PHYTOBIOTIC ACTIVITY of Larrea Tridentata, Origanum Vulgare and Plectranthus Amboinicus in GRAM POSITIVE and GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAS

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PHYTOBIOTIC ACTIVITY OF Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare AND Plectranthus amboinicus IN GRAM POSITIVE AND GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAS

Mateo Itza-Ortiz, José María Carrera-Chávez, Edgar Aguilar-Urquizo and Jaime Eduardo Parra-Suescún

SUMMARY

The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytobiotic ac- erties: Gram (+) and Gram (-). The response variable was the tivity of Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare and Plectranthus size if the inhibition halo of bacterial growth. The data was an- amboinicus on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria of alyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences were found common presence that endanger human health directly or in- (P<0.05) in the type of extract, concentration level and type of directly. Extracts of leaves from each of the three plants under bacteria, as well as in the interaction of the extract and level study were prepared in 75% ethyl alcohol, in proportions of 30, (P<0.04), and in the interaction of extract, level and bacteria 35 and 40%, for a total of nine treatments. The bacterial strains (P<0.002). It is concluded that L. tridentata at 35% had a higher were divided into two groups, depending on their staining prop- phytobiotic activity, compared with O. vulgare and P. amboinicus.

Introduction antimicrobials in the tissue or mainly phenolic compounds and steam distillation or Soxhlet by-products of the animals has phyto-alexins. These types of extraction, which do not need Antimicrobials have been also been reported, putting at antimicrobials are considered as expensive reagents or sophisti- used since 1950 as growth pro- risk the safety of the food des- a potentially safe source be- cated equipment (Iáñez, 2005; moters in animal production to tined for human consumption cause they do not lead to bacte- Moreno-Limón et al., 2011). increase the growth rate and (Mehndiratta and Bhalla, 2014; rial resistance (Davis et al., Larrea tridentata, locally efficiency of food, as well as to Chávez et al., 2015). Only in 1990; García et al., 2010; known as ‘gobernadora’, is a prevent and treat bacterial dis- the USA, more than 47 million Rodríguez, 2011). desert shrub widely found in eases, to favor the growth of episodes of diseases and more The extracts of these antimi- the deserts of Mojave in the animals (Sen et al., 2011; than 100,000 hospitalizations crobial-containing plants are USA (Tequida-Meneses et al., Holman and Chénier, 2014). occur yearly due to the pres- easily obtained complex prod- 2002) and of Sonora and During the last decades the in- ence of foodborne pathogens ucts of secondary metabolites Chihuahua in Mexico dustrial use of these antimicro- (Scharff, 2012). and are less aggressive to na- (Tequida-Meneses et al., 2002), bials has resulted in an increase The prohibition of the use of ture, as compared to the anti- and has shown to have antifun- in the number and types of re- antimicrobials as feed additives bacterial chemicals that are cur- gal activity (Vargas-Arispuro sistant microorganisms (Kalra, has led to and has accelerated rently used (García et al., 2010). et al., 2005; Saldivar et al., 1998; Kalemba and Kunicka, the study of alternative antimi- The results of their study cover 2006; Osorio et al., 2010) 2003), a process that is en- crobial molecules that can be a broad spectrum of pharmaco- mainly against Aspergillus fla- hanced by the ability of certain used in the food of animals logical functions such as an- vus, A. niger, Penicillium bacteria to transfer resistance, destined for production ti-inflammatories, antioxidants, chrysogenum, P. expansum, even between different genera (Nicoletti et al., 2010). Several anticancer agents, anthelmintics, Fusarium poae and F. monili- and species, originating differ- lines of research are trying to antidiarrheals, antitussives, anti- forme (Lira-Salvidar et al., ent disorders in the balance of counteract the adverse effects of virals (Davis et al., 1984), bio- 2003, Vargas-Arispuro et al., the gastrointestinal microbiota, antimicrobials through less ag- logical activity and biocides, 2005; Osorio et al., 2010). It is mainly antimicrobial resistance, gressive means (Ojeda, 2008). among others (García et al., the nordihidroguayaretic acid making therapeutic treatments Some plants, or parts of them, 2010). (NDGA) phenolic derivative difficult (Haščík et al., 2016). contain natural antimicrobials Plant extracts can be isolated compound that is considered The presence of these known as phytobiotics that are by various methods, such as has antifungal activity

KEYWORDS / Antimicrobial Activity / Larrea tridentate / Oregano / Plant Extracts / Received: 02/27/2019. Modified: 05/22/2019. Accepted: 05/27/2019.

