ntels eae(Nakatani decade last the in food (Cowan antioxidant additives and antimicrobial synthetic to alternatives good as new for alternatives natural preservatives. seeking food those for shelf opportunities product’s new a natural of Kotuwegedara adopt and extension to (Seneviratne or life or maintenance agents the these for remove manufactur- alternatives completely food either on to pressure ers increased toxicity, suspected are their which of of because some preservatives, develop synthetic of to use others required cessive the and is (Tajkarimi of them view that against in pressure money especially public and preservatives, synthetic time addition new in of approve and season deal difficult great others a the passing and to are (Magnuson additives world food the Synthetic around performed ing ute erdcinwtotpriso sprohibited is permission without reproduction Further 10.1111/1750-3841.12341 doi: Introduction Ayala-Zavala Fernando Jesus and Siddiqui, Wasim Md Gonzalez-Aguilar, Cruz-Valenzuela, A. Reynaldo Gustavo Manuel Silva-Espinoza, Leyva, Adriana Manuel Brenda Juan Rodriguez-Garcia, Isela Ortega-Ramirez, Alberto Luis Hypothesis Industry: A Food in Agents Antioxidant Antimicrobial and as Plants Medicinal of Potential ooa800 eio uhrSdiu swt et fFo cec n Tech- and Science India. Food 813210, Bihar, of Bhagalpur, Dept. Sabour, Hermosillo, BAC, with Univ., Victoria. is La Agricultural 0.6, Siddiqui Bihar Km nology, Author Victoria Mexico. la 83000, Desar- a y Carretera Sonora Alimentacion en AC). (CIAD, Investigacion A.C. de rollo, Centro with are Ayala-Zavala Gonzalez- and Silva-Espinoza, Aguilar, Cruz-Valenzuela, Leyva, Rodriguez-Garcia, Ramirez, ietiqiist uhrAaaZvl (E-mail: Ayala-Zavala author to inquiries Direct ie.Apsil lentv ol emdcnlpat hthave that addi- plants food medicinal of be use could safe alternative the possible for A guided tives. be must compounds these oth- and (Krishnaiah and oxygen ers metals, singlet chelate of to species ability reactive properties, quenching redox their to are due compounds bioactive mainly of properties antioxidant and timicrobial others and Krishnaiah antimicrobial their antioxidant and and plants from derived mostly are compounds S2102 umte //03 cetd1/421.AtosOrtega- Authors 11/14/2013. Accepted 5/9/2013, Submitted 20130623 MS C 04Isiueo odTechnologists Food of Institute 2014 aypatocrigbociecmonscnb considered be can compounds bioactive occurring plant Many h erho e aesbtne o odpeevto sbe- is preservation food for substances safe new of search The ttsta iatv oeue xrce rmmdcnlpat a eue satmcoiladatoiatadtvsin additives antioxidant and antimicrobial as paper used hypothesis phenolic be present can the and plants context, terpenes this medicinal industry. In from and food bioactive in systems. the extracted these a consumers food rich that molecules in as revealed bioactive food effective are literature diseases, that been of the have plants prevent states addition, plants demand and Medicinal other in from a disorders properties; properties. extracted antioxidant health is additive compounds and treat preservatives antimicrobial food to effective present having that used are and compounds compounds traditionally agents safe bioactive antioxidant plants, natural of and medicinal of source antimicrobial proposes use synthetic paper the Although This adequately. producers. countries, controlled many yet in not approved are problems quality these Keywords: Abstract: 2011 .Hwvr h eeto ftepatsucst extract to sources plant the of selection the However, ). odsft,ntrlpout,peoi opud,terpenes compounds, phenolic products, natural safety, food ayfo rsrainsrtge a eue o h oto fmcoilsolg n xdto;however, oxidation; and spoilage microbial of control the for used be can strategies preservation food Many nvitro in 1999 2011 iv-sioaadothers and Silva-Espinoza ; etn aersle nmn publications many in resulted have testing atn n others and Martins ; 2000 R aihiv n others and Yanishlieva ; 2009 [email protected] .Sc btce provide obstacles Such ). 2013 ). 2010 2013 .Tean- The ). .Teex- The ). .These ). 2013 2006 ). ; aigptnilte ntefo nutiscnb banfrom obtain be can industries food the agents antioxidant in and potentialities “antimicrobial that having describes sustain paper to hypothesis food present premises the in the mind, effective in are plant this compounds With other bioactive systems. similar that in demonstrated and rich have antispasmodic extracts studies diuretic, Previous infections, bladder febrifuge). and kidney treat ner- and sedative); vous stimulant, digestive expectorant); antispasmodic, colagogue, an function, as mainly (used boldus mus phenolics and terpenes in tuberculosis); as infections respiratory treat enue o huad fyast ra elhdsresand disorders health treat to years of thousands diseases. prevent for used been ra loyadmci irha n o h eifo abdom- of relief the for and pain); diarrheas bronchitis, inal mucoid asthma, and fever, bloody gripe, treat treat to cough); (used and whooping phenolics in cough, diarrhea); rich tonsillitis, and dysentery against urticaria, remedy cough, as (used phenolics intestinal cures); migraine, wart gonorrhoea, and diseases, parasites skin control to (used lics and (Ahmad matrices food in others peroxidation antioxidant lipid and avoiding bacteria, activity deteriorative effect antimicrobial and shown pathogen has food that against citral like terpenes an- others of and source and carminative, (Naik antispasmodic, agent stomachic, tihypertensive as utilized additives plant food others cit- as effective and (carvacrol, been (Cai have phenolic terpenes compounds and these in (flavonoids and phenolics rich acids), and geraniol) commonly and linalool, are ral, fruits) and ers, epns(sdt oto essdsres bod,ueiehem- diseases); uterine parasitic fibroids, and disorders, orrhage, with menses control extracts to generating are: (used of additives terpenes idea food the as sustain to potential used be could that eiia ln at ros evs rnhsses ak,flow- barks, branches/stems, leaves, (roots, parts plant Medicinal 2012 ihi hnlc n laod rgltro h hepatic the of (regulator alkaloids and phenolics in rich aratridentata Larrea anymadothers and Masniyom ; o.7,N.2 2014 2, Nr. 79, Vol. einhmmglomeratum Helianthemum yehrtapolystachya Eysenhardtia 2004 .Freape eogasi medicinal a is lemongrass example, For ). eaimmexicanum Geranium ihi hnlccmons(sdto (used compounds phenolic in rich uhri stenoclada Euphorbia hnpdu ambrosioides Chenopodium r ora fFo Science Food of Journal 2012 ihi aood ue to (used flavonoids in rich ihi aood ue to (used flavonoids in rich 2010 .Ohrmdcnlplants medicinal Other ). npaimoxyphyllum Gnaphalium arbu vulgare Marrubium ;i diin ti a is it addition, in ); ihi epnsand terpenes in rich ihi pheno- in rich ihin rich R129 Peu- rich

