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Indian Detours Hovens & Van der Hooft (eds) Van & Hovens Indian Detours With tourism becoming the largest single sector of the global economy it cannot but impact traditional societies in many ways, both detrimental and beneficial. Nowhere is the history of the tourist encounter between Native peoples and Euro-Americans as long and as intensive as in North America. From the 1870s transcontinental railroads and shipping routes along the Pacific coast opened up the North American West for travelers, wishing to get to know the Indian Detours spectacular country and its Native peoples. Leisure travelers came in rapidly increasing numbers, first from the United States and Canada, soon also from Europe, and more recently from Asia. This volume is the result of the “North American Indian Tourism” sessions organized during the 2014 (European) American Indian Workshop held in Leiden, the Netherlands, from May 21-25. The conference was hosted by the University of Leiden and the National Museum of Ethnology (Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde; now: National Museum of World Cultures). Most contributions address developments from the late nineteenth century to the present. The majority of the articles focus on the Greater Southwest, but the Natives peoples of the Great Plains take central stage in several contributions. Topics include: travels by Native Americans to Europe, the variety of encounters between Dutch travelers and tourists and Indians in Arizona and New Mexico, the role of the Indian casino industry, the production and consumption of Indian arts and crafts, tribal tourism policy, and the role of museums and tourism in the staging of Indian exhibitions. Indian Detours Tourism in Native North America ISBNSidestone 978-90-8890-336-6 Press Sidestone edited by ISBN: 978-90-8890-336-6 Pieter Hovens & Mette van der Hooft 9 789088 903366 Sidestone Press / RMV 45 Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden This is an Open Access publication. Visit our website for more OA publication, to read any of our books for free online, or to buy them in print or PDF. www.sidestone.com Check out some of our latest publications: Indian Detours Sidestone Press Indian Detours Indian Detours Tourism in Native North America edited by Pieter Hovens & Mette van der Hooft Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden No. 45 Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde No. 45 ISBN 978-90-8890-336-6 © 2016 National Museum of Ethnology Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Published in Cooperation with the National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden www.volkenkunde.nl Head of Publications Committee: Fanny Wonu Veys Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Photograph cover: Hopi dancers at the Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1928; photo by Ludolf Gratama (Drents Archief, nr. DA 680). Also available as: e-book (PDF): ISBN 978-90-8890-335-9 Contents Preface 7 Pieter Hovens and Mette van der Hooft Communicating across the Red Atlantic. Early Native American Tourism 11 and the Question of Agency Birgit Däwes Native American Detours and the Quest for Authenticity. Dutch Tourism, 25 Collecting and Research in the Southwest Pieter Hovens Collecting Souvenirs. Alphonse Pinart’s Collection of Pueblo Curios 101 Eloïse J. Galliard Going West. The Grand Tour of Ludolf Gratama and Johanna Schultz 113 van Haegen (1928) Mette van der Hooft Casino Tourism in Northern New Mexico. Pueblo “Indian” Casinos as 133 Capitalistic Ventures in a Traditional Setting Susanne Berthier-Foglar One Type of Boundary[ies]. Native American Jewelry and Santa Fe 153 Indian Market Bruce Bernstein Economic Development and Self-Representation. An Example of Tribal 177 Tourism on the Northern Plains Markus H. Lindner Native American Objects, Tourism and Museums. 199 A De- reterritorialized View Maaike de Jong and Alexander Grit The Contributors 215 v In memory of Dennison Nash, 1924-2012 PREFACE Pieter Hovens and Mette van der Hooft “Communication” was the core topic of the 2014 (European) American Indian Workshop, held in Leiden, the Netherlands, from May 21-25. The conference was hosted by the University of Leiden and the National Museum of Ethnology (Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde; now: National Museum of World Cultures) and attracted almost 200 academics from Europe and North America. Because of ongoing research at the museum into “Indian tourism,” one double workshop of the conference was devoted to the presentation of papers on this type of intercultural communication. The outcome is this volume of studies, published in collaboration between the museum and Sidestone Press, a Leiden company specializing in books on archaeology and anthropology (www.sidestone.com). Most of the papers presented during the tourism sessions at the 2014 AIW- conference have been developed into articles for this volume. Several contributors to the conference were unable to do so. Instead, one article has been included of an author who planned but was unable to attend the conference. Hovens used the opportunity to unite initially two separate articles into a long essay. While most of the papers for the 2014 AIW Conference addressed the topic of communication implicitly or explicitly, there was sufficient space within the program for papers on other topics of ongoing research. This approach has over the years resulted in varied conference programs that draw colleagues annually to major academic centers across Europe. The other strength of the program is its interdisciplinary nature, and usually presentations are given by specialists in anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, economics, archaeology, art history, history, linguistics, literary science, media studies, education, law, etc. The contributions to this volume address the subject of Indian tourism from various perspectives and focus on different aspects of this multi-faceted phenomenon. Because the American Southwest is the area where natural wonders and Native American attractions are concentrated and draw by far the largest numbers of tourists, it is no surprise that this region is the focus of no less than five contributions. Pieter Hovens provides a narrative historical overview of the involvement of Dutch individuals in Southwestern tourism between 1870 and 2014. They played a variety of roles, as researchers and adventurers, lecturers and authors, artists and collectors, travelers and tourists. Their impact hovers between the intimately personal and private on one end of the spectrum to the broad public realm on the other. The exploits of the twin sisters Constance and Peronne Arntzenius take central stage as they undertook the most extensive journeys 7 Indian Detours across the country over a period of many years. The author takes a somewhat different approach to authenticity in the tourist arena than usual. Mette van der Hooft presents the only known example of an individual Grand Tour undertaken by Dutch involving Native North America. The Gratamas published the narrative of their trip pertaining to the Pacific, but their manuscript regarding the North American part of their journey was only recently discovered. It is rare to find such first-person unpublished narratives as well as the original photographs from the itinerary. From the manuscript those paragraphs have been selected about travel conditions, encounters and experiences with Native Americans, and several other highlights of their journey. Eloïse Gaillard focuses on the beginning of tourism and collecting in the Southwest, and the production of Indian curios for an emerging collectors and tourist market, encouraged by white traders. She highlights the group of clay Pueblo figures aggregated by Frenchman Alphonse Pinart, now curated at the Musée du quai Branly in Paris. It is just one example of many collections in European museums offering opportunities for research. The development of the Indian casino industry and the opportunities it provides for self-representation by Native communities to travelers and tourists in New Mexico is presented by Suzanne Berthier-Foglar. She discusses the increasing trend in Indian-owned casinos to represent Native traditions in architecture and interior decoration, and the trend towards more luxurious accommodations for gambling, entertainment, and hospitality. In addition, the tension between the economic necessity of tapping into the tourist economy on the one hand while maintaining cultural privacy on the other is addressed. The perspective of the hosts is central to the discussion by Bruce Bernstein on standards of authenticity of arts and crafts as viewed by Native artists and craftspeople themselves. His contribution documents that this standard is not only contested among academics and collectors, but also within source communities. He shows how Indian identities are (re)produced and defended in the marketplace, with the annual Indian Market in Santa Fe as an ideal case study. Such studies of internal discourse within source communities add significantly to the scientific analysis and understanding of authenticity. Moving beyond the Southwest Markus Lindner presents the results of his fieldwork into the development of tourism on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation straddling the central border between South and North Dakota. Studies of the role of tourism in Plains Indian communities are rare, and his contribution is therefore of particular interest. Tribal tourism policy, involvement of the local communities, and the production and sale of arts and crafts are his focus. Maaike de Jong and Alexander Grit address the visitors’
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