Mateo Itza-Ortiz (Corresponding Sciences, UACJ. Avenida Plutarco de Chihuahua, Mexico. Professor, e-mail: edgar.aguilar@itconkal. author). Master in Animal Science, Elías Calles #1210, Foviste UACJ, Mexico. e-mail: jose.carre- edu.mx Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Chamizal, CP 32310, Cd. [email protected] Jaime Eduardo Parra-Suescún. Mexico. Doctor in Animal Juárez, Chihuahua, México. Edgar Aguilar-Urquizo. Master in Master of Science in Animal Production and Health, e-mail: [email protected] Animal Science, Instituto Tecno- Production and Health, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma José María Carrera-Chavez. lógico de Conkal, Mexico. Doctor Mexico. Doctor in Animal de México (UNAM). Professor, Doctor in Veterinary Sciences, in Agricultural Sciences, Univer- Sciences, Universidad de Antio- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Universidad Autónoma de sidad Autónoma de Yucatán), quia, Colombia. Professor, Univer- Juárez (UACJ), Mexico. Address: Zacatecas, Mexico. Master of Mexico. Professor, Instituto Tec- sidad Nacional de Colombia. Department of Veterinary Science, Universidad Autónoma nológico de Conkal, Mexico. e-mail: [email protected]

298 0378-1844/14/07/468-08 $ 3.00/0 MAY 2019 • VOL. 44 Nº 5 ACTIVIDAD FITOBIÓTICA DE Larrea tridentate, Origanum vulgare Y Plectranthus amboinicus EN BACTERIAS GRAM POSITIVAS Y GRAM NEGATIVAS Mateo Itza-Ortiz, José María Carrera-Chávez, Edgar Aguilar-Urquizo y Jaime Eduardo Parra-Suescún

RESUMEN

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad fito- de tinción: Gram (+) y Gram (-). La variable de respuesta fue biótica de Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare y Plectranthus el tamaño del halo de inhibición de crecimiento bacteriano. Los amboinicus en bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas de datos se analizaron usando la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se en- presencia común y que ponen en riesgo la salud humana directa contró diferencia (P<0.05) según el tipo de extracto, el nivel de o indirectamente. Se prepararon extractos de hojas de las tres concentración y el tipo de bacteria, así como en la interacción especies en alcohol etílico 75% en proporciones del 30, 35 y extracto y nivel (P<0.04) e interacción extracto, nivel y bacteria 40%, para un total de nueve tratamientos. Las cepas bacteria- (P<0.002). Se concluye que L. tridentata al 35% tuvo mayor acti- nas fueron divididas en dos grupos dependiendo de su capacidad vidad fitobiótica, comparado con O. vulgare y P. amboinicus.

ATIVIDADE FITOBIÓTICA DE Larrea tridentada, Origanum vulgare E Plectranthus amboinicus EM BACTÉRIAS GRAM POSITIVAS E GRAM NEGATIVAS Mateo Itza-Ortiz, José María Carrera-Chávez, Edgar Aguilar-Urquizo e Jaime Eduardo Parra-Suescún

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade fitobiótica Lar- Gram (+) e Gram (-). A variável resposta foi a dimensão do halo rea tridentata, Origanum vulgare e Plectranthus amboinicus em de inibição do crescimento bacteriano. Os dados foram analisa- bactérias Gram positivas e Gram negativas presença comum e dos por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Diferenças (P <0,05) ameaçando a saúde humana direta ou indiretamente. Extratos de no tipo de nível de concentração do extrato e tipo de bactérias, folhas foram preparadas em álcool etílico 75% em proporções de e também em a interação extrato nível (P <0,04), e em interação 30, 35 e 40% de cada uma das três plantas em estudo, para um extrato, nível e bactérias (P <0,002) foram encontradas. Con- total de nove tratamentos. As cepas bacterianas foram divididas cluiu-se que L. tridentata 35% tinha a maior actividade fitobióti- em dois grupos, dependendo de sua capacidade de coloração: ca, em comparação com O. vulgare e P. amboinicus.