R: Concise Reviews in Food Science ıs ). ´ at ), lig- Micro- 2007 could be ; Calzada L. ranged ). Guinea 2009 ,and S. aureus and 2001 1994 extract tested at oil was effective were effective in than E. coli ). Two flavonoids, ). The essential oil ). The same study , ). The same extracts E. stenoclada Streptococcus sobrinus exemplified clearly the 2007 2012 2011 sp. infection (Vijaya and 2010 C. citratus C. citratus C. citratus ˘ glu and others ). ). The activity of quercetin is traditionally used to heal Shigella 2005 ). This information revealed that ¨ 2000 Bacillus subtilis ohreto C. citratus on romaine, iceberg lettuces, and Cymbopogon schoenanthus ¸ , g/mL) were effective reducing the μ g/mL of these extracts the oxidation 4mg/mL). 2005 ). In previous studies, different types μ ) as well as essential oils (Toshkova and = Kunt (Geranium) Baill. (Silver thicket) is formed by almost 400 species in tropi- E. stenoclada ). Similarly, the tannin and flavonoid frac- ). Quercetin is also effective to control lipid S. aureus 2005 2006 , ). In another study, 2005 1994 (Aiemsaard and others ), flavonoids (S ). Some geranium species are used in traditional 2008 ). Quercetin is also a potent antibacterial agents Streptococcus agalactiae and B. cereus Geranium Salmonella enterica can be used as a phytochemical agent incorporated (Rauha and others ) concentrations of 2005 2005 1996 50 exhibited strong activity against DPPH radical (Figueir- S. epidermidis S. aureus ; in addition, these compounds showed antibiofilm activity C. citratus Stem infusion from The genus the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of against, coccus luteus has been atgyrase least (Cushnie partially and Lamb attributed to theattributed inhibition partially of to DNA phenolic compounds. concluded that thecentration, antibacterial compositions, activity and cell depended targetof on sites. the The the composition state and con- instatement uses the that of art a medicinaleffective plant as food can additives, be more details usedpremise. will to be describe generate in extracts the next Ananthan and its majors components (citral andfor geraniol) inhibiting were most effective E. coli against nans (Liu and others The antioxidant effects ofcatechin quercetin in AAPH-initiated were peroxidation comparable of(Terao and to liposomal others suspension that of peroxidation in phospholipids (Teraopigs and treated others either(214.3 with mg/kg) quercetin were (142.9 resistant to mg/kg) or quercetrin 2 concentrations (33 andDPPH 50 radical (40% and(15% 68%) to 32%), and and superoxideof at anion erythrocytes 500 production membranes(Cheel were and kept others intions range from of essential oil-free 19% infusionpreventing of to the production 71% of reactive oxygen species.bition DPPH (IC inhi- to inactivate baby spinach (Moore-Neibel and others and others quercetin and quercitrin, wereand identified indicates in that extracts of phenolicconstituents. this compounds The plant could antiproliferative bewere activity their attributable of bioactive to thesegroups, compounds their methylation, glycosylation) molecular (Chaabi structure and (free others hydroxyls C. citratus inha and others from 6.8 toand 26.4 sampled mg/mL, region depending (Khadrishowed on and good others the antimicrobial activity extraction against low solvent concentration (MIC into polymer coatings (Seabrook rheic and inurticaria, treatment dysentery, of kidney(Calzada tonsillitis, pain, and cough, others and whoopingof compounds cough, gastrointestinal such ailments as tannins (Calzada and others respiratory disorders (Chaabi and others cal mountains and temperateand areas others throughout the worldmedicine (Alan as antidiabetic, hemostatic, antihemorrhoidal, antidiar- Euphorbia stenoclada Geranium mexicanum ). E. coli 2010 ). Food , Clostrid- , 2008 Staphylococcus ). The essen- ). In this context, 2008 ). Produce, seafood, 2013 ). Infusion extract from 2011 Campylobacter jejuni 2001 , Clostridium botulinum , Vol. 79, Nr. 2, 2014 (CDC r ). With food safety and pathogens, the ). Food safety assurance and oxidation (D.C.) Stapf. (Lemongrass) 2013 2011 Bacillus cereus is composed mainly by geranial, neral, and , ), for example, the vegetable oils are exposed to Listeria monocytogenes Toxoplasma gondii , ). Oxidative deterioration can also occur in refrig- is an Indian native plant widely used in the kitchen 2006 C. citratus 2013 Journal of Food Science Salmonella spp. , C. citratus As described before the use of natural compounds to avoid Lipids are the most susceptible food molecules to oxidative pro- Most of the food systems are highly perishable products at- control are challenging situationstechniques. Additionally, even consumers demand for safe modern andpreserved quality preservatives with food natural additives (Brewer myrcene, and these are of majorgrance importance industries for the (Kasali flavor and and fra- others tial oil of decay and assure safety is a major challenge to the food scientist. erated, frozen, cooked, cured,products; and freeze-dried, natural antioxidants and can be irradiated(Pukalskas used to and meat retard this others process the search for effective natural substances to avoid food quality oxidizing environment during food(Brewer processing and get oxidized safety is an importantthe international presence issue of that pathogenic is bacteria compromised by (Godfray and others R130 Cymbopogon