February, 1946 Old Way ••• CURING RICKETS in the CLEFT of an ASH TREE
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Law Reports of Trial of War Criminals, Volume V, English Edition
REPORTS OF TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS Selected and prepared by THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION, VOLUME V LONDON PUBLISHED FOR THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 1948 Price 5S. od. net. ------~-----~-----~----~--_._-----_.- Oficial PublicatiolJs on THE TRIAL OF GERMAN 11AJOR WAR CRIMINALS AT NUREMBERG H JUDGMENT Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals: September 30 and October 1, 1946 (Cmd. 6964) 25. 6d. (2s. 3d.) Errata Gratis SPEECHES Opening speeches of the Chief Prosecutors 2s. 6d. (2s. 9d.) Speeches of the Chief Prosecutors at the Close of the Case against the Individual Defendants 35. (3s. 4d.) Speeches of the Prosecutors at the Close of the Case against the Indicted Organisations 25. 6d. (2s. 9d.) PRICES IN BRACKETS INCLUDE POSTAGE II CONTINUED ON PAGE iii OF COVER i: i: __________..-n ----.:; ~__.._ IL LAW REPORTS OF TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS Selected and prepared by the UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION Volume V LONDON: PUBLISHED FOR . THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 1948 CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD BY THE RT. HON. THE LORD WRIGHT OF DURLEY vii THE CASES: 25. TRIAL OF LIEUTENANT - GENERAL SmGERU SAWADA AND THREE OTHERS. United States Military Commission, Shanghai (27th February, 1946-15th April, 1946) 1 A. OUTLINE OF THE PROCEEDINGS 1 1. THE CHARGES 1 2. THE EVIDENCE .. 2 3. THE VERDICT AND SENTENCES 6 B. NOTES ON THE CASE.. 8 1. A PLEA TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT 8 2. DENIAL OF A FAIR TRIAL 10 3". -
THE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT PAPERS: VOLUME 1 1945–1948 Vii Erpfm 9/25/06 3:28 PM Page Viii
ERPfm 9/25/06 3:28 PM Page vii Contents Acknowledgments ..... XXV Foreword ..... XXXI Introduction ..... XXXV Editorial Principles and Practices ..... XLV Chronology ..... LI Abbreviations ..... LIX 1945: April–December Introduction: “We have to start again under our own momentum and wonder what we can achieve.” ..... 1 Leaving the White House 1. Eleanor Roosevelt to Lorena Hickok 19 April 1945 ..... 13 On Starting Over 2. My Day 19 April 1945 ..... 15 On FDR and the Founding of the United Nations 3. My Day 25 April 1945 ..... 18 On Germans and the Holocaust 4. My Day 28 April 1945 ..... 21 On the Dangers of Racial Superiority 5. My Day 30 April 1945 ..... 23 6. If You Ask Me May 1945 ..... 25 On Churchill, Stalin, and the German Surrender 7. Harry Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt 10 May 1945 ..... 27 8. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry Truman 14 May 1945 ..... 28 On the Bretton Woods Accords 9. My Day 21 May 1945 ..... 33 On ER’s Political Future 10. Harold Ickes to Eleanor Roosevelt 21 May 1945 ..... 35 11. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harold Ickes 26 May 1945 ..... 36 On the Importance of Unions 12. My Day 26 May 1945 ..... 39 THE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT PAPERS: VOLUME 1 1945–1948 vii ERPfm 9/25/06 3:28 PM Page viii CONTENTS On Stettinius and the San Francisco Conference 13. My Day 31 May 1945 ..... 41 14. My Day 1 June 1945 ..... 42 Eleanor Roosevelt and Democratic Party Politics 15. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry Truman 3 June 1945 ..... 46 16. Eleanor Roosevelt to Robert Hannegan 3 June 1945 ..... 47 17. -
NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946 Page numbers in braces refer to IMT, judgment of 1 October 1946, in The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany , Part 22 (22nd August ,1946 to 1st October, 1946) 1 {iii} THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN SESSOIN AT NUREMBERG, GERMANY Before: THE RT. HON. SIR GEOFFREY LAWRENCE (member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) President THE HON. SIR WILLIAM NORMAN BIRKETT (alternate member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) MR. FRANCIS BIDDLE (member for the United States of America) JUDGE JOHN J. PARKER (alternate member for the United States of America) M. LE PROFESSEUR DONNEDIEU DE VABRES (member for the French Republic) M. LE CONSEILER FLACO (alternate member for the French Republic) MAJOR-GENERAL I. T. NIKITCHENKO (member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) LT.-COLONEL A. F. VOLCHKOV (alternate member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) {iv} THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Against: Hermann Wilhelm Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Robert Ley, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walter Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Martin -
"Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!": the Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945-February 1946
"Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!": The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945-February 1946 Alexander Victor Prusin Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 1-30 (Article) Published by Oxford University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43136 [ This content has been declared free to read by the pubisher during the COVID-19 pandemic. ] “Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!”: The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945–February 1946 Alexander Victor Prusin New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology While the Nuremberg trials are synonymous with the punishment of war criminals, until recently little was known about the Soviet Union’s own con- current war crimes tribunals. These proceedings have been under-studied for two reasons: lack of access to Soviet archives, and the fact that the tri- bunals tended to function as political propaganda vehicles. Yet examina- tion of the court documents yields valuable information about not only So- viet legal practice, but also the genocide of Jews in the German-occupied Soviet territories. On January 16, 1946, the Belorussian Communist Party daily published an article en- titled “The time of reckoning has come!” It highlighted the commencement of the mil- itary tribunal in the Belorussian capital, Minsk, where eighteen Germans, from gener- als to low-ranking enlisted men, faced war crimes charges.1 The Minsk trial was but one in a series of similar proceedings that took place in several cities of the Soviet Union between December 1945 and February 1946. The trials were regularly reported in the press and on the radio, and attended by large numbers of spectators. -
Inventory Dep.288 BBC Scottish
Inventory Dep.288 BBC Scottish National Library of Scotland Manuscripts Division George IV Bridge Edinburgh EH1 1EW Tel: 0131-466 2812 Fax: 0131-466 2811 E-mail: [email protected] © Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Typescript records of programmes, 1935-54, broadcast by the BBC Scottish Region (later Scottish Home Service). 1. February-March, 1935. 2. May-August, 1935. 3. September-December, 1935. 4. January-April, 1936. 5. May-August, 1936. 6. September-December, 1936. 7. January-February, 1937. 8. March-April, 1937. 9. May-June, 1937. 10. July-August, 1937. 11. September-October, 1937. 12. November-December, 1937. 13. January-February, 1938. 14. March-April, 1938. 15. May-June, 1938. 16. July-August, 1938. 17. September-October, 1938. 18. November-December, 1938. 19. January, 1939. 20. February, 1939. 21. March, 1939. 22. April, 1939. 23. May, 1939. 24. June, 1939. 25. July, 1939. 26. August, 1939. 27. January, 1940. 28. February, 1940. 29. March, 1940. 30. April, 1940. 31. May, 1940. 32. June, 1940. 33. July, 1940. 34. August, 1940. 35. September, 1940. 36. October, 1940. 37. November, 1940. 38. December, 1940. 39. January, 1941. 40. February, 1941. 41. March, 1941. 42. April, 1941. 43. May, 1941. 44. June, 1941. 45. July, 1941. 46. August, 1941. 47. September, 1941. 48. October, 1941. 49. November, 1941. 50. December, 1941. 51. January, 1942. 52. February, 1942. 53. March, 1942. 54. April, 1942. 55. May, 1942. 56. June, 1942. 57. July, 1942. 58. August, 1942. 59. September, 1942. 60. October, 1942. 61. November, 1942. 62. December, 1942. 63. January, 1943. -
Chapter VIII. Maintenance of International Peace and Security At
302 Chapter VIII. Maintenance of international peace and security At the same meeting, the President withdrew his At the 17th meeting on 12 February 1946, the repre- statement in favour of the following text of a statement sentative of Egypt submitted a draft resolutionzT to de- ,to be made by the President, prepared by the representa- clare that it was clearly understood that British troops tives of the USSR and the United States:“O would not be used in any circumstances against the “I feel we should take note of the declarations Indonesian national movement and that they would be made before the Security Council by the representa withdrawn after the completion of their duties. The tives of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Council would also express its will to be informed in United Kingdom and Greece, and also the views ex- a short time .of the results of the negotiations going on pressed by the representatives of the following mem- between the Netherlands and the Indonesian leaders bers of the Security Council: The United States of and reserve to itself the right to take such further ac- America, France, China, Australia, Poland, the tion as it thought proper. Netherlands, Egypt and Brazil, in regard to the ques- At the 18th meeting on 13 February, the representa- tion of the presence of British troops in Greece, as tive of the USSR submitted an amendment2s to the recorded in the proceedings of the Council, and con- Egyptian proposal to add a provision to set up a com- sider the matter as closed.” mission to clarify the Indonesian situation and hasten The President statedzl that it was his understanding the re-establishment of normal conditions. -
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