(Moreno-Limón et al., 2011). and alpha terpinene (Kalra, Materials and Methods weighed using an analytical Some studies have reported as 1998). Phenols such as thymol balance (A-160 model, well a nematicidal or nema- and carvacrol possess phytobi- Study site and sample Devender Instrument Co, USA) tostatic effect on nine genera otic activity due to the acid preparation and extracts were prepared at of nematodes, and insect repel- nature of the hydroxyl group 30, 35 and 40% solution in lency (Lira-Saldivar, 2003). (García et al., 2010). Vegetative material from 75% ethyl alcohol. The ob- Lira-Salvidar (2003) also men- The oregano ‘orejon’ ‘gobernadora’ (L. tridentata), tained extracts were allowed to tions that more than 45 bacte- (Plectranthus amboinicus), common oregano (O. vulgare) stand for 72h before its use. A ria are susceptible to the resin which belongs to the Coleus and oregano ‘orejón’ (P. am- total of nine treatments (three or its constituents, and that the genus (Lamiacea family) and is boinicus) was collected in the for each species) were used. flavonides of the resin are ac- also known as ‘french’ oregano greenhouse of the Universidad tive against viruses that affect in Cuba, has shown to possess Autonoma de Ciudad Juárez, Preparation of the sensidisks RNA. antitussive, bacteriostatic (70% located at 31.746276, Common oregano (Origanum ethanol), antioxidant (30% eth- -106.442276. Subsequently, they Sensidisks of 5mm diameter vulgare) has been shown to anol) and phytobiotic activities were manually defoliated in the were obtained using filter pa- have phytobiotic activity on due to its essential oils, rich in laboratory and the leaves were per (MN 615, 11cm, Machery- strains of Gram negative bacte- thymol and carvacrol dried in an incubator (Thermo Nagel, Germany), with the help ria such as Escherichia coli, (Menéndez and Pavón, 1999; Fisher Scientific®, USA) at of a metal drill with a 1-hole Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bakkali et al., 2008). 45˚C for 48h (Kalra, 1998). clamp. They were introduced Salmonella tiphymurium, S. The objective of this work Once the leaves were dehydrat- in a 100ml glass container cholerae suis and Vibrio chol- was to evaluate the phytobiotic ed, they were milled using a with metal lid for sterilization erae, and on Gram positive activity of leaf extracts of blender high speed (Classic at 102°C for 30min in a 25 li- bacteria such as Staphylo- ‘gobernadora’ (L. tridentata), model, Oster®, USA) until a ters autoclave (All American, coccus aureus and Bacillus common oregano (O. vulgare) fine powder was obtained and USA) and then cooled for 24h cereus (Ayala et al., 2011). and oregano ‘orejón’ (P. am- kept in a glass container previ- at room temperature. The sen- These effects are due to its boinicus) in Gram positive and ously labeled and perfectly sidisks were immersed in each essential oils, such as thymol, Gram negative bacteria of in- closed. plant extract for seven days carvacrol, pinene, cymol, alpha terest in the animal feed The powder samples before being placed in a Petri thuyone, selinene, dipentene, sector. (ground) of each plant were dish of 15cm diameter.