citratus Premise II.of Medicinal Plants Antibiotic and Antioxidant Activity Preservation Medicinal plants as food additives . . . medicinal plants.” This manuscript alsoand contemplates the toxicological sensorial shortcomings to achieve this goal. Premise I. Need of Natural Additives for Food for food and beveragedried preparation; leaves infusions have or alsoachic, decoctions been antihypertensive, of used carminative, against its antispasmodic, various relaxant,antidepressant diseases and agent as stom- (Figueirinha and others medicinal plants should begenerate considered food as additives. This an potential alternativein is source composition justified to of in these thesuccessfully plants similarity been with applied other to plantcrobial maintain extracts safety, that food in have quality addition and tothese assure plants. the mi- ancestral human uses of most of food quality deterioration andinterest assure for microbial safety consumers, has producers, been and of scientists, in this context, cesses; however, proteins andFood carbohydrates oxidation can not also only be resultscolor, flavor a affected. or rancid texture; in taste addition, andthe it an nutritional can qualities result alteration and in in even deterioration compromiseand of safety (McClements Decker and are reported48% to of be illnesses (CSPI responsiblepath for forward 53% is of clear:velop all Increase and apply the monitoring good and cases hygienerisks enforcement, and and disinfection, de- broadly and to communicate theoxidation consuming is public. another Besides problem microbial in growth, numerous food products. Food poisoning is associated withaureus organisms such as poultry, and beef are mostly linked to foodborne illness outbreaks tributed to their intrinsicditions. characteristics Quality and and environmental safetyloss con- of of foodstuffs nutrients, sensorial are attributes,composition compromised and by rich microbial the in growth. Their substratestions for cause microbial these and problems enzymatic (Ayala-Zavala and reac- others ium perfringens O157:H7, and R: Concise Reviews in Food Science opudof compound rmtccmonsaekont aevr ihrt constants rate 2003 (Rice-Evans radical high hydroxyl the very such with have and reactivity for to ring known benzene are contains compounds aromatic it since scavenger, radical Raghu droxyl and (Quine tissues 2005 rat diabetic streptozotocin-induced in peroxidation lipid lowers therapy (–)-epicatechin that revealed sults lamblia others and ilatvt against activity rial from tracts ha n nimei feto hspati trbtdt tiliro- to isoquercitrin attributed and others is and epigallocatechin, plant (Calzada kaempferol, this quercitrin, of effect side, Alan antiamoebic and and and rheal (Calzada antiparasitic, antidiarrheic, drug) pain, antidysenteric stomach in (analgesic erties npaimoxyphyllum Gnaphalium glomeratum Helianthemum others . . . additives food as plants Medicinal niaail rsaim erts irtc niaah,an- ache, (Hocking pressure blood angina of lowering lumbago, diuretic, the wounds, for neuritis, diseases, and tipyretic, stomach prostatism, swellings, of antimalarial, relief the for industry. food the in additives as used be could loss weight and ture, appetite the Saaby-Nielsen regulating and (Teisen-Simony for supplement dietary oth- a and (Barbosa diseases heart ers and cancer against protective antiinflammatory,and antiamoebic, an- antibiotic, antigiardial, antioxidant, antiallergenic, as tiviral, effective be could compounds these β 13-epi-cyclosclareol, dimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7- 13-epi-sclareol, 3-methoxyquercetin, luteolin, zoapatlin, acid, en-19-oic ent-3-hydroxykaur-16- acid, ent-Kaur-16-en-19-oic are plant this others and Bedolla others and Taddei-Bringas hnlccmoiini nidctv fti oeta property. its potential however, this found, of were indicative plant an is this composition of phenolic activity antioxidant the of coli E. oxyphyllum (Villag from leaves oxyphyllum or var. flowers of lum antibacterial extracts as effective hexane be The to proved agents. have plant this from Extracts others carotenoids and and (Meragelman compounds, acetylenic flavonoids, diterpenoids, and inhibited significantly found, were extended activity, ent-kaur-16- oxyphyllum of of spectrum content broader to a highest showed the acid, en19-oic by characterized extract, both the against except inhibition higher showed stseo n tgatrl(Villag stigmasterol and -sitosterol Gnaphalium glomeratum H. S. 2007 tetccu pneumoniae Streptococcus ). hy- good a is (–)-epicatechin that shown have studies Some ). .glomeratum H. yhmru and Typhimurium , mzIar n others and omez-Ibarra ´ 2004 and neoocsfaecalis Enterococcus .Teei aetpooigetat of extracts proposing patent a is There ). .mexicanum G. .viscosum G. a fetv oihbtptoesbceilas bacterial pathogens inhibit to effective was 2005 oes nwihltoi n 3-methoxyquercetin and luteolin which in flowers, ,hv enioae from isolated been have ), naob histolytica Entamoeba p.aepat ieyue ntaiinlmedicine traditional in used widely plants are spp. .mexicanum G. .Eiaehnad2flvn3oswr h active the were flavan-3-ols 2 and Epicatechin ). sa nei eia ebwt eiia prop- medicinal with herb Mexican endemic an is Salmonella , sarc oreo hnlccmons these compounds; phenolic of source rich a is 1995 .lemni a.monticola var. liebmannii G. 2005 efetat hc nyinhibited only which extract, leaf .coli E. ( azd n Alan and Calzada ; 2003 , < .Cnttet aebe sltdas isolated been have Constituents ). 