No. 4 CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 13 February 1946 Official texts in English and in French. This Convention was registered ex officio by the Secretariat of the United Nations on 14 December 1946. CONVENTION SUR LES PRIVILÈGES ET IMMUNITÉS DES NATIONS UNIES Approuvée par l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies le 13 février 1946 Textes officiels anglais et français. Cette Convention a été enregistrée d'office par le Secrétariat de l'Organisation des Nations Unies le. 14 décembre 1946. i6 United Nations — Treaty Series 1946-1947 No. 4. CONVENTION^ ON THE PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNI TIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS, ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS ON 13 FEBRUARY 1946 Whereas Article 104 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that the Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes and Whereas Article 105 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that the Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfilment of its purposes and that representatives of the Members of the United Nations and officials of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges ajid immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connection with the Organization. Consequently the General Assembly by a Resolution adopted on the 13 February 1946, approved the following Convention and proposed it for accession by each Member of the United Nations. -
Lieutenant-Colonel FRWK Allen, Officer On
Service Notes Appointments and Transfers Major-General Sir G. Coveli,, C.I.E., k.h.p., resumed charge of the post of Director, Malaria Institute of India, on the afternoon of the 17th July, 1946, on completion of his deputation to the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The Governor is pleased to reappoint Major-General W. E. R. Dimond, c.i.e., c.b.e., k.h.p., on return from leave, as Surgeon-General with the Government of Bengal, vice Lieutenant-Colonel C. L. Pasricha. Colonel L. K. Ledger, o.b.e., on return from 4 months' leave ex-India, assumed charge of the Inspector-General of Civil "Hospitals, Central Provinces and Berar, with effect from 21st October, 1946. Lieutenant-Colonel (Temporary Colonel) A. K. Sahibzada, o.b.e., was appointed to officiate as Deputy Director-General, Indian Medical Service, from the 27th December, 1944, to the 30th April, 1945, and to hold the post substantively, with effect from the 1st May, 1945, vice Colonel S. L. Bhatia, m.c. Lieutenant-Colonel K. S. Fitch, o.b.e., Assistant Director-General, Indian Medical Service (Resettle- ment), is appointed Additional Deputy Director- General, Indian Medical Service (Resettlement), with effect from the 26th April, 1946. Lieutenant-Colonel M. K. Afridi, o.b.e., Deputy Director, Malaria Institute of India, was placed on - deputation to the United States of America from the 3rd June, 1946. Lieutenant-Colonel W. T. Taylor, Officer on Special Duty in the office of the Director-General, Indian Medical Service, is appointed to officiate as Additional Deputy Director-General, Indian Medical Service (Stores), with effect from the afternoon of the 4th June, 1946, vice Lieutenant-Colonel M. -
May 27, 1946 Yugoslav Record of Conversation of I.V. Stalin and the Yugoslav Government Delegation Headed by J
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified May 27, 1946 Yugoslav Record of Conversation of I.V. Stalin and the Yugoslav Government Delegation Headed by J. Broz Tito, 27-28 May 1946 Citation: “Yugoslav Record of Conversation of I.V. Stalin and the Yugoslav Government Delegation Headed by J. Broz Tito, 27-28 May 1946,” May 27, 1946, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Arhiv Josipa Broza Tita. Fond Kabinet Marsala Jugoslavije. I-1/7. L. 6-11. Original. Manuscript. Document obtained and translated into Russian by L. Gibianskii; translated into English by Daniel Rozas http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117099 Summary: Stalin and Tito discuss economic cooperation between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Stalin advises Tito about improving the Yugoslav army and defense program and discusses the Soviet Union providing assistance in this development. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation In the Kremlin 27.V.46*, 23:00 hours. [*Recorded by B. Neshkovich.] [Translator's note: the brackets used in the text are from the Russian translation of the Serbo- Croatian document. Any brackets and notes by the English translator will hereafter be denoted by "trans."] [Present:] Stalin, Molotov, Lavrent'ev, Tito, Marko,[20] Kocha,[21] Vlado,[22] Kidrich, Neshkovich. Stalin: "Beautiful people, strong people." [Stalin:] "A hardy nation." Molotov: agreed.[23] Stalin: Asks how was our trip. Tito [says] it went well... Stalin (chuckling, ironically): "How is my 'friend' [Russian word used in text] Shubashich?" Tito (similarly) [says], he is in Zagreb, in the coop.[24] And also Grol.[25] Stalin (similarly): "And how is my `friend' [Russian word used in text] Grol?" Tito (similarly): "He's in Belgrade".. -
Abstract in 1945-1946, the U.S. Imported a Significant Amount of Aid to Its Southern Occupation Zone in Korea to Quickly Mitigate Starvation