MAY 2019 • VOL. 44 Nº 5 299 Bacterial strains corresponding extract. Finally, the Petri dishes were placed in A total of eight reference a bacteriological stove strains were tested and culti- (Heratherm IMC18, Thermo vated in the Chemistry Scientific, USA) for 24h at Department of the Universidad 37°C. After an incubation peri- Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, of od of 72h the bacterial growth which five correspond to Gram inhibition halo (BGIH) was (+) strains: Streptococcus pyo- measured with the help of a genes (reference ATCC19615), 12-inch digital vernier Staphylococcus aureus (refer- (Bearings, USA) according to ence ATCC25923), Entero- the technique described by coccus faecalis (reference Bauer et al. (1966). ATCC19433), Salmonella gallinarum (Klein) (reference Statistical analysis ATCC700623) and Bacillus Figure 1. Halo of inhibition of bacterial growth (mm) of extracts Larrea subtilis (reference ATCC6051); The response variable was tridentata, Origanum vulgare and Plectranthus amboinicus at 35% in a Petri dish with Muller Hinton agar inoculated with Salmonella enterica. and three to Gram (-) strains: the BGIH, which was analyzed Photograph by Mateo Itza-Ortiz. Klebsiella oxytoca (reference using the non-parametric ATCC13182), enteric Salmone- Kruskal-Wallis test using SAS/ lla (reference ATCC29630) and STAT version 9.3 (SAS, 2009) TABLE I Escherichia coli (reference and comparison of means per- PHYTOBIOTIC EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLANT ATCC25922). formed by the Tukey method EXTRACTS ON GRAM (+) AND GRAM (-) BACTERIA (Mendenhall, 1994) with MEASURED AS HALO OF INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL In vitro evaluation α=0.05% as the minimum sig- GROWTH (MM) nificant difference. Larrea tridentata 1.126 ±0.713 a Bacterial concentrations were Origanum vulgare 0.901±0.622 b standardized to 50 Klett units Results and Discussion using the Klett-Summerson Plectranthus amboincus 0.436 ±0.528 c colorimeter. For this, 15×16mm In Figure 1 the halos level 30% 0.763 ±0.681 b tubes were used to add 5ml of (BGIH) formed with 35% ex- level 35% 1.008 ±0.745 a 0.85% sterile saline, and once tracts of the three plants are level 40% 0.691 ±0.592 b the bacterial concentrations shown. According to the re- Means ±D.E. with different letters are statistically different (P<0.05), were standardized, they were sults obtained, the extracts of according to the Tukey test. inoculated in the Petri dishes the three plants analyzed have containing Muller Hinton agar phytobiotic activity. Significant (Merck - EMB 500g, code differences (P<0.05) were 1054370500). They were inocu- found in the three concentra- extracts at 30%. Similar results antifungal activity (Vargas- lated in triplicate of each bac- tion levels, the inhibition being in the BGIH of the extracts Arispuro et al., 2005; Lira- terium by plant extract, for a highest when it was 35%. L. were observed for the different Saldivar et al., 2006; Osorio et total of 216 inoculated Petri tridentata at 30% had the strains of Gram (+) and Gram al., 2010), especially against dishes. Immediately, with the highest BGIH compared to (-) bacteria. Table I shows dif- Gram-positive bacteria (Table help of a clip sterilized with extracts from P. amboinicus, ferences (P<0.05) in the type II). The results also support absolute grade ethyl alcohol followed by that from O. vul- of extract and level of concen- what was reported by Lira- and flaming, the sensidisks gare, also at 30%, on an enter- tration of the extract (P<0.04). Saldivar (2003) but in the pres- (previously immersed in each ic Salmonella strain. S. galli- The results indicate that L. ent work the phytobiotic activ- extract for seven days) were narum and E. coli were inhib- tridentata has phytobiotic ac- ity was in the leaf extract in impregnated with the ited to a lesser degree by tivity in addition to its known addition to that reported in the

TABLE II HALO OF BACTERIAL GROWTH INHIBITION (MM) IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PLANT EXTRACTS Extract (%) Larrea tridentata Oreganum vulgare Plectranthus amboinicus Bacterium 30% 35% 40% 30% 35% 40% 30% 35% 40% S. pyogenes 1.20 ±0.27 a 0.73 ±0.67 b 0.50 ±0.87 b 0.30 ±0.52 a 1.53 ±0.84 b 0.40 ±0.69 a 0.77 ±0.68 a 0.37 ±0.64 a 0.47 ±0.81 a St. aureus 1.73 ±0.49 b 2.07 ±0.46 b 1.77 ±0.72 b 1.27 ±0.50 a 1.77 ±0.25 a 1.40 ±0.46 a 0.27 ±0.25 a 0.37 ±0.35 a 0.13 ±0.23 a E. faecalis 1.33 ±0.35 b 2.33 ±0.88 a 1.10 ±0.10 b 0.90 ±0.78 a 0.90 ±0.21 a 0.80 ±0.36 a 0.23 ±0.21 a 0.00 ±0.00 0.23 ±0.21 a B. subtilis 1.33 ±0.42 a 1.53 ±0.55 a 1.23 ±0.22 a 0.63 ±0.32 a 0.77 ±0.31 a 0.67 ±0.15 a 0.63 ±0.21 a 0.27 ±0.31 a 0.17 ±0.29 a K. oxytoca 0.70 ±0.70 b 0.87 ±0.25 b 0.37 ±0.32 b 0.67 ±0.32 a 0.63 ±0.11 a 0.90 ±0.36 a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.37 ±0.35 a E. coli 0.67 ±1.16 b 1.33 ±0.29 a 0.27 ±0.46 b 0.33 ±0.58 b 1.07 ±0.21 a 0.00 ±0.00 0.53 ±0.92 a 0.80 ±0.10 a 0.00 ±0.00 S. entérica 1.57 ±0.56 a 1.53 ±0.21 a 1.00 ±0.00 a 1.37 ±0.55 a 1.87±0.12 a 1.27 ±0.29 a 1.53 ±0.06 a 0.97 ±0.84 b 1.03 ±0.38 a S. gallinarum 0.00 ±0.00 b 0.80 ±0.69 b 1.07 ±0.15 a 0.37 ±0.64 b 1.03 ±1.05 a 0.73 ±0.64 b 0.00 ±0.00 0.60 ±0.53 a 0.73 ±0.67 a Media ±D.E. with different literals in a given column are significantly different (P <0.05).

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