1999 add albicans Candida C (Gordolobo) DC. gm)psesdsrn antibacte- strong possessed mg/mL) 8 Rjsadothers and (Rojas spp., nuigterdcinof reduction the inducing .Ohrioae osiunsfrom constituents isolated Other ). a Cutrdfrostweed) (Clustered Lag lo h ehnletatof extract methanol the Also, . 2001 oa n others and Rojas ; Claaadothers and (Calzada Shigella mzIar n others and omez-Ibarra ´ 2009 .The ). .aureus S. Geranium .A hw ntelitera- the in shown As ). ´ ıs .aureus S. p. and spp., , 2007 .oxyphyllum G. ´ ıs tetccu pyogenes Streptococcus 2007 2001 and .Teantidiar- The ). pce.Teex- The species. and .glomeratum H. 2001 1999 and .I addition, In ). .N reports No ). .coli E. .cru.G. cereus. B. .viscosum G. 2005 .oxyphyl- G. ;Campos- Aruoma ; .cereus B. .aureus S. .cereus B. Giardia (Alan .Re- ). 2001 flower 1997 G. as ´ ). ıs ; , , , ln aigefiayt nii ecieoye pce and species oxygen this reactive of inhibit constituents to main efficacy the (nordihy- having are lignans plant and NDGA) triterpenes, acid, flavonoids, droguaiaretic that indicated ies oxysporum against others activity and from (Ososki oil tial growth and others tumor diseases, and as Nascimento Ehrlich parasitic menses traditionally the against hemorrhage, used medicine inhibits uterine are traditional plant fibroids, in this disorders, and of condiments oil dietary essential leaves and Aqueous epazote. extracts or paico, goosefoot, mastruz, wormseed, rlfrto fhmnpoylctcluei el (Abou- cells leukemia others promyelocytic and human Gazar of proliferation notesi spwe niie ug htafc agricultural affect that fungi others 6 and inhibited (Gamboa-Alvarado powder incorporated crops as material soil plant the ground into and extracts likewise, tance; vitro in others and dentata iehxflvn;5,4 dimethoxyflavone; aratridentata Larrea ambrosioides Chenopodium arbu vulgare Marrubium dihydroxy-3,7,8,3 aood (5,4 flavonoids 4 r sflt ra ueclss esra an,daee,and diabetes, pains, others leaves and menstrual and (Lambert tuberculosis, stems cancers treat its various from to extracts useful States); are (United Mojave and oryzae Helminthosporium cladosporioides atadothers and Jagt vulgare (Rom M. others properties and Moreno-Salazar antiparasites and stom- stimu- achic, antidiabetics, diuretic, hypoglycemic, tonic, expectorant, aromatic, diaphoretic, lant, possesses plant this “Marrubia,” NDGA and phenolic of content might high others activity antioxidant the and this by (Martins DPPH; explained radical be free the inhibit tata eimtuberculosis terium nmcohgsadmc netdwith infected mice and macrophages on from fetv nrdcn PHrdcl(0)a o concentra- low a at (50%) radical (11.67 DPPH tion reducing in effective 3 acid; dihydroguaiaretic iue htcueplo IS n eps(rhmadothers and (Graham herpes and AIDS, polio, 2000 cause that viruses from constituents Flavonoid niiigteporsino h neto (Patr infection the of 2008 progression the inhibiting ei,crseil n ueln(awradothers and (Nawwar luteolin api- and glucoside, chrysoeriol, 7-(6”-p-coumaroyl) genin, apigenin 7-glucoside, teolin vulgare cvnigatvt gis BSrdcl(ua n others and (Kumar showed radical oil ABTS its against and activity scavenging properties antioxidant shown have steroids) and .tridentata L. ambrosioides C. .vulgare M. xrcswr fetv euigF yFA sa and assay FRAP by Fe reducing effective were extracts ). .Tecnttet of constituents The ). .ambrosioides C. eeefciet nii h rwhof growth the inhibit to effective were evscmoiincnitdo iei,vcnnI,lu- II, vicenin vitexin, of consisted composition leaves gis tlat1 uglptoeso cnmcimpor- economic of pathogens fungal 17 least at against , oroildatheobromae Botryodiplodia lctahg ereo nixdn ciiy(Vander- activity antioxidant of degree high a elicit 2013 .ambrosioides C. ± , sahr omnykona hrhud or “horehound” as known commonly herb a is rw nSnr n hhau eet (Mexico), deserts Chihuahua and Sonora in grows arpoiaphaseolina Macrophomina o.7,N.2 2014 2, Nr. 79, Vol. .1W/L Mtosiadothers and (Matkowski Wg/mL) 1.51 seglu niger Aspergillus , 2002 ). neoatrcloacae Enterobacter skoni ifrn onre sAmerican as countries different in known is ttaehxflvn;5,8,4 -tetramethoxyflavone; 2004 D. oil Cest bush) (Creosote Coville (DC.) .tridentata L. dhdoy378tiehxflvn;5,4 -dihydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyflavone; .(Horehound) L. ;hwvr h ty ctt rcinwas fraction acetate ethyl the however, ); a significant a has dhdoy7mtoyaoe from-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone) 2010 2006 isn n Mimaki and Jitsuno ; Kmradothers and (Kumar dmtoy6Otyiouicn and -demethoxy-6-Oethylisoguaiacin) evsa 100 at leaves .Trelgas(4-epi-larreatricin; lignans Three ). .ambrosioides C. rzadothers and Cruz ; 2008 .tridentata L. (Wormseed) L , .flavus A. xrcshv niuglactivity antifungal have extracts r .Teauosetat from extracts aqueous The ). ora fFo Science Food of Journal , , .faecalis E. ceoimrolfsii Sclerotium 2003 , 2005 nvitro in μ yhu debaryanum Pythium , /Lsoe fungicide showed g/mL esmnaamazonensis Leishmania .fumigatus A. nadothers and an eeefcieagainst effective were ´ Lira-Sald ; .Cmoiinstud- Composition ). flvnis terpenes, (flavonoids, , 2007 n .coli E. and .aureus S. 2007 and 2010 -trihydroxy-3,7- ´ coadothers and ıcio .Esniloil Essential ). , nvivo in .Teessen- The ). Cladosporium ). 1989 ´ ıvar , 2008 , .triden- L. Fusarium Mycobac- (Martins 2003 2007 .The ). .tri- L. 1992 2002 R131 effect ,and ). M. ). ). - ; ; ,

