Wyoming" Rare Unknown Rare Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Key. Status (top row) = Abundant, Common, Uncommon, Rare, Extirpated, Present. Unknown Trend (second row from top) Increasing, Stable, Decreasing, Unknown Degree of threat (third row from top) High, Moderate, Low, Unknown Immediacy of threat (bottom row) = Imminent, Non-imminent, Unknown

Blacked-out cells indicate States where there are no records of resident populations of the species

The subspecies Poanes massasiot chermocki is found in Maryland where it is listed as a Category 2 species.

•· The Broad-winged skipper subspecies Poanes viator zizaniae is a coastal subspecies found in New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,

9 Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The subspecies Poanes viator viator is found inland in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Canada.

Arogos skipper subspecies Atrytone arogos iowa is found in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota ..... , and subspecies Atrytone arogos arogos is found in the eastern States of Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

Leroy Carlson, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 730 Simms St., Suite 290, Golden, CO 80401

Nancy Murray, Department of Environmental Protection, 165 Capitol Avenue, Room 553, Hartford, CT 06106

Leslie Trew, Department of Natural Resources, 89 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 1401, Dover, DE 19903

Susan Holmes, Illinois Department of Conservation, Lincoln Tower Plaza, 524 S. Second St., Springfield, IL 62701

Shull, E.M. 1987. Butterflies of Indiana; Michelle Martin, Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources, 402 W. Washington St., Rm. 267, Indianapolis, IN 46204.

10 John Fleckenstein, Department of Natural Resources, Wallace State Building, Des Moines, IA 50319 with comments from Tim Orwig.; Dennis Schlicht, Iowa Lepidoptera Project, 1108 First Ave., R.R. 1, Center Point, IA 52213.

11 William Busby, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, 2041 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047; Ely, C.A., M.D. Schwilling, and M.E. Rolfs. 1986. An Annotated List of the Butterflies of Kansas.

12 Ronald Cicerello, Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, 407 Broadway, Frankfurt, KY 40601; C. V. Covell, Jr., Dept. of Biology, U. of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292.

16 Judith Harding, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Tawes State Office Building, Annapolis, MD 21401

17 Christopher Leahy, Massachusetts Audubon Society, South Great Road, Lincoln, MA 01773

18 Dr. John Shuey, Battelle Great Lakes Environmental Center, 739 Hastings St., Traverse City, Ml 49684; Mary Rabe, Michigan Natural Features Inventory, P.O. Box 30028, Lansing, Ml 48909 (517 373-1552).

19 Robert Dana, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155; Gary Huber, 4637 W. 69th Terrace, Prairie Village, KS 66208 (913 236-4043).

20 Bryant Mather, 213 Mt. Salus Dr., Clinton, MS 39056; Terence Schiefer, Mississippi Entomological Museum, Post Office Drawer EM, Mississippi State, MS 39762.

21 Leslie Burger, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102; R. Heitzman and J. Heitzman. 1987. Butterflies & Moths of Missouri.

23 Mary Clausen, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, 2200 N. 33rd St., P.O. Box 30370, Lincoln, NE 68503.

24 Andy Cutko, Department of Resources and Economic Development, 172 Pembroke Rd., P.O. Box 856, Concord, NH. 03302.

25 Rick Dutko, Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, 501 E. State St., CN 404, Trenton, NJ 08625.

26 Jennifer Fowler-Propst, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Suite D, 3530 Pan American Highway, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87107

30 Shuey, J. A., E. H. Metzler, D. C. Ittner, J. V. Calhoun, J. W. Peacock, R. A. Watkins, J. D. Hooper and W. F. Babcock. 1987. Status and habitats of potentially endangered lepidoptera in Ohio. J. of the Lepid. Soc. 41(1):1-12; Ittner, D. C., J. A. Shuey and J. V. Calhoun. In press. Butterflies and skippers of Ohio. The Ohio State University.

29 Dr. Ron Royer, Minot State University, 500 University Avenue West, Minot, ND 58701; Gary Marrone, HCR33, Box 4C, Fort Pierre, SD 57532.

31 Ian Butler, Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (405 325-1985)

32 John Nelson, Oral Roberts University, 7777 S. Lewis Ave., Tulsa, OK 74171

10 33 Barb Barton, The Nature Conservancy, Pennsylvani Science Office, 34 Airport Dr., Middletown, PA 17057

35 Keith Roney, Museum of Natural Resources, 2340 Albert St., Regina Canada S4P 3V7 /' I 36 Katherine Boyle, South Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Department, Rembert C. Dennis Building, P.O. Box 167, Columbia, SC 29202; John Morris, Clemson U., SC (803 656-3111 ).

•o Everett Marshall, Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department, 103 S. Main St., Waterbury, VT 05676

43 Susan Borkin, Milwaukee Museum, Milwaukee, WI (414 278-6158); Kathy Bleser, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, Madison, WI (608 266-8736); Ann Swengle, 909 Birch St., Baraboo, WI 53913 (608 356-9543).

44 University of Wyoming. 1971. An Annotated Checklist of the Rhopalocera (Butterflies) of Wyoming.

Supporting General Literature

Opler, P. A. and G. 0. Krizek. 1984. Butterflies East of the Great Plains. The John Hopkins University Press

Opler, P. A. and V. Malikul. 1992. A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Schweitzer, D. F. 1989. A review of Category 2 lnsecta in USFWS Regions 3,4,5

Schweitzer, D. F. 1992. Speyeria idalia . The Regal Fritillary Butterfly. Results of a Global Status Survey. Unpub. Rep. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv.

Scott, J. A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press.

Literature Royer, R. A., and G. M. Marrone. 1992a. Conservation Status of The Arogos Skipper (Atrytone arogos) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Royer, R. A., and G. M. Marrone. 1992b. Conservation Status of The Broad­ winged Skipper (Poanes viator) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Royer, R. A. , and G. M. Marrone. 1992c. Conservation Status of The Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep . submit. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Royer, R. A., and G. M. Marrone. 1992d. Conservation Status of The Dion Skipper (Euphyes dion) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Royer, R. A., and G. M. Marrone. 1992e. Conservation Status of The Mulberry Wing (Poanes massasoit) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Royer, R. A., and G. M. Marrone. 1992f. Conservation Status of The Powesheik Skipper (Oarisma powesheik) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv.

11 Royer, R. A. , and G. M. Marrone. 19929. Conservation Status of The Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Royer, R. A. , and G. M. Marrone. 1992h. Conservation Status of The Tawny Crescent (Phyciodes batesii) in North and South Dakota. Unpub. rep. submit. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Schweitzer, D. F. 1992. Speyeria idalia. The Regal Fritillary Butterfly. Results of a Global Status Survey. Unpub. rep. submit. to U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv.

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