Abstract In 1945-1946, the U.S. imported a significant amount of aid to its southern occupation zone in Korea to quickly mitigate starvation. Consequently, much literature, drawing heavily from reports and accounts from the U.S.-administered southern Korea, somewhat gloss over the food shortages in this time period, and they do not detail conditions in northern Korea to the same extent, especially due to the relative dearth of literature from the Soviet side. This paper examines reports of Soviet rice requisitions, migrations, and famine in the Soviet Union to illustrate the underreported prevalence of food shortages in northern Korea. It then investigates the Soviet demand for food at the preliminary conference of the Moscow Conference, in order to reveal that the Soviets were actually greatly in need of food assistance for both itself and its occupation zone in northern Korea. Lastly, it displays the Soviets’ suspicion of the U.S. and how their ultimatum (of requiring U.S. food as a precondition for further negotiations) further demonstrates how badly the Soviets needed food. This paper ultimately infers that the north experienced a much more severe food shortage than the south did. The Soviet occupation of Korea generated severe hardships for the north, contrary to the misconception that the Soviet occupation of northern Korea ran more smoothly than the U.S.’s administration did in the south. Lee 2 Table of Contents Page Timeline 3 Introduction 4 Part I: Starvation in the Soviet Union and in Korea 6 Section I: The Soviet Famine of 1946-1947 6 Section I (continued): Soviet Famine's Effects on Korea 9 Section II: Food Shortage in the U.S. -
Table of Contents
International Law Studies—Volume 45 International Law Documents The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S. Government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. The Treaties of Peace of 1947 Page (1) Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Italy, Paris, 10 February 1947 1 (2) Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Bulgaria, Paris, 10 February 1947 _ ... 105 (3) Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary, Paris, 10 February 1947 _ 115 (4) Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Roumania, Paris, 10 February 1947 126 (5) Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Finland, Paris, 10 February 1947 _. 131 II. The Pacific Area The Japanese Surrender (6) Instrument of Surrender, Tokyo Bay, 2 September 1945 139 (7) Proclamation by the Emperor of Japan 141 The Far Eastern Commission (8) Terms of Reference of the Far Eastern Commission, Moscow, 27 December 1945.. _ 142 Trusteeship of the Territory of the Pacific Islands (9) Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of the Pacific Islands, approved by the Security Council of the United Nations 2 April 1947, and by the President of the United States 18 July 1947 _. „ 146 (10) Interim Administration for the Territory of the Pacific Islands, Executive Order 9875, 18 July 1947 _. 152 Agreements between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines (11) Provisional Agreement between the United States and the Re- public of the Philippines, Manila, 4 July 1946 154 (12) Treaty of General Relations, Manila, 4 July 1946 156 (13) Agreement concerning Military Bases, Manila, 14 March 1947 161 (14) Agreement on Military Assistance, Manila, 21 March 1947 181 The South Pacific Commission (15) Agreement Establishing the South Pacific Commission, Canberra, 6 February 1947_. -
Washington, Friday, February 15, 1946
' ‘ UTTEBA. y VOLUME 11 NUMBER 33 Washington, Friday, February 15, 1946 The President utmost of his ability in support of this CONTENTS indispensable humanitarian cause. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have THE PRESIDENT PROCLAMATION 2679 hereunto set my hand and caused the Proclamation : Page seal of the United States of America to Red Cross Month, 1946_______ 1667 Red Cross Month, 1946 be affixed. DONE at the City of Washington this REGULATIONS AND NOTICES BY THE PRESIDENT OP THE UNITED STATES fourteenth day of February, in the year Agriculture Department : OF AMERICA of our Lord nineteen hundred Apples (WFO 143, Am. 3)______ 1668 A PROCLAMATION [ seal] and forty-six, and of the Inde Milk, handling in New York pendence of the United States WHEREAS the American National of America the one hundred and seven metropolitan area_______ 1672 Red Cross, under the provisions of its tieth. Potatoes, Irish; public meeting Congressional charter, continues to fulfill relative to issuance of per Harry S. Truman missive U. S. consumer its manifold obligations to extend cheer By the President: and aid to our servicemen in distant standards_______________ 1672 areas overseas, to provide servicemen and J ames F. Byrnes, Tea, designation of qualified veterans, and wounded and sick in hos Secretary of State. distributors_____________ 1667 pitals, with solace and a link with home, Alien Property Custodian, Office [F. R. Doc. 46-2536; Filed, Feb. 14, 1946; of: and to maintain its traditional services 11:55 a. m.] of aiding victims of catastrophe, and of Vesting