R: Concise Reviews in Food Science ) ). 2012 oil was ). Tsao G. mexi- , 2002 P. fl u o r e s c e n s , a medicinal ). The panelists’ C, this variation ). In addition, in Chinese bayber- C. citratus ◦ L/mL) after 21 d and turmeric acid ,and ınez-Romero and ´ P. b o l d u s μ , 2012 2012 810 mg/kg in rats) is = C. ambrosioides in grapes without affecting L/L), reducing fruit decay 50 C. citratus μ , extracts from this plant can ) and the European Union Reg- E. polystachya Monilinia fructicola. B. cinerea 2013a Aeromonas hydrophila , contain phenolic compounds as catechin C. ambrosioides C; though, the efficacy was lower (2 log CFU ). This information reveals the positive results of ) found that sweet cherries treated with the com- ◦ ) (Nr 1334/2008). This flavor agent presents spicy, ). Natural microflora of kiwifruit was reduced (4.6 log E. stenoclada 2012 2000 L. monocytogenes 2008 2007 ,and ). This information shows the attention that carvacrol is re- Phenolic compounds are receiving attention to be consid- Based in the composition of other medicinal plants, it is possible Carvacrol is a bioactive compound with antimicrobial and an- canum on fresh cut-vegetables (de Sousa andthe others same study the vegetablesand exposed 1,8- to cineole the obtained sensorial mixturethe of scores significantly carvacrol control higher after than 48trolled h the of fungal storage. growth The of the addition tissue of integrity; carvacrol however,odor con- this and study did flavor not effect contemplate of the theCFU) treatment by (Mart the treatmentof with storage carvacrol at (0.15 4 of this compound in present a similar potential. ered as foodmedicinal additives, and plants. For they example, are a well distributed group in bination of carvacrol, thymol, andto methyl control jasmonate was fungal effective growthries of were treated withsignificantly and carvacrol increasing (1 total phenolic,vidual anthocyanin, flavonoid and compounds indi- (Jin andrankings others for sensory acceptability ofthymol, carrot and treated cinnamaldehyde with indicated carvacrol, their a negative strong impact, flavors; due thepreservatives to was addition unacceptable of to carvacrol2006 the or panelists thymol (Valero and asceiving Giner food as food additive;garding even the when sensorial more impact research is of needed its re- use. Considering the presence portions were effective reducing nativebacteria microflora and ( inoculated others cooling, thymol-like, herbal, and camphoreousnotes; with and smoky a odor spicy, herbal,notes. phenolic, A medicinal, mixture and woody of flavor carvacrol and 1, 8-cineol in different pro- and Zhou ( reduction) on honeydew melon stored 5 d at 4 listed as a flavorin and food fragrance according to substance FDAulation ( that ( may be safely used was attributed to thecontemplate the difference sensorial in impact (Roller fruits and Seedhar pH, this study did not On the other hand,applied the in mussel mixture reduced of theoxidation compared microbial to counts controls, and additionally retardedfound the lipid sensorially more acceptable thanpreserve turmeric the acid odor and treatment flavor to ofThe foods (Masniyom addition and of others lemongrass oil intoantimicrobial and gelatin antioxidative film properties could of enhance sea the bassand slices others (Ahmad lemongrass, to preserve quality and assure food safety. to establish apreservatives. As connection stated before, some with of the mostcompounds their common of bioactive potential medicinal plants efficacyconstituents are found as terpenes in other and food plant phenolics, tissuesinhibiting have these shown microbial to growth be and/or effective oxidationfood matrices. reactions This in premise can several supportobtained the statement from that medicinal extracts plants,be with effective similar as food composition, additives. could tioxidant capacity that can be foundplant in used to treat mensesand disorders, fibroids, parasitic uterine hemorrhage, diseases. Carvacrol (LD , , , ). S. au- S. epi- 2012 g/mL, E. coli , , μ ). ;however, Althaea of- , Primula veris 1999 C. zeylanicum , Malva sylvestris were less sensi- , essential oil pre- E. cloacae and , (Plotto and others B. cinerea ). In the last studies, K. pneumoniae , citratus in conjunction with other 2009 . M. vulgare ) and exports around 30 dif- E. faecalis Veronica officinalis C , O157:H7 on fresh cut apples , Fusarium solani Vol. 79, Nr. 2, 2014 Achillea millefolium r , showing inhibition zones ranging P. a e r u g i n o s a Newport inoculated on green leafy E. coli M. vulgare ,and 4960 mg/kg). In addition, this oil is Alternaria alternata ). Extracts from this plant are used by Sambucus nigra Elderberry = , and 50 Thymus vulgaris 2011 B. cereus) L/mL), applied on strawberry fruits inocu- Micrococcus luteus μ Salmonella , Pimpinella saxifrage , reduced 5 log to 5 d of freeze storage (Duan ,and ). Lemongrass and their major component (citral) Salvia officinalis ). The oil of this plant was used as antibacterial 1 sp.) exhibited a higher resistance (Zied and others , ,and B. cinerea ). The combination of E. coli 2009 S. aureus Penicillium digitatum (Laufen, Switzerland), which is one of the manufacturers Alchemilla vulgaris , , Journal of Food Science R , 2013b B. subtilis ). In addition, this oil was effective against ). Lemongrass oils and their active compound citral have also ). A 4 log reduction of Salmonella , Even when the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of As mentioned before, the clearest example of the uses of medic- composition as spices, herbs, fruit, and vegetable tissues. tracts should be contemplated;evaluated (ii) plants the extracts antimicrobial effect isantibacterial of tests, not the omitting generally thatcaused directed most by to of this the antibiofilm organization bacterialantioxidant of problems and microbial is growth; antimicrobial (iii)nal composition despite plants and in the human usesas health, of the food research medici- additives about is their few potential compared use with other plants with similar medicinal plants have beenresearch studied gaps with were noticed: details, (i) however,composition several the and effect antimicrobial of and the antioxidant solvent efficacy polarity of in the ex- Plantago lanceolata maine lettuce; however, intreatment this was study not the considered sensorial (Moore-Neibel and effect others of the (FDA and Zhao vegetables, where the greatestlettuce reduction was (4.3 observed log), in followed iceberg by spinach, mature spinach, and ro- listed as a substance generally recognized as safe (21CFR182.20) R132 Premise III. The Composition ofIndicative Medicinal of Plants the is an Potential UsesAntioxidant Agents as Antimicrobial and Medicinal plants as food additives . . . presence of these flavonoidthe compounds antioxidant could activity be ofsented responsible this antibacterial for plant. activity against Gramdermidis positive bacteria ( hound also serves as rawindustries material as a for substitute herbal for extracts hopas and in an beer-breweries beverage ingredient and of can be cough used pastilles (Weel and others of sweets candies made from medicinal plants ( ficinalis ferent types of candy and herbal teas to over 50 countries. Hore- efficacy to inhibit foodcarcinogenic pathogen and effects, deteriorative and bacteria, presentsand anti- a taste (Table fresh, juicy, citrus-likeshowed aroma complete inhibition ofulated fungal growth with on tomatoes inoc- inal plants as food additives is lemongrass. This plant has shown essential oils (0.1 lated with treatment against reus from 6.6 to 25.2 mm andand MICs from2011 1120 to 2600 A. niger Mentha piperita citral (0.5%) into alginate2009 coatings (Raybaudi-Massilia and others shown promising antimicrobialmelon and (Raybaudi-Massilia quality and effects othersthis on compound fresh-cut was usedlethal at dose low in concentrations rats compared (LD to the 2002 was achieved incorporating lemongrass essential oil (0.7%) and Ricola while Gram negative bacteria ( tive (Zied and others R: Concise Reviews in Food Science eiia lnsa odadtvs... . . additives food as plants Medicinal

Table 1–Antimicrobial, antioxidant, odor/flavor, and toxicity of bioactive compound from medicinal plants.

Compound Plant Antimicrobial effect Antioxidant effect Odor/flavor notes Oral toxicity (LD50) References

Carvacrol C. ambrosioides E. coli, S. aureus (DPPHIC50 = 448.05, 433), Spicy, cooling, thymol-like, 810 mg/kg in rats (Zeytinoglu and others 2003; + (ABTS- IC50 = 1.77), herbal and camphoreous Safaei-Ghomi and others (β-carotene/linoleicIC50 = with smoky nuances/Spicy, 2009; Ozt¨ urk¨ 2012) 50.18, 8.13. herbal, phenolic, medicinal CytotoxicityIC50 = 60 μgfor and woody CO25 myoblast cells Citral C. citratus E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, S. Cytotoxic activity against HeLa Fresh, juicy, Iemon peel, with 4960 mg/kg in rats (Aiemsaard and others 2011; agalactiae. cell line (100 μg/mL) a sweet tangy green Das and others 2013) nuance/Lemon peel, citrus, juicy, green, lime, woody and herbal Linalool C. citratus E. coli, S. aureus P. aeruginosa, (β-carotene/linoleicIC50 = 2.7). Citrus, orange, floral, terpy, >5610 mg/kg in rabbits and (Belsito and others 2008; B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, S. Cytotoxic activity against HeLa waxy and rose/Citrus, 2790 mg/kg in rats Ebrahimabadi and others epidermidis, S. dysenteriae, P. cell line (100 μg/mL) orange, lemon, floral, waxy, 2010; Das and others 2013) vulgaris, S. paratyphi-A aldehydic and woody serotype, C. albicans, A. niger Geraniol C. citratus E. coli, S. enterica,´ S. aureus, S. Floral, sweet, rosey, fruity and >5000 mg/kg in rabbits and (Belsito and others 2008; agalactiae L. mononocytogenes, citronella-like with a citrus 3600 mg/kg in rat Aiemsaard and others 2011) B. cereus nuance/Floral, rosy, waxy and perfumey with a fruity, peach-like nuance β-Myrcene C. citratus E. coli, S. Tiphymurium, Terpy, herbaceous, woody 5000 mg/kg in rats (Aiemsaard and others 2011) S.agalctiae, S. aureus, B. with a rosy celery and cereus carrot nuance/Woody, vegetative, citrus, fruity with a tropical mango and slight leafy minty nuances o.7,N.2 2014 2, Nr. 79, Vol. p-Cymene C. citratus E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus (DPPHIC50 = >1000), Harsh chemical, woody and 4750 mg/kg in rats (Cosentino and others 1999; + (ABTS- IC50 = >1000), terpy-like with an oxidized Ozt¨ urk¨ 2012) (β-carotene/linoleicIC50 = 388 citrus lemon note. It has spicy nuances reminiscent of cumin, oregano and cilantro/Terpy and rancid with slightly woody

r oxidized citrus notes. It has ora fFo Science Food of Journal spice nuances of green pepper and oregano Kaempferol G. mexicanum, B. cereus, S. aureus, M. luteus, (DPPHIC50 = 35.6 μM, 980 mg/kg in rats and (Rao and others 2007;Santas L. tridentata and L. Monocytogenes, P. 14.3 μM). cytotoxic H460 cell 3200 mg/kg in rabbits and others 2010; Gao and G. oxyphyllum aeruginosa, apoptosis to 80 μM, cytotoxic others 2011) activity in cells jurkatIC50 = 48.2 μM (Continued) R133

R: Concise Reviews in Food Science

D,n aaavailable. data no NDA,

eacells HeLa

50 ´ ) 2012 others and e (Fal for mg/mL 0.66 Boldine D D D IC NDA NDA NDA boldus P. =

) 2011 others

equivalents al eOier and Oliveira de Paula

Marrubiin MTrolox 10 TRAP NDA vulgare M. ; 2008 others and (Konrath mice in mg/kg 2000 Odorless/bitter μ = >

) 2005 acid

agsAipr n others and Vargas-Arispuro guaiaretic

IC50 /LNAN oi o30m/g(eo n Yarnell and (Heron mg/kg 300 to toxic No NDA g/mL 0.7 ; 2001 Nordihydro- DCFH parasiticus A. flavus, A. tridentata L. μ =

) 2012 others and Cueva

; 2007 others and Rao oxyphyllum

; 2000 Gomez-Carneros .aaata,S pneumonia S. agalactiae, S. G. and polystachya

IC50 )Ools/itr(rwosiand (Drewnowski Odorless/bitter M) 7.4 Epicatechin (DPPH sp., Streptococcus catarrhalis, M. E. mexicanum G. μ =

) 2012

n others and c Radovanovi ´

; 2012 others and Cueva

; 2004 others and c Katalini tetccu sp. Streptococcus boldus ´

inihibition 94) ; 2000 Gomez-Carneros mice in mg/kg 10000 (DPPH% catarrhalis, M. flavus, M. P. and polystachya = >

Denwk and (Drewnowski and rats in mg/kg 10000 Odorless/bitter Catequin 2.0), (FRAP lutea, S. aureus, S. subtilis, B. E. mexicanum, G. > =

) 2012

n others and c Radovanovi ´

g/mL 5 to ; 2010 others and Santas μ

IC50 ,N toxic No M, 8.4 jurkat ; 2010 others and Hirai μ =

´ yooi ciiyi cells in activity cytotoxic ; 2010 others and espedes C

mol/L). 6.67 mol/L, 3.64 .cl,L Monocytogenes, L. coli, E. ; 2009 others and Ramadan μ μ

IC50 -carotene/linoleic ( stenoclada flavus,E.coli,P.aureuginosa, a n others and Rao ; 2007 = β

o/,4.9 mol/L, 3.07 M), E. and polystachya ees .aru,S ue,M. lutea, S. aureus, S. cereus, Gomez-Carneros ; 2000 μ μ

IC50

g/mL, 19.98 .vlae E. vulgare, M. Quercetin (DPPH B. subtilis, B. perfringens, C. dresbte 6 gk nrt Denwk and (Drewnowski rats in mg/kg 161 Odorless/bitter μ =

IC50

M, 107.8 vulgare (ABTS-

μ =

+

IC50 BgmadPrasad and (Begum ) 2012 M. and tridentata L. Apigenin (DPPH E.coli,S.aureus M), 115.3 μ = Vol. 79, Nr. 2, 2014

r 50 opudPatAtmcoilefc nixdn fetOo/ao oe rltxct (LD toxicity Oral notes Odor/flavor effect Antioxidant effect Antimicrobial Plant Compound References ) al 1–Continued. Table Journal of Food Science R134 Medicinal plants as food additives . . . R: Concise Reviews in Food Science ino ucinlfoscudb osdrdtruhteaddition the through considered be could foods concep- functional the Finally, of contemplated. tion of be characteristic should sensorial products More- the treated matrices. on the treatments food the in of extracts impact plant the over, medicinal can apply others, to among used be systems, coatings, encapsulation or from films Differ- release systems. edible controlled food nanoemulsions, in as should use such safe focus technologies, a the ent indicating when structures even those in identified, be be that could considering process molecules this to new paid be plants should medicinal attention the be special of and composition could the procedure characterize to extraction performed and/or antimicrobial Different has as treatment. dif- used additives antioxidant exploring traditionally food for plants suggested as medicinal is ferent compounds research bioactive Future overlooked. use of practical been sources the however, these tissues; plant of antimicro- medicinal and of antioxidant, efficacy extraction, bial several the that explored reflects have topic this studies around the research for The agents industries. antioxidant and food antimicrobial of source plants good medicinal be This some may that materials. idea the the botanical supports of manuscript of hypothesis contributors power principal antimicrobial the and as antioxidant act and can terpenes that the other vegetable contents to and due phenolic with be fruit, may compared herbs, properties functional spices, negligibly These po- as tissues. is composition their additives similar about of food research plants as the health, use human tential in plants medicinal ocuin n uueResearch Future and Conclusions (LD . . . additives food as plants Medicinal uha oksuae a n os a,bcn n hamburgers and bacon, products ham, others roast meat in- and and effective raw commercial (Osada sausage, be in pork to as oxidation Catechin such reported cholesterol tissues. were of other tissues in hibitors apple additives from food as oligomers reported been have ncnrs oteupesn itrtseo aehn Gz and (Giza catechins of sour, mildly taste only bitter is unpleasant itself the others acid to gallic contrast of af- in metallic taste a initial has The aspartame tertaste). example, (for that have aftertaste not is nonsweet does sweeteners any and long-lasting other noncaloric, over is sweetness acid induced gallic the of in- sweet advantage other The over advantages ducers. distinct has compound) it in- (monophenolic inducer, sweetness acid an as gallic is of there use example, the claiming For as vention constituents. complex active particularly several are have which they of some astringent, or pungent, oxidation oil medici- fish including inhibit tissues, to others employed and plant (Valenzuela successfully of are lot plants, a nal in found quercetin) ple, n urei (LD quercetin and nixdn nweg n fetv sso ln xrcso food on extracts plant and matrices of antimicrobial uses the effective on and profound knowledge be antioxidant will information genera- this the The of tion optimize sensorial). and to antioxidant, films na- (antimicrobial, responses edible contemplated: vapors, be from nanocapsules, must compounds noemulsions, technologies with several extracts plant improve prod- using medicinal to food accepted) of order (sensorially treatment in effective ucts taste-masked more be a achieve to To compliance. need phenolics, as such Gomez-Carneros and (Drewnowski astringent are 2000 be polymers to higher-molecular-weight likely bitter, more be to tend pounds ept h nixdn n niirba opsto of composition antimicrobial and antioxidant the Despite eiia lnshv aidtse rdmnnl we,bitter, sweet, predominantly tastes varied have plants Medicinal 50 .Pout,wihaepeoiatybte rastringent, or bitter predominantly are which Products, ). = 2002 > 00 gk nrt and rats in mg/kg 10000 .Weeslwrmlclrwih hnlccom- phenolic lower-molecular-weight Whereas ). 50 2000 = 1991 6 gk nrt) n hs compounds these and rats), in mg/kg 161 .Smlry te aood frexam- (for flavonoids other Similarly, ). ). < 00 gk nmice) in mg/kg 10000 unJ hoY 09 niirba fcec fesniloladfez–hwtreatments freeze–thaw and oil essential of efficiency Antimicrobial a 2009. consumer: Y. the Zhao and J, phytonutrients, Duan taste, Bitter 2000. C. Gomez-Carneros A, Drewnowski apsBdlaP Monta P, Campos-Bedolla oa ok owr opooigteueo aua xrcsand extracts natural foods. healthier of for use demands the consumer promoting fulfilling to pro- This forward experimental statement. looks this several prove posal however, to considered extracts; be could plants approaches medicinal the of a ,Ksj ,Br ,Rna .21.Ceiobooia netgto frhizome of investigation Chemico-biological 2013. L. Rangan U, Bora N, Agents Kasoju Antimicrobial J A, Int flavonoids. Das of activity Antimicrobial 2005. AJ. Lamb TPT, Cushnie Mu S, Mingo C, Cueva abs ,ClaaF apsR 2007. R. Campos F, Calzada E, Barbosa High 2008. GA. Gonzalez-Aguilar E, Alvarez-Parrilla L, Del-Toro-Sanchez JF, Ayala-Zavala actions antioxidant potential characterizing for considerations Methodological 2003. OI. Aruoma Alan effect The 2011. W. Khunkitti slices S, Taweechaisupapong bass C, sea Aromdee of S, Aiumlamai changes J, Quality Aiemsaard 2012. 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